Columbia  (Bnit)er^ttp 

College  of  ^]^j>£iicians!  anb  ^urgeonsf 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  CHEMISTRY— BULLETIN  No.  84.  PART  I. 
H.  W.  WILEY,  Chief  of  Bukeau. 


INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PRESERVATIVES  AND  ARTIFICIAL 

COLORS  ON  dd;estion  and  health, 


I.— BOKIC   ACID   AND   BORAX. 


By  II.  W.  WILKV,  M.  I)., 

WITH  THK  ror.I.AMOKATlON  OK  W.  I).  BKIKI.OW,  CHIKK  OK  THE  KIVISION  OK  KOODS, 

AND  OTHKKS. 


WASH  INC  JTON: 

(iO  V  Kii  N  M  i;  N   r     I'lMNIINii     < )  K  I "  I  ( '  K  . 
i  Ji  0  4  . 


vvioi4' 


o 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Chemistry, 
Washington^  D.  C,  June  23,  1901^. 
Sir:  I  beg  leave  to  submit  for  your  approval  a  detailed  report  on 
the  experiments  undertaken  in  this  Bureau  to  ascertain  the  effects  of 
boric  acid  and  borax  on  digestion  and  health. 

In  connection  with  the  various  phases  of  the  work  credit  is  given  to 
those  who  performed  it,  but  special  mention  should  be  made  of  the 
cooperation  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  where  the  anal3^tical  data  were 
tabulated.  Tliis  assistance  has  been  invalua))le  and  has  expedited  the 
publication  of  the  report.  Acknowledgment  is  also  due  to  the  Public 
Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service  for  the  medical  supervision  given 
during  the  experiment. 

1  recommend  the  publication  of  this  manuscript  as  Part  1  of  Bul- 
letin No.  84  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry. 
KespectfuUv, 

H.  W.  Wiley,  Chief. 
Hon.  Jamp:s  \\'ilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

3 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION. 

Page. 

Object  of  the  investigation 7 

Plan  of  the  investigation 8 

Organization  of  the  work 11 

Nuin])er  of  persons  selected 12 

Control  of  niem])ers  of  the  table 12 

Hours  of  meals  and  bill  of  fare 13 

Series  and  periods  of  observation 14 

Duration  of  the  experimental  stages 17 

Collection  of  excreta 18 

-Medical  supervision 18 

Examination  of  the  blood 19 

Determination  of  temperature  and  pulse 20 

Body  weights 20 

Methods  of  analysis 21 

Analysis  of  foods 21 

Determination  of  water 22 

Determination  of  fat 28 

Determination  of  nitrogen 23 

Determination  of  phosphoric  acid 23 

Determination  of  heat  of  combustion 23 

Analysis  of  urine 23 

Analysis  of  feces 24 

Special  difficulties  connected  with  the  work 27 

Collection  of  excreta 27 

Effect  of  regular  habits 28 

Mental  attitude 29 

Classification  and  interpretation  of  the  data 30 

KKKKCTS    I'RODtCKI)    HV    TIIK    I'KKSKRVATIVE. 

xhcMlule  of  administration  of  the  i)reservative 32 

Kxcn-tion  of  the  boric  acid  and  borax 38 

Nb'ilical  history 44 

I'hy.wical  and  medical  examinations 44 

Daily  medical  notcH 52 

liixly  weights .' 87 

Variations  in  body  weights 87 

Ratio  of  food  weight  U)  body  weight 102 

The  ninnlxT  of  corpusdcH  and  the  (piantity  of  Ji(!moglobin  in  the  blood 124 

Composition  of  the  feces 1 28 

The  urine IM 

.Nitrogen  and  phoHphorit;  acid  eliminated I'">l 

Iteaction 1 59 

f) 


6  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
The  urine — Continued. 

Volume,  specific  gravity,  and  total  solids 1 66 

Traces  of  albumin -  - 197 

Microscopical  examinations 199 

Metabolic  processes 212 

Nitrogen 212 

Balance 212 

Percentage  eliminated 216 

Phosphoric  acid 219 

Balance 219 

Percentage  eliminated - 225 

Fat 229 

Balance 229 

Percentage  eliminated 231 

.  Calories 233 

Balance : 233 

Percentage  eliminated 235 

Solids  balance 238 

Summary  of  results 244 

General  conclusions 250 

Necessity  of  mineral  substances  in  the  blood 250 

The  argument  de  minimis 251 

Effect  of  boric  acid  and  borax  upon  general  health 253 

APPENDIX. 

Tables  showing  balances  of  food  elements 256 

Explanation 256 

Nitrogen  tables '. 260 

Phosphoric-acid  tables 307 

Fat  tables 354 

Calories  tables 387 

Solids  tables 423 

Samples  of  record  and  calculation  forms 462 

Estimate  of  work  in  vol  ved 474 

References  to  headings,  by  series 475 

List  of  tables 475 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


TEXT    FIGURE. 

Fig.  1.  Apparatus  for  drying  feces 26 


CHARTS 


2.  Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  1 97 

3.  Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  II 98 

4.  Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  III 99 

5.  Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  IV 100 

6.  Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  V 101 

7.  General  average  of  body  weights  for  entire  experiment 101 

8.  Albumin  in  urine 198 


INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PRESERVATIVES  AND  ARTI- 
FICIAL COLORS  ON  DIGESTION  AND  HEALTH. 


I.— BOKIC  ACID  AND  BOKAX. 


INTRODUCTION. 
OBJECT  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION. 

The  ohject  of  the  investigation  described  in  the  following  pages  is 
to  determine  the  effect  of  certain  preservatives  upon  digestion  and 
health.  The  work  was  undertaken  in  accordance  with  the  authority 
conferred  by  Congress  in  the  act  (32  Stat.  L.,  286)  making  appropria- 
tions for  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  the  tiscal  year  ended 
June  30.  1903.  In  that  act  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  authorized 
"to  investigate  the  character  of  proposed  food  preservatives  and 
coloring  matters,  to  determine  their  relation  to  digestion  and  to 
health,  and  to  establish  principles  which  should  guide  their  use." 

The  necessity  for  an  investigation  of  this  kind  is  found  in  the  very 
general  use  of  certain  chemical  compounds  for  preserving  foods  and 
of  certain  coloring  matters  for  imparting  to  foods  a  tint  resembling 
that  of  nature,  which  they  may  have  lost,  or  of  producing  in  food 
products  certain  colors  which  are  attractive  to  the  eye  of  the  consumer. 

The  use  of  preservatives  in  food  products  is  as  old  as  civilization, 
and  there  is  no  occasion  in  these  investigations  for  adding  to  the 
studies  already  made  of  the  long-established  preservative  agents. 
Moreover,  these  preservatives  are  (^ondinuMital  in  character  and  reveal 
themselves  at  once  by  taste  or  odor  to  the  consunjcr.  The  more 
important  of  the  common  and  long-established  preservatives  are  salt, 
sugar,  vinegar,  and  wood  smoke.  Alcohol  has  also  been  long  used  as 
a  food  presca'vative,  but  does  not,  rank  in  anti(|uity  and  in  gcMieralit}' 
of  use  with  those  just  mention«M], 

One  of  th(!  chief  characteristics  of  the  njodern  chemical  pi-eserva- 
ti\e  i>  that  it  is  often  almost  without  taste  or  odor,  and  for  this  rea- 
son its  presence  in  a  food  product,  unless  specitically  proclaimed, 
would  not  b<;  notic;^d  Ity  the  consumer.  But  while  this  is  true  of 
most  of  the  preservatives  used  in  the  |)i'eparation  of  foods  (exc(^})t  the 
condimental   substances   nientionedj,  in  the  (juantities  employed,  this 

7 


8  TNFLUElSrCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    OTST    HEALTH. 

docs  not  mean  that  in  a  concentrated  form  the}^  have  neither  taste  nor 
odor.  Quite  the  contrary  is  true.  Nearlj^  all  of  them  in  a  concen- 
trated state  reveal  themselves  either  by  taste  or  by  odor.  For  instance, 
salicylic  acid  in  a  pure  state  has  a  distinct  taste,  and  sulphurous  acid 
in  the  form  of  gas  or  in  a  nearly  saturated  solution  is  distinguished 
by  its  odor  and  irritant  effect  upon  the  nostrils.  Nevertheless,  small 
quantities  of  salicylic  acid  can  be  placed  in  food  products  without  the 
consumer  being  able  to  detect  it,  and  the  same  is  true  of  sulphurous 
acid. 

Legislation  has  been  enacted  concerning  the  use  of  preservatives 
and  coloring  matters  in  foods  in  foreign  countries  and  in  the  various 
States  of  the  United  States. «  This  legislation  is  of  varying  character, 
prohibiting  in  some  countries  what  is  allowed  in  others,  establishing 
rules  and  regulations  which  are  local  in  character,  and,  in  general, 
producing  a  state  "of  affairs  which  is  annoying  to  the  manufacturer  of 
food  products  and  the  dealers  therein,  and  which,  by  the  diversity  of 
laws  and  decisions  relating  thereto,  does  not  secure  to  the  consumer 
the  full  benefit  which  was  intended.  The  desirability  of  some  inves- 
tigation, therefore,  is  apparent,  in  order  to  establish  certain  principles 
concerning  the  use  or  prohibition  of  these  substances,  which,  by  rea- 
son of  their  more  general  applicabilit}^,  may  influence  local  and  gen- 
eral legislation  in  a  manner  tending  to  secure  a  greater  uniformity  and 
eflBciency.  It  is  also  evident  that  if  these  investigations  are  conducted 
under  some  direction  not  particularly  interested  in  the  construction  of 
any  law  nor  associated  in  any  commercial  way  with  the  interests  of 
either  manufacturer  or  consumer,  they  will  have  a  greater  weight. 

The  Secretar}^  of  Agriculture  is  manifestly  the  proper  official  to 
undertake  and  direct  such  an  investigation.  The  interests  of  the 
Department  over  which  he  presides  are  associated  alike  with  pro- 
ducers, manufacturers,  and  consumers  of  food  products,  and  thus  any 
bias  which  might  exist  in  other  quarters  in  favor  of  any  particular 
interest  would  be  eliminated.  For  this  reason  the  investigations  con- 
ducted under  bis  direction,  even  if  no  more  thorough,  painstaking,  or 
reliable  than  if  carried  on  under  other  auspices,  would  be  commended 
more  generally  by  reason  of  their  freedom  from  influences  which 
might  tend  to  divert  them  from  their  intended  purposes. 

PLAN  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION. 

In  determining  the  method  by  which  these  investigations  should  be 
conducted,  a  careful  study  was  made  of  similar  researches  which  have 
been  made  both  in  the  United  States  and  in  foreign  countries.  A  sur- 
vey of  the  field  of  rssearch  in  this  direction  shows  that  three  principal 
methods  of  procedure  have  been  followed. 

«U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,Bureauof  Chemistry,  Bui.  No.  69,  Pts.  I-VI;  Bui.  No.  83,  Pt.  I. 


BORIC    ATID    AND    BORAX.  9 

In  the  first  case  uuiy  be  cited  those  investigations  which  have  l)cen 
conducted  In'  means  of  artificial  digestion.  Fortunately  for  science, 
the  various  ferments  which  are  active  in  digestion  in  the  living  animal 
have  been  isolated  and  prepared  in  a  reasonably"  pure  state.  By  secur- 
ing as  nearly  as  possible  the  other  conditions  which  obtain  during 
digestion  in  the  living  body,  artificial  digestion  similar  thereto  can  be 
secured.  Thus,  if  food  properly  comminuted  and  kept  at  the  temper- 
ature of  the  stomach,  in  motion  similar  to  that  produced  by  the  peri- 
staltic action  of  the  intestines,  be  treated  by  the  proper  digestive  acids 
and  ferments,  the  chemical  actions  which  occur  are  entirely  similar  to 
those  which  take  place  in  the  living  organ  itself.  Thus,  the  ferments 
that  digest  starch  and  sugar,  those  that  act  upon  protein,  and  those 
that  act  upon  fats  can  be  studied  outside  of  the  living  organism.  The 
results  which  have  been  obtained  by  this  method  of  investigation  are 
most  valuable,  and  when  the  preservatives  and  coloring  matters  in 
question  are  added,  any  changes  which  are  produced,  either  in  the 
degree  or  in  the  rate  of  digestion,  can  be  easily  ascertained. 

In  the  second  case  the  problem  may  be  studied  b^^  experiments  con- 
ducted upon  the  lower  animals,  and  from  the  results  of  these  experi- 
ments inferences  maA'  be  drawn  applicable  to  the  human  animal.  This 
line  of  experiment  and  investigation  has  also  great  merit.  The  animals 
operated  upon  are  kept  under  close  control.  The  amount  of  food 
which  they  consume  is  easil}^  ascertained.  The  excreta  they  produce 
are  collected,  and  a  complete  chemical  control  can  be  instituted  in 
connection  with  the  digestive  process.  When  preservatives  and  color- 
ing matters  are  added  to  the  food  of  animals  thus  treated,  any  changes 
which  take  phice  in  the  digestive  processes  or  any  lesions  which  are 
produced  in  the  organs  of  the  bod}'  can  be  ascertained.  This  method 
of  investigation  also  has  the  additional  merit  that  at  the  end  of  the 
period  of  observation  the  animal  may  l)e  killed  and  changes  in  its 
organs  whi(;h  were  so  slight  as  to  produce  no  observable  effects  during 
life  may  be  sought  and  discovered.  Thus,  minute  or  incipient  lesions 
of  the  digestive  organs  or  of  the  other  organs  of  the  body  are  brought 
to  light  which  othciwisc  would  escape  notice.  If  the  digestive  proc- 
esses in  the  lower  animals  were  exactly  the  same  as  those  in  the  human 
anin)al,  this  method  of  investigation  would  necessarily  be  accepted  as 
final  and  conclusive;  but  each  species  of  jinimal  has  its  own  peculiari- 
ties of  digestion,  and  therefore  the  results  produced  on  one  species 
by  a  certain  course;  of  treatment  might  not  l)e  secured  with  an  animal 
of  a  dificfcnt  spec-ies  or  genus.  This  fact  has  led  i(iv<'stigatoi's  to  un- 
dei'take  a  third  kind  of  research,  namely,  experinn'iits  with  ihc  liiiiiiuii 
animal  itself. 

This  nn'thod  of  in\estigation  also  has  advantages  as  well  as  many 
disadvantag<'s.  For  the  most  part  such  investigations  are  carried  out 
ii[)on  volunteer's,  since   no  one  cf)uld   be  forccid  to  undergo  any  such 


10  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

experimental  treatment  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime.  In  the 
second  place,  the  intellig-ence  of  the  human  animal  may  also  be  utilized^ 
in  the  study  of  the  effects  produced.  Symptoms  which  the  lower 
animals  might  have  of  distress  or  malaise  when  in  the  incipient  stage 
might  escape  notice  altogether,  whereas  similar  symptoms  in  a  man 
would  be  described.  Further,  it  must  be  admitted  that  animals  under 
confinement,  as  is  necessarily  the  case  when  experiments  are  made 
with  them,  are  not  wholly  in  a  normal  state,  whereas  the  man  who 
volunteers  for  an  experiment  of  this  kind  would  not  chafe  or  become 
restive  under  confinement.  Again,  it  must  be  considered  that  as  the 
investigations  above  outlined  are  particularly  applicable  to  the  diges- 
tion and  health  of  man,  it  is  evident  that  the  experiments  made  upon 
man  himself  would  be  the  most  decisive  in  all  cases. 

The  one  great  disadvantage  of  experiments  of  this  kind  is  the 
inability  to  absolutely  control  the  "  experimentee."  Where  a  large 
number  of  persons  is  to  be  considered  and  the  experiment  is  to  extend 
over  a  long  period  it  is  evidently  impracticable  to  secure  a  direct  per- 
sonal control  of  every  action  of  each  one  during  the  whole  time.  In 
the  present  case  the  young  men  selected  (who  volunteered  for  the 
experiment)  continued  their  usual  vocations.  They  were  simply  placed 
upon  their  honor  and  neither  watched  nor  confined.  The  data  which, 
are  obtained  in  this  way  are  therefore  open  to  the  objection,  in  some 
cases,  that  the  rules  and  regulations  set  for  the  conduct  of  the  experi- 
ment may  have  been  transgressed  without  the  knowledge  or  consent 
of  the  observer.  While  this  is  a  valid  objection  and  should  have  full 
consideration,  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  among  the  twelve  young 
men  upon  whom  the  experiments  were  conducted  it  is  not  likely  that 
the  violations  of  their  pledge  of  honor  would  be  sufficiently  numerous 
to  affect  in  any  marked  degree  the  results  as  a  whole.  Further,  it 
must  be  remembered  that  the  greater  number  of  those  upon  whom 
experiments  were  made  were  3^oung  men  of  approved  character,  manj^ 
of  whom  had  college  training,  and  a  large  majority  of  whom  were 
engaged  in  scientific  pursuits.  All  these  facts  are  of  more  or  less 
importance  in  considering  the  character  of  the  data  secured.  It  would 
be  unwise  to  claim  that  among  so  many  persons  and  amid  so  many 
temptations  no  violation  of  the  pledge  took  place,  j^et  it  must  be 
admitted  that  upon  the  whole  we  can  be  reasonably  certain  that  the 
obligations  voluntaril}^  assumed  were  discharged  faithfully  and  con- 
scientiousl3^  An}^  departures  from  the  set  rules'  of  conduct  which 
might  occur  would  not  be  made  with  any  design  of  affecting  the  data, 
and  therefore,  as  a  whole,  the  errors  which  might  arise  from  this 
source  would,  according  to  the  doctrine  of  probabilities,  be  largely 
compensatory.  Thus,  while  in  any  individual  case  the  data  might  be 
rendered  unreliable  by  reason  of  such  departures  from  the  set  rules, 
the  results  as  a  whole  would  not  be  seriously  affected.     The  plan  of 


BORIC    ACID    AND    UORAX.  11 

tho  work,  thoreforo,  included  the  idea  of  eonduetinj^  the  iiivestiojitions 
witli  volunteers — ^oung*  men,  most  of  whom  were  connected  with  the 
Department  of  Agriculture — and  provided  that  during  the  period  of 
observation  they  should  continue  in  their  usual  vocations. 

ORGANIZATION   OF   THE   WORK. 

A  large  number  of  volunteers  offered  their  services  for  the  investi- 
gations above  outlined.  Each  applicant  for  a  place  at  the  experi- 
mental table  was  required  to  till  out  a  blank  describing  the  usual 
conduct  of  his  daily  life.     This  blank  is  as  follows: 

De.iicriptiie  blank  to  be  filled  out  by  applicants  for  liygienic  table. 

(1)  Name  and  address.  (2)  Date  of  birth.  (3)  Have  you  had  any  sickness  con- 
fining you  to  your  room  within  a  year?  If  so,  state  nature  and  duration.  (4)  Are 
you  subject  to  indigestion?  If  so,  state  character  and  frequency.  (5)  Do  you  use 
coffee,  tea,  or  chocolate  with  your  meals?  If  so,  state  at  which  meals  and  what  bev- 
everage  you  prefer.  (6)  Do  you  use  tobacco?  If  so,  state  in  what  form,  at  what 
times,  and  quantity.  (7)  Do  you  use  wine,  beer,  or  other  alcoholic  beverages?  (8) 
Do  you  go  to  stool  regularly?  At  what  hours?  (9)  At  what  hour.s  do  you  usually 
urinate?  (10)  At  what  hours  do  you  go  to  be<l?  How  many  hours  do  you  usually 
sleep?     (11)  Do  you  engage  in  any  unusual  or  violent  exercise?     If  so,  what? 

From  the  data  thus  obtained  the  titness  of  the  applicant  for  the  long 
cc^ntinued  and  careful  work  which  he  would  be  called  upon  to  do  was 
largely  determined.  The  reputation  of  the  applicant  for  reliability 
and  prol)ity  of  conduct  was  also  a  matter  of  importance,  since  it  was 
evident  that  yoimg  men  whose  truthfulness  and  honesty  could  be  ques- 
tioned would  not  be  suitable  persons  for  the  work. 

In  addition  to  the  other  infoi'mation  which  was  available,  it  should 
be  remembered  that  all  the  young  men  who  volunteered  for  the  experi- 
mental work  had  passed  examinations  to  enter  the  civil  service  of  the 
(jrovernment.  These  examinations  look  carefully  into  the  moral  char- 
acter of  the  applicants,  their  reputation  for  sobriety  and  reliability, 
and  their  general  reputation  among  those  intimately  acquainted  with 
them. 

In  selecting  from  the  lumiber  of  applicants  it  was  decided  that  those 
addicted  to  the  use  of  alcoholic  bevfa'ages  should  be  excluded.  This 
exclusion  was  not  based  upon  any  prejudice  which  might  arise  from 
the  use  of  alcoholic  beverages,  noi*  was  it  an  expression  of  any  princi- 
I)le  or  opinion  relating  to  this  habit.  Since,  however,  the  young  men 
selected  were  to  [)ledg(!  themselves  n(!ither  to  eat  noi-  to  drink  any- 
thing which  was  not  given  them  at  the  (experimental  tabhe,  excei)t 
water,  it  was  thought  that  they  could  more  easily  keep  that  pledge  if 
they  were  not  addicted  to  the  use  of  alcoholic  Ixiverages. 

In  regard  to  the  use  of  tobacco  a  di  fie  rent  princi[)l(;  was  followed. 
.Vpplicants  who  u.s<!d  tobacco  in  inodcu'ation  w(;re  not  rejected  for  that 
rea-on.      It  was  re(|uired  of   llieiii.  however,  that  they  should  make  a 


12  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

statement  in  detail  as  to  tlie  manner  in  which  they  used  tobacco,  the 
kind  and  amount  used,  and  times  of  da^^  when  used.  They  then 
pledg'ed  themselves  to  continue  the  use  of  tobacco  in  exactly  the  same 
way,  in  the  same  quantities,  and  at  the  same  times  during  the  whole 
of  the  observation  period.  In  this  way  any  effect  which  the  use  of 
tobacco  might  have  upon  health  and  digestion  would  be  uniform 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  observation,  and  therefore  would 
not  influence  the  data  relating  to  the  use  of  preservatives  and  coloring 
matters. 

NUMBER   OF   PERSONS    SELECTED. 

Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  differences  between  species 
of  animals  in  regard  to  digestive  processes.  In  the  same  species  of 
animal,  however,  marked  idiosyncrasies  exist  among  different  individ- 
uals in  relation  to  kind  of  food  and  rate  and  degree  of  digestion. 
These  idiosyncrasies  in  the  human  animal  are  often  accentuated,  and 
failure  to  consider  them  might  lead  to  a  grievous  error  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  anal3"tical  data.  To  eliminate,  so  far  as  possible,  the 
effect  of  any  idiosyncrasy,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  select  as  many 
candidates  as  possible  for  the  purpose  of  experiment.  The  facilities 
of  the  kitchen,  the  dining  room,  and  the  laboratory  were  carefully 
considered,  and  the  decision  was  reached  that  12  persons  would  be 
about  the  maximum  number  which  could  be  placed  under  observation. 
When  the  quantity  of  analytical  work  connected  with  an  experiment 
of  this  kind  is  considered,  it  is  evident  that  only  with  a  very  large 
laboratory  and  a  great  number  of  assistants  could  work  with  more 
than  12  be  properl}^  conducted. 

CONTROL   OF   MEMBERS   OF   THE   TABLE. 

The  12  persons  chosen  for  the  table  were  selected  in  harmony 
with  the  principles  above  described  and  were  fully  instructed  in  regard 
to  the  nature  of  their  duties.  Since  it  was  not  advisable  to  keep  them 
under  continual  observation,  it  was  arranged  that  half  of  them  should 
be  under  observation  and  the  other  half  should  be  left  at  liberty  to 
pursue  their  usual  habits  of  life,  conforming,  however,  as  nearly  as 
possible,  to  the  methods  of  living  which  they  would  follow  when  under 
observation.  Thus  the  time  of  relaxation  in  each  case  was  equivalent 
to  the  time  of  observation.  In  fact,  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  work 
which  the  members  of  the  table  would  be  called  upon  to  do  were  fully 
explained  to  them  before  they  were  asked  to  sign  the  pledges  neces- 
sary to  place  them  under  the  self-restraint  which  the  character  of  the 
work  required.  This  having  been  arranged,  each  of  the  members  of 
the  table  subscribed  to  the  following  pledge: 

I  hereby  agree,  on  my  honor,  to  follow  implicitly  the  rules  and  regulations  gov- 
erning the  hygienic  table  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  during  the  time  that  [  am  a 


BORIC    A.CID    AND    BORAX.  13 

member  thereof.  I  ajrree,  duriiifi  my  attendance  at  the  table  of  observation,  to  use 
no  other  food  or  drink  tlian  that  wliirh  is  j)rovided  for  me,  with  the  exception  of 
water,  and  that  any  water  not  used  at  the  table  will  l)e  measured  and  reported  daily 
as  a  part  of  the  ration.  I  further  aj^ree  that  I  will  continue  to  be  a  meml)er  of  the 
hygienic  table  for  a  period  of  at  least  six  months  from  Detember  1,  1902,  unless 
prevented  by  some  illness,  ai'cident,  or  unavoidable  absence.  I  agree  to  continue 
the  regular  habits  of  my  life,  to  indulge  in  no  unusual  excess  of  labor  or  exercise, 
and  if  tobacco  be  used  it  shall  be  used  at  such  times  and  in  such  amounts  as  will  be 
agreed  upon  between  myself  and  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry. 

I  further  agree  that  I  will  not  hold  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  nor  any  person 
connected  therewith,  responsible  for  any  illness  or  accident  that  may  occur  during 
my  connection  with  the  hygienic  table. 

In  order  that  the  observations  which  they  were  expected  to  make 
upon  themselves  should  be  as  methodical  as  possible,  lilanks  were  pre- 
pared for  the  entry  of  the  data  relating-  to  the  character  and  quantity 
of  food  eaten  at  each  meal,  and  also  relating-  to  the  temperature,  respi- 
ration, weight  of  the  body,  and  other  data  of  a  pJersonal  nature  which 
would  be  of  value  in  studying  the  problems  under  consideration. 
Samples  of  the  blanks  employed  for  this  purpose  are  given  in  the 
appendix. 

HOURS   OF    MEALS   AND    BILL   OF    FARE. 

The  hours  of  meals  were  fixed  as  follows:  Breakfast,  8  a.  m,;  lunch- 
eon, 12  ul;  dinner,  5.30  p.  m.  The  members  of  the  table  were  urged 
to  be  as  prompt  as  possible  at  meals,  although  in  certain  circumstances 
some  latitude  was  allowed.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  food  had  to 
be  weighed  out  in  advance  of  the  meal  time,  it  was  desirable  that  all 
should  be  present  promptly  at  the  hour  in  order  that  the  food  should 
not  grow  cold  or  stale.  It  perhaps  would  have  been  desiralile  to 
extend  the  meals  over  a  longer  period  had  it  been  convenient,  since 
the  arrangement  above  described  made  a  very  long  interval  between 
the  dinn<'i'.  which  was  finished  usually  by  a  quarter  past  (J,  and  the 
bi'eakfast  of  the  next  morning — in  all  about  fourteen  hours,  during 
which  no  food  could  be  taken — while,  on  the  other  hand,  all  of  the 
meals  wen;  included  within  a  space  of  al)out  t(Mi  hours.  An  earlier 
breakfast,  say  at  7  o'clock,  and  a  later  dinner  would  have  been  desira- 
ble, but  the  employment  of  the  young  men  and  the  other  conditions 
of  the  envii"onm(Mit  made  any  dift'cicnt  ai'rangement  from  that  adopted 
inconvenient  to  tlu;  majority  of  those  under  observation. 

Fintln  T  than  this,  it  should  be  mentioned  that  the  hours  selected  for 
the  meals  were  tliosf;  wliicli  are  customary  foi'  ])ers()ns  engaged  in  the 
civil  s«!rvic<' of  the  I'nitcd  States.  For  this  additional  reason  it  per- 
haps wa«  wi.ser  not  to  attempt  to  change  the  houis  of  meals  in  order 
to  avoid  having  so  long  a  period  between  thedinncM'  and  the  bi'eakfast. 
The  Itiejikfast  and  dinner  were  made  (he  principal  meals,  while  the 
luncheon  was  ot"  a  lighter  cliiiraclcr,  no  meat  being  serv(;d. 

Since  the  young  men  wer«i  to  be  kept  under  observation  for  periods 


14  INFLUElSrCE    OF   FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

of  from  thirty  to  seventy  days,  it  was  desirable  to  make  tlie  bill  of 
fare  as  varied  as  convenient.  To  this  end  the  meats  selected  were 
roast  beef,  beefsteak,  lamb,  veal  chops,  pork,  chicken,  and  turkey. 
Fish  and  oysters  were  also  used.  The  eggs,  which  were  served  twice 
a  week,  may  also  be  included  with  the  meats.  The  butter  was  of  the 
best  quality  which  could  be  made  and  was  free  from  coloring  matter 
and  salt.  The  milk  and  cream  were  obtained  from  dairies  carefully 
inspected  by  the  authorities  of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  personally 
visited  by  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry.  The  vegetables  and 
fruits  were  those  of  the  season,  and  where  they  could  not  be  obtained 
otherwise  the  best  grades  preserved  by  sterilization  alone  were  used. 
The  soups,  in  order  to  secure  uniformity  in  their  composition,  were 
purchased  of  large  manufacturing  firms  making  a  specialty  of  soups. 
In  all  cases  it  was  stipulated  that  none  of  the  foods  furnished  should 
have  been  treated  with  any  preservative. 

All  the  preserved  foods  which  were  employed  had  either  been  kept 
in  cold  storage,  as  was  the  case  with  the  meats  and  the  fowls,  or  been 
subjected  to  sterilization  and  subsequent  exclusion  of  the  air,  as  was 
the  case  with  some  of  the  vegetables,  fruits,  and  soups.  Assurances 
that  these  bodies  were  free  from  any  chemical  preservative  or  other 
antiseptic  were  secured  from  all  the  dealers,  and  these  assurances  were 
confirmed  by  our  own  examinations. 

Coffee  and  tea  were  allowed  in  moderate  uniform  quantities  to  those 
who  were  in  the  habit  of  drinking  these  beverages.  Desserts  of  vari- 
ous kinds  were  employed  at  regular  times,  consisting  of  custards,  rice 
pudding,  and  ice  cream  made  with  the  best  cream,  sugar,  and  a  flavor- 
ing substance.  A  liberal  supply  of  fruits  was  incorporated  with  the 
food  supply,  either  those  in  season  or  those  preserved  by  sterilization. 

The  bill  of  fare  was  changed  every  day,  but  recurred  regularly  in 
seven-day  periods.  This  arrangement  avoided  the  monotony  of  eating 
the  same  kind  of  food  on  successive  days,  and  at  the  same  time  favored 
simplicity  by  the  regularly  recurrent  use  of  established  rations.  This 
was  convenient,  both  for  the  cook  and  for  the  steward,  to  guide  in  the 
one  case  in  the  methods  of  the  preparation  of  the  food,  and  in  the 
other  to  determine  the  character  of  the  supplies  to  be  purchased. 

Two  rooms  in  the  basement  of  the  laboratory  building  were  equipped 
as  kitchen  and  dining  room,  respectively.  The  kitchen  was  supplied 
with  two  gas  ranges  and  a  full  equipment  of  culinary  utensils.  The 
dining  room  was  plainly,  yet  substantially,  furnished  with  the  neces- 
sary articles  for  preparing  a  table  in  a  neat,  attractive,  but  not 
expensive,  manner. 

SERIES   AND   PERIODS   OF   OBSERVATION. 

The  entire  experiment  with  boric  acid  and  borax  was  divided  into 
five  series  of  observations,  Series  I,  III,  and  V  dealing  with  one  set  of 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


15 


six  men,  and  Series  II  and  IV  with  the  other  set.  Three  divisions 
were  made  of  each  series  of  observations,  namely,  "fore  period," 
••preservative  period,"  and  "after  period."  The  time  assigned  to 
each  of  these  periods  varied,  and  the  total  time  of  the  three  periods 
varied  from  thirty  to  seventy  days.  The  preservative  period  was 
divided  into  subperiods,  differing  in  the  amounts  of  the  preservative 
used.  The  time  covered  by  the  various  series,  periods,  and  subperiods 
is  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Table  I. — Divisions  of  the  series,  showing  dates  of  periods  and  subperiods. 


Series  and  period. 


Date  of  be- 
ginning. 


Series  I Dec.   16, 1902 

Fore  period  a do 

Preservative  period Dec.  22, 1902 

First  snbperiod do 

Second  .snbperiod Dec.  27, 1902 

Third  snbperiod Dec.  31, 1902 

After  period Jan.     4, 1903 

Series  II  Jan.   19, 1903 

Fore  period do 

Preservative  period Jan.   28, 1903 

First  snbperiod do 


Second  subix-riod. 

Third  snbperiod  . . . 

Fourth  snbperiod''. 

After  period  c 

Supplementary  period . 


Series  III 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period... 

First  snbjicriod  . . . 

Second  subinTiod . 

Third  period 

After  period 


Feb.  1,1903 

Feb.  5, 1903 

Feb.  9, 1903 

Feb.  11,1903 

Feb.  16,1903 

Feb.  19,1903 

do 

Feb.  28,1903 

do 

Mar.  4, 1903 
Mar.  8,1903 
Mar.  12,1903 

Mar.  20,1903 

do 

Mar.  28,1903 

do 

Apr.  1, 1903 
Apr.  5, 1903 
Apr.  10,1903 
Apr.  15,1903 

Series  V Apr.  24, 1903 

Fore  period do 

Preservative  period May     2, 1903 

Fi  rst  snbperiod ' do 

Second  snbperiod Mav   14, 1903 

Third  subr.erir)d i  May  26, 1903 

Fourth  subperiod J  uiie    7, 1903 

After  period June  21,1903 


Series  IV 

Fore  period 

Preservative  jieriod . . . 

First  subperiod 

Second  snbperiod  . 

Third  subperiod... 

Fourth  subperiod  . 
After  period 


Date  of  end- 
ing. 


Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 

Feb. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Feb. 

Mar. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 
Mar. 


13, 1903 
21,1902 
3, 1903 

26. 1902 
30,1902 

3,1903 

13. 1903 

21,1903 
27, 1903 
10, 1903 
31,1903 
4,1903 
8, 1903 
10, 1903 
l.'i,  1903 
21,1903 

19, 1903 
27, 1903 
11,1903 
3,1903 
7, 1903 
11,1903 
19, 1903 


Apr.  22,1903 
Mar.  27,1903 
Apr.  14,1903 
Mar.  31,1903 
Apr.  4, 1903 
Apr.  9, 1903 
Apr.  14,1903 
Apr.   22,1903 

June  29, 1<K)3 
Mav  1,1903 
Juiie20, 1903 
Mav  13,1903 
Mnv  L'5,  1903 
June  (;,  19113 
,1 II lie  20,  1903 
June  29, 1903 


1  For  the  study  of  body  weights  the  fore  i)eriod  of  Series  I  began  December  8. 

''Only  two  members  of  the  cla.ss  went  lliroiigli  the  fourth  subperiod  of  Series  II,  and  because  of 
insufBcicnt  data  this  subperiod  is  omitted  from  averages. 

•"As  planned.  Series  II  was  to  have  an  aft<'r  period,  bill  because  of  illness  of  all  members  of  the 
elanH  there  was  none. 

The  obj(!ct  of  the  "fore  period"  was  to  determine  as  nearly  as  pos- 
sible the  (juantity  of  food  r<H|uired  to  maintain  the  body  weight  at 
nearly  a  consbint  tigui(!  and  to  determine  the  normal  metal)oiism  as  a 
ba.sis  of  comparison  with  that  of  the  preservative  period.  PicccKling 
the  fore  period  the  (juantities  of  food  freely  chosen  l)y  ciich  individual 
wer<r  notf'd  so  that  some  idea  might  be  formed  of  the  |)i-oper  amount 
to  bf!  weiirhefl  or  mejisui'ed.     If  it  was  evident  that  too  imicli  food  had 


16  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

been  habitually  consumed,  keeping  the  body  in  a  plethoric  state,  the 
rations  were  cut  down  somewhat,  in  order  that  this  condition  might  be 
removed.  The  quantity  of  the  ration  was,  therefore,  varied  either  by 
increase  or  decrease  until  at  the  end  of  about  ten  days  there  was  no 
very  marked  daily  change  in  weight.  It  was  found  impracticable, 
however,  to  secure  an  absolute  constancy  of  body  weight,  since  the 
climatic  conditions,  slight  differences  in  the  amount  of  exercise,  and 
variations  in  the  quantit}"  of  excreta  all  combined  to  produce  varia- 
tions in  weight  (as  ascertained,  at  any  given  period  of  the  day),  which 
are  more  or  less  independent  of  the  actual  quantity  of  food  consumed. 
In  order  that  these  daily  variations  may  be  eliminated  from  considera- 
tion in  the  comparison  of  data,  the  average  weight  for  the  "fore 
period"  is  taken  as  the  initial  point. 

The  quantity  of  the  ration  having  been  thus  determined  by  the  obser- 
vations of  the  "fore  period,"  the  "preservative  period"  is  entered 
upon.  During  this  time  the  quantity  of  ration  previously  determined 
is  given  without  variation,  except  in  case  of  sickness  or  some  unavoid- 
able condition,  and  to  this  ration  a  certain  quantity  of  the  preservative 
to  be  studied  is  added. 

Borax  was  selected  as  the  first  preservative  to  be  experimented  with, 
})oth  because  it  is  probably  the  most  important  of  the  commonly  used 
preservatives  and  also  because  it  lends  itself  the  most  readily  to  pur- 
poses of  demonstration.  The  preservative  was  exhibited  in  two  forms, 
namely,  borax  and  boric  acid,  as  it  was  thought  possible  that  the  soda 
entering  into  the  former  might  produce  some  modification  of  the  results. 

During  the  first  part  of  the  experiments  here  described  the  borax 
or  boric  acid  was  mixed  with  the  butter.  In  later  periods  of  the  study  it 
was  deemed  advisable  for  many  reasons  to  administer  the  preservative 
in  capsules.  When  it  was  realized  that  a  certain  article  of  food  con- 
tained the  preservative,  a  natural  distaste  for  this  article  was  devel- 
oped, due  largely,  perhaps,  to  mental  attitude.  Since  it  was  known  by 
all  that  preservatives  were  administered,  there  seemed  to  be  no  valid 
reason  why  they  should  not  be  given  in  capsules  in  order  that  the 
prejudice  against  an}^  particular  article  of  food  might  be  avoided.  It 
is  true  that  objection  might  be  made  to  this  method  because  it  is  so 
different  from  the  actual  method  of  consuming  preservatives  when 
added  to  foods  in  the  ordinary  way.  Preliminary  experiments  with 
the  gelatin  of  the  capsules  showed  that  it  dissolved  in  a  very  few 
moments  in  the  digestive  ferments.''  This  having  been  established,  it 
is  evident  that  in  a  few  minutes  after  the  administration  of  a  capsule 
containing  borax  its  gelatinous  envelope  would  be  dissolved,  and  by 
the  peristaltic  action  of  the  stomach  the  contents  of  the  capsule  would 
be  mixed  with  those  of  the  stomach.  The  nitrogen  contained  in  the 
capsule  was  determined  (0.024  gram)  and  allowed  for  in  making  the 

«  See  p.  32  for  description  of  experiment. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  17 

balance  of  the  daily  rations  in  Series  V.  Its  disregard  during  the 
twelve  da\^s  of  Series  IV  when  capsules  were  introduced  experiment- 
ally in  no  way  affects  the  results. 

In  the  administration  of  the  preservative  small  quantities  were  first 
given,  approximately  as  much  as  would  be  consumed  in  eating  foods 
preserved  with  borax,  such  as  butter  and  meat.  These  quantities 
were  progressively  increased  for  the  purpose  of  reaching,  if  possible, 
the  limit  of  toleration  of  the  preservative  by  each  individual.  For 
each  variation  of  the  quantity  given  a  separate  study  of  the  digestive 
processes  as  influenced  by  the  preservative  was  made. 

At  the  end  of  the  '""  preservative  period  "  the  *■'  after  period  "  began. 
During  the  "after  period"  the  same  quantities  of  food  were  given  as 
in  the  preservative  period,  the  preservative,  however,  being  omitted. 
The  object  of  this  "after  period"  was  to  restore  the  individual  as 
nearly  as  possible,  if  there  had  been  any  disturbance  of  his  physical 
state,  to  the  condition  precedent  to  the  beginning  of  the  "preserva- 
tive period." 

During  the  entire  time  from  the  })eginning  of  the  "  fore  period"  to 
the  end  of  the  "after  period"  the  foods  were  weighed  or  measured 
and  analyzed  and  the  excreta  collected  and  analyzed. 

DURATION    OF    THE    EXPERIMENTAL   STAGES. 

The  first  decision  in  regard  to  the  duration  of  the  experimental 
work  was  largely  empirical.  The  one  object  which  was  sought  to  be 
obtained  was  t(j  make  it  long  enough  to  reach  reliable  conclusions. 
The  effect  of  the  duration  of  the  test  was  considered  of  paramount 
importance,  inasnuich  as  it  is  evident,  assuming  that  deleterious  or 
favorable  effects  are  produced,  that  they  would  not  become  fully 
manifest  without  a  sufficient  lapse  of  time.  If  the  preservative  in 
(juestion  be  given  in  very  large  quantities,  immediate  effects,  either 
favorable  or  unfavorable,  will  l)e  noticed.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
be  deemed  desirable  to  begin  with  quantities  approximating  those 
which  would  be  secured  by  eating  foods  preserved  therewith,  a  longer 
time  would  probably  elapse  before  any  noticeable  effects  would  be 
produced. 

A  period  of  ten  days  as  a  "fore  period,"  in  order  to  secure  the  equi- 
lif)rium  of  the  body,  has  proved  to  b(^  a  reasonably  satisfactory  one. 
Ill  the  earlier  experiments  the  period  during  which  the  preservative 
was  given  was  also  fixed  for  t(!n  days,  orapi)roximately  so.  Experience 
showed  that  this  was  not  a  sufiicicntly  long  time.  Fifteen  or  twenty 
days  at  Unist  should  he  allowed  for  such  observations.  Especially 
is  this  the  case  if  the  prescirvative  b«^  given  in  increasing  amounts,  as  was 
done  throughout  most  of  the  investigations  here  d(!scribed.  A  con- 
venient di\  ision  of  the  time;  is  into  four-day  periods,  the  increases  in 
the  (l(ise  of  the  pres(!rvative  to  come  at  the;  end  of  each  fouj-  days. 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 2 


18  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Four  such  increases  are  desirable  at  least,  and  hence  the  period  of  the 
experimental  study  of  the  preservatives,  as  a  rule,  should  not  be  less 
than  twenty  days. 

Unless  a  great  disturbance  of  the  normal  functions  has  been  pro- 
duced by  the  preservatives  administered,  an  "after  period"  of  ten  days 
will  be  found  sufficient  in  most  cases  to  restore  the  functions  of  the 
body  to  their  normal  state  and  to  bring-  the  weight  of  the  body,  if  it 
has  been  changed,  back  to  the  normal.  In  many  cases,  however,  there 
may  be  an  accumulation  of  the  preservative  in  the  body,  requiring  a 
considerable  part  of  the  after  period  for  its  complete  removal.  In  such 
cases  any  effects  which  may  have  been  produced  are  likel}^  to  be  mani- 
fested for  many  days. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  data  which  follow,  the  duration  of  the 
periods  of  observation  will  be  indicated  in  each  case. 

COLLECTION   OF   EXCRETA. 

Where  the  individual  is  under  constant  observation  and  is  devoting 
his  whole  time  to  the  experiment,  the  matter  of  the  collection  of  the 
excreta  is  simplified;  but  the  problem  of  making  collections  from  so 
many  persons  engaged  in  the  usual  vocations  of  life  was  a  matter  of 
some  difficult3^ 

The  importance  of  regularity  in  the  hours  of  voiding  the  excreta 
was  impressed  upon  all.  Bottles  were  provided  which  each  individual 
could  take  with  him  during  the  day  or  during  his  absence  from  the  lab- 
oratory, and  in  so  far  as  the  urine  was  concerned  little  difficulty  was 
experienced  in  collecting  it  without  undue  annoyance.  The  matter 
of  the  collection  of  the  feces  was  much  more  difficult.  The  problem 
was  studied  from  many  points  of  view,  and  the  final  decision  was  to 
adopt  a  special  form  of  can,  which  was  found  both  cheap  and  efficient. 
This  can  is  described  under  the  head  of  analysis  of  feces.  (See  tig.  1, 
p.  26.) 

MEDICAL  SUPERVISION. 

It  was  deemed  important  to  have  competent  medical  supervision  of 
the  members  of  the  experimental  class  in  order  that  the  results  of  the 
investigations  might  be  studied  also  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
physician.  It  was  also  thought  best  that  this  supervision  should  come 
for  this  purpose  from  an  official  source.  To  this  end  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  addressed  the  following  communication  to  the  Secretar}' 
of  the  Treasur}^: 

I  have  the  honor  to  ask  that  you  request  the  Surgeon-General  of  Public  Health 
and  Marine-Hospital  Service  to  detail  a  physician  from  his  staff  to  make  physical 
and  medical  examinations  of  the  young  men  employed  in  this  Department  in  testing 
the  effect  of  preservatives  upon  the  health  of  the  consumer. 

There  will  not  be  any  great  drain  upon  the  time  of  this  expert,  since  the  examina- 
tions are  to  be  made  only  about  once  in  ten  days,  on  six  young  men,  and  will  not 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  19 

cousume  probably  over  two  hoars,  making  a  total  of  not  to  exceed  six  hours'  service 
per  month. 

In  this  connection,  I  beg  to  suggest  that  the  Burgeon-General  arrange  with  Dr. 
H.  W.  Wiley,  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  for  the  details  of  these 
examinations. 

The  following  reply  was  received  to  the  above  communication: 

I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  receipt  of  your  communication  of  January  28, 
1903,  re<iuesting  that  the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital 
Service  be  asked  to  detail  a  physician  from  his  staff  to  make  physical  and  medical 
examinations  of  the  young  men  employed  in  your  Department  in  testing  the  effect 
of  preservatives  ui)on  the  liealth  of  the  consumer. 

In  replv  I  have  to  inform  you  that  your  communication  has  been  forwarded  to  the 
Surgeon-General  of  the  Pal)lic  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service,  who  informs  me 
that  he  will  detail  Asst.  Surg.  Gen.  H.  D.  Geddings  to  make  the  desired  examina- 
tions. 

The  Surgeon-(7eneral  further  informs  me  that  he  has  communicated  with  Prot. 
H.  W.  Wiley,  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry  of  your  Department,  and  that 
Doctor  Geddings  has  been  instructed  to  arrange  details  with  Professor  Wiley  in  the 
matter. 

In  harmony  with  the  above  arrangement  Doctor  Geddings  regularly 
vi.sitcd  the  young  men  under  experiment  once  a  week,  giving  them  a 
careful  physical  examination,  inquiring  in  regard  to  symptoms  of  any 
disturl)ances  in  thoir  physical  state,  and  prescribing  for  them  when 
they  fell  ill,  either  incidentally  to  their  work  or  independently  thereof. 
Before  this  time,  however,  during  the  first  table,  the  medical  examina- 
tion was  made  by  Dr.  K.  B.  Behrends.  Unfortunately,  in  several 
cases,  the  members  of  the  training  table  suffered  severely  from  colds, 
influenza,  and  grippe  to  such  an  extent  that  their  services  were  often 
lost  during  a  whole  period.  These  cases  of  illness,  not  due  to  the 
action  of  the  preservatives,  are  dul}^  noted  in  the  proper  places  in  the 
detjiils  of  the  experimental  work. 

Doctor  (jreddings  classified  and  arranged  his  notes  respecting  the 
various  members  of  the  table,  and  the  data  obtained  by  him  are  incor- 
porated in  this  report. 

EXAMINATION    OF   THE    IJLOOI). 

Any  changes  which  might  take  place  in  the  relative  number  of  cor- 
puscles in  the  blood,  or  in  the  blood  coloring  matter,  are  of  value  in 
determining  the  general  effect  of  the  added  preservatives  upon  health 
and  digestion.  To  determine  these  the  ordinary  methods  of  counting 
the  l)lood  (•or{)uscles  and  measuring  the  coloi'ing  matter  in  th(*  blood 
were  followed.  Valuable  help  in  the,  initiation  of  this  work  waso))taine(l 
from  I )i.  William  B.  French  and  Dr.  J.  II.  McCormick.  The  actual 
examination  of  the  blood,  foi-  the  j)iirposes  mentioned,  was  condueled 
by  .Messi-s.  Vi.  ,1.  Howard  and  ('.  1*.  Knight.  'I'he  examination  of  the 
bUnxl  was  not  ina(l(^  at  the  begiiuiing  of  tlu;  woik,and  so  these  obser- 
vations do  (lol  cover  the  whol*-  lime  of  (lie  expeiiinent. 


20  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

DETERMINATION    OF   TEMPERATURE   AND   PULSE. 

The  temperature  of  the  blood  was  taken  sub  lingua  before  and  after 
dinner  each  day.  This  method  is  probably  the  least  accurate  of  all  in 
common  use.  It  is,  however,  convenient  and  easy.  Since  the  object 
of  the  determination  was  to  disclose  any  notable  departures  from  the 
normal,  the  method  was  considered  faii'ly  reliable.  Standard  clinical 
thermometers  of  maximum  registration  were  used  for  this  purpose, 
each  subject  being-  supplied  with  a  separate  thermometer.  These  ther- 
mometers were  all  graduated  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Bureau  of 
Standards. 

The  rate  of  pulse  was  also  determined  in  connection  with  the  deter- 
mination of  the  temperature.  This  is,  however,  not  a  matter  of  so 
very  much  importance  because  of  the  ease  with  which  the  rate  of  pulse 
is  varied  by  exercise  and  emotional  influences. 

In  general,  an  attempt  was  made  to  control  as  fully  as  possible  all 
the  avenues  which  might  lead  to  any  useful  information  concerning 
changes,  even  of  a  minute  character,  in  the  functional  activities  of  the 
bod}^  during  the  period  of  observation.  As  has  alread}^  been  inti- 
mated, the  final  verification  of  any  small  changes  of  an  organic  nature, 
especially  of  incipient  lesions,  which  may  take  place  is  denied  in  exper- 
iment upon  human  beings,  but,  in  so  far  as  possible,  any  intimations 
of  such  changes  which  could  have  been  secured  by  any  of  the  ordinary 
methods  of  study  were  noted. 

In  data  of  this  kind,  namely  the  determination  of  the  temperature, 
rate  of  pulse,  etc.,  where  dependence  is  placed  upon  the  subject  him- 
self, there  are  doubtless  errors  of  observation  which  are  undetected. 
Instructions,  however,  were  given,  and  in  so  far  as  possible  carried 
out,  to  the  effect  that  any  variation  of  a  marked  character  from  a 
normal  state  must  be  verified  by  a  second  observer.  This  rule  applied, 
not  only  to  the  variations  in  the  body  weight  from  day  to  day,  but 
also  to  the  departures  of  the  temperature  from  the  normal,  and  to  the 
variations  in  the  rate  of  pulsation  of  the  heart.  Thus,  whenever  one 
individual  in  the  class  noted  any  marked  variation  from  the  normal  he 
called  upon  either  one  of  the  superintendents  or  one  of  his  fellows  to 
verify  the  numbers  which  he  had  observed.  By  this  precaution  many 
errors  which  otherwise  would  have  crept  into  the  reports  were  avoided. 

BODY    WEIGHTS. 

The  weights  of  the  body  were  ascertained  by  means  of  a  platform 
scale  with  agate  bearings,  and  of  a  delicacy  sufficient  to  register  easily 
dijfferences  of  weight  of  10  grams  when  carrying  a  man  of  average 
weight.  There  was  of  course  some  little  anno3^ance  occasioned  in 
taking  the  weights  because  it  was  necessary  that  they  be  taken  naked. 
It  is  not  safe  to  assume  that  the  weight  of  clothing  remains  constant, 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  21 

for  even  if  the  same  kind  or  character  of  clothing  be  worn  the  varia- 
tion in  weight  is  very  great  because  of  changes  in  the  hAgroscopic 
condition  of  the  atmosphere.  Thus  a  given  amount  of  clothing,  would 
show  very  different  weights  on  a  dry  and  on  a  wet  day. 

Certain,  variations  in  weight  from  the  normal  have  already  been 
explained,  and  in  the  general  discussion  of  the  influence  of  weights  it 
is  always  advisable  to  take  the  average  weight  of  a  period  of  days 
rather  than  the  separate  weight  for  an}'  one  da}.  In  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  value  of  the  bod}^  weight  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  a 
loss  in  weight  must  not  be  interpreted  to  mean  always  defective  nutri- 
tion, nor  a  gain  in  weight  be  attributed  always  to  conditions  favorable 
to  health.  The  accumulation  of  an  excessive  amount  of  fat  is  not  an 
evidence  of  excellent  digestion  or  normal  increase.  It  may  be  due  to 
a  perversion,  to  some  extent,  of  the  processes  of  assimilation.  On  the 
other  hand,  a  loss  of  weight  is  not  always  to  be  interpreted  as  indi- 
cating an  unfavorable  condition  of  nutrition,  because  in  persons  who 
indulge  in  overfeeding  or  who  have  accumulated  excessive  fat  for 
other  reasons  a  diminution  of  weight  may  be  distinctly  favorable  to 
better  digestion  and  health.  Nevertheless,  in  a  state  of  normal  equi- 
librium, when  the  food  supply  remains  constant  any  marked  variations 
in  weight  can  not  be  regarded  as  wholly  normal. 

METHODS  OF  ANALYSIS. 

The  methods  of  analj^sis  employed  were  those,  in  so  far  as  they 
applied,  of  the  Association  of  Ofiicial  Agricultural  Chemists,  and,  in 
other  cases,  those  commonh"  used  by  physiological  chemists. 

ANALYSIS   OF    FOODS. 

So  far  as  possible  foods  were  composited  or  received  in  large  quan- 
tities and  in  such  condition  that  a  fair  sample  could  be  taken  of  a  lot 
which  would  last  the  table  for  considerable  time.  For  instance,  in 
the  case  of  soups,  vegetables,  and  fruit  products  (canned  fruit,  jellies, 
and  jams)  arrangements  were  made  with  manufacturers  to  receive  the 
product  of  a  single  kettle  canned  in  such  a  manner  that  the  contents 
of  the  separate  cans  would  be  as  nearlv  luiiform  as  possible.  In  this 
way  one  or  two  cans  of  each  lot  were  taken  as  a  sample,  and  a  single 
analysis  was  made  to  answer  as  long  as  that  shipment  lasted.  A  great 
amount  of  analytical  work  which  would  have  attended  the  examina- 
tion of  each  food  at  eacii  m(;al  was  thus  avoided. 

Potatoes  wen;  cooked  without  seasoning,  and  a  composite  sample  of 
all  the  j)otatoes  served  during  the  sul)p('ri()(l  was  subjected  to  analysis. 
The  In-ead  was  purchas<!d  of  a  neighboring  bak(U".  Throughout  the 
entire  experiment  only  one;  variety  of  bread,  of  very  (constant  compo- 
sition, was  employed.      In  all  cases  the  water  content  of  each  food  foi- 


22  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

each  meal  was  determined,  and  the  results  obtained  from  the  analj^sis 
of  canned  goods  or  of  composite  samples  were  'calculated  to  the  moist- 
ure content  of  the  food  for  that  meal. 

Dried  composite  samples  of  bread  and  potatoes  were  ground  and  left 
in  an  unstoppered  bottle,  with  occasional  mixing,  for  several  days, 
until  they  had  absorbed  the  maximum  amount  of  moisture  from  the 
surrounding  atmosphere,  when  they  were  termed  "  air  dried."  They 
were  then  subjected  to  analysis.  The  samples  of  air-dried  substances 
were  weighed  for  all  determinations  within  as  short  a  space  of  time  as 
possible,  although  the  change  of  moisture  content  after  the  equilibrium 
was  once  reached  would  naturally  not  be  very  sudden. 

Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  making  a  mixture  sufficiently  uniform  for 
sampling,  each  sample  of  eggs  and  pudding  was  dried  and  ground 
before  analysis,  the  moisture  content  in  the  fresh  sample  being  pre- 
viously determined.  In  the  case  of  meat,  fish,  and  oysters  the  sub- 
stance as  taken  from  the  table  was  passed  several  times  through  a 
sausage  grinder  and  subjected  to  complete  analj'^sis  without  drying. 
In  some  cases  the  duplicate  results  on  these  last-named  products  were 
not  so  close  as  could  be  desired,  and  a  repetition  of  the  analysis  was 
necessary.  Owing  to  the  fact,  however,  that  drying  would  liberate 
fat  and  thus  lead  to  great  annoyance  and  inaccuracy  in  the  preparation 
of  the  sample  it  was  considered  best  to  examine  the  samples  of  meat, 
fish,  and  oysters  without  drying. 

In  all  cases  when  samples  of  food  were  weighed  for  the  table  a  sam- 
ple for  analysis  was  placed  in  a  jar  closed  with  a  screw  cap,'  and  then 
coated  with  paraffin  to  prevent  the  loss  of  moisture.  The  samples 
were  then  placed  in  a  refrigerator  and  kept  until  the  following  morning, 
when  they  were  examined  promptly.  The  breakfast  samples,  how- 
ever, were  examined  immediately.  The  determinations  made  were 
water,  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  fat,  and  heat  of  combustion. 

DETERMINATION    OF   WATER. 

From  2  to  20  grams  of  the  sample,  according  to  its  water  content, 
were  placed  in  a  flat-bottomed  dish  (lead  bottle  caps,  varying  in  diame- 
ter from  2i  to  3i  inches,  were  employed)  and  heated  over  night  in  a 
water-jacketed  drying  oven,  at  the  temperature  of  boiling  water. 
This  was  a  longer  time  than  was  required  in  the  majority  of  cases,  but, 
considering  the  large  volume  of  work,  it  was  found  impracticable  to 
dry  simply  to  constant  weight,  and  the  errors  due  to  a  longer  drying 
than  was  necessary  were  found  to  be  inconsiderable.  All  substances 
were  dried  in  the  manner  and  at  the  temperature  stated  above.  The 
fact  that  the  results  obtained  with  fruits  were  too  high,  owing  to  the 
dehydration  of  invert  sugar  at  the  temperature  of  100°  C,  was  consid- 
ered, but  owing  to  the  varying  sugar  content  of  samples  of  diflerent 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  23 

varieties  it  was  thouj^ht  best  to  suV)iect  all  samples  to  the  same  method 
of  diying.  The  water  determinations  were  all  made  by  Mr.  W.  L. 
Dubois. 

nETERMIXATIOX    OF    FAT. 

The  residue  from  the  determination  of  water  was  transferred  to  an 
extraction  tube  and  the  lead  bottle  cap  which  contained  it  was  cut  into 
small  pieces  and  also  introduced  into  the  tube.  The  tube  was  then 
placed  in  position  in  a  continuous-ether-extraction  apparatus,  mercury- 
sealed,  and  the  residue  extracted  with  anhydrous  sulphuric  ether  for 
thirty-six  hours.  The  fat  determinations  were  made  by  Messrs.  War- 
ner, Giyen,  Burd.  and  Jones. 

DETERMINATION   OF    NITROGEN. 

Nitrogen  was  determined  by  the  Gunning  method,  as  described  in 
Bulletin  46  of  this  Bureau.  Owing  to  the  large  yolume  of  work  it 
was  found  impossible  to  take  into  consideration  the  nature  of  the 
nitrogenous  compounds.  The  total  content  of  nitrogen  only  was 
determined.  The  nitrogen  determinations  were  made  by  Messrs. 
T.  C.  Trescot  and  L.  S.  Munson,  with  the  assistance  of  Mr.  H.  W, 
Houghton. 

DETERMINATION    OF   PHOSPHORIC    ACID. 

The  samples  were  moistened  with  water,  treated  with  magnesium 
nitrate,  dried,  and  ignited,  and  a  solution  was  prepared  as  directed 
on  page  12  of  Bulletin  46  of  the  Bureau  of  Chemistry.  In  this  solu- 
tion the  phosphoi'ic  acid  was  determined  by  the  volumetric  method 
of  the  Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists  given  on  page  13  of 
the  bulletin  above  mentioned.  This  method  consists  in  dissolving  the 
3'ellow  precipitate  in  a  definite  amount  of  potassium  hydroxid,  and 
titrating  with  a  standard  solution  of  nitric  acid.  The  phosphoric  acid 
determinations  were  made  by  Mr.  L.  M.  Tolman. 

DETERMINATION    OF    HEAT   OF   COMIJUSTION. 

Almost  all  of  the  samples  were  burned  in  the  boml)  calorimeter. 
In  some;  cases  of  foods  having  a  very  high  water  content,  such  as 
canned  fruits  and  soups,  the  heat  of  combustion  was  calculated,  using 
th(;  factors  ai^uO  for  protein,  9300  for  fat,  and  4200  for  carbohydrates. 
The  heat  of  combustion  determinations  were  all  made  l)y  Mr.  E.  M, 
Chace. 

ANALYSIS   OF   URINE. 

The  urine  was  collected  and  preserved  in  ])ottles  of  about  1  pint 
capacity.  It  was  kept  in  a  cool  plac<;  and  returned  to  the  laboratory 
each  morning.  The  entire  v<dum(;  for  each  man  foi' twenty-four  hours 
wa.s  then  mixed,  measured,  and  subjected  to  analysis.     With  theexcep- 


24  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON"    HEALTH. 

tion  of  water  and  phosphoric  acid,  the  determinations  were  made  as 
described  under  food. 

The  phosphoric  acid  was  determined  b}^  the  uranium  acetate  vol- 
umetric method/"  the  only  modification  in  the  method  given  by  Sutton 
being  that  the  urine  was  diluted  with  2  volumes  of  water.  This  was 
found  to  be  advisable  for  two  reasons:  First,  to  reduce  the  color,  which 
otherwise  interfered  to  some  extent  with  the  end  reaction;  second, 
because  of  the  large  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  present,  which  was 
found  to  be  too  great  for  exact  results.  The  solids  were  determined 
by  multiplying  the  specific  gravit}^  minus  1  (at  25°)  by  the  factor  2450, 
or,  as  it  is  more  commonly  expressed,  by  multiplying  the  last  three 
figures  of  the  specific  gravity  (expressed  as  a  whole  number  where  the 
result  is  entered  in  four  decimals)  by  0.246.  This  factor  is  consider- 
ably higher  than  th«t  which  has  ordinarily  been  employed  (0.233).  It 
was  the  result  of  considerable  experimental  work  on  the  part  of  Mr. 
Weber,  who  conducted  the  urine  analyses,  and  it  is  not  greatly  differ- 
ent from  the  results  obtained  by  Long.  The  clinical  examination  of 
the  urine  was  made  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Weber. 

In  addition  to  the  determinations  previously  mentioned,  boric  acid 
was  determined  in  the  urine.  The  method  employed  was  that  of 
Thompson.^  During  a  portion  of  the  time  barium  hydroxid  was 
substituted  for  calcium  hydroxid,  and  the  barium  precipitate  was  dis- 
solved in  hydrochloric  acid  and  reprecipitated  to  free  the  last  portions 
of  boric  acid  from  the  precipitate.  Comparative  experiments  were 
also  made  with  methods  involving  distillation  with  methyl  alcohol, 
but  on  the  whole  Thompson's  method  was  found  to  be  the  most  satis- 
factorj^,  both  on  account  of  its  greater  convenience  and  because  of  the 
large  amount  of  soluble  salts  present,  which  tended  to  interfere  with 
the  accuracy  of  the  distillation  method.  The  determinations  of  boric 
acid  on  the  first  series  were  made  by  Mr.  W.  D.  Bigelow,  and  on  the 
second,  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  series  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Burd. 

ANALYSIS   OF   FECES. 

The  feces  were  collected  in  a  can  contrived  for  that  purpose,  and 
dried  in  a  current  of  air  at  the  temperature  of  boiling  water.  The 
can  employed  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  illustration  in  its  place  in 
the  apparatus,  a  cross-section  view  (a)  also  being  given.  It  is  5  inches 
high  and  5f  inches  in  diameter,  closed  with  a  friction  top.  Its  con- 
struction is  based  upon  the  principle  that  with  a  beveled  top  fitting 
into  an  even  opening  a  practically  air-tight  union  can  be  secured. 
These  cans  are  similar  in  their  construction,  so  far  as  the  opening  is 
concerned,  to  those  commonly  used  for  holding  paints. 

In  order  that  the  same  can  in  which  the  feces  were  collected  might 

«  Sutton's  Volumetric  Analysis,  eighth  edition,  page  436. 
&  Sutton's  Volumetric  Analysis,  eighth  edition,  page  98, 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  25 

))e  used  in  drvinof  them,  it  was  necessary  to  attach  apparatus  whereby 
a  current  of  air  could  l)e  drawn  through  the  can  during  the  process  of 
desiccation.  This  was  accomplished  l)y  soldering  a  tube  to  the  side 
of  the  can  near  the  top  and  conducting  the  air,  by  means  of  a  glass 
tube  shown  in  the  section,  to  the  bottom  of  the  can.  A  second  tube 
was  soldered  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  can  making  connection  with 
the  suction  apparatus.  The  cans  were  of  a  magnitude  to  hold  all  the 
dejecta  in  each  case  for  a  period  of  twenty-four  hours.  The  weight 
of  the  can  being  previously  known,  the  weight  of  the  moist  dejecta 
for  the  twenty-four  hours  was  easih'  determined. 

For  desiccating  purposes  the  cans  were  arranged  in  a  battery  of  six 
for  each  series,  though  onl}"  live  are  shown  in  the  drawing.  In  order 
to  collect  any  volatile  nitrogenous  or  sulphur  compounds,  as  well  as  to 
determine  the  rate  of  passage  of  the  air  through  the  can,  each  one  was 
provided  with  washing  bottles,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  through  which 
the  emergent  air  bubbled  on  its  course  toward  the  vacuum  pump.  By 
opening  or  closing  the  comnuuiication  with  the  can  the  rate  of  passage 
of  the  air  was  made  uniform.  Proper  reagents  were  placed  in  the 
washing  bottles  to  hold  back  an}^  of  the  volatile  compounds  above 
mentioned. 

The.  vacuum  was  produced  by  a  large  aspirator  connected  with  the 
water  service  in  the  basement  of  the  laboratory.  As  often  twelve  or 
eighteen  cans  were  operated  at  once  it  was  necessarj'^  to  have  this  jet  of 
rather  large  size.  It  was  found  that  a  jet  of  about  one-fourth  inch  sup- 
plied ])}'  a  2-inch  pipe  was  entirely  sufficient  to  produce  a  vacuum  for 
drying  a  series  of  three  sets  of  cans  as  above  arranged.  The  cans  rested 
in  a  copper  tank  tilled  with  water  to  within  about  2  inches  of  the  top. 
This  water  was  maintained  at  a  constant  level  by  an  automatic  arrange- 
ment of  the  usual  description.  The  heat  was  applied  by  a  series  of 
Hunsen  lamps,  so  that  all  parts  of  the  copper  tank  were  evenly  heated. 
The  temperature  of  desiccation  was  slightly  below  the  boiling  point  of 
wnUtr.  At  this  temperature,  and  with  the  current  of  air  regulated  as 
above  described,  the  complete  desiccation  of  the  contents  of  the  can 
was  acccjmplished  in  twenty-foui'  hours.  The  loss  of  water  having 
been  determin(!d  by  reweighing  the  can,  its  dried  contents  were  ground 
and  bottled  for  analysis. 

Th<!  construction  of  the  can  and  desiccating  apparatus  is  shown  in 
the  accompanying  figure  (tig.  I)  in  which  <(  shows  the  cross  section 
of  th(;  can;  //,  th(!  water  n'seivoir  connected  with  the  water  suppl>', 
arranged  to  fill  automatically  the  baths  used  for  di'ying  the  cans;  c,  c, 
lead  pipes  to  supply  air  to  the  water  reservoir  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
mitting the  water  to  flow  from  it  into  th(^  bath  to  maintain  a  constant 
level;  </,  //,  {)ip(!S  to  convey  water  from  the  reservoir  to  the  bath. 

At  first  th(;  oidinary  tin  paint  cans  were  obtained  from  the  manu- 
facturers, and  the  side  tubes  soldered  to  them.      It  was  found,  however, 


26 


TTSTFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


that  the  quality  of  tin  was  so  poor  that  a  single  can  could  onlj^  be  used 
from  three  to  five  times.  It  proved  more  advantageous  to  have  cans 
made  to  order  of  heavy  tinned  copper.  The  usual  stock  tin  flange  and 
caps,  however,  were  still  employed. 

Before  being  used  the  cans  were  weighed,  and  after  the  collection 
of  the  feces  a  second  weight  was  taken.  The  can  was  then  placed  in 
the  water  bath  shown  in  the  accompanying  cut,  attached  to  a  vacuum; 
the  water  was  heated  to  approximately  the  boiling  point,  and  a  brisk 
current  of  air  was  drawn  through  the  can.  It  was  at  first  feared  that 
a  loss  of  ammonia  would  result  from  heating  at  this  temperature,  and 


Fig.  1.— Apparatus  for  drying  feces:  a,  Section  of  can;  6,  water  reservoir;  c  and  d,  tubes  for  preserving 
constant  level  of  water  in  bath;  e,  e,  valves  regulating  water  supply  for  reservoir;  /,  overflow  pipe 
for  water  bath. 

wash  bottles  containing  sulphuric  acid  were  placed  in  the  circuit  imme- 
diately under  the  can.  The  amount  of  ammonia  so  collected,  however, 
was  so  small  as  to  appear  negligible. 

The  cans  were  placed  in  the  bath  each  morning  about  9  o'clock,  and 
heated  for  twenty -four  hours,  when  they  were  usually  dry.  In  some 
cases  a  longer  period  of  dr3dng  was  found  necessary.  The  dried  sample 
was  then  ground  to  a  fine  powder  and  left  in  an  unstoppered  bottle  for 
a  period  of  four  days  to  attract  the  normal  amount  of  moisture  from 
the  air.  Samples  for  the  separate  determinations  were  weighed  within 
as  short  a  space  of  time  as  possible.  The  determinations  described 
under  food  were  then  made,  and  by  the  same  analysts. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  27 

SPECIAL  DIFFICULTIES  CONNECTED  WITH  THE  WORK. 
COLLECTION    OF    EXCRETA. 

Aside  from  the  usual  difficulties  connected  with  analytical  practice, 
which  must  alwa3"s  be  taken  into  consideration,  there  are  some  special 
points  in  connection  with  a  work  of  this  kind  which  must  be  men- 
tioned. These  difficulties  are  connected  chiefly  with  the  collection  and 
analysis  of  the  excreta.  The  principal  object  in  the  analj'sis  of  the 
excreta,  as  is  evident,  is  to  establish  the  relation  between  certain 
ingested  elements  and  those  which  appear  in  the  excreta.  Certain 
forms  of  food  are  more  or  less  completely  changed  in  passing  through 
the  body,  and  are  oxidized  and  manifested  as  heat  and  energy.  The 
fats  and  carbohydrates  are  types  of  foods  of  this  kind.  Certain  other 
elements  in  foods,  while  they  undergo  marked  changes  of  combination 
during  digestion,  assimilation,  and  excretion,  appear  in  the  excreta  in 
practically  the  same  quantity  in  which  they  are  found  in  the  food. 
Among  these  substances  may  be  particularh'  mentioned  nitrogen, 
sulphur,  and  phosphorus. 

In  a  state  of  equilibrium,  where  the  body  is  exercising  all  of  its 
functions  in  a  normal  manner,  and  where  there  is  neither  increase  nor 
decrease  in  Ijod}-  weight,  the  quantities  of  nitrogen,  sulphur,  and 
phosphorus  which  are  excreted  should  be  the  same  as  those  which  are 
ingested  in  the  food.  This  should  not  be  construed  to  imply  that  the 
actual  elements  eaten  on  one  day  appear  in  the  excreta  of  the  next 
day.  This  is  far  from  being  the  case.  It  may  require  man}'^  days, 
weeks,  or  even  months,  for  a  given  particle  of  nitrogen,  sulphur,  or 
phosphorus  ingested  in  the  food  to  reappear  in  the  excreta.  It  is 
sufficient,  however,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  the  balance  between 
these  ingested  substances  and  those  which  are  recovered  in  the  excreta 
to  a.ssume  that  the  quantities  forced  out  of  the  body  each  day  in  a 
normal  state  arc  equivalent  in  all  respects  to  those  which  are  intro- 
duced. As  an  iHustration,  the  case  of  a  tube  long  enough  to  hold  a 
hundred  marbles  may  be  cited.  If  an  additional  marble  be  forced  in 
at  one  end  of  the  tube,  a  marble  of  equal  magnitude  will  be  forced  out 
at  the  othei-,  and  thus  tlie  balance  will  ])e  maintained  in  the  tube.  So 
in  a  state  of  equilibrium  each  molecule  or  atom  of  nitrogen,  phos- 
phorus, or  sulphur  entering  the  body  will  be  represented  by  a  similar 
molecule  or  atf)m  of  these  respective  substances  forced  out  of  the 
Ijody. 

Wen;  it  piacticable  in  experiments  such  as  these  to  collect  abso- 
lutely eveiy  particle;  of  em(;rgent  nitrogen,  for  instance,  the  balance 
between  the  entering  and  departing  nitrogen  should  })e  complete.  In 
these  ex))(;riments,  ho\vev<'r,  no  attempt  was  made  to  collect  any  of 
the  nitrogen  (!xcept  that  removed  from  the  body  in  the  urine  and 
feccH.     This,  of  couisc.  iTprcsciits  nearly  all  of  tlu;  nitrogen  excreted, 


28  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

but  not  quite  all.  Small  amounts  of  nitrogen  are  separated,  from  the 
body  in  the  hair,  the  nails,  and  the  desquamations  from  the  surface  of 
ths  body.  Thus  in  a  perfectly  normal  state  of  the  body  the  sum  of 
the  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  urine  and  the  feces  would  not  represent 
the  total  amount  ingested  in  the  food.  On  the  other  hand,  in  abnor- 
mal states  of  the  bod}",  where  the  breaking  down  of  the  tissues  is 
going  on  more  rapidly  than  their  building  up,  just  the  reverse  condi- 
tion would  prove  true.  The  same  statements  may  be  made  with  refer- 
ence to  the  sulphur  and  phosphorus. 

It  is  evident,  however,  that  if  a  relation  can  be  established  between 
the  total  amount  of  these  substances  entering  the  food  and  that  leav- 
ing the  body  in  the  urine  and  feces,  any  disturbance  of  that  relation 
by  the  addition  of  an  abnormal  constituent  to  the  food,  such  as  a  pre- 
servative, can  be  easily  detected.  Therefore,  for  the  purposes  of  these 
investigations,  the  fact  that  complete  collection  of  these  elements  from 
the  body  is  not  secured  is  not  a  valid  objection  to  the  deductions 
which  are  made  from  the  data.  Nevertheless,  it  should  be  pointed  out 
with  clearness  and  frankness  that  in  the  conditions  in  which  these 
experiments  were  made  there  are  possibilities  of  error  which  must  not 
be  overlooked.  Carelessness  on  the  part  of  the  observer  himself  in 
the  collection  of  the  excreta,  a  violation  of  the  pledge  in  regard  to  the 
conduct  of  life,  or  an  error  in  analysis  would  each  tend  to  render  the 
results  of  less  value.  That  such  errors  have  been  wholly  excluded 
from  the  data  submitted  is  not  likei3\  On  the  other  hand,  errors  of 
this  kind  which  may  have  been  introduced  could  not  have  been  pur- 
posely made  in  order  to  modify  the  final  results  of  the  investigation. 
Hence  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  such  errors  are  to  a  certain  extent  com- 
pensatory and  that  they  do  not  affect  seriously  the  conclusions  based 
upon  the  data  as  a  whole.  Those  who  have  worked  in  investigations 
of  this  kind,  however,  will  understand  the  great  difficulties  which 
attend  them,  as  well  as  the  care  which  has  to  be  exercised  in  their  con- 
duct, and  will  be  the  more  ready  to  excuse  any  unavoidable  error  which 
may  have  crept  in,  either  in  the  conduct  of  the  work  or  in  the  morale 
of  those  who  were  su})jected  to  the  experiment. 

EFFECT   OF   REGULAR   HABITS. 

Another  important  factor  must  be  considered  in  the  interpretation 
of  the  data  which  have  been  obtained  in  these  experiments,  namely, 
the  effect  upon  the  physical  well-being  of  the  subject  produced  by  reg- 
ular habits  of  living,  uniform  quantity  of  diet,  and  general  control  of 
the  appetites. 

It  is  usually  considered  by  physiologists  and  physicians  that  regular 
habits  of  life  conduce  to  health  and  strength.  This  theory  has  been 
corroborated  by  the  results  of  the  experimental  work  here  detailed. 
While  it  is  true  that  in  many  instances  during  the  progress  of  the 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  29 

investigvation  the  members  of  the  table  were  made  temporarily  ill  by 
the  quantities  of  the  preservative  administered,  it  is  nevertheless  an 
interesting  fact  to  note  that  at  the  end  of  the  year,  after  the  iinal  "  after 
period"  had  been  passed,  the}^  appeared  to  be.  and  declared  themselves 
to  be,  in  better  phjsical  condition  than  when  thev  entered  upon  the 
experimental  work  seven  months  before. 

This  fact,  as  has  already  been  stated,  must  not  be  neglected,  since  it 
is  evident  that  the  tendenc}^  toward  a  good  physical  state  and  good 
health  produced  b}"  the  regular  habits  of  life  might  counteract  the 
unfavorable  tendency  of  an}^  exhibited  preservative;  so  that  at  the  end 
of  the  observation,  if  the  results  were  judged  only  by  the  condition  of 
the  subject  at  that  time,  they  might  be  pronounced  negative,  or  even 
helpful,  whereas  in  point  of  fact  the  preservative  might  have  pro- 
duced injurious  effects.  Self-restraint,  temperance,  regularity  of  exer- 
cise, regularity  in  hours  of  sleep  and  hours  of  work  are  believed  to 
have  favorable  effects,  and  these  were  manifested  in  a  marked  degree 
throughout  the  whole  of  the  experimental  work. 

MENTAL    ATTITUDE. 

That  the  personal  attitude  of  the  individual  experimented  upon  influ- 
ences, to  a  certain  degree,  the  progress  of  digestion  is  undoubtedly 
true.  Every  physician  and  physiologist  is  familiar  with  the  marked 
effect  which  mental  states  produce  upon  the  bodily  functions.  These 
effects  maj'  be  either  favorable  or  unfavoral>le.  Cheerful  surround- 
ings, good  company,  and,  in  general,  an  agreeable  environment,  tend  to 
promote  the  favoralde  progress  of  digestion.  A  reversal  of  the  con- 
ditions of  environment  to  the  disagreeable,  combined  with  mental 
depression,  bad  news,  and  other  unfavorable  conditions,  have  exactly 
the  opposite  effect. 

The  question  therefore  arose  in  connection  with  the  experimental 
work  as  to  the  advisability  and  possibility  of  preventing  the  mental 
attitude  from  producing  any  effect,  A  careful  consideration  of  all  the 
conditions  of  the  problem  made  it  clear  that  it  would  be  impossible  to 
conduct  the  experiments  in  any  way  which  would  exclude  from  the 
knowledge  of  the  participant  the  fact  that  prcvservatives  were  added 
to  the  food.  It  was  fully  undc^-stood  that  ho  was  employed  for  this 
purpose,  and  the  very  moment  that  the  observation  began  upon  his 
daily  life,  by  weighing  the  food  and  collecting  the  excreta,  he  would 
be  aware  of  the  fact  that  he  was  under  observation  and  was  probably 
partaking  of  preservatives. 

The  (juestion  also  arose  whether  oi-  not  the  preservatives  should  be 
given  in  ca^jsules  op  nly  or*  whether  they  should  be  conceuh^d  in  the 
food  it.s('jf,  I)()th  of  (hese  methods  recei\'cd  a  tliorough  experi- 
mental tiial.  When  the  preservative  was  mixed  with  the  food  in 
such  a  way  as  to  conceal    its   [)hysical  appearance,  u  certain   dislike 


30  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

of  the  food  in  which  it  was  supposed  to  be  was  manifested  by  some 
of  the  members  of  the  table.  Those  who  thought  the  preservative 
was  concealed  in  the  butter  were  disposed  to  find  the  butter  unpala- 
table, and  the  same  was  true  with  those  who  thought  it  might  be  in 
the  milk  or  the  coffee.  When,  on  the  other  hand,  the  preservative 
was  given  in  the  capsules  with  the  full  knowledge  of  the  subject,  much 
less  disturbance  was  created.  In  fact,  after  a  da}^  or  two,  when  the 
subject  became  used  to  the  fact  that  he  was  taking  a  preservative,  it 
was  apparent  that  the  effect  of  the  mental  attitude  was  not  at  all 
noticeable.  All  the  foods  offered  were  relished  because  they  were 
known  to  contain  no  preservative,  while  the  preservative  itself, 
exhibited  in  the  form  of  a  capsule,  imparted  no  bad  taste  or  other  dis- 
agreeable effect. 

If  an  experiment  of  this  kind  were  to  be  continued  only  a  few  days 
it  is  evident  that  the  mental  attitude  of  the  subject  would  be  a  matter 
of  much  concern,  but  when  from  thirty  to  seventy  days  are  employed  in 
one  series  of  observations,  and  especially  when  the  observations  are  con«- 
tinued  for  many  months,  this  effect  rapidly  wears  awa}^,  and  probably 
does  not  influence  the  final  results  in  an}^  appreciable  manner. 

The  young  men  were  cautioned  to  avoid  discussing  among  themselves 
any  symptoms  which  they  might  notice,  and  urged  not  to  dwell  upon 
any  indications  of  abnormal  conditions  which  they  might  experience, 
but  to  keep  their  minds  employed  on  their  usual  vocations  and  to  avoid 
thinking,  as  much  as  possible,  about  the  experiments  which  they  were 
undergoing.  In  most  cases  this  course  of  procedure  had  its  desired 
effect,  and  from  the  general  deportment  of  those  upon  whom  the 
experiments  were  made  it  may  be  stated,  with  a  considerable  degree 
of  confidence,  that  the  mental  state  as  a  whole  had  very  little  influence, 
upon  the  course  and  progress  of  digestion. 

It  is  in  this  particular,  namely,  the  mental  attitude,  that  experiments 
conducted  with  artificial  digestion  and  experiments  conducted  upon 
the  lower  animals  have  decided  advantages.  Yet  it  must  be  admitted 
that  in  the  latter  case  the  confinement  to  which  the  animals  are  sub- 
jected probably  produces  a  mental  attitude  more  prejudicial  to  normal 
physiological  processes  than  that  produced  in  the  case  of  the  man  who 
understands  fully  the  conditions  which  surround  him. 

CLASSIFICATION   AND   INTERPBETATION    OF   THE    DATA. 

The  great  difficulties  of  correctly  studying  the  extensive  data  which 
these  experiments  have  given  and  drawing  therefrom  the  proper 
conclusions  are  fully  realized.  The  utmost  care  must  be  exercised  in 
these  cases  to  remove  all  possible  personal  bias  and  to  free  oneself,  in 
so  far  as  possible,  from  the  weight  of  authorities  which  have  been 
consulted.  Public  opinion  also  must  not  be  forgotten  in  this  respect, 
especially  when  it  is  considered  that  it  is  almost  universally  believed 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  31 

by  the  great  majoritj^  of  our  people  that  added  preservatives  are 
always  injurious  and  in  many  instances  poisonous.  But  even  when 
personal  bias,  weight  of  authority,  and  pu])lic  opinion  are  eliminated 
from  the  problem  it  is  still  a  most  difficult  one.  So  many  elements 
enter  into  its  stud}',  so  many  conditions  difficult  to  control,  so  many 
idios3'ncrasies  are  to  be  reckoned  with,  so  man}^  external  causes  influen- 
cing health  which  are  beyond  control,  that  it  is  difficult  in  many  cases 
to  decide,  where  variations  are  noticed,  as  to  the  exact  or  even  appar- 
ent cause  which  has  produced  them. 

The  problem,  therefore,  has  been  attacked  with  a  full  knowledge  of 
its  difficulty  and  with  the  desire  to  be  conservative  and  free  from 
dogmatism.  It  would  probablj^  be  better  if  all  the  detailed  data  which 
have  been  secured  could  ))e  printed  in  connection  with  this  discussion, 
so  that  the  critical  reader  might  be  able  in  every  instance  to  refer  to 
the  original  figures.  Enormous  space,  however,  would  be  occupied 
b}"  the  data,  and  the  fact  that  in  most  cases  they  would  be  of  little  use 
in  detail  has  led  to  the  decision  to  publish  only  such  detail  as  ma}^  be 
necessary  to  point  out  the  way  in  which  the  general  data  have  been 
obtained.  If,  as  may  appear  further  on,  all  points  of  the  problem 
have  not  been  elucidated,  the  failure  has  not  arisen  either  from  lack 
of  desire  or  from  want  of  industry  in  the  conduct  of  the  experiment. 
It  is  to  be  attrilnited,  rather,  to  the  limitations  placed  upon  the  observ- 
ers, either  by  lack  of  experience  or  by  lack  of  knowledge,  as  to  the 
best  way  in  which  to  classify,  digest,  and  stud^y  the  data  at  their  dis- 
position. A  serious  attempt  has  been  made  to  present  these  data  in 
their  full  signiticance,  and  in  no  case  has  any  tampering  therewith  been 
counseled,  desired,  or  permitted.  The  unfortunate  fact  that  many  of 
the  data  arc  contradictory  must  be  accepted  without  question.  As  the 
judge  and  tlie  jury,  in  the  light  of  contradictory  evidence,  seek  to 
decide  which  is  the  more  trustworthy,  so  have  the  data  herein  con- 
tained been  interpreted  with  a  view,  if  possible,  to  giving  the  greater 
weight  to  those  which  deserve  the  greater  credit. 


EFFECTS  PRODUCED  BY  THE  PRESERVATIVE. 
SCHEDUIiE  OF  ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  PRESERVATIVE. 

As  has  already  been  mentioned,  different  methods  of  administering 
the  preservative  were  tried.  At  first  it  was  thought  advisable  to 
administer  the  preservative  in  the  food  without  indicating  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  table  the  particular  article  of  food  which  contained  it. 
Both  borax  and  boric  acid  having  but  little  taste,  considerable  quanti- 
ties thereof  could  be  added  to  certain  articles  of  food,  imparting  to 
them  neither  marked  taste  nor  odor.  The  boric  acid  was,  therefore, 
first  administered  in  the  butter,  for  two  reasons^ — first,  because  it  is 
very  often  used  as  a  preservative  of  butter,  and,  second,  because  in  the 
finely  powdered  state  it  could  be  intimately  mixed  with  the  butter  in 
such  a  way  as  not  to  disclose  its  presence  by  any  visible  signs. 

The  preservative  was  administered  in  butter  during  both  the  first 
and  second  series.  It  was  not  long,  however,  until  the  mem^bers  of 
the  table  discovered  that  the  butter  contained  the  preservative,  and 
though  there  was  no  decided  effect  upon  the  taste,  a  dislike  of  the  but- 
ter was  developed.  During  the  third  series  the  boric  acid  was  dissolved 
in  the  milk,  but  before  this  series  was  finished  the  subjects  discovered 
the  fact,  and  a  tendency  to  use  less  milk  was  observed.  During  the 
fourth  series  different  methods  of  administration  were  practiced:  Dur- 
ing one  day  it  was  given  in  the  meat,  but  this  proved  to  be  exceed- 
ingly unsatisfactory.  The  next  day  it  was  given  in  capsules.  It  was 
then  given  for  a  short  period  in  the  coffee,  with  results  similar  to 
those  which  attended  its  administration  in  the  butter  and  the  milk. 
Finally  the  use  of  capsules  for  holding  the  preservative  was  adopted 
as  being  the  most  satisfactory  way.  There  is,  of  course,  objection  to 
this  method,  since  it  does  not  distribute  the  preservative  throughout 
the  food,  as  would  be  the  case  when  used  for  actual  preserving  pur- 
poses. The  validit}^  of  this  objection,  however,  is  more  apparent  than 
real,  since,  when  properly  given  in  capsules,  the  containing  coats  of 
which  are  quickly  dissolved,  the  substance,  by  reason  of  the  motion  of 
the  stomach  during  digestion,  is  quickly  distributed  throughout  the 
mass  of  the  food. 

In  order  to  determine  whether  the  capsules  in  which  the  preservative 
was  administered  delayed  the  absorption  of  the  preservative,  10  cap- 
sules containing  boric  acid  were  placed  in  an  artificial  pepsin  solution, 
made  by  dissolving  0.1  gram  of  granulated  pepsin  in  100  cc  of  0.33 
per  cent  hydrochloric  acid.  The  solution  was  heated  to  a  temperature 
32 


BOEIC    ACID    AND    BOKAX.  33 

of  40°  C,  the  capsules  introduced,  and  the  contents  of  the  beaker 
gently  stirred.  In  one  minute  and  ten  seconds  after  the  introduction 
of  the  capsules  one  of  them  broke,  releasing  the  boric  acid,  which  imme- 
diatel}'  sank  to  the  bottom  of  the  beaker.  At  intervals  of  from  live 
to  ten  seconds  the  remaining  capsules  broke,  and  within  two  minutes 
none  was  intact.  At  the  end  of  tive  minutes  both  the  capsules  and 
boric  acid  were  entirel}^  dissolved. 

As  before  stated,  the  nitrogen  content  of  the  capsule  was  noted.  In 
order  to  secure  a  uniform  method  of  distributing  the  contents  of  the 
capsule  throughout  the  contents  of  the  stomach,  it  was  directed  that  it 
be  taken  at  about  the  middle  of  the  meal,  so  as  to  be  introduced  as 
nearly  as  possible  into  the  middle  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 
This  method  of  administration  proved  by  far  the  most  satisfactory  of 
all  that  were  tried.  There  was  no  dislike  developed  for  any  particular 
item  of  food  on  the  supposition  that  it  might  contain  the  preservative, 
the  capsules  were  tasteless,  and  no  discomfort  of  any  kind  was  noticed 
by  reason  of  the  temporary  concentration  of  the  material  in  any  par- 
ticular part  of  the  contents  of  the  stomach. 

In  the  following  tal)le  will  be  found  a  detailed  statement  of  the 
administration  of  the  preservative  throughout  the  whole  period  of 
observation.  The  table  will  be  found  useful,  not  only  as  a  summary 
of  the  amount  of  the  preservative  given  and  the  quantities  given  on 
each  day,  but  also  for  reference  in  case  of  a  desire  to  study  the  effects 
produced  upon  any  given  subject  at  any  given  time  in  connection  with 
the  quantitv  of  the  preservative  emplo3"ed.  When  the  preservative 
was  used  in  quantities  not  to  exceed  half  a  gram  per  day  it  was  usu- 
ally given  in  a  single  capsule  at  one  meal — generally  dinner.  When 
it  was  given  in  quantities  of  1  gram  a  day  it  was  taken  at  two  meals 
in  i-gram  capsules  each.  When  given  in  quantities  of  2  grams  a 
day  it  was  taken  in  ^-gram  capsules  at  two  meals  and  in  two  i-gram 
capsules  at  one  meal.  When  taken  in  quantities  of  3  grams  it  was 
given  in  two  ^-gram  capsules  at  each  meal.  When  given  in  larger 
quantities,  requiring  more  than  1  gram  at  one  meal,  more  than  two 
capsules  were  given.  When  administered  in  the  liutter  it  was  distrib- 
uted in  a  similar  manner,  according  to  the  number  of  molded  lumps  of 
butter  eaten  by  each  member  of  the  table.  Each  lump  of  butter  of  15 
grams  was  so  mixed  with  the  preservative  as  to  contain  half  a  gram  or 
1  gram,  respectively,  according  to  the  quantities  given. 

In  the  table  which  follows  the  amounts  given  at  each  meal  are  not 
specified,  by  reason  of  the  undue  extension  of  the  tabular  statement 
which  would  ))e  necessary,  but  the  total  quantity  given  on  each  day  is 
recorded.  The  distribution  of  the  capsules  during  the  various  meals 
of  the  day  will  be  sufficiently  evident  from  the  description  which  has 
already  been  given  above  of  the  times  of  administration.     When  any 

4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 3 


34  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

variation  in  the  amount  given  to  any  individual  occurred  it  is  noted 
by  appropriate  references  in  the  table  itself. 

Under  the  head  "Special  series"  is  a  record  of  the  amounts  given  to 
two  of  the  original  members  of  the  table,  who,  by  reason  of  illness 
other  than  that  due  to  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  were 
found  unable  to  continue  the  regular  course  of  experimental  work. 
It  was  thought,  however,  that  it  would  be  of  use  to  administer  very 
small  quantities  of  the  preservative  to  these  individuals  throughout 
a  long  period  of  time  in  order  to  ascertain,  if  possible,  by  such  an 
administration,  any  visible  effect  which  this  long-continued  use  of  the 
preservative  might  produce.  It  is  believed  that  the  following  data 
are  sufficiently  detailed  to  answer  all  purposes  for  reference  and  par- 
ticular study. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


35 


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36 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


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BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


37 


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38  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

EXCRETION  OF  THE  BORIC  ACID  AND  BORAX. 

Whether  the  preservative  be  given  in  the  form  of  boric  acid  or 
borax  appears  to  have  little  effect  upon  the  percentage  thereof  appear- 
ing in  the  urine.  In  Tables  III  to  VIII  are  found  a  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  quantity  of  the  preservative  daily  given  in  the  food,  in 
terms  of  boric  acid,  and  the  amount  recovered  in  the  urine,  together 
with  a  statement  of  the  total  amount  taken  during  the  series,  and  the 
percentage  of  the  total  exhibited  amount  recovered  in  the  urine. 

In  Series  I  (Table  III)  it  is  seen  that  of  25  grams  of  boric  acid  taken 
by  No.  1,  86.96  per  cent  is  recovered  in  the  urine.  In  the  case  where 
1  gram  is  given,  the  first  day  604.9  milligrams  are  recovered;  on  the 
second  day,  when  the  same  amount  is  given,  8T1.3  milligrams  are 
recovered;  on  the  third  day,  when  still  the  same  amount  is  given,  902.8 
milligrams  are  recovered;  on  the  fourth  day,  when  the  maximum 
amount  is  recovered  during  the  exhibition  of  1  gram,  938.  T  milligrams 
are  recovered.  It  is  apparent  that  there  is  a  continued  accumulation 
of  boric  acid  in  the  system  up  to  about  the  fourth  day,  when  the 
quantities  recovered  in  the  urine  remain  almost  constant.  On  the 
cessation  of  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid  the  quantity  in  the 
urine  rapidl}^  falls.  At  the  end  of  about  the  third  or  fourth  day  there- 
after there  are  no  longer  any  measurable  quantities  found,  but  traces 
of  the  preservative  remain  in  the  uri ne  for  about  eight  days.  It  may  be 
said,  then,  without  expressing  the  fact  accurately  for  every  case,  that 
in  about  eight  days  after  the  cessation  of  the  giving  of  large  quanti- 
ties of  boric  acid  all  traces  of  it  are  removed  from  the  urine  and  pre- 
sumably from  the  system.  It  will  not  be  necessary  to  go  over  the  data 
for  each  of  the  members  of  the  table  separatel3^  They  practically 
illustrate  the  principle  which  is  outlined  by  the  detailed  data  of  No.  1. 
The  largest  percentage  of  the  total  exhibited  amount  recovered  in  the 
urine  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  2,  namely,  88.51,  and  the  smallest  in 
the  case  of  No.  5,  77.86.  The  average  quantity  excreted  in  the  urine 
for  the  whole  number  under  observation  during  the  whole  of  the  first 
series  is  83.05  per  cent. 

In  Table  IV  are  given  the  details  of  the  exhibition  of  the  preserva- 
tive in  Series  II,  with  the  quantities  recovered.  As  has  already  been 
intimated,  there  are  very  serious  irregularities  in  this  table  due  to 
illness.  Especially  are  the  data  for  Nos!  8,  9,  and  11  extremely  unsat- 
isfactory. In  the  case  of  No.  9  only  3  grams  are  given,  excluding  the 
quantity  administered  in  the  supplementary  period,  and  in  the  case  of 
No.  11  only  8  grams.  Nos.  7  and  10  are  the  only  members  of  the  class 
who  receive  the  full  amount.  The  percentage  eliminated  in  the  urine 
of  No.  7  is  81.82,  and  of  No.  10,  82.13.  The  average  amount  elimi- 
nated in  the  urine  for  the  whole  class  is  82. 85  per  cent. 

The  data  for  Series  III  are  given  in  Table  V.  The  data  for  this 
series  are  also  incomplete,  and  especially  do  they  vary  from  the  other 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  39 

two  tables  in  the  quantities  which  are  recovered  in  the  urine,  being 
remarkabh'  low  in  the  case  of  all  the  members  of  the  class  of  Series 
III.  No  satisfactory  explanation  of  this  variation  can  be  given.  Had 
it  occurred  in  only  one  instance  it  might  have  been  attributable  to  a 
failure  to  collect  the  whole  of  the  urine  or  to  some  anahtical  error, 
but,  being  uniformly  low,  these  explanations  are  not  tenable.  Of  the 
total  quantit}'  of  boric  acid  given  to  all  the  members  of  the  class, 
namely,  132.9  grams,  84.9  grams  are  recovered  in  the  urine,  a  per- 
centage of  63.88. 

The  data  for  Series  IV  are  given  in  Table  VI.  We  have  here  a 
return  to  the  percentage  occurring  in  the  urine  shown  in  Series  I  and 
II.  The  highest  amount  recovered  is  in  the  case  of  No.  11,  namely, 
89.7-1.  and  the  lowest  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  78.68.  During  this  series 
99.5  grams  of  boric  acid  in  the  form  of  borax  is  given  in  the  food,  of 
which  82.55  grams  are  recovered  in  the  urine,  or  82.96  per  cent. 

The  quantities  of  boric  acid  recovered  in  the  individual  cases  in  Series 
V  vary  greatl3^  (See  Table  VII.)  As  has  been  already  explained, 
only  i-gram  quantities  are  given  during  this  series  of  observations,  but 
the  exhibition  of  this  quantit}^  is  extended  over  a  period  of  fifty  days, 
so  that  in  normal  cases  25  grams  of  boric  acid  are  administered  during 
this  period  to  each  of  the  subjects.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  in  only 
two  instances  is  this  full  amount  taken,  while  in  a  third  instance  within, 
half  a  gram  of  that  amount  is  taken.  The  largest  percentage  recovered 
in  any  one  instance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  4,  namel}^,  84.42  per  cent. 
No.  4,  however,  completed  only  about  half  of  the  period.  The  small- 
est quantit}'  excreted  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  3,  namel}',  68.44  per 
cent.  Of  the  127  grams  of  boric  acid  administered  during  the  whole 
series  95.47  are  recovered  in  the  urine,  or  75.17  per  cent. 

Sunnnarizing  the  quantity  of  boric  acid  given  during  the  whole 
period  of  observation,  including  the  five  series  (Table  VIII),  we  find 
that  it  amounts  to  607.4  grams.  Of  this  quantity  468.69  grams  are 
recovered  in  the  urine,  or,  expressed  in  percentage,  77.16.  In  con- 
nection with  this  determination  attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact 
that  the  quantitative  determination  of  boric  acid  in  a  liquid  like  urine 
is  attended  with  considerable  difiiculties,  unless  such  a  length  of  time 
be  devoted  to  it  as  would  render  the  execution  of  a  large  quantity  of 
work  impracticable  under  existing  conditions.  The  methods eniplo3^ed 
arc  fully  described  in  the  part  of  this  bulletin  devoted  to  the  methods 
of  analysis,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  data  ol)tainod,  while  not  rigidly 
exa(;t,  are  satisfactory  for  the  explanation  of  the  m(>tabolic  processes. 
The  data  show  that  the  great  burden  of  excreting  the  l)oric  acid  from 
the  body  falls  upon  the  kidneys. 

In  order  to  d(!termine  whethcsr  boric  acid  was  lost  to  any  extent  l)y 
perspiration,  one  of  the  assistants  in  the  laboratory  carefully  extracted 
with  water  a  set  of  flannels  worn  for  one  hour  during  a  game  of  ten- 


40  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

nis  on  a  hot  day.  Before  the  game  he  had  carefully  bathed  and  put 
on  a  clean  suit  of  flannels.     As  a  result  no  boric  acid  could  be  detected. 

Two  further  trials  were  made  for  a  longer  period  of  time.  The  men 
undertaking  them  bathed,  put  on  clean  suits  of  flannels,  and  wore  them 
for  a  period  of  twenty-four  hours.  During  this  time  they  played 
tennis  for  several  hours,  and  rode  their  bicycles  for  about  an  hour. 
The  temperature  was  quite  high  and  prespiration  was  profuse.  The 
water  used  in  bathing  and  in  extracting  the  flannels  was  mixed,  evap- 
orated to  dryness,  and  tested  for  boric  acid.  A  very  strong  reaction 
for  boric  acid  was  obtained,  but  the  amount  present  was  n6t  sufficient 
to  permit  its  quantitative  determination  with  certainty. 

In  each  case  3  grams  of  boric  acid  were  administered  at.  the  begin- 
ning of  the  experiment.  It  would  appear  that  in  the  first  experiment 
the  time  allowed  was  not  sufficient  for  the  elimination  of  a  sufficient 
amount  of  boric  acid  to  give  a  test.  In  the  case  of  the  second  and 
third,  where  a  positive  result  was  obtained,  it  can  not  be  expected  that 
the  result  was  as  high  as  would  have  been  the  case  if  the  subject  had 
been  receiving  the  preservative  for  a  number  of  days.  As  is  stated 
above,  about  eight  days  are  required  for  the  complete  elimination  of 
the  boric  acid,  and  the  amount  eliminated  in  the  first  twenty-four  hours 
amounts  only  to  from  30  to  60  per  cent  of  the  amount  administered. 
Owing  to  the  small  amount  of  preservative  emploj^ed,  the  large  amount 
of  water  necessary  to  secure  it,  and  the  inevitable  inaccuracies  due  to 
the  incomplete  extraction,  the  amount  of  boric  acid  indicated  b}"  such 
an  experiment  must  be  incomplete.  Probably  the  greater  part  of  the 
23  per  cent  of  the  boric  acid  not  accounted  for  in  the  urine  escapes 
through  the  pores  of  the  skin. 

Attempts  were  also  made  to  determine  whether  any  of  the  boric  acid 
assumed  a  volatile  state  in  the  system  and  escaped  in  the  respiration. 
The  well-known  tendency  of  boric  acid  to  pass  off  in  certain  cases  in 
boiling  water  led  to  the  supposition  that  it  might  be  reduced  in  the 
system  to  a  form  in  which  it  would  be  volatilized  in  the  respiration. 
One  of  the  members  of  the  table,  who  had  been  taking  3  grams  of 
borax  a  day  for  four  days,  breathed  as  continuously  as  practicable  for 
three  hours  through  a  solution  of  limewater.  The  limewater  was  then 
tested  for  boric  acid  with  a  negative  result.  Confirmatory  tests  were 
made  with  the  same  result. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


41 


T.\BLE  III. — Boric  aci 

d  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine 

during  Series  I. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  6. 

Date. 

0) 

1" 

6 
o 
O 

as 

o 

as 
< 

a! 

o  > 

1" 

o 

o 

s 

Q 

o  > 

Dec.  22, 19021.. 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30". 

31 

Jan.   1,1903... 

Gins. 

2 
2 

9 

2 
3 
3 
3 

Gms. 

0.6049 

.8713 

.9028 

.9387 

.9213 

1. 1321 

1.6039 

1.  7514 

1. 7821 

1.9821 

2.2837 

9  4016 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0. 5582 

.  8642 

.9341 

.  9357 

.  9412 

1.2411 

1.6245 

1.7489 

1.8018 

2. 0011 

2. 2440 

2. 4579 

2.4214 

1.6422 

.5154 

.1176 

.0790 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

0 

Gms. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 
«  7 

2 

2.5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Gms. 

0. 5702 

.  8029 

.9057 

.8743 

.8881 

1.2167 

1.2976 

1.7451 

1. 4763 

1.7516 

3. 9124 

3. 3233 

2. 9002 

.9323 

.3702 

.0589 

.0771 

Tr. 

Tr. 

0 

0 

Gms. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 

3 

2.5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Gms. 

0.  6184 

.8650 

.9132 

.  9278 

.9311 

1.2289 

1. 3746 

1.6131 

1.5028 

1.8879 

1.3125 

1.4341 

1.5816 

1.2104 

.2253 

.1114 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

0 

Gms. 

2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0. 5513 

.7932 

.  8444 

.8873 

.8901 

1.4013 

1.  6081 

1.5941 

1.  6054 

1.  8547 

2. 1077 

2. 2139 

2. 3393 

].. 5.562 

.2271 

Tr. 

Tr. 

Tr. 

0 

0 

0 

Gms. 

2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.5029 

.7882 

.8517 

.8799 

.9009 

1. 4098 

1.5878 

1.6047 

1. 6457 

1.8019 

1.9529 

2  ''012 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

3     2.5356 
0  1  1.0683' 
0  1     .8545 
0       .1061 
0          Tr. 
0          Tr. 
0          Tr. 
0          Tr. 
0     0 

2. 1075 
1.6960 
.3157 
.0869 
.0718 
Tr. 
0 
0 
0 

Total... 

25   21.7404  :      25 

22. 1283 

27.5   23.1029     22.5 

17. 7381 

25 

19. 4641 

25 

20. 4055 

Per  cent  recov- 
ered   

86.96       

88.51 

84  02 

78  82 

77.86 

81  62 

«  About  4  gram.s  given  .subject  outside  of  Department. 
Table  I  V^. — Boric  acid  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series  I  J. 


No.  7. 

No.  8. 

No.  9. 

No.  10. 

No.  11. 

No.  12. 

Date. 

Q 

2-d 

is 
< 

i 

o   . 
d  >- 

S  '^ 
< 

i 

i    . 

is 

o 
Q 

c  ^ 

3  a; 

II 

O 

Q 

i    . 

is 
< 

a; 

s 
p 

0}    . 

*j  0) 

is 
< 

1903. 
Jan.  28 

29 

30 

3! 

Feb.    1 

2 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.49 

.71 

.57 

.80 

1.18 

1.88 

Gms. 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 

Gms. 

"0. 50 

.76 

.61 

.  55 

1.66 

1  a5 

.60 
".30 
".12 

Gms. 

1 

1 

1 

''0 

Absent 

...do.. 

Gms. 

«0.50 

.66 

.51 

«.25 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
0 
Ab.sent 
...do.. 

Gms. 

0.00 

.74 

.65 

.64 

.86 

1.25 

1.68 

1.47 

2.06 

2.29 

2.41 

2.  72 

2.93 

3.03 

al.60 

0.80 

«.35 

a.  20 

Gms. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

0 
Absent 
...do.. 

do 

Gms. 

0.31 

.72 

.72 

.83 

1.22 

1.52 

«.80 

O.40 

".  20 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
5 

Gms. 

0.47 

.74 

.68 

.60 

1.08 

1  69 

3 

1.71              0 
1.95    Absent 

...do.. 

1.58 
1  41 

4 

...do.. 

5 

6 

2.04 
2. 51 
3.29 
1.85 
2. 46 
2.99 
1.06 
.47 
.22 
Tr. 
0 

...do.. 
...do.. 

...do.. 
...do.. 

2.09 
1  64 

7 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do     1 

63 

8 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do     1 

48 

9 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do 

3't 

10 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do 

•^5 

n 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do 

Tr 

12 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do 

0 

13 

...do.. 

...do.. 

do 

0 

14 

...do 

...do .. 

...do.. 

.do 

0 

15 

...do.. 



...do .. 

...do.. 

do 

0 

cl6 

2 
3 
4 
5 
5 

.57 
1.10 
1.75 
3.00 
2.60 
Absent 

1 
2 
3 
4 
3.33 

.41 

1.11 

1.73 

1.25 

Absent 

1 
2 
3 
4 
3.33 

.69 
2.14 
1.83 
2.63 
3.14 

43 

17 

1  45 

18 

1  73 

19 

3.38 
3  42 

20 

21 

1. 

Ab 

Total.. 

32 

26.18 

8 

0.45 

3 

1.92 

32 

26. 28 

8 

6.73 

15 

13.63 

I'er  cent  re- 
cfjverod . . . 

81.82 

80.63 

64  00 

82.13 

84.13 

90.87 

. 

.      ,_ 

aDftcrminatlotiM  not  made  on  account  of  lack  of  Hanii>le,  but  the  probable  amount  of  boric  acid 
voided  luLM  been  added  in  order  not  to  interrupt  the  contitniiiy  of  the  dutit. 


fcOrieKrani  ({iveri  hut  not  included  because  urine  was  not  sampled, 
eFigurcM  for  the  supplementary  period  (Feb.  1(;-21)  are  not  includid  in  the 


toliil. 


42 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  V. — Boric  acid  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series  III. 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  6. 

Date. 

i 

o 

£   • 

°  i. 

g 
ft 

£    ■ 

a  H 

rt   CD 

as 
< 

6 
o 
ft 

as 

s 
ft 

a  ^ 

as 

6 
o 
ft 

as 

o 

ft 

as 

1903. 

Feb.    28 

Mar.     1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7. 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 
2 
2 
3 
2 
3 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.06 

.33 

.74 

.73 

1.78 

2.60 

1.72 

1.05 

1.54 

2.00 

1.70 

1.59 

.60 

.26 

Tr. 

0 

0 

Gvis. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
2 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.08 
.26 
.64 
.66 

1.80 

1.52 
.50 
.05 
.09 
Tr. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 
2 
2 
3 
8 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.12 

.44 

.71 

.53 

2.24 

2.06 

1.64 

1.25 

2.07 

2.06 

1.47 

1.69 

.64 

.22 

Tr. 

Tr. 

0 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 

2     • 
2 
3 

1.7 
3 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.16 

.18 

.32 

.98 

1.84 

2.44 

1.36 

1.27 

1.93 

1.69 

1.80 

1.62 

.60 

.20 

Tr. 

Tr. 

0 

Gms. 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 
2 
2 
3 
3 

2.2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 
0.13 

.24 

.69 

.74 

2.56 

2.66 

1.24 

.89 

2.04 

2.25 

1.95 

1.74 

.53 

.14 

Tr. 

0 

0 

Gyns. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 
0.20 
.14 
Tr. 
0 
0 
0 

.38 
1.10 
1.79 
2.33 
2.29 
2.03 
.78 
.23 
Tr. 
Tr. 
0 

Total.... 

26 

16.70 

11         5.60 

27 

17.14 

25.7 

16.39 

27.2 

17.80 

16 

11.27 

Per  cent  recov- 
ered  

64.24 

50.91 

63.48 

63.78 

65.44 



70.25 

Table  YI. — Borax  ingested,  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series  IV. 
[Expressed  in  terms  of  boric  acid.] 


No.  7. 

No.  8. 

No.  9. 

No.  10. 

No.  11. 

No.  12. 

Date. 

o 

ft 

i 
eg 

S   O 

1" 

ft 

£  • 

o  > 

1° 

i 

o 

ft 

I3 

a; 
o 
ft 

Amount  re- 
covered. 

i    . 

3  to 

o  > 

1° 

o 
o 

ft 

i 

3  <D 
O  > 
PI  o 

1903. 

Mar.    28 

29 

30 

31 

Apr.      1 

2 

Gms. 

0.5 

.5 

.5 

.5 

1.0 

Absent 

...do.. 

Gms. 

0.17 
.33 
.62 
.58 
.58 

a.  30 

a.  10 

Gms. 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.14 

.31 

.33 

.36 

.64 

.71 

.83 

.76 

.64 

.74 

.71 

.84 

.80 

1.21 

1.78 

1.61 

1.29 

1.81 

1.18 

.32 

.24 

.06 

Tr. 

0 

G^is. 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.16 

.34 

.46 

.44 

.70 

.79 

.91 

.85 

.76 

.84 

.87 

.79 

.91 

1.17 

1.58 

1.80 

1.64 

2.22 

1.57 

.42 

.21 

.08 

Tr. 

0 

Gms. 

0.5 

.5 

.5 

.5 

2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 

0.27 

.29 

.38 

.35 

.56 

.53 

.97 

.74 

.80 

.80 

.92 

.74 

.80 

1.14 

1.62 

1.75 

1.67 

1.61 

.65 

.36 

.34 

.08 

Tr. 

0 

Gms. 

0.5 

.5 

0 

0 

Absent 

. .  .do  . . 

Gms. 

0.20 

.43 

.32 

.08 

Gms. 

0.5 

.5 

.5 

.5 

0 

Absent 

...do.. 

Gms. 

0.16 

.32 

.58 

«.30 

a.  12 

3 

...do.. 

4 

...do.- 

0.5 

2 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

.41 

..57 

.74 

.84 

.86 

.91 

.96 

.92 

1.23 

1.71 

2.14 

.98 

.27 

.28 

.06 

Tr. 

0 

.   do 

5 

...do-. 

...do.. 

6 

...do.. 

2 
2 
3 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

57 

7 

...do.. 

.76 

8 

...do.. 

.84 

9. 

...do.. 

90 

10 

...do.. 

.94 

11 

...do.. 

.72 

12. 

do.. 

1  36 

13 

...do.. 

1.70 

14 

...do.. 

2.32 

15. 

...do 

.64 

16 

...do.. 

.24 

17 

...do.. 

.23 

18. 

...do. 

.07 

19 

...do.. 

Tr. 

20 

...do.. 

0 

Total.... 

3 

2.68 

22 

17.31 

22 

19.51 

22 

17.37 

15.5 

13.91 

15 

12.77 

Per  cent  recov- 
ered   

89.33 

78.68 



88.69 

78.96 

89.74 

85.15 

a  Determinations  not  made  on  account  of  lack  of  sample,  but  the  probable  amount  of  boric  acid 
voided  has  been  added  in  order  not  to  interrupt  the  continuity  of  the  data. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


43 


Table  YII. — Boric  acid  and  borax  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series  V. 
[Expressed  in  terms  of  boric  acid.] 


X 

9.1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No. 

4. 

No 

.5. 

No.  6. 

i    . 

i    . 

^■6 

^-d 

^d 

""6 

'-•o 

^-6 

Date. 

3  O 

c2 

p  a> 

a  !- 

3  a> 

3  0) 

g    0) 

c2i 

3  ? 

qj 

O  > 

o> 

ofc 

o 

o  ^ 

o  > 

CJ 

O  fe 

o 

as 

as 

-o 

as 

o 

ScS 

d 

as 

o 

as 

Q 

< 

o 

< 

Q 

-< 

« 

< 

« 

■< 

Q 

< 

1903. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

GTO.S. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Mav     2 

0.5 

0.38 

0.5 

0.40 

0.5 

0.31 

0.5 

0.35 

0.5 

0.20 

0.5 

0.29 

3 

.  0 

.58 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.30 

.6 

.40 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.40 

4 

.5 

.35 

.5 

.31 

.5 

Lost. 

.5 

.40 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.38 

5 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.22 

.5 

.36 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.35 

6 

.0 

.40 

.5 

.45 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.35 

.5 

.47 

.0 

.43 

7 

.5 

.25 

.5 

.27 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.42 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.34 

8 

5 

.34 

.5 

.38 

.5 

.30 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.41 

0 

.12 

9 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.47 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.51 

.5 

.38 

0 

Tr. 

10 

.5 

.28 

.5 

.26 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.46 

.5 

.38 

.5 

.22 

11 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.49 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.35 

.0 

.48 

12 

.5 

.38 

.5 

.41 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.48 

.5 

.38 

.0 

.40 

13 

.5 

.43 

.5 

.37 

.6 

.29 

.5 

.49 

.5 

.43 

.5 

.52 

14 

.5 

.43 

.5 

.54 

.5 

.37 

.0 

.46 

.5 

.44 

.0 

.40 

15 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.30 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.42 

.5 

.34 

16 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.35 

.5 

.40 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.48 

17 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.27 

.0 

.34 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.38 

.5 

.42 

18 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.35 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.43 

19 

.0 

.37 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.42 

.6 

.38 

.5 

.47 

20 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.23 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.38 

21 

.a 

.34 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.35 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.39 

22 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.39 

.5 

.35 

.5 

.44 

23 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.30 

.6 

.33 

.6 

.40 

.5 

.45 

.5 

.41 

24 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.28 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.44 

.5 

.37 

.5 

.48 

25 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.30 

.5 

.42 

.0 

.39 

.5 

.38 

26 

.5 

.32 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.34 

Absent 

a.  22 

.0 

.43 

.5 

.40 

27 

.5 

.38 

.5 

.41 

.5 

.32 

...do.. 

«.10 

0 

.06 

.5 

.46 

28 

.ft 

.35 

.5 

.29 

.5 

.41 

...do.. 

.0 

.26 

.5 

.41 

29 

.0 

.35 

.5 

.28 

.5 

.29 

...do.. 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.47 

30 

.ft 

.39 

.5 

.37 

.5 

.34 

...do.. 

.5 

.46 

.5 

.50 

31 

.5 

.36 

.5 

.31 

.5 

.39 

...do.. 

..•J 

.43 

.5 

.35 

June    1 

.5 

.34 

.5 

.35 

.0 

.36 

...do.. 

.  D 

.45 

.5 

.38 

2 

.5 

.41 

.5 

.35 

.  a 

.33 

...do.. 

.:) 

.38 

.5 

.34 

3 

.ft 

.32 

.ft 

.31 

.0 

.30 

...do.. 

.r> 

.33 

.5 

.32 

4 

.ft 

.29 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.37 

...do.. 

.  .•> 

.40 

.5 

.41 

5 

.ft 

.34 

.5 

.37 

.5 

.27 

...do.. 

.  ■"> 

.38 

.5 

.23 

0 

.6 

.42 

.5 

.37 

.5 

.40 

...do.. 

.0 

.42 

.5 

.41 

/ 

.ft 

.36 

.5 

.40 

.5 

.37 

...do.. 

.0 

.39 

.5 

.32 

S 

.5 

.42 

.ft 

.39 

.5 

.39 

...do.. 

.  n 

.53 

.5 

.32 

9 

.ft 

.32 

.5 

.40 

.5 

.28 

...do.. 

.5 

.33 

.5 

.34 

10 

.5 

.36 

.5 

.37 

.5 

.    .36 

...do.. 

.5 

.50 

.5 

.49 

11 

.5 

.36 

.5 

.38 

.5 

.39 

...do.. 

.5 

.40 

.5 

.43 

12 

.ft 

.45 

0 

.13 

.5 

.40 

...do.. 

.5 

.43 

.5 

.44 

13 

.5 

.33 

0 

Tr. 

.5 

.49 

...do.. 

.5 

.35 

0 

.19 

14 

.ft 

.31 

0 

0 

.5 

.39 

...do.. 

.5 

.31 

0 

Tr. 

1.1 

.5 

.37 

0 

0 

.5 

.46 

...do.. 

.5 

.34 

0 

Tr. 

16 

.5 

.46 

0 

0 

.5 

.36 

...do.. 

.5 

.33 

0 

0 

17 

.5 

.36 

0 

0 

.5 

.27 

...do.. 

.5 

.38 

0 

0 

18 

.5 

.34 

0 

0 

.5 

.31 

...do.. 

.5 

.37 

0 

0 

19 

.ft 

.35 

0 

0 

.5 

.32 

..do.. 

.5 

.30 

0 

0 

20 

.5 

.38 

0 

0 

.5 

.27 

..  do.. 

.5 

.42 

0 

0 

21 

0 

.11 

0 

0 

0 

.09 

...do.. 

0 

.20 

0 

0 

22 

0 

Tr. 

0 

0 

0 

Tr. 

...do.. 

0 

Tr. 

0 

0 

23 

0 

Tr. 

0 

0 

0 

Tr. 

...do.. 

0 

Tr. 

0 

0 

24 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

...do.. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Total.... 

25 

18.11 

20.5 

14.56 

25 

17.11 

12 

10.13 

24.5 

18.90 

20 

16.66 

I'er   cent    re- 

72.44 

71.03 

68.44 

84.42 

77.14 

83.30 

"  Delerrn illations  not  made  on  account  of  lack  of  .sample,  but  the  probable  amount  of  boric  acid 
'lided  litt-s  been  added  in  order  not  to  Interrupt  the  continuity  of  the  data. 


44 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  VIII. — Boric  acid  and  borax  ingested  and  recovered  in  the  urine  during  Series  I-V, 

inclusive. 

[Expressed  in  terms  of  boric  acid.] 


Data. 

Series  I. 

Series  II. 

Series  III. 

Series  IV. 

Series  V. 

Total. 

Grams. 
150. 00 
124. 58 

Gi-ams. 
98.00 
81.19 

Gi-ams. 
132.  90 

84.90 

Grams. 
99.50 
82.65 

Grams.     \   Grams. 
127.00  1        607.40 

95  47  1        468  69 

Per  cent  recovered 

83.05 

82.85 

63.88 

82.96 

75. 17 

77.16 

MEDICAL  HISTORY. 

It  is  important  in  the  study  of  the  problems  under  discussion  to 
secure,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  complete  medical  history  of  each  of 
the  individual  subjects.  This  was  not  officially  arranged  for,  how- 
ever, at  the  very  beginning  of  the  work,  and  the  medical  history  of 
each  case  for  some  time  was  secured  without  the  supervision  of  the 
representative  of  the  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service  who 
afterwards  took  charge  of  this  part  of  the  work. 

PHYSICAL   AND   MEDICAL   EXAMINATIONS. 

The  results  of  the  physical  and  medical  examination  of  each  of  the 
members  of  the  class,  made  just  before  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period 
of  Series  I,  are  summarized  in  Table  IX,  the  examination  being  con- 
ducted by  Dr.  Edwin  B.  Beb rends,  with  th6  collaboration  of  Dr. 
Andrew  Stewart,  to  whom  thanks  are  due  for  the  valuable  and  volun- 
tary services  rendered.  A  summary  of  all  the  analyses  of  urine  is 
given  in  Table  X. 


Table  IX. 


-Preliminary  pTiysiccd  examination  of  tivelve  men,  each  designated  by  number 
and  initials. 


FIRST   SET   OP   MEN. 


Observation. 


Age 

Height 

Weight  (kilograms) 

Family  history 

Chest  (inches): 

Stripped 

Full  inspiration 

Full  expiration 

Girth  of  abdomen 

Figure 

Has  had: 

Severe  headaches 

Other  nervous  trouble 

Body  eruptions 

Subject  to: 

Coughs 

Expectorations 

Palpitations 

Difficult  breathing 

Heart 

Pulse  (per  minute): 

Sitting 

Standing 


No.  1— J.  N. 


29 

5  feet  lOi  inches 

71.62 

Good 

35i 

38 

34 

32 

Good 

Yes 

No 

None 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Normal 

64 


No.  2— P.  C.  W. 


24 

5  feet  ICi  inches 

71.89 

In  immediate  family, 
good;  consumption 
on  mother's  side. 

35 

37i 

33i 

30 

Good 

No 

No 

None 

No 

No 

No 

No 

Normal  sounds,  but 
somewhat  rapid. 

88 

92 


No.3— W.S.O. 


.21. 

5  feet  b\  inches. 

55.05. 

Good. 


32. 

34i. 

30. 

28. 

Good. 

Yes. 
No. 
Tenia  versicola. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
Normal,  but  rapid. 

100. 
104. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


45 


Table  IX. — Preliminary  physical  examination  of  twelve  men,  each  designated  by  number 

and  initials — Continued. 

FIRST  SET  OF  MEN— Continued. 


Observation. 


No.  3— W.  S.  O. 


Character  of  pulse 

Lungs 

Resi>irations  (per  minute) . 
Temperature. under  tongue 

(Fahrenheit). 
Disease  of: 

Stomach 

Intestines 

Urinary  organs 

Exercise 

Remarks 


Good Good,    but    .somewhat 

j      weak. 

Normal Normal 

IS 18 

98.2<= 98° 


No  symptoms 

Nosymptoms(  see  below ) 

See  urinalysis 

Moderate  now,  but  foot- 
ball and  baseball  in 
summer. 

Contracted  severe  and 
protracted  bowel 
trouble  (diarrhea)  in 
Volunteer  Army  dur- 
ing Spanish-American 
War.  Of latehasbeen 
feeling  well. 


No  symptoms. 
No  symptoms. 
See  urinalysis 
Moderate .' 


Normal,  but  rapid. 

Normal. 

24. 

99.2°. 


No  symptoms. 
No  symptoms. 
See  urinalysis. 
Moderate. 


Has  had  very  severe  at- 
tack of  erysipelas, 
complicated  w  i  I  h 
gangrene,  leaving  a 
very  extensive  .scar 
on  the  chest,  still  red 
and  threatening  to 
break  down. 


Observation. 


No.  4— W.  L.  D. 


No.  5— R.  V.  F. 


Age 

Height 

Weight  (kilograms) 

Family  history 

Chest  (inches): 

Stripped 

Full  inspiration 

Full  expiration 

(iirth  of  abdomen 

Figure 

Has  had: 

Severe  headaches 

Other  nervous  trouble. 

Body  eruptions 

Subject  to: 

Coughs 

Expectorations 

Palpitations 

Difficult  breathing 

Heart 

Pulse  (per  minute): 

Sitting 

Standing 

Character  of  pulse i 

Lungs 


Resyjirations  (per minute). 
Tern  perature,  under  tongue 
(Fahrenheit).  ; 

Di.nease  of: 

Stomach 

Intestines 

I'rinary  organs 

Kxercise 


2b I  21 

5  feet  8i  inches  .  i  5  feet  6|  inches  . 

57.57 !  52.63 

Good Good 


32i. 
34.. 
31.. 
36.. 


Poor Athletic  , 


No... 

No.... 
None 


No 

No 

No 

No 

Normal . 


72 

84 

Good  ... 
Normal . 


No.... 
No.... 
None  . 


No 

No 

No 

No 

Normal . 


16.... 
98.2° . 


No  symptoms.. 
No  symptoms. . 
See  urinalysis  . 
Moderate 


Remarks 


92 

Good 

Dullnessin  upperpartof 
right  lung,  with  sharp 
expiration. 

20 

99° 


No  symptoms 

No  symptoms 

See  urinalysis 

Gymna.siuin  three  times 

a  week. 
Has  a  cold  with  slight 

cough. 


No.  6— L.  M.S. 


19. 

5  feet  7 j  inches. 

61.60. 

Asthmatic. 


34i. 

37i. 

33. 

27i. 

Good. 

Yes. 

No. 
None. 

No. 

No. 

Yes. 

Subject  to  asthma. 

Rapid,  but  normal. 

84. 

92. 

Rapid,  but  good. 

Normal. 


24. 
100°. 


No  symptoms. 
No  symptoms. 
See  urinalysis. 
None. 

Has  simple  goitre;  has 
smoked  to  excess 
and  been  feeling 
badly  for  a  day. 


46 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  IX. — Preliminary  physical  examination  of  twelve  men,  each  designated  by  number 

and  initials — Continued. 
SECOND   SET   OF   MEN. 


Observation. 


No.7— E.  R.M. 


No.  8— J.  H.  E. 


No.  9— E.  B.  D. 


Height 

Weight  (kilograms) 

Family  history 

Cliest  (inches): 

Stripped 

Full  inspiration 

Full  expiration 

Girth  of  abdomen 

Figure 

Has  had: 

Severe  headaches 

Other  nervous  trouble 

Body  eruptions 

Subject  to: 

Coughs  

Expectorations 

Palpitations 

Difficult  breathing  . . . 

Heart 

Pulse  (per  minute): 

Sitting 

Standing 

Character  of  pulse 

Lungs 


Respirations  (per  minute). 
Temperature,  under  tongue 

(Fahrenheit). 
Disease  of: 

Stomach 

Intestines 

Urinary  organs 

Exercise 

Remarks 


23 

5  feet  7  inches  . 

61.73 

Good 


5  feet  lOf  inches  . 

69.55 

Good 


32.... 
35.... 
31.... 
27.... 
Good 

No... 


No,  except  from  tobacco 
None 


34i 

37 

33 

28 

Excellent 


No... 
No... 
None 


No 

No 

No 

No 

Rapid,  but  normal . 


No 

No 

No 

Na 

Normal. 


80 

92 72 

Slightly  irregular Good  . . . 

Normal Normal . 


Occasional  indigestion . 
None 

See  urinalysis 

Moderate  now;  summer 

sports. 
Hassmoked  and  chewed 

to  excess. 


20.... 
98.4° . 


No  symptoms 

No  symptoms 

See  urinalysis 

Moderate  now;  in  sum- 
mer, athletics. 
Has  rised  tobacco  f  reel  v. 


18. 

5  feet  5i  inches. 

56.36. 

Good. 

31i. 

32i. 

29i. 

27. 

Not  robust. 

Yes. 
No. 
None. 

No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
Normal. 


76. 

Good. 

In  upper  posterior  por- 
tion of  both  lungs, 
small,  fine  rales. 

20. 

98.2°. 


No  symptoms. 

No  symptoms. 

See  urinalysis. 

Freelv;  belongs  to  D. 
C.  N.  G. 

Has  slight  lateral  sco- 
liosis. 


Observation. 


Age 

Height 

Weight  (kilograms) 

Family  history 

Chest  (inches): 

Stripped 

Full  inspiration 

Full  expiration 

Girth  of  abdomen 

Figure 

Has  had: 

Severe  headaches 

Other  nervous  trouble. 

Body  eruptions 

Subject  to: 

Coughs 

Expectorations 

Palpitations 

Difficult  breathing 

Heart 

Pulse  (per  minute): 

Sitting 

Standing .• . . . 

Character  of  pulse 

Lungs 

Respirations  (per  minute) . 
Temperature, imder  tongue 

(Fahrenheit). 
Disease  of: 

■  Stomach 

Intestines 

Urinary  organs 

Exercise 


No.  10— W.J.J. 


22 

5  feet  11  inches . 

65.45 

Good 


34.... 
37.... 
33.... 
30i... 
Good 


No.... 
No.... 
None  . 


No 

No 

No 

No 

Normal,  but  rapid. 


96 

108 

Normal,  but  rapid. 
Normal 


99.4° . 


Remarks 


No  symptoms 

No  sjonptoms 

See  urinalysis 

Moderate;  summer,  base- 
ball, etc. 

Has  used  tobacco  to  ex- 
cess up  to  last  month 
or  so. 


No.  11— J.  S.  C. 


24 

5  feet  8  inches  . 

69.09 

Good 


35i... 
38.... 
33i... 
30.... 
Good 


No..., 
No... 
None 


No 

No 

No 

No 

Normal . 


76 

88 

Good  ... 
Normal . 
20 


No  symptoms 

No  symptoms 

See  urinalysis 

Walks  a  good  deal  and 

plays  ball  frequently 

in  summer. 


No.  12— B.  J.  T. 


28. 

5  feet  9  inches. 

67.28. 


37. 
33. 
30. 
Good. 

No. 
No. 
None. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
Normal. 


92. 
Good. 

Normal. 


98.2°. 


No  symptoms. 
No  symptoms. 
See  urinalysis. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  47 

Table  X. —  Urinnlysiiifor  ,s/.t;  men,  made  by  Dr.  Andrew  Stexvart  December  14,  1902. 


Observation. 

No.  1— J.  N. 

No.  2— F.  C.  W. 

No.  3— W.  S.  0. 

Acid 

Acid. 

1.0347.." 

1.031 

None 

1. 026. 

None. 

Bile 

None 

None. 

Microscop  ic  exam  in  a  t  io  ii . 
Inorganic  sediment: 

None 

None 

None. 

tals. 

Amorphous  and  crys- 
talline calcium,  ex- 
tremely numerous. 

None. 

Organic  sediment: 
Epithelial  cells- 

Very  few 

Very  few 

Very  few 

Very  few. 

None. 

Few         

Very  few 

Very  few. 

Red  blood  corpuscles.. 
Casts— 

None. 

None. 

Finely  jfranular  . . . 
Coarselv  granular. 
Epithelial 

None 

None. 

None 

None. 

Few;  strands, numerous 

Few 

Few. 

Observation. 


No.  4— W.  L.  D. 


No.  5— R.  V.  F. 


No.  6— L.  M.  S. 


Reaction 

Specific  gravity  a . 

Albumin 

Sugar 

Bile 


Microscopic  examination. 

Inorganic  .sediment: 

Uric-acid  crystals 

I'rates 

Oxalate-of-lime    crys- 
tals. 
Phosphates 


Strongly  acid. 

1.02.=i 

A  trace 

None 

None 


None. 
None . 
Few  . . 


Acid , 

1.020 

Very  small  quantity 

None 

None 


Organic  sediment: 
Epithelial  cells — 

Round 

Flat 

Caudate 

Leucocytes 

Red  blood  corpuscles. 
Casts — 

Hyaline 

Finely  granular.. 

CoarM-ly  granular , 

Epithelial 

f)ther  fonns , 

Mucous  cylindroids  . . , 

Jicinarks 


A  morphousand  crystal- 
line calcium,  numer- 
ous. 


None . 
None  . 
None . 

None . 


Acid. 

1. 032. 

Small  quantity. 

None. 

None. 


None. 
None. 
Very  few. 


Few  . . 
Few . . 

None . 
Few  . . 
None . 


Numerous 

Very  few 

Very  few 

None , 

None 

Fairly  niuneroua 


Very  few  , 
Very  few  . 

None 

Few 

Few 


Few 

Few 

None 

Very  few 

Pus,  few;  blood,  few 
Few 


CorrectionB  made  In  each  case  aa  follows:  No.  1,  for  63°  F.;  No.  2,  a2°  F. 
>o.  6,  6<5°F.;  No.  0,  91°  F. 


None. 


Very  few. 
Very  few. 
None. 
Few. 
None. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

With     strands, 
numerous. 

This  urine  was  of  a  red 
color,  containing  an 
e.\cess  of  urates. 


No.  3,84°  F.;  No.4,  780F.: 


very 


48     IXFLUENOE  OF  FOOD  PRESEKVATIVES  OX  HEALTH. 

The  advisability  of  a  constant  medical  supervision  of  the  subjects  of 
the  experiment  resulted,  as  has  already  been  stated,  in  the  detail  hy 
authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  at  the  request  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  Agriculture,  of  Dr.  H.  D.  Gedding-s.  from  the  Public  Health 
and  [Marine-Hospital  Service,  by  Surg-eon-General  W^-man,  in  charge 
of  that  service.  An  inspection  of  the  physical  condition  of  each  one 
of  the  subjects  was  made  once  a  week  l\v  Doctor  Geddings.  and.  in 
case  of  illness,  special  examinations  were  conducted  on  intermediate 
dates.  The  data  obtained  by  Doctor  Geddings  have  been  by  him  con- 
solidated and  reduced  to  a  short  medical  history  of  each  of  the  subjects 
while  under  his  supervision.     These  data  are  as  follows: 

:\'(i.  l—J.  X,  offeJB. 
Pi-eliminary  observations: 

Heart — Sounds  normal:  rate  very  slow. 
Lun  gs — Normal . 

Previous  indisposition — Indigestion  and  diarrhea  during  Spanish- American  war. 
Periodical  observations: 

Feb.  26.  Xo  deviation  from  normal. 

Mar.    6.  Some  diarrhea  in  two  different  days:  otherwise  feels  well. 

12.  Slight  headache  for  past  two  days:  appetite  impaired  for  past  twentv- 

four  hours;  no  diarrhea. 
19.  Has  regained  normal  condition. 
Apr.    2.  Has  had  an  excess  of  diarrheal  trouble  in  past  three  or  four  days;  sug- 
gested taking  of  bismuth  tablet  Xo.  1. 
9.  Has  improveil;  diarrhea  relieved. 
23.  Diarrhea  has  given  no  trouble;  is  in  his  normal  condition. 
30.  Is  feeling  well. 
May    7.  Is  feeling  well;  normal. 
15.  Is  feeling  very  Avell. 

Xo.  ^^—F.  C.  W.,  age  34. 
Preliminary  observations: 
Heart — Normal. 
Lungs — Normal. 

Previous  indisposition — Erysipelas;  recent  cicatrices  on  chest. 
Periodical  observations: 

Feb.  26.  No  deviation  from  normal. 

Mar.    6.  Symptoms  are  those  of  a  mild  attack  of  grippe;  better  than  yesterday. 
12.  Normal. 

19.  Better;  has  r^:ained  normal  condition. 
Apr.    2.  Continues  doing  well. 
9.  Normal. 
23.  Seems  in  thoroughly  normal  condition. 
30.  Is  feeling  all  right. 
May    7.  Feeling  well. 
15.  Feeling  well. 

So.  S — TT:   S  ';•..  aae£l. 
Preliminary  observations: 

Heart— Normal;  apex  beat  slightly  displaced  outward;  forcible. 

Lungs — ^Normal. 

Phvsical  condition — ^Robust. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  49 

Periodical  observations: 

Feb.  26.  Has  pains  in  .stomacb  after  mealf^;  n:;lioved  in  about  fifteen  minutes. 

Mar.    6.  Feeling  well. 

12.  Feeling  well. 

19.  Has  tendency  to  beadache. 

Apr.  2.3.  Ih  feeling  in  tboroughly  normal  <;ondition. 

30.  Is  feeling  well. 

May    7.  Is  feeling  very  well. 

15.  Is  feeling  well. 

No.  5 — Ji.   V.  /''.,  'i(je2L<i 
Preliminary  observations: 
Heart — Normal. 
Lungs — Sligbt  bronchitis  and  conductif>n  of  vocal  resonance  over  left  lung;  some 

mucous  rales. 
Previous  indisposition — Febrile  attack  January  24  to  February  IH. 
Periodical  observations: 

Feb.  26.  Improving;  cough  is  getting  better. 
Mar.    fi.   Improving. 

12.   Physical  condition  is  improved;   bronchitis  has  disappeared;  auscul- 
tation and  percussion  normal;  headache  absent  for  past  four  days; 
bowels  are  normal. 
19.  Improving;  gaining  weight;  cough  Ijetter. 
Apr.     2.  Had  febrile  attack  (10.3°  F. )  twelve  days  ago;   no  recurrence  since; 
has  troublesome  cough;  throat  sore. 
4.  Examined  throat  to-day;  general  catarrhal  laryngitis  with  pharyngeal 

involvement;  prescriVjed  gargle. 
9.  Throat  has  improved;  cough  is  better;  has  slightly  lost  weight;  appe- 
tite is  poor. 
23.   No  improvement;   recommended  that  he  be  droj^fjed   from  experi- 
mental observation. 

No.  6—L.  M.  S.,  ii/jn  19. 

Prelindnary  observations: 

Heart — Normal;  apex  beat  forcible  an<l  localized. 
Lung.s — Normal. 
Physical  condition — Very  good. 
No  recent  indisposition. 
Periodical  olwervations: 

Feb.  26.  No  deviation  from  normal. 

28.  Malarial  attack;  headache;  fever;  sweating. 
Mar.    6.   Has  recujierated. 

12.   Has  Iiad  frontal  h<;adache  for  past  four  days,  severe  and  continuous; 
some  abdominal  jiains,  always  relieved  by  going  to  stool;  complains 
of  loss  of  ajipetite;  wtight  has  generally  increased  for  past  ten  days. 
19.  Has  improved;  feels  Iietter;  has  temperature  to-day  99.2°  F. 
Aj»r.  23.   Has  decidedly  improverl;  is  in  full  normal  condition. 

30.  Is  feeling  well. 
May  15.   Has  had  one  seven-  headache  during  j.ast  few  weeks,  lasting  about  two 
days. 

"  Withdrew  at  end  of  SericH  I;  March  9  entered  into  special  eeriee  of  experiments, 
III  which  he  is  known  as  No.  13. 

4242— No.  84,  jit  1—04 4 


50  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

No.  7—E.  R.  M. 
Preliminary  observations: 

Heart — Normal;  apex  beat  forcible. 

Lmigs — Remains  of  slight  bronchitis;  no  dullness;  percussion  note  normal;  no 

derangement  of  bowels;  one  attack  of  nausea. 
Recent  indisposition — Influenza. 
Physical  condition — About  normal. 

No.  8— J.  H.  E.,  age  21. 
Preliminary  observations : 
Heart — Normal. 

Lungs — Normal;  slightly  increased  vocal  resonance  in  left  side. 
Previous  indisposition — Recent  gastro-intestinal  disturbance. 
Physical  condition — Good. 
Periodical  observations: 

Apr.  2.  Good  general  condition. 

23.  Good  general  condition;  no  change  for  the  worse. 

No.  9—E.  B.  D.,  age  IS.'i 

Preliminary  observations,  February  19: 

Heart — Normal;  apex  beat  normal  and  well  localized. 

Lungs — Respiration  roughened;  mucous  rales;  vesicular  murmur  normal;  per- 
cussion tone  normal  and  equal. 
Previous  indisposition — Influenza. 
Physical  condition — Slightly  below  par. 
Periodical  observations: 

Feb.  26.  Has  taken  another  cold;  feels  depressed;  sense  of  lassitude. 
Mar.    6.  Absent. 

12.  Has  been  absent  at  home  in   Virginia;    has  improved   physically. 
Bronchitis  relieved;    auscultation  and   percussion  normal;    bowels 
regular;  no  headache  since  last  examination. 
19.  Has  improved;  gaining  weight;  cough  has  disappeared. 
Apr.     2.  Has  continued  to  improve. 

9.  Is  improving;   has  always  had  a  tendency  to  headaches,  and  has  had 

two  in  past  week. 
23.  Two  headaches  in  past  two  weeks;   hemicrania.     On  the  whole  his 

physical  condition  has  much  improved  since  March  12,  1903. 
30.  Is  feeling  well. 
May     7.  Is  feeling  well. 

15.  Had  a  severe  headache  commencing  May  12,  evening,  and  slight  chill 
May  13,  morning. 

No.  10— W.  J.  J.,  age  22. 
Preliminary  observations: 

Heart — Normal;  pulse  slightly  rapid. 
Lungs — Normal. 

Previous  indisposition — Slight  catarrhal  attack. 
Periodical  observations: 

Apr.     2.  Resumed  Saturday  last;  had  slight  gastric  pain  yesterday,  which  soon 
passed  off. 
9.  Has  slight  neuralgic  pain  of   very  transitory  nature,    lasting  only  a 
fraction  of  a  second. 
23.  Is  feeling  very  well;  physical  condition  is  good. 

« Withdrew  February  1;    March  9  entered  into  special  series  of  experiments,  in 
which  he  is  known  as  No.  14. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  51 

Xo.  11— J.  S.  C,  age  24. 
Preliminary  observations: 

Heart — Normal. 

Lungs— Xormal. 
Periodical  observations: 

Apr.  9.  Has  regained  normal  condition. 

No.  1:2— B.  J.  T.,  age  2S. 

Preliminary  observations: 

Heart — Normal. 

Lungs — Normal. 
Periodical  observations: 

Apr.    2.  Has  had  nausea  and  vomiting  on  Saturday  and  again  on  Tuesday. 

May  15.  Is  feeling  very  well. 

No.  4 — A'.  ('.  ,S'.,  age  ^4.'!' 

Preliminary  observations,  February  2(5: 
Heart — Normal. 
Lungs — Normal. 
Periodical  observations: 

Mar.  6.  Has   slight    headache;    some    diarrhea   during    early   part   of    week, 

bowels  now  normal. 

8.  Vision  examined;  is  normal  for  reading  without  glasses;  headaches  are 

constant;  feeling  of  distress  in  abdomen  for  at  least  one  hour  after 

eating. 

IL  Headaches  are  better;   slight   pain  in  vertex;    abdominal  sensations 

about  the  .same. 
12.  Aljout  same. 

19.  Feels  better;  has  lost  approximately  1  kilo. 
Apr.  23.  Seems  thoroughly  well  and  hearty. 

30.  Is  feeling  thoroughly  well. 
May    7.  Is  feeling  thoroughly  well. 
15.  Is  feeling  very  well. 

No.  5—H.  C.  <?.,  age  25! b 

Preliminary  observations: 
Heart — Normal. 
Lungs — Normal. 

Previous  indisposition— Inflammatory  rheumatism  in  1892. 
Periodical  observations: 

Feb.  2f5.  Condition  normal. 

Mar.    H.   Ik'ada<he  March  3,  otherwise  all  right;  somewhat  constipated. 
12.  About  the  same;  constipation  exaggerated. 
19.  Normal;  still  a  little  constipated. 
Apr.  23.  ("onstij)ation  has  been  relieveil  (fruit);  in  good  normal  condition. 

30.   Has  some  headache;  bowels  are  slightly  constipated. 
-May     7.   Is  feeling  well. 

15.   Is  feeling  very  well. 

«Took  the  place  and  number  of  VV.  L.  D.,  who  withdrew  at  end  of  Series  L 
'^Took  the  place;  and  number  of  K.  V.  F, 


52  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PEESEE^^ATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

No.  9— A.  G.,  age^.a 

Preliminary  observations,  April  2: 

Heart — Normal;  action  slow. 

Lungs — Slight  bronchitis. 
Periodical  observations: 

Apr.    9.  Condition  improved  and  now  perfectly  normal. 
23.  Condition  thoroughly  normal. 

DAILY    MEDICAL    NOTES. 

The  medical  data  summarized  above  may  be  supplemented  by  the 
notes  required  to  be  kept  by  each  of  the  members  of  the  table  show- 
ing- the  temperature  of  the  bod}^  sub  lingua,  the  number  of  pulsations 
per  minute,  the  number  and  consistence  of  the  stools,  and  the  occur- 
rence of  any  abnormal  symptoms. 

The  following  data  are  taken  from  the  daily  sheets  of  each  of  the 
members  of  the  table: 

Series  I. 

No.  1—J.  N. 

The  first  complete  observation  of  the  temperature  was  made  on  the 
second  day  of  the  fore  period,  namely,  December  9.  On  this  date  two 
observations  were  made,  before  and  after  dinner,  and  the  temperature 
was  found  to  be  98.4°  and  98.2°  F.,  respectively;  pulsations  per  min- 
ute, before  and  after  dinner,  78  and  67;  no  abnormal  symptoms.  There 
is  no  abnormal  variation  in  the  temperature  or  other  vital  data  during 
the  continuance  of  the  fore  period,  including  December  21,  and  no 
observation  in  regard  to  the  character  of  the  feces  during  this  period. 
Neither  is  there  any  abnormal  variation  during  the  fore  period  in  the 
consistence  of  the  feces.  On  the  last  day  of  the  period,  however,  the 
feces  were  marked  as  somewhat  more  soft  than  usual. 

The  first  day  of  the  preservative  period,  namely,  December  22,  the 
recorded  temperatures  before  and  after  dinner  are  the  same,  98.3°  F., 
and  the  pulsations  per  minute  62  and  60.  On  the  24th  there  is  a 
little  abnormality  in  the  temperature,  the  thermometer  registering 
97.6°  and  97.7°  F.  It  is  noted  in  this  case  that  No.  1  was  out  of  doors 
during  the  afternoon,  and  it  was  quite  cold.  The  effect  of  the  exercise 
is  also  seen  in  the  higher  pulsation,  which  is  96  before  dinner  and  68 
after.  On  the  25th  the  temperature  rises  after  dinner  to  99.1°  F.,  the 
pulsations  remaining  normal  at  70,  and  the  feces  are  reported  as  very 
soft.  The  temperature  is  again  above  normal  on  the  29th,  reaching 
99.1°  F.,  and  the  feces  soft.  On  December  31  there  were  two  move- 
ments of  the  bowels,  the  feces  of  the  first  being  recorded  as  soft,  and 
in  the  second  movement  as  very  soft,  but  there  is  no  further  indica- 
tion of  diarrhea,  and  the  temperature  and  pulsation  are  normal.     No 

«Took  the  place  and  number  of  E.  B.  D. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  53 

further  abnormality  in  the  vital  data  are  exhibited  during  the  preserv- 
ative period. 

In  the  after  period,  extending-  from  January  5  to  January  13,  inclu- 
sive, the  following  observations  were  made:  On  January  -i  there  is  a 
slight  rise  in  temperature  noticed,  the  recorded  data  being  98. 8*^  and 
99-^  F.  There  is  a  slight  rise  of  temperature  noted  at  the  observation 
taken  before  dinner  on  January  8,  which  is  accounted  for  by  a  footnote 
stating  that  some  exercise  had  been  taken  a  quarter  of  an  hour  before 
the  observation  was  made.  On  January  11  two  evacuations  of  the 
bowels  were  noted,  both  of  which  are  recorded  as  soft.  No  further 
departures  from  normal  conditions  are  noted  in  this  case  during  the 
after  period. 

No.  2—F.  a  w. 

The  temperature  of  the  l)ody  of  No.  2  recorded  December  8  is  consid- 
erably below  the  normal,  being  97.7^  and  97.4°  before  and  after 
dinner;  the  pulsations  are  recorded  as  82  and  81  per  minute.  The 
prol)abilities  are  that  some  slight  mistake  was  made  in  the  recording 
of  the  temperature,  as  this  abnormality  does  not  manifest  itself  on 
otluu-  days  of  the  fore  period,  during  which  the  temperatures  average 
about  98.2-"  F.  For  instance,  on  the  10th  of  December  the  recorded 
observations  are  98.2°  and  98.2°  F.  before  and  after  dinner,  and  the 
pulsations  82  and  81  before  and  after  dinner.  The  highest  temperature 
recorded  during  the  fore  period  is  98.5°  F.  on  December  11.  There 
are  no  a])normal  symptoms  of  any  kind  developing  during  the  fore 
period  except  now  and  then  an  increase  in  the  rate  of  pulsation,  which 
may  have  been  induced  simply  by  walking  somewhat  rapidl}^  imme- 
diately before  the  pulsations  were  recorded.  There  are  no  abnormal 
valuations  in  the  number  of  times  of  voiding  the  feces,  nor  in  any 
otiier  of  the  vital  data  observed  during  the  fore  period. 

The  first  da}^  of  the  preservative  period,  namely,  December  22, 
befoi-e  and  after  dinner  the  recorded  temperatures  are  98.6°  and  98.4° 
F.,  and  the  pulsations  80  and  84.  A  few  abnormalities  are  observed 
during  the  preservative  period  in  the  vital  data  recorded.  There  is  an 
apparent  depression  of  the  pulsations  on  the  2d  of  January,  where,  in 
th(;  o)>servation  before  diimer,  the  numl)er  of  pulsations  has  fallen  to 
64  and  the  recorded  temperature  at  the  same  time  is  97.9°  F.  This 
cor)dition  seems  to  be  only  temporary,  however,  and  not  traceable  to 
ariv  effect  of  the  preservative,  since  on  the  following  day  the  tempei'- 
atur(!s  aie  again  about  normal,  namely,  98.3°  and  98.1°  F.,  and  the 
pulsations  80  and  84.  No  other  alinormalities  are  observed  during  the 
[)reservati\'e  period. 

During  the  after  period  the  observed  vital  data  remain  practically 
constant.  Th(!re  is  a  slight  de|)r(;ssion  of  th(;  pulsation  on  the  6th  of 
January  to  67  b<!ats  per  minute,  the  temp(;rature  remaining  normal. 


54         n^FLUEisrcE  of  food  preservatives  on  health. 

There  is  a  slight  increase  in  the  temperature  on  the  Tth  of  January, 
rising  to  98. 8*^  and  98.4°  F.,  respectis^el}^,  and  the  pulsations  to  87  and 
78.  There  is  a  considerable  depression  in  the  p  .Isation  observed  on 
the  11th  of  Januarj^,  it  falling  to  57  per  minute,  while  the  recorded 
temperature  is  57.8"  F.  The  recorded  temperatures  before  and  after 
dinner  on  the  last  day  of  the  after  period,  Januar}^  13,  are  98.2°  and 
97,7°  F.,  respectively,  while  the  rates  of  pulsation  are  68  and  64. 
None  of  these  departures  from  the  standard,  however,  can  be  con- 
sidered of  sufficient  magnitude  or  persistence  to  be  recorded  as  dis- 
tinctive or  abnormal  manifestations. 

No.  3—W.  S.  0. 

The  recorded  observations  of  the  vital  phenomena  of  No.  3  on 
December  9,  the  second  day  of  the  fore  period,  are:  Temperatures 
98.2°  and  98.2°  F.  and  pulsations  70  and  76,  before  and  after  dinner, 
respectively.  The  first  notable  variation  from  the  normal  in  the  case 
of  No.  3  is  found  on  December  13,  when  the  recorded  temperature 
after  dinner  is  99.1°  F.  and  the  pulsations  90.  The  slight  increase  in 
temperature  persisted  also  on  the  14th,  the  recorded  data  being  98.9° 
and  98.2°  F.  and  the  pulsations  80  and  98,  respectively.  A  consid- 
erable febrile  excitement  is  noticed  on  the  15th,  the  recorded  tempera- 
tures being  99.2°  and  99.1°  I',  and  the  pulsations  105  and  100,  respec- 
tively. This  slight  febrile  excitement  continues  also  during  the  16th 
and  17th,  but  disappears  on  the  18th.  On  the  19th,  however,  there  is 
again  a  slight  increase  in  temperature,  the  recorded  observations  being 
99°  and  99.3°  F.  There  is  no  increase,  however,  in  the  rate  of  pulsa- 
tion. The  temperature  and  pulsation  are  again  normal  on  the  20th. 
On  the  last  da}^  of  the  fore  period,  December  21,  the  recorded  tem- 
peratures are  98.6°  and  99°  F.,  respectively,  and  the  pulsations  QQ  and 
87.  During  a  part  of  this  period,  therefore,  No.  3  may  be  said  to  have 
exhibited  a  ver}^  slight  febrile  excitement. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  tempera- 
tures are  98.8°  and  99°  F.  and  the  pulsations  72  and  84,  respectively. 
A  rise  of  temperature  is  noted  after  dinner  on  the  24th,  when  the 
temperature  is  99.5°  F.  and  the  pulsation  102.  Before  dinner,  how- 
ever, both  temperature  and  pulsation  are  normal,  namely,  98.7°  F.  and 
80,  respectivel3^  Slight  increases  of  temperature  are  also  noted  after 
dinner  on  the  25th,  26th,  and  27th.  There  is  an  increase  in  tempera- 
ture on  the  28th,  the  two  observations  being  recorded  as  99.1°  and 
99.4°  F.,  respectively.  This  excitement  had  partially  passed  away  on 
the  following  day.  It  continued,  on  the  30th,  31st,  and  the  1st  of 
Januar}^,  the  highest  temperature  recorded,  however,  being  only  99.3° 
F.  On  January  2  there  is  a  partial  return  to  the  normal  condition. 
On  the  last  day  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  temperatures 
are  98.8°  and  99°  F.   and  the  pulsations   63  and  90,    respectively. 


i 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  55 

During-  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid,  therefore,  it  is  seen  that 
there  is  a  slight  febrile  excitement  persisting  most  of  the  time,  but  as 
this  is  the  case  also  in  the  fore  period  it  does  not  seem  to  be  attri])utable 
to  the  preservative  emploj^ed. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  after  period  the  recorded  temperatures  are 
90.2^  and  99.1°  F.,  and  the  patient  is  suffering  somewhat  from  head- 
ache and  general  malaise.  These  symptoms  have  nearly  all  passed 
away  on  January  5,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  98.8°  and  99°  F., 
respectively,  and  the  pulsations  00  and  84.  Normal  conditions  seem 
to  be  completely  restored  on  the  6th  and  continue  throughout  the  rest 
of  the  after  period.  The  recorded  observations  on  the  13th,  the  last 
day  of  the  after  period,  are  temperatures  98.2°  and  98.6°  F.,  pulsations 
62  and  78,  respectively.  At  no  time  during  the  entire  series,  either  in 
the  fore,  preservative,  or  after  period,  is  there  anj^  tendency  to 
diarrhea  or  to  abnormal  consistence  on  the  part  of  the  urine.  The 
only  symptom  which  seems  to  be  attributable  directlj^  to  the  effect  of 
the  boric  acid  is  the  development  of  the  headache  just  at  the  end  of  the 
preservative  period. 

No.  4—W.  L.  D. 

The  recorded  observations  on  the  9th,  the  second  da}'  of  the  fore 
period,  are  temperature  98.3°  and  98.3°  F.  and  pulsations  80  and  80, 
respectiveh'.  All  the  vital  operations  appeared  to  be,  as  recorded, 
perfectly  normal.  On  the  13th  there  is  a  slight  rise  in  temperature 
noted,  the  observations  being  98.7°  and  98.7°  F.  and  the  pulsations 
S2  and  82,  respectivel}'.  This  slight  increase  continues  throughout 
the  rest  of  the  fore  period,  but  as  it  is  not  a  decided  variation  from 
the  normal  it  is  of  but  little  significance.  On  the  last  day  of  the  fore 
period,  namely,  December  21,  the  recorded  observations  are  tempera- 
ture 98.5°  and  98.5°  F.  and  pulsations  90  and  92,  respectively. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  observations 
are  temperature  98.5°  and  98.5°  F.  and  the  pulsations  72  and  82, 
respectively.  The  data  of  the  vital  records  show  that  all  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  body  are  conducted  in  a  perfectly  normal  way.  A  slight 
fall  of  temperature  is  noted  on  the  26th  and  27th,  in  which  all  four 
observations  are  recorded  as  98°  F.,  being  slightly  below  the  normal. 
This  is  only  temporary,  howevei-,  as  on  the  succeeding  days  the  nor- 
Miul  temperatures  are  again  recorded.  On  January  1  No.  4  awoke  at 
3.30  a.  m.  with  a  severe  headache.  He  ate  breakfast  with  an  effort, 
was  sick  with  headache  and  nausea  for  the  i-emainder  of  the  day,  and 
ate  no  lunch.  At  about 4 p.  m.  his  head  became  hot,  his  face  breaking 
out  with  a  red  rash,  and  the  arms  and  chest  with  a  similar  affection. 
Mu«h  itching  about  the  arn)s  and  chest  was  expei-ienced.  '^I'he  symp- 
toms experienced  w-ere  recorded  as  similar  to  those  accompanying  a 
slight  attack  of  indigestion  during  the  preceding  September.     For 


56  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

several  days  preceding  January  1  No.  4  felt  that  his  head  was  not 
clear,  and  on  each  morning  on  waking  rather  early  he  had  more  or  less 
headache.  The  symptoms  in  the  case  of  No.  4  may  have  been  due  to 
the  change  in  diet  on  the  hygienic  table,  the  ration  containing  rather 
more  meat  than  he  has  ordinarily  eaten.  The  appearance  of  the  rash, 
itching,  and  other  cuticular  S3miptoms  is  incident  to  the  disturbance 
of  the  digestion  and  it  seems  rather  clear  in  this  case  that  the  dis- 
turbance is  caused  directly  b}"  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 
The  temperature  was  not  taken  during  the  severest  period  of  suffering 
in  the  afternoon,  but  the  pulse  was  counted  and  found  to  be  high  on 
the  1st  of  January,  namely,  98  beats  per  minute.  The  recorded  tem- 
peratures, however,  made  late  in  the  afternoon,  show  that  the  febrile 
excitement  had  subsided,  the  temperatures  being  98.1'^  and  98.4°  F., 
while  the  pulsations  are  rapid,  namely,  96  per  minute,  both  before 
and  after  dinner.  The  recorded  observations  for  the  last  day  show 
temperatures  of  98.5°  and  98.5°  F. ,  and  pulsations  of  84  and  84,  respec- 
tivel3\  Headache  and  nausea  continued  through  the  whole  da}^,  and 
the  patient  experienced  "  a  feeling  of  great  oppression  in  the  region  of 
the  stomach."  These  symptoms  of  nausea,  headache,  and  oppression 
seem  directly  due  to  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  On  Jan- 
uary 4  the  recorded  temperatures  are  99°  and  99°  F.  and  the  pulsa- 
tions 84  and  88,  respectivel}^  and  the  symptoms  of  headache  and  nausea 
are  not  so  pronounced.  There  is  still  a  slight  febrile  excitement  on 
the  5th,  the  temj)erature  registering  99°  and  99°  F.  at  the  two  obser- 
vations. Normal  conditions  are  gradually  restored,  and  on  January 
8  the  registered  temperatures  are  98.5°  and  98.5°  F.  and  the  pulsa- 
tions 76  and  76,  respectively,  and  the  headache  and  nausea  have  ceased. 
On  January  13,  the  last  day  of  the  after  period,  the  recorded  observa- 
tions are  98.5°  and  98.4°  F.  and  the  pulsations  76  and  76,  respectively. 
All  unpleasant  sjmiptoms  have  passed  away,  and  the  patient  appears 
to  be  in  a  normal  condition.  During  the  entire  time  of  this  series  of 
observations  there  is  no  marked  disturbance  of  the  character  of  the 
feces  and  no  tendenc}^  to  diarrhea  is  observed. 

No.  5—R.  V.  F. 

The  record  of  the  temperature  of  No.  5  on  the  9th  of  December  is 
98°  and  98.3°  F.  and  the  pulsations  86  and  85  before  and  after  dinner, 
respectivel3^  On  the  16th  there  appeared  to  be  a  slight  rise  of  tem- 
perature, the  readings  of  the  thermometer  being  98.6°  and  98.8°  F. 
and  the  pulsations  84  and  101,  respectively.  This  slight  febrile  dis- 
turbance is  also  manifest  on  the  17th.  On  the  18th  it  is  shown  to  be 
passing  awa3^,  the  records  of  the  thermometer  being  98.6°  and  98.6°  F. 
and  the  pulsations  88  and  96  before  and  after  dinner,  respectively. 
There  is  no  further  abnormal  development  during  the  fore  period. 

The  beginning  of  the  preservative  period,  however,  is  attended  with 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  57 

considerable  febrile  excitement,  the  readings  of  the  thermometer  on 
December  22  being  99'^  and  98.0^  F.  and  the  number  of  pulsations 
Idl  and  103,  respective!}',  before  and  after  dinner.  The  next  day  the 
febrile  excitement  has  almost  disappeared,  and  b}^  the  26th,  so  far  as 
temperature  is  concerned,  has  gone  entirel3%  although  the  pulsations 
seem  to  be  normally  somewhat  high — 93  and  94,  respectively.  The 
condition  of  pulse  and  respiration  remains  quite  uniform  to  the  end  of 
the  preservative  period,  the  temperature  being  on  January  8,  98.4° 
and  98.(3^  F.,  and  the  pulsations  85  and  89,  respectively,  before  and 
after  dinner. 

During  the  after  period  the  conditions  of  temperature  and  pulse 
remain  practically  without  change  until  the  end  of  the  period  of  obser- 
vation, the  record  being  on  January  13  for  temperature  98.4^  and 
98.6°  F.,  and  for  pulsations,  83  and  86,  respectively,  before  and  after 

dinner. 

No.  G—L.  M.  S. 

The  record  for  temperature  for  No.  6  on  December  9,  the  second 
day  of  the  fore  period,  shows  9^!^  and  98°  F.,  and  for  the  pulse  78  and 
80,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  On  the  15th  there  is  a  slight 
febrile  movement,  the  recorded  temperature  being  99°  and  99.2°  F. 
y)efore  and  after  dinner.  There  is,  however,  no  increase  in  the  rate  of 
pulsation — in  fact,  a  small  decrease — the  rate  being  74  and  77,  respec- 
tive! v.  This  febrile  disturbance  is  noticed  to  a  small  extent  on  the 
16th,  but  has  disappeared  on  the  17th.  On  December  22,  the  begin- 
ning of  the  preservative  period,  the  recorded  olxservations  for  temper- 
ature are  98.7°  and  99°  F.  and  the  pulsations  80  and  87,  respectively, 
before  and  after  dinner.  On  December  28  there  is  a  slight  febrile 
movement,  indicated  I)}'  a  temperature  of  98.6°  and  98.2°  F.,  respec- 
tivel}',  while  the  rates  of  pulsation  are  78  and  80,  before  and  after 
dinner.  This  febrile  movement  is  continued  through  the  30th  and 
3Ist,  and  on  .lanuar}'  1  the  temperature  has  returned  almost  to  normal, 
registering  98.5°  and  98.7°  F.,  respectivel3^  On  January  3,  the  last 
day  of  the  pi-eservative  period,  the  temperatures  registered  are  98.6° 
and  99^  F.,  and  the  rates  of  pulsation  76  and  82  ))eats  per  minute, 
respectively,  before  and  after  dinner. 

On  Jaimaiw  5  there  is  a  slight  r<>currence  of  f(;brile  symptoms,  the 
rcgistci-cd  tenjperatures  ])eing  98.2^  and  98.5°  F.  There  is  no  marked 
d(!I)arture  from  the  normal  in  the  temperature  and  the  rate  of  pulsation 
during  the  I'cmairidcr  of  th(!  after  period. 

Sekiics  II. 

No.  7—K  H.  M. 

Observations  made  on  the  third  day  of  the  fore  period,  January  21, 
show  recordel  temp(!ratures  for  No.  7  of  98°  and  98.4°  F.,  and  the 
pulsations  78  and  81  pei"  minute,  respectively,  !>efore  and  after  dinner. 


58  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

There  are  no  abnormal  symptoms  of  any  kind  exhibited  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  fore  period.  On  January  26  the  feces  are  voided  twice, 
namely,  at  11  a.  m.  and  4.30  p.  m.  The  second  movement  is  described 
as  somewhat  soft.  There  are  no  further  variations  from  normal  con- 
ditions observed  or  recorded  during  the  fore  period. 

On  the  first  da}^  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  tempera- 
tures are  9SA°  and  99°  F.  and  the  pulsations  76  and  80,  respectivel}^, 
before  and  after  dinner.  On  this  day  there  are  also  two  movements 
of  the  bowels,  and  the  feces  in  both  instances  are  recorded  as  very 
soft.  On  the  29th  the  feces  were  voided  three  times,  namelj^,  at  8.45 
a.  m.,  5  p.  m.,  and  7.30  p.  m.  The  first  and  second  movements  are 
described  as  soft,  and  the  third  as  very  soft,  indicating  incipient  diar- 
rhea. There  is  no  febrile  disturbance,  however,  and  no  further 
departure  from  normal.  The  diarrheal  s3^mptoms  vanish  on  the  fol- 
lowing day.  On  February  1,  the  first  day  of  the  second  subperiod  of 
the  preservative  period,  a  slight  headache  is  noted,  and  recurrence  of 
the  diarrheal  S3auptoms — the  second  movement  of  the  bowels  being 
described  as  semiliquid.  The  diarrheal  symptoms  disappear  on  the 
following  day,  but  a  light  headache  continues.  On  February  3  the 
feces  are  voided  twice,  and  the  second  movement  is  described  as  very 
soft;  the  headache  continues.  The  symptoms  of  diarrhea  and  head- 
ache disappear  on  the  following  day,  the  last  of  the  second  subperiod. 
On  the  7th,  near  the  end  of  the  third  subperiod,  there  is  a  very  severe 
headache  in  the  morning,  becoming  lighter  in  the  afternoon,  but  no 
further  departure  from  normal  conditions.  A  distinct  febrile  move- 
ment is  indicated  on  the  10th,  on  which  day  4  grams  of  boric  acid  are 
administered,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  98.5°  and  98.7°  F., 
and  the  pulsations  80  and  86.  The  loss  of  appetite  becomes  so  pro- 
nounced that  no  breakfast  can  be  eaten  on  the  10th,  there  is  a  severe 
headache  in  the  morning,  becoming  lighter  in  the  afternoon,  and 
the  subject  discloses  marked  symptoms  of  indigestion  and  ill  health. 
On  the  11th,  although  no  boric  acid  is  given,  the  headache  per- 
sists during  the  whole  day.  There  is,  however,  no  further  tendency 
toward  diarrhea,  although  some  slight  febrile  tendencies  are  mani- 
fest. The  patient  is  in  a  condition  unfit  for  further  observations.  It 
is  quite  probable  that  the  loss  of  appetite,  with  its  attendant  symptoms 
and  the  headache,  is  due  to  the  action  of  the  preservative.  It  is, 
however,  not  evident  that  the  slight  diarrhea  manifest  at  times  is  due 
to  this  cause,  since  it  disappears  during  the  latter  part  of  the  observa- 
tion period,  although  the  amounts  of  boric  acid  are  increased. 

No.  8— J.  H.  E. 

The  recorded  temperatures  for  No.  8  on  the  21st  of  January,  near 
the  beginning  of  the  fore  period,  are  98.1°  and  98.7°  F.  and  the  pul- 
sations 88  and  89,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.     The  feces 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  59 

are  marked  as  soft.  There  are  no  variations  from  the  normal  noted 
until  the  2»ith  of  January,  when  No.  8  reports  a  very  bad  cold,  affect- 
ing- chiefly  the  lar3'nx  and  bronchial  tubes.  The  cold  is  better  on  the 
following-  day,  when,  on  the  advice  of  a  physician,  10  grains  of  quinine 
are  taken.  There  is  onh'  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  the  recorded 
temperatures  being"  98.0    and  99°  F. 

On  the  2Sth,  the  first  day  of  the  preservative  period,  the  s^^mptoms 
of  the  cold  have  diminished  and  the  temperature  is  normal,  but  no 
passage  of  feces  is  recorded.  The  next  day  there  is  a  slight  febrile 
excitement,  and  the  feces  voided  are  firm  and  dark  colored.  The 
febrile  excitement  continues  on  the  following  day,  nameh^,  the  30th, 
but  the  temperature  is  again  almost  normal  on  the  31st,  which  is  the 
last  day  of  the  tirst  subperiod.  On  the  2d  of  February  the  feces  are 
voided  twice,  the  second  movement  marked  as  soft  and  dark  colored. 
On  Fel)ruary  3  there  is  a  very  marked  diarrhea,  five  movements  of 
the  ])owels  ))eing  recorded  and  the  feces  being-  very  soft  and  3'ellow  in 
color.  There  is,  however,  no  appreciable  febrile  excitement.  During 
the  whole  of  this  period,  namely,  the  second  preservative  subperiod, 
No.  8  had  more  or  less  of  a  dull  headache,  followed  by  gastric  irrita- 
tion, with  marked  nausea  and  vomiting.  The  character  of  the  vomited 
niattcM-  is  a  mucous,  Avatery  discharge.  There  are  also  marked  pains 
in  the  intestines,  which  are  relieved  by  the  establishment  of  the  diar- 
rhea above  referred  to.  The  character  of  the  feces  toward  the  end  of 
this  period  is  very  thin  and  extremely  yellow.  There  seems  to  be  at 
Hrst  a  depression  of  the  temperature  rather  than  a  rise,  since  the 
recorded  observations  on  the  5th  of  February  are  temperature  96.9"^ 
and  !»s.l-  F.  and  the  pulsation  60  and  60  per  minute,  respectively. 
During  this  pc^riod  also,  on  account  of  illness,  No.  8  missed  eating 
breakfast  and  lunch  on  February  3.  By  reason  of  the  nausea  and  head- 
ache developed  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  a  further  administration  of  boric 
acid  to  him  is  discontinued  on  February  3.  The  disturbed  condition, 
however,  of  the  patient  continues,  with  a  considerable  febrile  excite- 
ment on  the  9th,  the  teujpcrature  reaching  100.4°  F.  There  is  a 
gi-adual  iinpro\ cment  after  this  in  the  general  symptoms  of  the  patient, 
the  h(;adache  and  nausea  disappearing,  and  there  are  only  occasional 
vai-iations  fioni  the  noi'inal  t('mperatur(\  The  patient,  however,  is 
left  in  a  conditio!)  in  which  fuither  observations  respecting  the  influ- 
ence of  the  preservative  upon  the  digestive  processes  are  of  no  value, 
although  he  remained  under  observation  continuously  until  the  1.5th  of 
Fel)ruary,  which  would  hav(;  bcicn  the  end  of  the  regular  aftei  period 
if  the  members  of  the  series  had  retained  their  ability  to  go  through 
with  the  woik  re(|uirc'd.  In  this  i-asf!  there  exists  a  probability  that  the 
boric  acid  induced  or  increased  tin;  nausc^a  and  vomiting  complained  of 
and  that  the  diarrhea  established  may  be  in  some  measure  due  to  the 
same  cause.     On  a  subsequ(!nt  occasion,  however,  this  subject  took 


60     INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PRESERVATIVES  ON  HEALTH. 

even  larger  quantities  of  the  preservative  than  those  taken  during  this 
period  without  reestablishing  the  pronounced  sj^mptoms  described. 

No.  9—E.B.  D. 

Thfe  data  recorded  for  No.  9  on  January  21,  near  the  beginning  of 
the  fore  period,  are  temperature  98.6°  and  98.7°  F.  and  pulsations  73 
and  80  before  and  after  dinner,  respectively.  On  the  23d  pronounced 
symptoms  of  febrile  disturbance  are  manifest,  the  recorded  tempera- 
tures being  99.1°  and  99.2°  F.  and  the  pulsations  84  and  88,  respec- 
tively. A  slight  decrease  of  temperature  is  noted  on  the  following 
day,  but  the  quickness  of  the  pulse  is  maintained.  A  marked  increase 
and  febrile  excitement  are  noted  on  the  25th,  the  temperatures  recorded 
being  99.3°  and  99.-4°  F.  and  the  pulsations  92  and  90,  respectively. 
The  temperature  is  still  higher  on  the  26th,  being  100°  and  100.1°  F. 
and  the  pulsations  84  and  94,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner. 
Symptoms  of  grippe,  so  called,  are  manifest,  complicated  with  a  very 
bad  cold  already  two  days  old,  with  a  severe  headache  during  the  pre- 
ceding night,  accompanied  b}"  neuralgia  in  the  head  which  is  intermit- 
tent. The  illness  is  so  pronounced  as  to  prevent  the  attendance  of 
No.  9  at  all  on  the  28th.  On  the  29th  the  cold  is  found  to  be  somewhat 
better  and  the  temperature  is  lower,  the  feces  being  hard  and  deeply 
colored.  The  symptoms  of  grippe  have  so  developed  on  the  29th  that 
No.  9  is  dropped  from  the  table,  as  it  is  evident  that  he  is  in  no  con- 
dition to  begin  any  experiments  with  preservatives  in  the  food. 

No.  10— W.  J.  J. 

The  recorded  observations  of  No.  10  on  January  21,  the  third  day 
of  the  series,  are  temperature  98.6°  and  98.8°  F.  and  pulsations  80 
and  80,  respectively.  No  notable  variations  from  normal  conditions 
are  apparent  during  the  continuance  of  the  fore  period,  save  on  the 
last  day,  January  27,  when  there  are  two  movements  of  the  bowels. 

During  the  first  preservative  subperiod  no  marked  variations  in  the 
vital  data  are  noticed.  The  data  continue  practically  normal,  with 
very  slight  variations,  during  the  second  subperiod  also,  which  includes 
the  days  from  February  1  to  February  4,  inclusive.  The  third  sub- 
period  passes  also  without  an}^  notable  variation  from  the  normal  con- 
ditions. On  February  9  and  10,  4  grams  of  boric  acid  a  day  are  given 
to  No.  10.  On  the  10th  a  persistent  dull  headache  develops.  There 
is  a  slight  increase  in  the  temperature,  the  record  being  98.8°  and 
98.6°  F.,  and  also  a  slightly  increased  rate  of  pulsation,  the  data  being 
80  and  92,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  On  the  following 
day  very  marked  effects  are  noticed — a  failure  of  appetite,  general 
feeling  of  malaise,  and  discomfort.  The  effects,  however,  in  the  case 
of  No.  10  are  not  nearly  so  marked  as  in  the  other  two  cases  noted, 
but  they  are  distinct  and  show  marked  disturbances  with  this  quantity 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  61 

of  the  preservative.  The  subject  is  still  in  a  condition  on  the  15th  of 
February  which  renders  his  attendance  on  an  after  period  under 
observation  impracticable. 

No.  11— J.  s.  a 

The  recorded  data  for  No.  11  on  January  21  are  temperature 
98.2'^  and  98.2^  F.  and  pulsations  80  and  82  per  minute,  respectively, 
before  and  after  dinner.  The  fore  period  passes  without  an}^  notable 
variation  from  the  normal  condition  noticed  at  the  beginning  thereof. 

On  the  28th,  the  first  da}^  of  the  preservative  period,  the  recorded 
observations  for  temperature  are  98.5°  and  98.5°  F.  and  for  pulsa- 
tions 76  and  78,  respectivelj",  before  and  after  dinner.  On  the  31st, 
at  the  end  of  the  first  subperiod,  there  is  no  marked  variation  in  the 
data  except  a  slight  increase  in  temperature,  which  is  recorded  as 
97.9 -^  and  97.9°  F.,  respectivelj^,  before  and  after  dinner.  The  second 
subperiod  also  passes  without  any  very  great  variation,  but  by  reason 
of  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  health  no  preservative  is  given  after 
February  2.  The  temperature  is  somewhat  higher  on  February  4,  the 
record  reading  99.1°  and  99.4°  F.  and  for  the  pulsations  88  and  90, 
respectively.  This  febrile  tendency  has  partly  passed  away  on  the  5th, 
and  normal  conditions  continue  to  the  8th.  There  is  developed,  how- 
ever, during  this  period  a  dull  and  continued  headache,  with  a  watery, 
bloodshot  condition  of  the  eyes,  and  a  feeling  of  general  malaise,  which 
may  bo  partly  due  to  the  preceding  use  of  the  preservative.  This  con- 
nection, however,  is  not  demonstrated. 

iS'b.  1^—B.  J.  T. 

The  recorded  observations  of  No.  12  on  January  21  are  tempera- 
ture 98.4°  and  98.6°  F.  and  pulsations  86  and  96,  respectively,  before 
and  after  dinner.  There  are  no  notable  variations  in  the  data,  with 
the  excepticm  of  the  second  movement  of  the  bowels  on  January  27. 
The  feces  priniously  voided  during  this  period  have  been  very  hard  and 
dark,  and  the  second  movement  on  the  27th  is  described  as  soft  and  dark. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  observa- 
tions are  98.7°  and  98.9°  F.  for  the  temperature  and  92  and  96, 
lespectively,  before  and  after  dinner,  for  the  pulsations.  These  data 
indicate  a  slight  febrile  excitement.  There  are  no  marked  disturbances 
during  the  first  subperiod,  with  the  exception  of  a  febrile  excitement 
on  the  yist,  when  the  temperatures  registered  are  99°  and  99.1°  F. 
and  th«5  pulsations  84  and  104,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner. 
These  conditions  c()ntinue  on  Fc^hruary  1,  the  first  day  of  the  second 
subperiod.  On  Fel>ruary  2  No.  12  is  suffering  with  a  severe  headache, 
which  he  states  began  the  day  l)efore.  The  lujadache  is  described  as 
being  slight  in  th(!  mortiing  and  heavier  at  night.  No.  12  has  also 
contracted  a  very  slight  cold.     ITic  febrile  excitement  noticed  on  this 


62     INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PRESERVATIVES  ON  HEALTH. 

day,  namely,  a  temperature  of  99.9^  F..  after  dinner,  with  a  pulsa- 
tion of  100,  is  doubtless  due  to  the  cold  rather  than  to  the  action 
of  the  boric  acid.  On  the  3d  the  headache  is  described  as  having 
been  very  severe  during  the  night,  but  not  so  severe  during  the  day. 
There  are  also  two  movements  of  the  bowels,  the  first  dark  and  soft 
and  the  second  dark  and  very  soft.  The  febrile  excitement  also  con- 
tinues, the  recorded  temperatures  being  99.6"^  and  99.7°  F.  and  the 
pulsations  96  and  100  before  and  after  dinner.  The  conditions 
described  continue  during  the  4th  of  February,  the  last  da}-  of  the 
second  subperiod.  Under  the  continued  administration  of  borax 
these  sj^mptoms  are  very  much  accentuated,  and  No.  12  is  in  such  a 
condition  on  the  6th  of  February  that  the  further  administration  of 
boric  acid  is  discontinued.  On  February  16  No.  12  has  sufficiently 
recovered  to  take  some  of  the  preservative  again,  but  the  interrup- 
tions in  the  observation  due  to  his  illness  render  the  further  study  of 
his  case,  as  a  whole,  in  connection  with  the  series,  of  but  little  value 
for  the  supplementary  period.  The  amount  of  boric  acid  given  on  the 
16th  is  1  gram;'  on  the  17th,  2  grams;  on  the  ISth,  3  grams;  on  the 
19th,  tt  grams,  and  on  the  20th,  5  grams.  Nos.  8,  9,  and  11  also  take 
part  in  this  special  test.  No.  12  is  then  excused  from  further  attend- 
ance, his  condition  being  such  as  to  render  further  consideration  of  the 
case  undesirable.  In  this,  as  in  the  three  other  cases,  the  administra- 
tion of  the  boric  acid  may  be  associated  with  the  production  of  the 
headache,  malaise,  nausea,  and  general  distress  from  which  the  patient 
suffers,  but  there  are  also  symptoms  of  grippe.  The  preservative 
appears  to  cause  no  trouble  whatever,  at  least  an}-  that  can  be  noted, 
by  inducing-  diarrheal  symptoms  or  any  marked  increase  in  the  vol- 
ume of  the  urine. 

Series  III. 

No.  1—J.  N. 

The  observed  data  of  No.  1  on  February  19,  the  first  day  of  the 
fore  period  of  Series  III,  are  temperature  98.1°  and  98.1°  F.  and 
pulsations  62  and  69  beats  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after 
dinner.  A  light  febrile  disturbance  is  noticed  on  February  22,  the 
thermometer  registering  98.6°  and  99°  F.  A  similar  slight  increase 
of  temperature  is  also  noted  on  the  26th,  but  is  not  of  a  character  to 
incite  apprehension.  The  last  day  of  the  fore  period  the  temperature 
registered  is  98.5°  and  98.8°  F.  and  the  pulsations  are  57  and  'd'o^ 
respectiveh^,  before  and  after  dinner.  There  are  no  departures  of  any 
marked  importance  from  the  normal  state  other  than  the  slight  febrile 
excitement  mentioned  during  the  fore  period. 

The  first  day  of  the  preservative  period,  namely,  February  28,  the 
data  registered  are  98.7°  and  98.5°  F.  for  temperature  and  78  and  75 
for  pulsations.  On  this  day  there  is  a  second  movement  of  the  bowels, 
and  the  feces  are  soft  and  of  a  light  color.     A  similar  record  is  made 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  63 

on  March  2,  No  other  departures  from  the  normal  are  noted  for  the 
first  su>)period  (Februar}^  28  to  March  3,  inclusive).  On  March  5, 
during  the  second  snbperiod.  a  headache  and  feelinw-  of  fulhiess  in  the 
stomach  are  developed,  but  the  symptoms  are  not  sufficiently  marked 
to  cause  any  disturbance  in  the  ordinar}"  functions  of  the  body.  On 
March  7.  the  last  day  of  the  second  subpei'iod,  additional  symptoms  of 
disturbance  of  digestion  are  noted  in  the  form  of  severe  pains  in  the 
stomach  and  intestines.  On  March  8  decided  symptoms  of  malaise 
and  indisposition  and  loss  of  appetite,  including  pains  in  the  head  and 
the  intestines,  are  developed.  On  the  next  day  there  is  a  ver^'  severe 
dizzy  headache  and  continued  pain  in  the  intestines  during  the  whole 
of  the  day.  There  is.  however,  no  increase  of  temperature  and  no 
diarrhea.  The  headache  and  pains  persist,  the  headache  especiall}' 
being  very  severe  on  March  10,  with  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  the 
recorded  temperatures  being  98.8^  and  09-  F.  The  headache  increases 
in  intensity  during  the  11th,  and  there  is  a  marked  rise  of  tempera- 
ture, the  recorded  observations  being  100.2-  and  100.2"  F.  and  the 
pulsations  98  and  92,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  This 
suVjject  is  in  a  rather  bad  condition  at  the  end  of  the  third  suhperiod. 
The  quantity  of  boric  acid  taken  during  these  periods  is  1  gram  a  day 
during  the  first  period  of  four  days,  -i  grams  during  the  first  two 
days  of  the  second  period  of  four  days  and  2  grams  the  other  t^^■o 
days,  and  3  gi*ams  during  the  first  and  third  days  of  the  third  period 
and  2  grams  the  other  two  days.  The  exhibition  of  boric  acid  is 
discontinued  on  March  11. 

On  March  12.  the  first  day  of  the  after  period,  there  is  still  con- 
siderable headache,  and  a  slight  hemorrhage  from  the  nostrils  at  6  a.  m. 
The  temperature,  however,  has  declined,  but  is  still  above  the  normal, 
Ixiing  99.6"  and  99.8"  F.  Headache  and  bad  feeling  have  largely 
passed  away  on  the  13th,  and  the  temperature  has  also  fallen,  the 
registrations  being  99.1  and  99.1"  F.  On  the  loth  the  temperature 
is  again  almost  normal,  the  registrations  being  98. Y"  and  98.8°  F.  and 
the  pulsations  03  and  07  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after 
dinner.  The  headache,  pains  in  the  intestines,  and  general  feeling  of 
malaise  have  almost  disappeared.  On  the  16th  the  normal  condition 
of  the  body  apparently  is  restored,  but  there  is  a  slight  bleeding  of 
the  nose. 

On  March  19,  the  last  day  of  the  after  period,  the  recorded  temper- 
atures are  98.0  and  98.8  ^  F.  and  the  pulsations  Oo  and  04  per  minute, 
respectively,  before  and  afU-r  dinner.  The  normal  feeling  of  health 
i.**  apparently  completely  restored.  In  this  case  it  is  highly  probable 
that  the  headache,  pains  in  the  stomach,  and  general  ill  feeling  expe- 
rienced during  th(;  j>reservative  jx-riod  are  chiefly  attributable  to  the 
effect  of  the  preservative  and  are  not  due  to  any  incidental  abnormal 
condition. 


64  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

No.  2—F.  a  W. 

The  recorded  data  for  February  19  are  temperature  98.5°  and  98°  F. 
and  pulsations  71  and  73  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after 
dinner.  All  the  functions  of  the  bod}^  appear  to  be  normal.  The  last 
day  of  the  fore  period,  namel}^,  February  27,  the  body  functions  are 
still  entirely  normal,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  98.4°  and  98.2° 
F.  and  the  pulsations  65  and  85  per  minute,  respectivel}^,  before  and 
after  dinner. 

The  first  day  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  observations 
show  a  temperature  of  98.4°  and  98.2°  F.  and  the  pulsations  76  and 
80,  respectivel3\  On  March  3  there  is  a  marked  febrile  disturbance, 
the  recorded  temperatures  being  99.7°  and  99.2°  F.  and  the  pulsations 
105  and  109  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  A 
slight  headache  also  is  developed,  ascribed  by  No.  2  himself  to  taking 
a  slight  cold.  The  febrile  excitement  has  almost  disappeared  on  the 
following  day,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  98.9°  and  98.9°  F. 
and  the  pulsations  99  and  99,  respectively.  The  symptoms  of  head- 
ache and  malaise  are  recorded  as  being  the  same  as  the  previous  day, 
and  the  symptoms  of  a  cold  are  tirmly  established.  On  the  5th  there 
is  again  an  increase  in  temperature,  the  recorded  data  being  100.3° 
and  100.1°  F.  and  the  pulsations  106  and  106,  respectively.  There  is 
a  marked  loss  of  appetite  and  the  headache  has  increased.  The  fever 
on  the  6th  has  practically  disappeared,  the  temperature  being  98.8° 
and  98.8°  F.  and  the  pulsations  85  and  85,  respectivel3^  A  very 
marked  increase  in  the  fever  is  noticed  on  the  7th,  the  recorded  tem- 
peratures being  100.3°  and  100.3°  F.  and  the  pulsations  106  and  103, 
respectively.  The  subject  describes  his  symptoms  as  those  of  taking 
cold  all  day  and  as  feeling  very  badl}^  On  March  5,  by  reason  of  the 
general  headache  and  feeling  of  uneasiness,  only  2  grams  of  boric  acid 
are  given,  the  other  subjects  receiving  4  grams  each.  On  the  6th  the 
boric  acid  is  omitted  altogether,  and  on  the  7th  only  1  gram  is  given. 
On  the  8th,  by  reason  of  the  increased  indisposition,  loss  of  appetite, 
and  general  ill  feeling  of  No.  2,  the  administration  of  boric  acid  is  dis- 
continued in  his  case.  On  the  9th  the  cold  is  still  very  bad;  headache 
persistent;  aching  muscles;  general  symptoms  of  grippe;  and  a  tem- 
perature about  1°  above  normal.  On  the  10th  symptoms  of  cold 
have  almost  disappeared  and  the  temperature  and  pulse  are  normal, 
the  subject  feeling  ver}^  much  better.  On  the  11th  he  describes  him- 
self as  feeling  perfectly  well  in  every  respect  except  the  persistence  of 
a  slight  cold.  Temperature  and  pulsation,  however,  are  perfectly 
normal. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  after  period — March  12 — the  recorded  data 
are  temperature  98.2°  and  98°  F.  and  the  pulsations  60  and  65,  respec- 
tively.     The  normal  condition   is    continued   throughout    the   after 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  65 

period,  the  recorded  observations  on  the  19th  being-  for  temperature 
98.4-  and  98.2  F.  and  pulsations  71  and  79,  respectively. 

The  case  of  No.  2  presents  some  difficulties  in  interpretation  on 
account  of  the  coexistence  of  a  severe  cold  with  the  period  of  admin- 
istering- the  boric  acid.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  cold  still  persists 
after  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid  has  ceased,  but  the  s3^mptoms 
of  headache,  loss  of  appetite,  and  g-eneral  l)ad  feeling  in  the  region  of 
the  stomach  cea.se  when  the  ration  of  l)orlc  acid  is  withdrawn,  it  seems 
only  just  to  conclude  that  at  least  a  portion  of  the  unfavorable  sj^mp- 
toms  manifested  during-  the  preservative  period  are  due  to  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative.  This  case,  however,  is  not  nearly  so 
well  defined  as  the  preceding-  one. 

No.  3—W.  S.  0. 

On  February  19,  the  beginning-  of  the  fore  period.  No.  3  appears  to 
have  a  slight  febrile  disturbance,  the  recorded  temperatures  being- 98.7'-' 
and  99-  F.  and  the  pulsations  78  and  84  per  minute,  respectively,  before 
and  after  dinner.  There  is  also  a  slight  febrile  disturbance  on  the 
24th,  the  recorded  temperatures  being-  99. 1"^  and  99.7^  F.  and  the  pul- 
sations 8t)  and  101,  respectively.  This  condition  has  practicalh^  passed 
away  at  the  end  of  the  fore  period,  on  the  27th,  the  conditions  remain- 
ing normal,  although  there  is  an  increase  of  temperature  recorded 
aftei-  dinner  of  1-.  This,  however,  may  have  been  an  error  of  obser- 
vation, as  there  appears  to  be  no  other  evidence  of  febrile  excitement. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  observa- 
tions are  tem[)erature  98.3°  and  98.4°  F.  and  the  pulsations  82  and  84 
per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  On  March  2  the 
feces  are  described  as  being  less  firm  than  during  the  fore  period. 
A  febrile  disturbance  appears  on  the  3d. and  4th,  but  it  is  not  of  a 
marked  character.  On  March  .5  there  is  a  slight  disturbance  in  the 
lower  intestines,  accompanied  with  pain  and  a  desire  to  go  to  stool. 
On  March  6  headache  is  developed — at  first  light,  later  in  the  day  more 
severe.  On  March  7  the  headache  still  persists,  l)ut  is  not  so  severe  as 
on  the  preceding  day,  though  a  general  tired  feeling  is  noticed.  There 
is  no  marked  increase  of  temperature  or  other  disturbance  of  the 
bodily  functions.  The  headache  continues  on  the  8tli,  on  which  date  3 
gi-ams  of  boric  acid  are  given.  A  severe  headache  develops  on  the  9th, 
with  a  feeling  of  constriction  and  pressure  across  the  forehead.  On 
March  10  the  headache  pei'sists,  but  is  not  so  severe,  and  a  geniM-al 
tii'ed  feeling  is  experienced.  The  headache  also  continues  on  March 
1 1 ,  which  is  the  last  day  of  the  exhibition  of  boric  acid;  but  there  is  no 
diai-rhea  or  othei- distui-l»anc(^  of  th(^  bodily  functions  noted.  The  tem- 
perature is  normal  on  this  day,  but  the  pulsations  are  slightly  more 
rapid  than  usual,  being  {>4  and  90  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and 
after  dinner. 

424-2— No.  H4,  pt  1—04 5 


66  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

On  March  12,  the  beginning-  of  the  after  period,  the  temperature 
and  pulsations  are  normaL  A  slight  headache,  however,  still  persists. 
The  headache  has  disappeared  on  the  13th,  the  second  day  of  the  after 
period.  On  the  third  day  of  the  after  period  a  slight  febrile  disturb- 
ance is  developed  and  a  recurrence  of  the  tired  feeling  is  experienced. 
Practically  normal  conditions  supervene  until  the  iTth,  when  there 
is  again  a  recurrence  of  the  tired  feeling  and  a  very  slight  headache. 
This  slight  indisposition  continues  also  on  the  18th.  On  the  19th, 
which  is  the  last  daj  of  the  after  .period,  the  pulsations  and  tempera- 
ture are  practicalh^  normal,  but  No.  3  describes  himself  as  not  feeling 
quite  up  to  the  standard  and  as  having  slight  pains  in  the  stomach. 

The  data  in  the  case  of  No.  3  are  also  not  quite  distinctive.  The 
headache  and  general  feeling  of  malaise  manifested  during  the  pre- 
servative period  might  be  attributed  to  the  cold  or  to  some  incidental 
disease,  but  they  appear  also  to  be  due,  at  least  in  part,  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  boric  acid,  although  these  disturbances  continue,  in 
a  less  marked  degree,  during  a  part  of  the  after  period.  It  is,  of  course, 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  such  disturbances  would  continue  for  a 
short  time  during  the  after  period,  but  in  this  instance  they  persist 
to  a  certain  extent  to  the  close  of  that  period.  It  is  barely  possible 
that  the  effects  of  the  boric  acid  may  have  continued  during  this  whole 
time,  but  in  the  light  of  other  experience  this  is  not  likely.  The  data, 
therefore,  obtained  by  these  observations  are  not  to  be  too  positively 
interpreted. 

No.  4—E.  a  S.a 

The  first  complete  observations  on  No.  4  are  made  on  February  21, 
when  there  appears  to  be  a  slight  febrile  disturbance,  the  recorded 
temperatures  being  99.5°  and  100°  F.  and  the  pulsations  72  and  72  per 
minute,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  On  February  23  there 
are  two  movements  of  the  bowels  instead  of  one  as  usual,  and  there 
is  still  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  though  not  at  all  well  marked.  On 
the  last  day  of  the  fore  period,  February  27,  the  recorded  data  are 
temperature  97.5°  and  98°  F.  and  pulsations  68  and  75,  respectively. 
The  first  record  for  temperature  is  probably  due  to  an  error  of  obser- 
vation of  1°  in  the  reading  of  the  thermometer. 

The  first  day  of  the  preservative  period  exhibits  no  abnormal  data 
of  any  description.  Two  movements  of  the  bowels  are  recorded  on 
March  2,  the  first  marked  as  soft  and  the  second  as  ver}^  soft,  but  this 
is  not  pronounced  enough  to  be  regarded  as  even  an  intimation  of 
diarrhea.  The  second  movement  on  the  ttth  of  March  is  extremely 
watery  and  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  diarrheal  discharge,  with  pains 
and  burning  sensation  in  the  intestines.  At  1.30  p.  m.  450  cc  of 
cloud}?^  urine  are  voided,  forming  immediately  a  white  precipitate.    A 

«E.  C.  S.  takes  the  place  of  W.  L.  D.  (No.  4  of  Series  I),  who  withdrew  from  the 
experiment  at  the  end  of  Series  I. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  67 

slio"lit  hoadacho  is  noticed.  The  intestines  continue  uncomfortable 
through  the  night,  with  headache  all  da}'  on  the  oth.  In  the  afternoon 
of  the  5*^h  slight  nausea  is  experienced.  Headache  continues  two  daj^s 
longer,  with  slight  giddiness  on  the  Tth.  A  slight  febrile  disturbance 
is  manifest  on  ^Slarch  8,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  99""  and  98.8^ 
F.  and  the  pulsations  80  and  92  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and 
after  dinner.  On  ]March  11.  the  last  da}'  of  the  preservative  period, 
the  recorded  data  are  temperature  98.7^  and  98.4^  F.  and  pulsations 
88  and  88,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  There  is  a  feeling 
of  nausea  all  the  afternoon  and  a  dull  headache,  accompanied  by  a  burn- 
ing of  the  skin  over  the  entire  body  and  a  weakness  and  trembling*  of 
the  knees. 

No  abnormal  data  are  recorded  during-  the  after  period  except  in 
two  cases,  where  the  second  movement  of  the  bowels  is  described  as 
being  very  soft.  A  tendency  to  constipation  develops  on  March  1.5, 
no  movement  of  the  bowels  being  recorded  for  that  day.  This  con- 
stipation, however,  does  not  persist  beyond  the  day.  The  r(>corded 
observations  for  March  19,  the  end  of  the  after  period,  are  tempera- 
ture 96"'  and  90.2'  F.  and  pulsations  81:  and  81.  The  data  for  the 
temperature  evidently  are  erroneous,  due  either  to  a  faulty  marking  of 
the  theraiometer  or  to  an  error  in  reading. 

The  above  data  in  the  case  of  No.  4  show  that  a  marked  influence 
upon  the  observed  bodily  functions  is  produced  by  the  administration 
of  the  boric  acid.  In  so  far  as  the  phenomena  manifest  are  concerned 
the  functions  of  the  body  are  considerably  disturbed  during-  the  use  of 
the  preservative. 

No.  5-H.  C.  G.a 

The  recorded  data  for  No.  5  at  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period  are 
98.2"  and  98  F.  for  temperature  and  78  and  82  for  pulsations,  respec- 
tively, before  and  after  diiuier.  No  al)normal  data  except  an  apparent 
low  temperature,  sometimes  falling  slightly  below  98,  are  observed 
during  the  continuance  of  the  fore  period. 

At  the  })eg-inning  of  the  preservative  period  the  recorded  data  are 
98'  and  9S.2-^  F.  for  temperature  and  84  and  84  for  pulsations,  respec- 
tively. Th(!  recorded  data  show  no  variations  from  the  normal  until 
March  «J,  when  the  i-egistration  for  tempei'ature  is  1^'^  below  normal, 
(•vidently  due  to  an  imperfect  thermometer  or  error  in  observation. 
<^)n  March  7  No.  r>  awakes  with  a  headache  from  which  he  has  suft'ered 
•  luring  his  wakeful  moments  during  the  preceding  night,  and  this  head- 
ache pfirsists  (luring  the  day.  There  ai*e  no  other  disturbing  sym[)toms. 
On  March  8  the  headache  persists  duiing  the  entire  day,  but  there  is 
no  febrile  excitement  or  other  aberration  from  the  normal.  On  March 
•  No.  5  HtaUiH  thai  he  has  slept  poorly  dui-ing  the  previous  night;  his 

'  TakeH  tlie  |)lac(!  (if  |{.  V.  F.  (No.  5ol'  ScricH  I),  wlio  withilrew  from  the  expcri- 
iiKMit  at  th(;  <;m(I  of  8<;rieH  1. 


68  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

head  is  not  clear  and  the  headache  persists  all  day;  he  describes  himself 
as  not  being  able  to  make  calculations  and  to  be  sure  of  being  right. 
This  feeling  of  disturbance  increases  toward  night.  There  appears 
to  be  a  slight  increase  in  temperature,  the  recorded  observations  being 
98.6°  and  99.4°  F.  On  March  10  No.  5  states  that  he  has  slept  only  a 
few  hours  during  the  previous  night,  having  suffered  with  a  headache 
during  the  night  and  also  during  the  whole  clay;  brain  clouded;  symp- 
toms of  cold  during  the  night,  which  continue  all  da}";  a  tendenc}^  to 
constipation  is  also  manifest  and  a  feverish  feeling  is  described.  This 
feverish  feeling  is  shown  by  the  recorded  observations  of  temperature, 
which  are  99.8°  and  99.8°  F.  The  pulsations  are  also  increased  to 
106  and  100  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  On 
March  11  the  constipation  has  increased  so  that  there  is  no  movement 
of  the  bowels.  The  temperature  and  pulsations  remain  the  same  and 
the  general  feeling  of  uneasiness  persists. 

On  the  first  cla}^  of  the  after  period  the  temperature  and  pulsations 
are  again  normal  and  the  general  feeling  of  uneasiness  has  largely  dis- 
appeared. On  March  17  No.  6  describes  himself  as  again  feeling  per- 
fectly normal,  the  recorded  observations  for  this  da}^  being  98.2°  and 
98°  F.  for  the  temperature  and  76  and  80  for  the  pulsations.  On 
March  19,  the  last  day  of  the  after  period,  the  recorded  observations 
for  temperature  are  97.8°  and  97.8°  F.  and  for  the  pulsations  76 
and  81. 

These  data  seem  to  point  with  a  great  deal  of  significance  to  a 
marked  disturbance  of  the  functional  activities  due  to  the  administra- 
tion of  the  preservative.  No.  5,  however,  is  said  b}^  Doctor  Geddings 
to  be  very  impressionable  and  responsive  to  suggestions  concerning 
pain  and  other  symptoms.  The  headache,  sleeplessness,  and  general 
feeling  of  oppression  appear  clearly  to  be  due,  at  least  in  part,  to  the 
ejffect  of  the  preservative  upon  the  system.  As  noted,  however,  there 
is  no  tendency  whatever  in  this  case  to  the  production  of  diarrhea, 
but  on  the  contrary  to  the  opposite  condition. 

No.  6—L.  M.  S. 

The  recorded  observations  for  No.  6  on  the  19th  of  February,  the 
first  day  of  the  fore  period,  are  98.3°  and  99°  F.,  respectively,  for  the 
temperature  and  88  and  89  for  the  pulsations.  No  abnormal  data  arc 
recorded  for  the  fore  period,  the  record  for  the  27th,  the  last  day  of 
the  fore  period,  being  98.7°  and  98.8°  F.  and  the  pulsations  78  and 
79,  respectively. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  preservative  period,  however,  No.  6  develops 
the  symptoms  of  a  violent  cold  or  an  attack  of  the  grippe,  the  tem- 
perature rising  to  101.8°  F.  and  the  pulsations  to  101.  These  violent 
symptoms  practically  disappear,  however,  on  the  following  day,  the 
temperature  being  98.7°  and  98.9°  F.  and  the  pulsations  90  and  92, 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  69 

respectively.  Normal  conditions  also  prevail  on  March  2.  A  slight 
febrile  disturbance  is  again  marked  on  March  3.  No  marked  symp- 
toms of  an  abnormal  nature  are  developed  until  the  7th  of  March,  at 
the  end  of  the  2-gram  preservative  period.  On  this  day  No.  6  suffers 
with  severe  pains  in  the  stomach  after  breakfast.  These  pains  pass 
away  during  the  morning,  but  return  again  at  2  p.  m.  after  luncheon 
and  at  6  p.  m.  after  dinner.  Headache  persists  during  the  entire  da3\ 
Headache  also  persists  during  the  8th.  On  the  9th  the  headache  is 
described  as  still  persisting,  with  pains  in  the  ))owels  which  at  times 
are  verj-  violent.  No.  0  suffers  again  somewhat  from  a  cold,  although 
the  increase  in  temperature  is  only  one-half  degree,  and  takes  4  grains 
of  quinine.  Headache  persists  during  the  10th,  with  pains  in  the  back 
and  a  burning  sensation  in  the  face.  There  is  no  fever,  however,  dur- 
ing the  10th,  and  no  tendency  to  diarrhea,  but  rather  to  the  opposite 
condition. 

Constipation  is  well  marked  on  March  11,  no  passage  of  the  bowels 
l)eing  recorded,  and  the  headache  continues.  The  headache  persists 
also,  but  with  less  intensity,  on  the  12th,  although  this  is  the  first  day 
of  the  after  period.  On  the  13th  the  headache  has  disappeared,  and 
tiie  boric  acid  has  practically  disappeared  from  the  urine.  On  March 
IT  the  appetite,  which  has  been  very  much  deranged  during  the  pre- 
servative period,  is  reported  as  again  good,  and  No.  12  describes  him- 
.self  as  feeling  normal.  No  further  variations  in  the  normal  conditions 
appear  during  the  remaining  portion  of  the  after  period,  the  data 
recorded  for  the  19th  of  March  being  for  temperature  98. S^  and 
98.8''-'  F.  and  the  pulsations  76  and  78. 

These  data  again  point  with  considcral)le  significance  to  the  disturbing 
inrtuences  of  the  ]x)ric  acid  upon  the  bod>'  functions.  It  seems  rather 
ch*arly  indicated  that  the  headache,  malaise,  and  pains  in  the  intestines 
experienced  during  the  preservative  period  in  this  case  are  due  to  tlic 
administei-ed  preservative.  It  is  true  that  on  one  day  No.  6  suffered 
from  a  slight  cold  and  took  4  grains  of  ({uinine,  but  the  fact  that  the 
headaches  and  pains  were  not  manifested  during  the  fore  period,  that 
they  apjx'arcd  with  increasing  intensity  as  the  amount  of  ))oricacid  was 
increased  <liiring  the  preservative  period,  and  gradually  disappeared 
diM-ing  th(!  after  period,  as  the  boric  acid  disappeared  fi'oni  the  urine, 
indicat(!s  with  a  mark(Kl  degree  of  conviction  that  the  disturbances 
corn|»liiined  of  wei-e  (;aus(!d,  in  part  at  l(?ast,  l)y  the  pI•(^servative 
administer(;d. 

Skkikh  IV. 

No.  7—E.  11.  M. 

The  fore  period  of  the  fourth  s(;ries  begins  on  March  20.  The 
record  for  No.  7  on  this  day  for  tfsmixu'ature  is  9S.<;  und  98. S^  F. 
'lid  pulsations  80  and  80,  rcsp(!ctivcly.     Apparently  all  the  body  func- 


70  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

tions  are  exercised  in  a  normal  way.  There  is  no  departure  from  the 
normal  state  during  the  whole  of  the  fore  period,  the  data  on  the  27th, 
the  last  da}^  of  the  fore  period,  being  98.2^  and  98.4"^  F.  and  76  and 
80  for  pulsations,  respectively. 

The  data  are  also  normal  for  the  first  day  of  the  preservative  period, 
March  28.  On  April  1,  the  first  day  of  the  second  subperiod,  No.  7 
withdrew  from  further  experimental  work  by  reason  of  removal  from 
the  city  of  Washington.  Up  to  this  point  there  had  been  no  appreci- 
able change  in  the  normal  functions  of  the  body. 

No.  8— J.  H.  E. 

The  recorded  data  for  March  20  show  a  normal  condition  of  temper- 
ature and  pulsation,  and  the  other  functions  of  the  body  are  also  in  a 
normal  state.  There  is  no  departure  from  the  normal  discharge  of 
the  functions  of  the  bod}^  during  the  whole  of  the  fore  period,  the 
data  for  the  27th  of  March  being  98°  and  98.1°  F.  for  temperature 
and  76  and  79  for  pulsations. 

The  first  preservative  subperiod  of  four  days,  including  March  31, 
passes  without  any  notable  variation  from  the  normal  state.  A  slight 
febrile  excitement  is  noticed  on  April  2,  the  temperature  rising  to 
nearly  half  a  degree  above  the  normal,  and  the  pulsations  increasing 
to  81  and  86  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  This 
febrile  excitement  passes  away  the  following  da^^  The  normal  condi- 
tions of  the  functions  of  the  bod}^  continue  also  during  the  third  sub- 
period — namely,  April  5-9,  inclusive.  There  is  no  notable  disturbance 
during  the  fourth  subperiod,  the  data  for  the  pulse  and  temperature 
remaining  noi'mal  for  April  11,  the  last  day  of  the  preservative  period. 

The  after  period  also  passes  without  any  variation  from  normal 
conditions,  although  the  recorded  temperature  on  April  22,  the  last 
day  of  the  after  period,  shows  an  increase — less,  however,  than  one- 
half  a  degree  and  not  sufiicieut  to  be  indicative  of  any  disturbance. 
The  observed  data  in  the  case  of  No.  8  throughout  the  whole  period  fail 
to  show  any  notable  effect  of  the  preservative  as  manifested  in  any  dis- 
turbance of  the  normal  functions.  There  is,  however,  a  slight  loss  of 
appetite,  the  rations  at  times  being  eaten  with  some  degree  of  effort. 
There  has  not  been  sufficient  disturbance  of  the  digestive  processes  to 
call  for  any  special  remark,  however. 

No.  9— A.  G.a 

The  recorded  data  on  March  20,  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period, 
are  98.5°  and  98.1°  F.  for  temperature,  and  81  and  81  for  pulsations, 
respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  The  normal  conditions  continue 
throughout  the  fore  period,  except  that  at  times  No.  9  appears  to 
register  a  slight  decrease  in  the  normal  temperature  amounting  to  as 

«  Takes  the  place  of  E.  B.  D.  (No.  9  of  Series  11). 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  71 

much  as  four-tenths  of  1  per  cent.  This  may  be  due,  however,  to 
imperfect  registration  or  observation  of  the  thermometer,  but  is  not 
suthcient  to  cause  any  comment. 

The  preservative  period  is  commenced  with  all  of  the  body  functions 
apparently  in  good  condition,  but  still  with  a  tendency  to  a  tempera- 
ture below  the  normal  although  this  is  not  of  a  marked  nature.  On 
March  31,  at  the  end  of  the  first  subperiod,  the  pulsations  drop  to  56 
and  60  per  minute  and  the  recorded  temperatures  are  slightly  below 
'JS-  F.  This  condition  passes  awa}^,  however,  on  April  3,  when  the 
temperature  and  pulsation  are  again  restored  to  the  normal.  There 
is  a  slight  tendenc}'  to  constipation,  which  is  particularly  marked  on 
April  3,  when  no  movement  of  the  bowels  occurred.  The  third  sub- 
period,  April  5-9,  passes  without  any  marked  variation,  except  that 
on  the  9th  there  are  two  movements  of  the  bowels,  instead  of  one  as  is 
usual.  This  second  movement,  however,  is  not  of  a  nature  to  indicate 
any  tendenc}'  to  diarrhea.  There  is  a  marked  tendenc\^  to  frequent 
urination  developed  during  the  latter  part  of  the  preservative  period, 
the  urine  on  the  12th  ])eing  voided  ten  times  and  the  total  volume 
secreted  being  unusually  large — 1,095  cc.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
fourth  subperiod  w^ell-defined  symptoms  of  continuing  headache  are 
developed,  whicli  are  very  marked  on  April  11,  the  last  day  of  the 
I'ouitli  subperiod.  The  temperature  and  pulse,  however,  remain  prac- 
tically normal,  the  recorded  observations  being  98.1-"  F.  on  both  tests 
for  temperature  and  60  on  both  tests  for  pulsations. 

The  after  period  passes  without  any  notable  variation  in  normal 
functions,  the  only  change  being  the  less  frequent  voiding  of  the  urine 
and  a  diminished  volume.  On  April  22  the  recorded  temperature  is 
just  under  98^  F.  and  the  pulsations  01  and  60,  respectively,  per 
minute.  The  functions  of  the  bowels  are  normal,  and  the  times  of 
voiding  the  urine  have  fallen  from  ten  per  da>'  during  the  preservative 
period  to  six  per  day,  and  the  volume  of  urine  has  diminished  until  it 
is  1,180  cc. 

A  study  of  the  above  data  reveals  a  very  slight  disturbing  effect  of 
the  preservative  upon  the  body  functions,  apparentl}'^  producing  fre- 
quent desire  to  urinate  and  causing  a  general  feeling  of  malaise  and 
headache  towaid  th(!  end  of  the  pc^riod.  Tlu^se  synq)toms  disappear 
when  the  lioric  acid  ceases  to  appear  in  the  urine  in  notal)le  amounts. 
These  symptoms,  however,  arc  not  of  themselves  entirely  conclusive, 
but  thei-e  i<  also  a  slight  loss  of  appetite  dui'ing  the  preservative  period, 
which  is  not  sufficiently  marked  to  be  recorded  among  the  data. 

Xo.  10—  If.  ./.  J. 

The  temperature  and  ])ulsations  on  March  20  arc  normal  and  all  the 
body  fniietions  are,  discharged  as  in  ordinaiy  good  health.  This  con- 
diticMi  (jf  affairs  contiiuies  without  any  notable  change  during  the  whole 


72  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

of  the  fore  period.  On  the  last  day  of  the  fore  period  a  sore  throat 
develops,  but  it  has  produced  at  this  time  no  febrile  excitement  nor 
interference  with  the  appetite  nor  with  the  functions  of  the  body. 

The  soreness  in  the  throat  and  the  cold  attending  it  still  persist  on 
March  29,  The  third  day  of  the  preservative  period,  March  30,  the 
cold  shows  a  very  decided  improvement,  and  disappears  entirely  with 
the  beginning  of  April.  At  the  commencement  of  the  second  sub- 
period,  April  1,  slight  pains  in  the  stomach  are  developed  in  this  case, 
which  last  about  thirty  minutes  after  meals.  These  pains,  however, 
are  not  repeated  to  any  extent  worthy  of  note  on  the  following  days. 
Headache  is  noted  on  April  7,  about  the  middle  of  the  third  subperiod, 
but  up  to  this  time  there  has  been  no  notable  change  in  either  tem- 
perature or  rate  of  pulsation.  The  functions  of  the  body  continue 
to  be  discharged  in  a  normal  way  during  the  fourth  subperiod,  though 
there  is  some  complaint  of  lack  of  appetite,  and,  occasionally,  of  heavy 
feeling  in  the  head,  though  not  developed  to  the  point  of  headache. 
The  appetite,  however,  entirely  fails  on  the  last  day  of  the  fourth  sub- 
period,  namely,  April  14,  although  there  is  no  febrile  excitement  or 
other  disturbance  of  the  functions.  This  loss  of  appetite  persists  dur- 
ing the  15th;  in  fact,  the  subject  is  so  ill  that  he  is  not  able  to  present 
himself  for  examination  and  for  the  usual  duties  of  the  day.  The  loss 
of  appetite  and  general  feeling  of  malaise  have  partiall}^  passed  awa}'- 
on  the  17th,  and  the  subject  is  able  to  appear  again  for  his  meals.  On 
this  date  the  boric  acid  has  almost  entirely  disappeared  from  the  urine. 
There  is  a  gradual  improvement  of  the  health  up  to  and  including  the 
last  da}^  of  the  after  period,  namel}^,  April  22,  when  the  recorded 
observations  are  98,6^  and  98,6^  F.  for  the  temperature  and  70  and  80 
for  the  pulsations. 

The  above  data  show  a  greater  susceptibilitj'^  of  No.  10  to  the  influ- 
ence of  the  preservative  than  has  been  exhibited  by  any  of  the  forego- 
ing members  during  this  series,  and  it  seems  reasonable  to  attribute 
the  headache  and  feeling  of  malaise  more  or  less  directly  to  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative.  The  evidence,  however,  is  not  wholly 
conclusive  in  this  respect,  though  it  is  rather  easy  to  exclude  all  othei' 
causes  which  may  have  produced  the  eflects  noted.  The  evidence, 
while  not  entirel}''  convincing,  is  corroborative  in  respect  to  the  harmful 
effect  produced  by  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 

No.  11— J.  S.  C. 

Normal  conditions  are  noted  at  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period, 
March  20,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  98.4'^  and  98.4^  F.  and  the 
pulsations  78  and  78,  respectivel}",  before  and  after  dinner.  There  is 
no  notable  departure  from  the  normal  state  during  the  entire  fore 
period,  the  recorded  data  for  March  27  being  98.6'-'  and  98.6°  F.  for 
temperature,  and  72  and  78  for  pulsations.     On  March  29  a  slight 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  73 

cold,  which  was  contracted  several  da^'s  previous,  is  of  sufficient 
importance  to  be  mentioned  by  No.  11.  It  is  not  very  marked  in 
character,  but  is  descri))od  as  an  extreraelv  light  attack.  Apparently 
it  has  produced  no  febrile  excitement  and  very  little  or  no  disturbance 
of  the  body  functions.  On  March  30  the  cold  is  worse  and  consider- 
able fever  has  developed,  the  temperature  risino-  to  101.2^  F.  Six 
ufrains  of  quinine  are  taken  and  the  subject  remains  in  bed  during  all 
of  the  afternoon  of  the  30th.  The  sjaiiptoms  are  very  much  better 
on  the  1st  of  April,  the  temperature  being  almost  normal;  but  a  slight 
diarrhea  has  set  in,  three  movements  of  the  bowels  being  recorded 
during  the  da}',  all  of  them  of  a  watery  nature.  During  the  day,  also, 
12  grains  of  quinine  are  taken — -t  grains  before  each  meal.  •B}?'  reason 
of  the  development  of  the  cold  no  borax  is  given  No.  11  after  the  29tli 
of  March  until  the  ith  of  April,  on  which  day  the  normal  functions  of 
the  bod}'  appear  to  have  been  restored,  the  temperatures  recorded 
being  98.8-^  and  98.8^  F.  and  the  pulsations  78  and  7s,  respectively. 
Borax  is  then  administered  regularly  from  dinner  on  the  -Ith  until  the 
close  of  the  preservative  period,  April  11,  with  gradually  increasing 
doses  from  one-half  gram  on  the  1th  to  3  grams  on  the  11th.  During 
this  period  there  are  no  variations  of  any  marked  nature,  either  in  the 
temperature  or  the  rate  of  pulsations,  nor  is  there  any  tendency  either 
to  diarrhea  or  to  constipation,  the  feces  having  been  voided  regularl}' 
once  a  day  during  the  whole  of  the  period.  There  is  developed  a 
marked  sense  of  fullness  in  the  head  and  heaviness  of  the  stomach, 
accompanied  with  an  impairment  of  appetite,  but  not  sufficient  to 
cause  the  subject  to  refuse  to  eat  any  of  his  regular  rations.  These 
symptoms  be(;ome  less  marked  and  tinall}'  pass  away  when  the  preser- 
vative ceases  to  appear  in  the  urine. 

The  data,  as  a  whole,  are  not  vevy  conclusive,  but  show  a  slight 
tendencv,  which  seems  to  ))e  due  to  the  added  preservative,  to  produce 
heaviness  and  dullness  in  the  head,  a  slight  loss  of  appetite,  and  a  gen- 
eral feeling  of  malaise.  The  data,  however,  are  not  entirely  delinite  in 
this  respect. 

No.  12— B.  J.  T. 

AH  the  data  observed  at  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period  on  March 
20  show  a  normal  state  with  the  possible  exception  of  a  very  slight 
f(tbrile  movement,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  about  four-tenths 
of  1 '  above  the  normal  and  the  pulsations  being  recorded  as  9()  and 
^S  per  minute  on  the  20th,  and  98  and  98  per  minute  on  the  21st,  the 
temperatuies  for  the  latter  date  l)eing  recorded  as  98.9*^  and  98.6 " 
F.  This  disturbance,  however,  is  not  marked  enough  to  be  called  any 
notable  (h^partun;  from  the  normal  state.  The  fun(;tions  of  the  body 
are  dis(harg(!d  in  a  thoroughly'  normal  way  during  all  of  the  fore 
period,  the  recorded  data  on  Maich  27,  the  last  day  of  the  fore  period. 


74  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

being  98.6°  and  98.7°  F.  and  the  pulsations  88  and  92  per  minute, 
respectively.  This  subject  apparently  1ms  a  rather  normal  rapid 
movement  of  the  heart,  as  the  pulsations  only  once  during  the  fore 
period  fall  below  80  and  average  usually  about  85. 

The  preservative  period  is  begun  with  apparently  a  normal  state  of 
the  functions  of  the  body  organs  throughout.  There  seems  to  be  a 
slight  increase  in  febrile  excitement  on  April  3,  during  the  second  sub- 
period,  the  recorded  temperatures  being  99. 1°  and  99°  F.  and  the  pulsa- 
tions 100  and  96,  respectively.  This  febrile  excitement  has  passed  away 
on  the  Irth,  the  normal  state  being  restored.  By  reason  of  disturbance 
of  health,  no  preservative  was  given  to  No.  12  from  April  1  to  April  6, 
inclusive.  On  the  7th,  during  the  third  subperiod,  when  1  gram  of 
borax  per  da}^  is  administered,  there  is  a  second  movement  of  the 
bowels,  but  no  tendency  to  diarrhea.  There  are  two  movements  also 
on  April  S,  but  without  any  diarrheal  tendency.  The  ordinar}^  normal 
condition  of  the  bod}^  apparently  remains  unchanged  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  preservative  period,  the  recorded  data  for  the  last  day, 
the  llrth,  being  99°  and  99°  F.  for  temperature,  and  88  and  92  for 
pulsations.  There  is  manifest  in  this  case  also  a  slight  loss  of  appe- 
tite, a  tendency  to  fullness  of  the  head,  and  a  general  feeling  of  malaise, 
not  sufficient,  however,  to  interfere  with  the  ordinar}^  daily  vocations 
nor  with  the  consumption  of  the  regular  rations. 

The  data  in  this  case  are  also  of  a  rather  doubtful  signification, 
because  of  the  conditions  of  ill  health  obtaining  during  a  part  of  the 
period,  j-et  they  exhibit  a  slight  tendency  toward  a  disturbance  of  the 
normal  conditions  of  appetite  and  circulation,  possibly  due  to  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative.  This  conclusion,  however,  like  the  one 
in  the  case  immediately  preceding,  ma}^  be  subject  to  modification, 
and  the  phenomena  observed  may  possibl}^  be  referred  to  other  causes. 

Series  V. 

The  method  of  experimental  work  is  changed  somewhat  in  this  series 
for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  observations  over  a  longer  period, 
and  at  the  same  time  studying,  so  far  as  possible,  the  effects  of  the 
exhibition  of  small  quantities  of  the  preservative  over  a  comparatively 
long  period  of  time.  There  is  no  change  in  the  character  of  the  experi- 
ment other  than  this. 

The  fore  period  begins  on  April  24  and  extends  until  May  1.     The 

preservative  period  begins  on  May  2  and  continues  until  June  20 — a 

period  of  fift}^  days.     The  after  period  begins  on  June  21  and  ends  June 

29.     The  individual  records  of  the  members  of  the  table  during  the 

period  follow. 

No.  1—J.  N. 

The  vital  functions  appear  to  be  in  a  perfectly  normal  condition  on 
the  24th  of  April.     The  recorded  temperatures  on  that  day  are  98.4° 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX,  75 

and  OS.O-^^  F.  and  the  pulsations  03  and  6U  per  minute,  respectivel3\ 
before  and  after  dinner.  During  the  morning-  of  this  day,  while  exer- 
cising. No.  1  dislocated  his  shoulder,  but  this  accident  seems  to  have 
had  no  effect  upon  the  vital  organs.  During  the  next  da}',  however, 
there  is  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  probably  due  to  this  accident,  the 
recorded  temperatures  l)eing  98. 8""  and  99'^  F,  and  the  pulsations  T2 
and  71.  This  slight  febrile  disturbance  has  passed  away  on  the  fol- 
lowing dav.  On  Mav  1  all  of  the  body  functions  are  performed  in  a 
normal  manner. 

During  the  preservative  period  there  are  no  disturbances  of  the 
normal  functions  noted.  No.  1  occasionally  indulges  in  light  outdoor 
sports,  as  playing  ball,  riding  on  the  wheel,  etc.  This  exercise  occa- 
sionally causes  a  quicker  pulse  than  otherwise,  but  no  other  disturbance. 
On  the  8th  there  are  two  movements  of  the  bowels  recorded,  but  no 
tendencv  to  diarrhea  is  noticed.  On  the  12th  No.  1  is  suffering  from 
a  slight  attack  of  nosebleeding,  but  it  is  not  of  sufficient  magnitude 
to  produce  an}'  marked  effect.  On  the  13th  symptoms  of  headache 
develop,  and  also  pains  in  the  back,  but  not  of  a  very  pronounced 
nature.  There  is  no  febrile  disturbance  and  no  other  indication  of  ill 
health.  On  the  following  da}^  the  headache  has  passed  away,  but 
recurs  again  on  the  21:th,  without,  however,  any  other  symptoms  of 
ill  health,  A  recurrence  of  the  nosebleeding  is  noted  on  the  20th, 
but  the  loss  of  blood  is  very  small.  There  is  a  return  of  the  nose- 
bleeding during  the  night  of  the  27th,  when  No.  1  is  asleep,  a  consid- 
erable (juantity  of  blood  being  collected  in  the  fauces  and  discharged 
in  clots  during  the  following  day.  There  is  a  slight  febrile  excite- 
ment noticed  on  this  da}',  the  recorded  temperatures  being  98.8°  and 
98.8 '  F.  The  headache  again  returns  on  June  2,  with  a  general  feel- 
ing of  discomfort  in  the  head.  This  feeling  of  discomfort  has  been 
experienced  for  three  or  four  days,  l)ut  has  not  been  of  sufficient 
intensity  to  warrant  an  entry  until  June  2.  No.  1  describes  the  symp- 
toms as  a  kind  of  pressure  in  the  head  during  this  period,  and  a  slight 
impairment  of  tin;  hearing.  This  feeling  in  the  head  is  also  noticed 
in  a  very  marked  degree  on  June  5  and  continues  on  the  6th  and 
7th.  During  this  period  No.  1  also  suffers  from  a  slight  attack  of 
tonsilitis,  which  seems,  however,  to  have  no  connection  with  the  bad 
feeling  in  the  head,  which  persists  and  even  grows  worse.  The  feel- 
ing is  staffed  I)}'  No.  1  to  Ix;  ind(?scribable,  but  something  like  a  differ- 
ence of  ])ressure  between  the  internal  and  external  portions  of  the  head. 
On  th(^  29th  the  f<;eling  is  described  as  that  of  the  head  seeming  to  be 
\(*r}-  laige,  which  feeling  contiruies,  being  less  pronounced,  however, 
on  some  days.  It  secjins  to  culminate  on  June  15,  on  whi(th  date  No.  1 
suffers  very  intens(!ly  from  this  continued  })ressui-e  in  the  head.  Inas- 
much as  then;  wei(!  only  li\'e  (la\'s  left  of  this  period,  however,  it  was 
d<-enie(|  ;i(l\'isahle  to  (continue  until  the  end.     There  is  some  improve- 


76  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

ment,  though  not  a  complete  cessation  of  the  headache,  up  to  the  '20th, 
when  the  preservative  period  ends.  There  has  been  during  all  this 
time  no  other  disturbance  of  any  nature  in  any  of  the  body  functions, 
the  temperature  remaining  quite  constant,  with  only  such  variations 
in  the  pulsations  as  can  be  easily  attributed  to  the  character  of  the 
exercise  taken. 

With  the  cessation  of  the  administration  of  the  preservative  the 
pains  in  the  head  rapidly  disappear  and  no  complaint  is  made  concern- 
ing them  during  the  after  period.  On  the  29th  of  June,  at  the  close 
of  the  observation,  the  normal  conditions,  even  in  respect  to  the  head- 
ache, are  apparentlv  entirely  restored.  No  appreciable  quantities  of 
boric  acid  are  found  in  the  urine  after  June  21. 

A  review  of  the  above  data  seems  to  indicate  a  rather  close  connec- 
tion between  the  continued  administration  of  the  preservative,  even 
in  small  quantities,  and  the  occurrence,  recrudescence,  and  persistence 
of  the  headache,  perhaps  more  properly  described  as  an  uncomfortable 
feeling  in  the  head.  During  all  this  time  there  is  no  disturbance  of  the 
bod}^  functions  save  as  indicated  in  the  analytical  data  and  record  of 
bod}"  weights,  the  temperature  remaining  practically  normal  and  the 
other  functions  of  the  bod}"  being  conducted  in  the  ordinary  manner. 
There  seems  to  be  no  connection  traceable  between  the  occasional  nose- 
bleeding  noted  and  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  unless  it  may 
be  associated  with  the  apparent  increased  blood  pressure  in  the  head. 

No.  2—F.   a    W. 

The  vital  functions  are  normal  on  April  24,  the  recorded  tempera- 
tures being  98. -1:°  and  98.4°  F.  and  the  pulsations  77  and  75  per 
minute,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  Somewhat  vigorous 
exercise  and  ball  playing  on  the  28th  of  April  cause  an  increase  in  the 
pulsations,  which  reach  the  number  of  100.  There  is  no  febrile  dis- 
turbance connected  therewith.  On  May  1,  the  last  da}"  of  the  fore 
period,  all  the  vital  functions  are  normal. 

During  the  preservative  period  there  are  no  disturbances  of  the 
vital  functions  until  the  6th  of  May,  Avhen  a  slight  headache  is  reported. 
This  headache  did  not  recur  for  some  time  and  can  not  be  justly 
attributed  to  the  administered  preservative.  The  next  date  on  which 
headache  is  noted  is  May  18.  It  still  persists  on  the  19th,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  a  dull,  heavy  feeling,  as  described  by  No.  2,  There  is  no 
diarrhea  or  tendency  thereto  and  no  increase  in  temperature,  while 
the  other  vital  functions  are  normal.  The  headache  recurs  on  May 
22,  followed  by  a  few  days  of  intermission;  then  another  recurrence 
on  the  27th,  persisting  with  increased  intensity  on  the  28th  and  a  gen- 
eral feeling  of  malaise.  On  the  29th  the  headache  increases,  the 
appetite  fails  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  a  general  ill  feeling  pre- 
vails.    After  a  dav  or  two  of  intermission  there  is  a  recurrence  of  the 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  77 

headache  on  the  31st,  the  appetite  l)eing  poor,  the  subject  complaining 
of  a  general  miserable  feeling,  with  a  peculiar  burning,  heav}'  sensa- 
tion in  the  stomach.  This  feeling  has  existed  for  several  days  before 
the  31st,  but  has  not  been  deemed  worthy  of  note  until  that  day,  it 
having  increased  greath'  for  a  week  or  ten  days,  according  to  the 
statement  made  by  No.  2.  June  1  brought  no  relief  from  these  ill 
feelings,  the  headache  persisting,  appetite  poor,  and  the  general  feel- 
ing of  discomfort  continuing.  No  improvement  is  noted  on  June  2, 
The  discomfort  complained  of  is  not  sufficient!}'  pronounced  to  prevent 
the  subject  from  attending  to  his  ordinary  duties.  The  appetite,  how- 
ever, has  so  diminished  that  No.  2  is  not  able  to  eat  the  whole  of  liis 
rations  on  June  3,  the  headache  and  the  heavy,  burning  sensation  in 
the  stomach  being  ver}'  pronounced.  These  symptoms  continue  with- 
out intermission  and  are  somewhat  accentuated  on  June  6.  On  the 
following  day  there  is  an  improvement  in  the  symptoms  and  the  appe- 
tite is  also  better,  but  this  gain  vanishes  on  the  Sth.  The  severe 
headache  continues  all  day  on  the  9th,  but  is  not  so  pronounced  on  the 
loth,  though  the  improvement  in  the  appetite  is  not  noticeable.  On 
the  11th  and  12th  the  headache  is  not  so  severe  and  the  appetite  is  a 
little  better.  The  administration  of  the  preservative  was  discontinued 
after  the  11th.  By  the  11th  the  appetite  seems  to  be  quite  restored, 
though  the  headache  and  other  ill  feelings  are  not  entirely  gone. 
On  the  15th  of  June  there  is  quite  an  improvement,  but  this  is  onl}' 
ttnnporary,  and  all  the  troublesome  symptoms  of  the  bad  headache 
return  on  the  16tli.  During  the  remainder  of  the  period  there  is  some 
slight  improvement  and  the  discomfort  is  not  so  well  marked.  The 
temperature  and  pulsation  remain  normal  during  the  whole  time. 
There  is  no  tendency  nor  indication  of  diarrhea  nor  of  any  other  dis- 
turbance of  an}'  consequence  save  those  noted. 

The  after  period  sees  a  general  improvement  and  disappearance  of 
the  headache  and  burning  sensations  in  the  stomach  and  the  general 
feeling  of  malaise.  On  the  29th  of  June,  when  the  observations 
cease,  No.  2  is  apparently  restored  to  a  perfectly  normal  condition. 

The  data  in  the  above  case  are  even  more  pronounced  than  in  the 
case  of  No.  1  in  showing  a  direct  connection  between  the  headache, 
iH.'aviness  and  burning  sensations  in  the  stomach,  and  general  discom- 
fort, on  one  side,  and  the  preservative  which  has  been  administerv d 
'luring  this  period  of  fifty  days,  on  the  other. 

No.  3—W.  S.  O. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  fore  ])eriod  there  appears  to  be  a  slight 
febrile  excitement,  the  temperatures  recorded  lieing  99  and  9!)  F. 
and  the  pulsations  84  and  94,  respectively,  before  and  after  d inner. 

This  condition  pei-sists  for  two  or  three  days.  By  the  2T(h,  how- 
evci'.  the  temperature  has   fallen   almost  to  the  normal,  although  the 


78  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

pulsations  continue  quite  rapid.  On  May  1  the  temperature  and 
pulsations  are  normal. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  -preservative  period  there  is  a  tendencj^ 
manifested,  as  in  the  fore  period,  to  a  temperature  slig-htly  above  the 
normal,  though  not  sufficient!}"  so  to  indicate  any  ^-er}"  marked  febrile 
disturbance.  On  Ma}^  6  there  is  a  marked  increase  in  the  frequency  of 
the  pulsation,  which  is  ascribed  to  the  fact  that,  being  a  member  of  the 
District  Militia,  No.  8  was  engaged  in  drilling  for  an  hour  and  a  half 
previous  to  coming  to  dinner.  This  raised  the  pulsation  to  above  100, 
the  recorded  observations  being  136  and  106,  respective! 3%  before  and 
after  dinner.  There  is  also  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  but  nothing 
of  a  marked  character.  No  further  departures  from  normal  conditions 
are  noted  until  the  18th  of  May,  when  a  slight  headache  develops, 
which  persists  during  all  of  the  afternoon.  This  symptom  disappears 
on  the  following  day,  and  all  conditions  then  remain  normal  until  the 
29th,  Avhen  there  is  a  recurrence  of  the  headache,  which  is  especially 
severe  during  the  evening.  This  continues  on  Maj^  30,  the  headache 
persisting  during  the  whole  day,  but  has  passed  away  on  the  follow- 
ing da}",  and  there  is  no  recurrence  of  it  during  the  remainder  of  the 
preservative  period.  On  the  20th  of  June,  the  end  of  the  period,  the 
recorded  temperatures  are  98.1:°  and  98.8°  F.  and  the  pulsations  90 
and  80,  respectively. 

Normal  conditions  continue  throughout  the  aftei*  period.  At  no 
time  during  the  whole  series  is  there  any  tendency  to  diarrhea  or  any 
disturbance  of  the  functions  of  the  body  which  calls  for  any  special 
comment. 

The  data  in  this  case  seem  to  indicate  that  the  administration  of  the 
boric  acid  during  the  period  of  fifty  da^-s  has  not  produced  an}^  bod}^ 
changes  of  a  character  sufficient  to  indicate  any  definite  connection 
between  them  and  the  preservative  administered. 

No.  4—E.  a  S. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period,  on  the  21th  of  April,  the 
recorded  data  in  the  case  of  No.  4:  are  98.7°  and  98.5°  F.,  for  tempera- 
ture, and  84  and  88  pulsations  per  minute,  respectively,  before  and 
after  dinner.  At  the  end  of  the  fore  period  all  the  vital  functions  are 
normal,  and  no  departure  therefrom  of  an}"  significance  has  been  noted. 
It  is  observed,  however,  that  on  the  last  day  of  the  fore  period  and 
during  the  first  few  days  of  the  preservative  period  there  is  an  unusu- 
ally large  volume  of  urine  voided.  On  May  5,  the  fourth  day  of  the 
preservative  period,  there  is  developed  after  breakfast  a  decided  nausea, 
followed  by  emesis,  by  which  a  large  portion  of  the  meal  is  lost. 
Although  the  administration  of  the  borax  is  continued,  there  is  no 
recurrence  of  the  nausea  and  vomiting  noted  up  to  the  25th  of  May, 
when  the  administration  of  the  borax  in  this  case  is  omitted,  and  on 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  79 

the  '2Di\i  of  May  No.  4  withdrew  from  the  table  by  reason  of  removing 
from  the  city. 

The  data  in  this  case  arc  not  of  a  decisive  nature,  though,  so  far  as 
can  be  ascertained,  the  nausea  and  vomiting  mentioned  arc  not  due  to 
any  other  cause  than  the  preservative  employed.  If,  however,  this  ill 
feeling  has  been  produced  l)y  the  preservative  administered,  a  recur- 
rence of  it  might  have  been  expected  during  the  next  period.  It  does 
not  seem,  therefore,  quite  possible  to  ascribe  this  incidental  nausea  and 
vomiting  to  the  administered  preservative,  though  it  ma}^  have  been 

due  thereto. 

No.  5~H.  c.  a. 

The  body  functions  appear  to  be  normal  at  the  beginning  of  the  fore 
period,  on  April  24,  the  data  recorded  lieing  for  temperature  98.4° 
and  i>8.2-  F.  and  pulsations  80  and  84.  On  April  28  there  is  a  slight 
increase  in  the  number  of  pulsations  per  miiuite,  which  are  registered 
as  108  and  lOo,  respectively,  before  and  after  dinner,  but  this  is  due, 
as  indicated  by  No.  5,  to  the  fact  that  he  has  just  come  in  from  a  long 
ride  on  a  bicycle.  There  is  a  slight  tendency  to  constipation  developed 
on  the  20th,  when  no  movement  of  the  bowels  is  o))served.  The  rest 
of  the  fore  pcu-iod  passes  without  any  other  notable  variation  from 
normal  conditions. 

During  the  administration  of  the  preservative  the  first  symptom 
recorded  of  a  disturbing  nature  is  on  May  .5.  wdien  No.  5  suffers  from 
a  slight  headache  during  the  whole  day.  This  continues  on  the  6th, 
but  is  not  pi^rsistciit,  passing  away  during  the  evening.  It  does  not 
recur  on  the  7th  nor  on  the  following  days.  On  May  18  there  is  a 
feeling  of  distress  in  the  stomach,  described  as  indigestion,  occurring 
nnmediateh'  after  dinner.  There  is  also  described  by  No.  5  a  clouded 
feeling  in  the  head.  On  the  l!»th  No.  5  suffers  from  headache  all  day, 
increasing  toward  evening.  There  is  also  a  marked  tendency  to  con- 
stipaticjii.  The  headache  passes  away  during  the  night.  On  tlu^  20th 
there  are  symptoms  of  a  cold  and  slight  headache,  continuing  all  night, 
and  the  constipation  is  more  pronounced.  The  headache  continues  on 
the  2lst,  as  also  does  tlie  constipation.  On  the  22d  the  symptoms  of 
cold  have  pass(;d  away,  and  No.  5  is  feeling  well,  but  the  constipation 
continues.  There  is  a  recurrence  of  the  headache  on  the  25th,  and  the 
symptoms  of  cold  have  also  i(;turned.  There  is  no  notal)le  increase  in 
temperatuie.  (.'old  and  a  slight  headache  continue  on  the  2()th,  a 
general  f<!eling  of  uneasiru^ss  j)revails,  and  there  is  an  acute  attack  of 
indigestion  after  dinnei".  The  constipation  has  given  way  to  looseness 
of  the  bowels,  which  is  almost  a  diarrhea,  four  evacuations  taking 
place  during  the  day.  C)n  the  27th  No.  5  is  quite  ill  with  a  sick  head- 
ache and  diari-hea.  No  boi-ax  is  administered  on  the  27th.  'i'he 
symptoms  are  Ix-ttcr  on  the  following  days,  and  there  is  a  gradual 
improvement.     There  are  no  full  her  marked  disturbances  in  the  body 


80  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

functions  during  the  remainder  of  the  administration  of  the  borax, 
and  No.  5  is  in  fairly  good  physical  condition  at  the  end  of  the  period 
on  June  20. 

The  after  period  passes  without  any  variation  from  normal  condi- 
tions, but  with  a  somewhat  gradual  improvement  in  the  general  state 
of  the  body. 

The  data  in  the  above  case  are  not  decisive.  The  occurrence  of 
the  headache,  feeling  of  fullness  in  the  head,  etc.,  may  be  due  to  the 
slight  cold  which  exists  and  the  persistent  constipation.  The  feeling 
of  uneasiness  and  symptoms  of  acute  indigestion  may  be  justly  attrib- 
utable to  the  administered  borax,  it  is  only  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  effect  produced  in  this  direction,  if  any,  should  be  more  pro- 
nounced during  a  period  when  the  organs  were  more  susceptible,  by 
reason  of  the  slight  cold  and  constipation,  to  the  influences  of  the 
administered  preservative.  Taking  the  data  as  a  whole,  it  may  be 
inferred  that  some  slight  disturbance  is  caused  by  the  preservative  used. 

No.  6—L.  M.  S. 

All  the  functions  of  the  body  appear  to  be  in  normal  condition  at 
the  beginning  of  the  fore  period  on  April  24,  the  registered  tempera- 
tures being  98°  and  98°  F.  and  pulsations  76  and  81.  During  the 
continuance  of  the  fore  period  the  normal  conditions  continue  without 
any  notable  variations.  There  is  a  slight  febrile  excitement  on  the 
30th,  the  registered  temperatures  being  99.1°  and  99.2°  F.  and  the 
pulsations  80  and  82,  respectively.  On  the  last  day  of  the  fore  period 
there  are  still  indications  of  febrile  excitement,  the  registered  tem- 
peratures being  98.4°  and  99°  F.  and  the  pulsations  94  and  95.  Two 
movements  of  the  bowels  are  also  noted  on  this  da}^,  but  without  any 
tendency  to  diarrhea. 

The  conditions  remain  normal  after  the  beginning  of  the  preserva- 
tive period  until  Ma}^  7,  when  a  headache  develops  which  persists  all 
the  night,  with  a  feeling  of  gas  on  the  stomach  and  nausea.  By  reason 
of  these  pronounced  symptoms  the  administration  o:^  the  borax  is 
omitted  on  the  8th  and  9th.  No.  6  reports  on  the  9th  that  the  headache 
is  gradually  leaving,  and  on  the  10th  the  administration  of  the  borax  is 
again  commenced.  On  May  19  a  slight  cold  develops,  and  9  grains  of 
quinine  are  taken;  3  grains  are  given  on  the  following  day,  when 
there  is  a  marked  febrile  disturbance,  the  recorded  temperatures 
being  99.2°  and  99.8°  F.  The  cold  rapidly  passes  away  on  the  follow- 
ing days.  On  the  24th  there  is  a  recurrence  of  the  headache,  which 
is  not  acute  but  persistent,  continuing  all  the  night.  There  is  a  dull 
feeling  experienced,  and  the  appetite  fails.  There  is,  however,  no 
fever  and  no  tendency  to  diarrhea.  On  the  25th  the  head  is  described 
as  beginning  to  feel  better,  and  on  the  following  day  the  symptoms 
cease.     There  is  no  further  recurrence  of  the  headache  until  June  6. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  81 

There  is  no  cold  at  this  time  and  no  febrile  excitement,  but  a  dull, 
heavy  feeling  in  the  head.  On  the  8th  there  has  been  a  considerable 
diminution  in  the  weight  of  the  body,  which  is  accredited  to  an  excess 
of  exercise.  On  the  18th  of  June  there  is  a  decided  recurrence  of  the 
headache,  attended  with  a  feeling-  of  weakness  and  nervousness,  and 
there  are  also  pains  in  the  stomach  at  times  and  some  nausea;  2  grains 
of  ([uinine  are  administered.  There  is  no  fe])rile  excitement.  On  the 
following  days  the  headache  disappears,  ])ut  recurs  again  on  the  lOth 
of  June.  There  are  no  decided  s^^nptoms  of  headache  on  the  following 
da3's,  but  at  the  end  of  the  period,  on  June  21,  there  is  a  general  feel- 
ing of  depression,  though  no  particular  variation  from  the  normal  can 
be  observed. 

During  the  after  period  there  is  a  gradual  improvement  in  feeling 
and  appetite,  but  nothing  of  a  marked  nature.  On  the  last  da}'  of  the 
after  period  there  is,  however,  a  recurrence  of  the  fe])rile  excitement, 
the  temperature  being  99.2°  F.  and  the  pulsations  78  and  100. 

The  above  data  are  not  entirely  convincing,  but  are  of  a  nature  to 
show  a  certain  tendenc}'  during  the  administration  of  the  borax  toward 
a  general  feeling  of  unrest  and  discomfort.  The  frec^uent  recurrence 
of  headache  ma}'  not  be  clearly  traced  in  every  case  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  borax,  as  in  one  instance  at  least  it  was  attended  with  feb- 
rile symptoms,  doubtless  due  to  an  incipient  cold.  The  nausea  and 
pains  in  the  stomach,  however,  may  be  justly  attributed  to  the  admin- 
istered preservative.  Taken  as  a  whole,  therefore,  the  data  seem  to 
indicate  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  administered  preserva- 
tive to  produce  a  depressed  and  unfavorable  condition  of  the  body. 

Special  Series. 

In  two  cases,  namely,  R.  V.  F."  and  E.  B.  D.,*  a  special  series  of 
o}>servations  was  made  by  reason  of  the  poor  health  and  general  phys- 
ical unfitness  of  the  subjects  for  the  regular  conduct  of  the  experi- 
mental work.  This  was  especially  true  of  No.  13,  who  had  pro- 
nounced symptoms  of  pulmonary  disturbance.  In  these  cases  the 
analytical  control  of  the  metabolism  was  omitted  for  the  most  part 
and  attention  directed  rather  to  the  general  effect  produced  by  the 
exhibition  of  the  preservative.  Owing  to  the  ill  health  of  the  subjects 
it  was  impractical)le  to  determine  to  just  what  degree  the  symptoms 
observed  were  to  be  ascribed  to  the  preserv^ative  administered.  Th(^ 
quantity  of  boric  acid  exhibited  in  these  two  cases  did  not  exceed  one- 
half  gram  per  day,  and  in  many  cases,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to 
the  schedule  of  administration  of  the  special  series,  it  was  less.     The 

"  Known  an  No.  5  in  Series  I;  later,  wlu-n  made  a  Huhjeft  of  npecial  o))Hervations, 
known  aH  No.  1.3. 

''  Known  an  No.  9  in  Series  II  and  a«  No.  14  in  Hpetrial  Heries. 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 6 


82  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

special  period  extended  from  March  9  to  May  1,  inclusive,  though  No. 
14  continued  the  experiment  with  the  fifth  series,  taking  the  preserva- 
tive until  June  20,  inclusive. 

No.  5,  later  No.  13. 

The  observations  on  No.  5  (Series  I)  are  of  a  fragmentary  character, 
due  to  the  interruption  of  the  observations  at  various  periods  by  illness 
brought  on  by  causes  entirely  apart  from  the  administration  of  the 
preservative.  These  observations  are  of  little  value  for  comparative 
purposes,  but  may  prove  of  some  value  in  tracing  the  effect  of  the 
preservative  upon  digestion  and  health  over  a  considerable  period  of 
time.  Observations  on  No.  5  were  commenced  on  December  9.  On 
this  date  the  temperature  of  the  body  is  normal,  the  pulsations  86  per 
minute  at  6.30  p.  m.,  before  dinner,  and  the  body  weight  52.72  kilo- 
grams. There  is  a  slight  febrile  disturbance  on  the  16th  of  December, 
which  continues  on  the  17th  and  to  a  less  extent  on  the  18th.  On  the 
20th,  however,  the  temperature  is  again  normal,  but  the  pulsations 
somewhat  above  the  normal — namely,  90  and  94  per  minute.  On 
December  22,  on  entering  upon  the  preservative  period,  the  conditions 
are  not  very  favorable,  there  being  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  the  tem- 
perature rising  to  99°  and  98.6°  F.  and  the  pulsations  to  101  and  103, 
respectively,  before  and  after  dinner.  The  weight  of  the  body  on  this 
date  is  52.42  kilograms. 

The  data  relating  to  No.  5  for  this  first  series  are  included  with  the 
general  discussion  of  that  series,  and  so  need  not  be  repeated  in  greater 
detail  here.  The  quantity  of  preservative  given  per  day  to  No.  5  at 
this  period  is  1  gram  from  December  22  to  26,  inclusive,  2  grams  from 
December  27  to  30,  inclusive,  and  3  grams  from  December  31  to  Jan- 
uary 3,  inclusive. 

From  January  4  until  the  beginning  of  the  next  series,  No.  5 
receives  no  preservative.  Shortly  after  the  end  of  the  first  series 
No.  5  is  attacked  with  a  severe  fever  and  grippe,  with  which  he  is 
quite  ill  for  a  long  time,  at  times  being  confined  to  his  bed  for  several 
days  in  succession.  It  does  not  appear  that  this  attack  is  due  in  any 
way  to  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  It  seems  to  be  an 
ordinary  attack,  but  of  a  very  persistent  nature,  attended  with  loss  of 
appetite  and  a  low  form  of  fever,  but  without  any  other  typhoid 
symptoms.  For  this  reason,  at  the  beginning  of  the  third  series, 
when  No.  5  would  naturally  have  come  again  under  observation,  he 
was  not  in  a  condition  for  further  experimental  study  and  his  place 
was  taken  by  another.  On  February  24  No.  5,  R.  V.  F.  (now  having 
assumed  the  number  13),  is  again  able  to  appear  and  resume  his  place 
at  the  table.  His  weight  has  fallen  from  over  54  kilograms,  before 
his  illness,  to  the  minimum,  49.5  kilograms  on  his  return.  There  is 
still  at  this  time  some  little  febrile  excitement,  the  temperature  being 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  83 

fully  99-  F.,  and  the  pulsations  102  and  105.  No.  13  (old  No.  5),  also 
complains  of  headache  on  this  occasion.  This  and  the  febrile  excite- 
ment are  continued  for  several  da^'s.  By  March  2  normal  conditions 
seem  to  be  restored,  but  there  is  no  notable  increase  in  weight,  which 
on  this  date  is  ."iO  kilograms  even.  The  improvement  continues  for 
several  days,  with  occasional  relapses  into  ill  feeling  and  frequent 
headaches.  On  ]\Iarch  5  there  is  again  a  slight  febrile  excitement,  the 
temperature  rising  to  99"^  F.  This  condition  passes  away,  however, 
the  following  day,  but  recurs  on  the  7th,  thus  indicating  malarial  con- 
ditions. On  March  9  the  improvement  in  the  condition  of  No.  13 
seems  to  have  become  permanent,  and  the  administration  of  the  pre- 
servative is  again  commenced  in  a  quantity  of  one-half  gram,  which  is 
again  given  in  the  same  quantit}'^  on  the  following  day.  On  this  day 
there  is  a  considerable  fel)rile  excitement  and  headache,  evidently  not 
due.  however,  to  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  as  it  is  exactly 
-iniilar  to  that  which  has  taken  place  at  somewhat  regular  intervals 
during  the  fore  period.  The  febrile  excitement  continues  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  and  normal  conditions  are  restored  on  the  12th,  when  one- 
half  gram  of  the  preservative  is  administered,  but  on  the  next  day 
this  is  diminislied  to  one-fourth  gram.  One-half  gram  per  day  is 
given  from  the  l-tth  to  the  19th,  inclusive,  during  which  time  there 
is  an  apparent  improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  patient,  the 
weight  having  increased  on  March  19  to  51. -4  kilograms.  On  March 
20  there  is  a  sharp  recurrence  of  the  symptoms  of  grippe,  and  the 
administration  of  the  boric  acid  is  suspended;  the  temperature  runs  as 
high  as  101,8-^  F.  and  the  pulsations  as  high  as  120  per  minute.  This 
accession  of  fevei-  does  not  seem  to  ))e  connected  in  any  way  with  the 
-mall  <|uantity  of  the  preservative  taken  before  the  attack.  This 
illness  of  No.  13  contiinies  throughout  the  21st  with  an  intensity  which 
causes  him  to  be  al)sent  on  this  day.  On  the  22d  he  returns,  l)ut  still 
shows  a  slight  t'cbiile  excitement,  the  temperature  being  99"  F., 
although  it  falls  duiing  the  day  at  one  time  to  98.6.  On  the  following 
day  the  chart  shows  that  he  is  not  well,  but  improving,  and  on  the 
24th,  while  still  inipiov  ing,  the  administration  of  tlu^  preservatives  is 
r<;conmicncc(|  in  <ni;uitities  of  one-half  grau)  \)ov  da}',  which  are 
<<jntimi('d  through  the  2()th.  On  March  27  and  28  the  (luantity  is 
reduced  to  one-fourth  gram.  From  March  29  to  April  8,  inclusive, 
one-half  gram  is  given.  A  gen(U'al  impi-ovement  in  the  condition  of 
.No.  13  continues  until  March  31,  when  he  suffers  fiom  a  slight  head- 
ache, which  leaves  him,  however,  on  the  following  day.  The  headache 
recurs  on  April  3  and  continues  on  the  4th.  The  temp(>ratiire  is 
normal  on  the  morning  of  the  4th,  but  a  slight  febrile  excitement  is 
manifest  in  the  afterrnjon,  the  teinp(;rature  rising  to  99.().  Tins 
headache  and  febrile  excitement  continues  without  intermission  and 
with  accentuation  during  the  51  h  and  Gth  of  April,  though  the  febrile 


84  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

excitement  is  not  very  pronounced.  On  the  9th  only  a  fourth  of  a  gram 
of  boric  acid  is  given,  as  it  seems  probable  from  the  symptoms  that 
the  headaches  are  due,  to  some  extent  at  least,  to  the  administration 
of  the  preservative,  though  the  fever  does  not  seem  to  depend  upon 
that  agent.  From  April  10  on  the  condition  of  No.  13  is  such  as  to 
render  advisable  the  discontinuance  of  the  giving  of  the  preservative. 
By  April  14  the  body  weight  has  fallen  to  49.8  kilograms,  and  on  the 
17th  the  subject  is  withdrawn  from  any  further  observation. 

Perhaps  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  set  of  data  more  unsatisfac- 
tory than  those  obtained  with  this  man.  The  threatening  condition  of 
his  lungs,  the  low  vitality  of  his  system,  and  the  frequent  recurrence 
of  the  attacks  of  the  grippe,  #ommingled  with  symptoms  of  malaria, 
make  it  extremely  difficult  to  trace  definitely  an 3^  disturbing  effect  upon 
the  system  which  the  preservative  may  have  produced.  It  is  only 
during  the  period  in  April  above  referred  to,  when  for  several  days 
there  were  persistent  conditions  of  headache,  that  the  effect  of  the 
preservative  is  at  all  discrete.  In  this  case  it  is  justifiable  to  assume 
from  the  conditions  existing  that  some  slight  influence  may  have  been 
produced  by  the  preservative  in  establishing  the  condition  of  cephal- 
algia noticed.  There  are  no  evidences,  however,  that  these  small 
quantities  of  the  preservative,  given  in  this  interrupted  manner,  had 
any  tendency  to  produce  nausea  or  other  marked  symptoms  which  are 
manifest  in  the  cases  of  other  subjects  when  large  quantities  of  the 
preservative  agent  are  employed.  In  other  words,  it  is  evident  in  this 
case,  even  from  the  fragmentary  and  unsatisfactory  evidence  at  hand, 
that  no  absolutely  certain  prejudicial  effect  is  produced  by  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative.  It  is  also  equally  evident  that  in  a  system 
so  disturbed  and  so  prone  to  other  influences  as  that  of  No.  13  experi- 
mental evidences  of  a  satisfactory  nature  or  leading  to  definite  con- 
clusions can  not  be  obtained. 

No.  9,  later  No.  U- 

The  data  in  this  case  are  ver}^  similar  in  character  to  those  obtained 
in  the  case  of  No.  5  (No.  13,  R.  V.  F.). 

No.  9  (E.  B.  D.)  began  as  a  regular  member  of  the  class  of  the  second 
series,  and  the  data  relating  to  this  subject  during  this  period  are  suf- 
ficiently described  in  the  section  relating  to  that  series.  The  febrile 
excitement  in  the  case  of  No.  9  developed  first  on  January  25,  with  a 
slight  increase  in  temperature  and  in  the  rate  of  pulsations.  The  body 
weight  on  this  date  is  51.49  kilograms.  A  very  bad  cold  is  developed 
on  the  26th  of  January,  with  the  temperature  rising  to  100"  F.,  and 
preceded  during  the  night  with  a  severe  headache  and  neuralgia,  the 
headache  continuing  at  intervals  during  the  day.  These  unfavorable 
conditions  continue  during  the  27th  in  a  very  marked  degree,  and  this 
condition,  which  seems  to  be  the  beginning  of  a  serious  attack  of 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  85 

cjrippe,  is  the  reason  for  separating  No.  1)  from  the  regular  table  of 
observation  and  making  him  special.  On  the  29th  the  cold  is  reported 
better,  but  the  temperature  is  still  about  1  degree  above  the  normal. 
Conditions  are  worse  on  January  30,  and  still  worse  on  the  31st.  No 
preservatives  are  administered  to  No.  9  and  he  is  practically  with- 
drawn from  the  table  during  the  remainder  of  this  period,  namel}^  to 
the  loth  of  February-,  inclusive.  At  this  time  No.  9  has  almost 
returned  to  a  normal  state,  his  weight  on  February  11  being  50.25 
kilograms  and  his  temperature  only  a  little  above  the  normal.  On 
the  lt>th  a  progressive  administration  of  the  preservative  is  commenced, 
beginning  with  1  gram  and  increasing  1  gram  per  day  for  four  days, 
the  quantit}'  given  on  the  19th  being  4  grams.  Quite  a  serious  illness 
develops  on  the  administration  of  this  increasing  quantity  of  preserva- 
tive, and  the  amount  given  on  the  20th  is  diminished  to  3^  grams. 
The  body  disturbance  is  so  great  at  this  point  that  no  preservative  is 
given  on  the  21st.  After  the  cessation  of  the  administration  of  the 
preservative  there  is  a  gradual  improvement  in  the  bod}'^  conditions, 
and  on  the  21:th  of  February  the  temperature  and  pulsations  are  normal, 
but  the  weight  of  the  body  has  been  reduced  to  49.6  kilograms. 

No.  9  is  now  changed  to  No.  14  and  placed  upon  a  special  table,  and 
no  further  preservative  is  administered  until  March  9,  when  one-sixth 
of  a  gram  of  boric  acid  is  given.  On  this  date  the  temperature  and 
pulsations  are  but  little  above  the  normal.  On  the  10th  the  amount 
of  preservative  administered  is  increased  to  one-fourth  of  a  gram, 
and  on  the  11th  and  12th  one-half  gram  of  boric  acid  is  given  each 
day.  On  March  13  no  preservative  is  given  on  account  of  the  decided 
disturl)ance  produced  b}'  the  administration  of  the  small  quantities 
during  the  previous  days.  On  the  14th  No.  14  is  feeling  much  better, 
and  the  administration  of  the  preservative  is  recommenced  in  quanti- 
ties of  one-half  gram  per  day,  which  is  continued  uninterruptedly  until 
the  21st  of  March,  inclusive.  On  the  22d  and  the  23d  the  disturbed 
conditions,  similar  to  those  due  to  the  administration  of  the  preserva- 
tive, arc  again  established,  being  a  feeling  of  heaviness,  malaise,  and 
general  indisposition,  but  without  any  febrile  excitement.  No  boric 
acid  is  given  on  these  two  days.  On  the  24th  the  administration  of 
the  preservative  is  recommenced,  one-half  gram  per  da}^  being  given 
from  the  24th  until  the  20th,  inclusive;  one-fourth  of  a  gram  on  the 
27th  and  28th,  and  one-half  gram  per  day  from  March  29  to  April  4, 
inclusive.  During  this  time,  up  to  about  the  3d  of  April,  th(!  normal 
(conditions  of  the  body  prevail.  On  the  5th  the  malaise  and  ill  feeling, 
apparently  due  to  the  action  of  the  small  (juantity  of  preservative,  arc 
established  and  no  i)reservativc  is  given  on  the  5th  and  6th.  The 
normal  conditions  being  r(!(!stablished  on  the  7th,  the  administration 
of  thr-  pics('ivativ(!  is  recommenced  and  continues  in  half-gram  quan- 
tities daily  to  the  10th,  inclusive.     On  the  11th  there  appears  to  be  a 


86  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOJ)    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

recurrence  of  the  ill  feelings  above  referred  to,  and  the  quantity  of 
the  preservative  is  diminished  to  one-fourth  of  a  gram.  On  the  12th 
of  April  decided  symptoms  of  illness  are  continued,  and  b}^  reason  of 
these  symptoms,  which  persist  for  several  days,  the  administration 
of  the  preservative  is  omitted  from  the  12th  to  the  23d,  inclusive, 
although  during  this  period  No.  14  is  able  to  appear  each  day,  but  is 
feeling  very  badly.  On  April  21  the  symptoms  of  malaise  and  depres- 
sion have  mostly  passed  away,  and  the  administration  of  the  preserva- 
tive is  again  commenced,  the  quantity  being  one-fourth  of  a  gram. 
This  is  increased  on  the  25th  of  April  to  one-half  a  gram  and  continues 
without  change  to  May  1,  inclusive.  No  noted  distui'bances  are  pro- 
duced in  the  S3^stem  during  this  last  period  of  the  administration  of 
the  preservative.  The  temperature  on  the  30th,  the  day  preceding 
the  last  of  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  is  almost  normal,  the 
pulsations  likewise  normal,  and  the  Aveight  of  the  bod}^  50.8  kilograms. 
From  May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  one-half  gram  is  given  dail}^, 
except  on  May  4,  May  13,  and  June  9,  when  none  is  given.  Dur- 
ing this  period  the  body  conditions  continue  about  in  statu  quo.  There 
is  one  instance  where  the  temperature  rises  a  trifle  above  the  normal 
during  this  period,  but  only  for  a  short  time.  The  weight  of  the  body 
on  the  2Tth  of  June  is  50.6  kilograms.  There  is  a  slight  febrile  attack 
during  the  remaining  three  daj^s,  which  reaches  quite  a  degree  of  inten- 
sity on  the  last  day  of  observation,  namely,  June  29,  when  the  tem- 
perature rises  to  100.4°  F.  and  the  pulsations  to  104  per  minute.  The 
result  of  these  three  days  of  illness,  supervening  upon  almost  a  month 
of  good  health,  is  to  reduce  the  final  weight  to  48.7  kilograms. 

A  general  summar}^  of  the  data  of  No.  14  would  seem  to  indicate  a 
slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative,  though  used  in  small 
quantities,  to  induce  a  feeling  of  depression,  lack  of  appetite,  and 
general  malaise.  This  is  indicated  on  several  occasions,  as  before 
described,  where  it  is  not  quite  possible  to  connect  these  feelings  with 
abnormal  conditions  due  to  other  sources.  In  general,  however,  the 
data  obtained  on  this  subject  are  also  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  a  rather 
low  degree  of  vitality,  a  tendenc}^  to  febrile  excitement,  and  other 
conditions  evidently  not  connected  in  any  way  with  the  preservative 
emplo3^ed.  While  the  data  which  have  been  collected  in  the  case  of 
both  No.  13  and  No.  14  are  not  at  all  conclusive,  and,  as  has  been 
already  stated,  are  in  many  respects  indecisive,  two  general  con- 
clusions may  be  drawn  therefrom:  First,  that  the  effects  of  small  doses 
of  the  preservative  over  an  extended  period  are  not  manifest  by  any 
disturbance  of  a  notable  character;  second,  in  so  far  as  the  disturbances 
noted  can  be  attributed  to  the  preservative  they  are  of  an  unfavorable 
nature. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  87 

BODY  WEIGHTS. 
VARIATIONS   IN   BODY   WEIGHTS. 

It  is  evident  that  any  .serious  interference  with  the  digestive  func- 
tions would  eventually  have  an  effect  in  either  increasing  or  decreasing 
the  weight  of  the  body.  If  under  the  administration  of  the  preserv- 
ative the  digestive  functions  were  more  active  and  larger  quantities 
of  the  nutritive  elements  of  the  food  were  absorl)ed  and  assimilated, 
the  bod}'  weight  would  increase.  In  like  manner,  if  the  preservative, 
upon  entering  the  circulation,  exerted  a  restraining  force  on  the  break- 
ing down  of  tissues  already  formed  while  not  seriously  interfering 
with  the  formation  of  new  tissues,  an  increase  in  body  weight  would 
take  place.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  preservative  should  interfere 
with  the  processes  of  digestion  in  the  way  of  restricting  or  limiting  the 
action  of  the  digestive  enz^'uies,  or  should  hasten  th(»  ))reaking  down 
of  old  tissues  without  materially  increasing  the  rate  of  formation  of 
new.  there  would  be  a  loss  in  body  weight.  In  order  to  determine 
the  changes  in  weight,  as  has  alread}'  been  intimated,  the  daily  weight 
of  the  body,  naked,  was  ascertained  before  dinner.  These  daily 
weights  have  been  com])ined  into  one  expression  for  each  individual, 
representing  the  whole  of  the  time  cctvered  b}^  the  fore  period,  the 
preservative  period,  and  the  after  period,  respectively.  These  com- 
})ined  weights  are  given  in  Tables  XI  and  XII  (pp.  95,  96),  and  they 
are  also  used  in  connection  with  the  daily  weights  in  the  construction 
of  a  graphic  representation  of  changes  in  weight. 

Series  I. 

In  Series  I  it  is  seen  in  the  case  of  No.  1  that  the  average  weight  for 
the  fore  period  is  71. C2  kilograms,  for  the  preservative  period  71.37 
kilograms,  and  for  the  after  period  71.64  kilograms.  The  mean 
weight  for  the  three  periods  is  71.54  kilograms.  In  this  case  the 
change  in  weight  is  not  marked,  but  there  is  an  apparent  tendency  on 
the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  body  weight. 

The  average  weight  of  No.  2  for  the  fore  period  is  71.89  kilograms, 
for  the  [)res('rvativc  period  71,  and  for  the  after  period  70.87,  the  aver- 
age weight  for  the  whole  series  being  71.25  kilograms.  In  this  case 
ther(;  is  again  a  tendency  manifest  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
fliminish  the  body  weight,  but  in  a  more  marked  degree  than  \n  the 
case  of  No.  1,  and  there  is  no  tcndencj'to  recuperate  this  loss  of  weight 
after  the  preservative  has  been  withdrawn.  On  the  other  hand,  during 
the  after  pei'iod  there  is  a  still  further  (although  slight)  decrease  in 
w(;ight. 

The  data  for  No.  3  show  his  avc^rage  weight  in  the  fore  period  to  be 
5.">.'22  kilograms,  in  the  preservative  j^eriod  54.61,  and  in  the  after 
period  54.73,  the  m(!an   foi"  the;   whole  sei'ies  being  54.85.      In  this 


88  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

instance  there  is  again  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preser- 
vative to  diminish  the  body  weight  and  a  slight  tendency  after  the 
withdrawal  of  the  preservative  toward  its  restoration  to  the  original 
weight. 

The  average  weight  of  No.  4  in  the  fore  period  is  65.62  kilograms, 
in  the  preservative  period  64.71,  and  in  the  after  period  64.04,  while 
the  mean  for  the  series  is  64.79  kilograms.  In  this  case  there  is  an 
apparent  tendency  shown  on  tlie  part  of  the  preservative  to  decrease 
the  bod}^  weight,  and  this  decrease  continues  during  the  after  period. 
It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  personality  of  Nos.  4  and  6  is  not 
the  same  in  Series  I  as  in  Series  III  and  V,  and  the  weights  as  given 
are  those  of  the  later  members  based  upon  the  variations  shown  by 
the  original  Nos.  4  and  5. 

The  average  weight  of  No.  5  in  the  fore  period  is  73.71  kilograms, 
in  the  preservative  period  74.20,  and  in  the  after  period  75.39,  the 
mean  for  the  whole  series  being  74.43  kilograms.  We  find  in  this  case 
a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  body  weight, 
and  this  tendency  is  still  manifest  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  pre- 
servative, the  weight  continuing  to  rise  during  the  after  period.  This 
increase,  however,  may  possibly  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the  original 
No.  5  started  in  on  the  fore  peribd  with  a  larger  ration  than  was  normal 
with  him,  and  it  required  an  eflbrt  on  his  part  to  eat  the  selected 
quantity  throughout  the  series. 

The  average  weight  of  No.  6  in  the  fore  period  is  61.60  kilograms, 
in  the  preservative  period  60.40,  and  in  the  after  period  60.10,  the 
mean  for  the  whole  series  being  60.70.  There  is  a  marked  loss  in 
weight  in  this  instance  during  the  preservative  period — in  fact,  the 
largest  loss  that  is  shown  in  the  case  of  any  of  the  six  subjects.  There 
is  a  still  further  loss,  though  not  so  marked,  during  the  after  period. 

In  all  the  cases  in  Series  I  except  No.  5  the  administration  of  the 
preservative  is  attended  with  a  loss  of  weight.  This  loss  is  not  very 
marked  except  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  but  its  uniform  occurrence,  with 
the  exception  above  noted,  is  significant.  That  the  administration  of 
a  preservative  of  this  kind  tends  to  diminish  the  body  weight  appears 
to  be  reasonable  from  the  data  at  hand.  It  is  evident,  however,  that 
it  is  not  of  universal  applicability  and  that  there  may  be  instances,  as 
indicated  in  the  case  of  No.  5,  where  the  administration  of  such  a  pre 
servative  would  tend  to  increase  the  body  weight.  In  only  three 
instances  out  of  the  six  did  the  body  weight  show  an  increase  after  the 
withdrawal  of  the  preservative,  and  one  of  these  is  in  the  case  of  No. 
5,  where  the  data  are  anomalous.  In  three  instances,  namely,  Nos.  2, 
4,  and  6,  the  body  weight  continues  to  decrease  after  the  withdrawal 
of  the  preservative.  This  fact  might  justify  the  conclusion  that  the 
loss  in  weight  in  these  cases  is  not  due  to  the  preservative,  because  the 
decrease  continues  after  the  preservative  is  withdrawn.     That  this  is 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  89 

not  a  wholly  justifiable  conclusion,  however,  appears  readily  from  the 
fact  that  by  reason  of  the  accumulative  deportment  of  the  preservative 
on  its  administration,  tending  to  reach  a  maximum  degree  of  tolera- 
tion in  fhe  body,  several  days  elapse  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  pre- 
servative before  its  entire  elimination.  The  word  "entire"  is  used  to 
indicate  that  practically  all  of  the  preservative  has  been  eliminated, 
although  in  point  of  fact  traces  of  it  may  persist  for  a  longer  period. 
The  obvious  conclusion  from  the  above  statement  is  that  the  after 
period  is  not  of  long  enough  duration  to  determine  definitely  the  point 
in  question,  and  this  it  is  admitted  is  a  just  criticism  of  the  method  of 
investigation  employed.  It  appears  that  it  would  have  been  more 
logical  to  have  continued  the  after  period  for  at  least  ten  days  after 
the  practical  elimination  of  the  preservative  from  the  body.  Taking 
all  these  facts  into  view,  it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  con- 
tinued decrease  in  weight  in  the  instances  mentioned  may  have  been 
to  some  extent  due,  if  not  entirely,  to  the  preservative  used.  In  this 
case  it  is  justifiable  to  conclude  that  when  the  healthy  body  is  in  a 
state  of  equilil)rium — i.  e.,  neither  gaining  nor  losing  weight  on  a  cer- 
tain diet — the  administration  of  the  boric  acid  in  the  (juantitiesand  under 
the  conditions  described  for  Series  I  of  the  experiment  tends  to  pro- 
duce a  slight  loss  in  the  weight  of  the  body. 

Series  II. 

In  the  case  of  No.  7  in  Series  II  the  average  body  weight  in  the  fore 
period  is  50. 41  kilograms,  in  the  preservative  period  56.10,  in  the  after 
period  55.72,  and  the  mean  for  the  whole  series  is  56.04  kilograms. 
In  the  supplementar}'  preservative  period,  extending  from  Fe})ruary 
16  to  February  21,  inclusive,  No.  7  did  not  participate.  We  see  in 
this  case  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish 
the  bod\'  weight. 

The  average  weight  of  No.  8  in  the  fore  period  is  06.77  kilograms, 
in  the  preservative  period  05.36,  in  the  after  period  65.32,  and  the  mean 
for  the  series  is  65.82,  the  mean  for  the  supplemental  series  being 
('A.(')0  kilograms.  In  this  case  there  is  a  marked  tendency  to  diminish 
the  body  weight,  and  this  t(!ndency  continues  during  the  supplementar}' 
preservative  period.  This  loss  in  weight  was  doubtless  due  to  a  large 
extent  to  illness  resembling  the  grippe,  very  prevalent  in  Washington 
at  that  time. 

No,  9  of  Series  11  was  replaced  in  Series  IV  by  a  larger  man.  The 
weights  given  an;  therefore  those  of  the  new  member,  calculat(>(l  on  the 
basis  of  the  variations  of  the  original  No.  9.  The  data  for  No.  9  show 
a  loss  in  wciight  during  tin;  preservative  period  of  more  than  1  kilo- 
gram. The  tendency  to  dimirnition  in  weight  contimies  dvring  the 
after  period,  as  shown  by  the  loss  of  0.(»8  of  a  kilogram  in  weight. 
No.  9  only  received  the  preservative;  during  the  period  extending  from 


90  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH, 

Januaiy  28  to  January  31,  inclusive.  There  is  still  a  diminishing 
weight  noticed  during  the  supplementary  preservative  period,  amount- 
ing to  0.98  of  a  kilogram.  The  general  health  of  No.  9  is  not  of  the 
best,  as  has  already  been  noted,  and  therefore  it  is  not  altogether 
right  to  ascribe  this  progressive  loss  in  weight  entirely  to  the  effect 
of  the  preservative.  A  part  of  it,  or  even  all,  may  have  been  due  to 
the  general  state  of  the  health  of  the  subject. 

With  No.  10  there  is  scarcely  any  change  in  weight  between  the  fore 
period  and  the  preservative  period.  There  is,  however,  a  considerable 
loss  in  weight  in  the  after  period  (during  which,  however,  No.  10  was 
ill  and  absent  most  of  the  time)  and  a  gain  during  the  supplementary 
preservative  period.  This  was  probabl}^  due  to  the  natural  gain  after 
illness.  The  data  do  not  warrant  the  assumption  that  the  loss  of  weight 
during  the  after  period  is  in  any  wa}^  due  to  the  action  of  the  preservative. 
The  other  data  in  this  case  seem  to  show  that  the  preservative  prac- 
tically had  no  influence  upon  the  body  weight. 

A  slight  loss  of  weight  is  shown  in  the  data  of  No.  11  in  the  preser- 
vative period  (during  a  part  of  which,  however,  he  received  no  pre- 
servative) and  this  decrease  still  continues  during  the  after  period,  and, 
to  a  less  extent,  during  the  supplementary  preservative  period.  These 
data  seem  to  indicate  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
diminish  the  body  weight,  but  this  effect  may  also  be  ascribed  in  part 
or  in  whole  to  ill  health. 

A  marked  decrease  in  the  weight  of  No.  12  is  shown  as  the  result  of 
the  preservative  period  (but  the  preservative  was  given  only  two-thirds 
of  the  time)  and  another  very  marked  decrease  during  the  after  period. 
During  the  supplementary  period  there  is  a  slight  increase  in  the 
body  weight.  These  data  seem  to  show  a  marked  influence  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  weight,  continuing  also 
during  the  after  period  when  the  preservative  is  withdrawn.  On  the 
other  hand,  under  the  continued  administration  of  the  boric  acid  in  the 
supplementary  period  there  is  a  slight  gain,  showing  either  that  this 
continued  administration  is  neutral  in  its  effects  or  that  it  tended  to 
produce  an  increase  in  weight.  The  data  in  this  case  are  not  consistent, 
and  equal  consideration  should  be  given  to  all  the  indications. 

In  every  instance  in  Series  II  there  is  a  loss  of  weight  during  the 
administration  of  the  preservative  as  compared  with  the  fore  period. 
In  every  instance,  also,  there  is  a  loss  of  weight  during  the  after  period 
as  compared  with  the  preservative  period.  In  three  cases  during  this 
series  there  is  a  loss  of  weight  during  the  supplementary  preservative 
period  as  compared  with  the  after  period.  In  two  instances  there  is 
a  gain  of  weight  in  the  sui^plementary  period.  The  data,  therefore,  of 
this  series  are  contradictory,  and  too  much  consideration  must  not 
be  given  to  data  of  this  character.  We  can  only  appl}^  here  the  rule 
of  evidence  maintained  in  courts  of  justice,  namely,  that  where  con- 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  91 

tnuiictoiT  evidence  is  oivcn  the  verdict  should  be  in  harmony  with 
the  preponderance  of  evidence.  Judged  by  this  rule,  therefore,  it  is 
concluded  from  the  data  of  Series  II  that  the  administration  of  the 
preservative  tends  in  a  slight  degree  to  diminish  the  body  weight. 

Series  III. 

In  the  case  of  No.  1  in  Series  III  there  is  a  slight  diminution  in 
weight  during  the  preservative  period  and  a  marked  increase  during 
the  after  period. 

The  data  of  No.  2  exhibit  an  element  of  uncertainty,  by  reason  of 
the  occurrence  of  illness,  which  caused  irregularity  in  the  administra- 
tion of  the  preservative.  There  is  a  marked  loss  of  weight  in  the  pre- 
servative period  and  a  slight  gain  during  the  after  period  in  this  case. 

The  data  for  No.  H  show  that  there  is  a  very  slight  loss  of  weight  in 
the  preservative  period  and  a  more  marked  loss  during  the  after  period. 

With  No.  4  there  is  a  slight  gain  of  weight  noted  during  the  pre- 
servative period  and  a  marked  loss  during  the  after  period. 

No.  5  shows  a  slight  gain  in  weight  during  the  preservative  period 
and  a  slight  loss  during  the  after  period. 

In  No.  6  we  find  an  irregularit}^  introduced  into  the  data  by  reason 
(jf  the  illness  of  the  subject  and  the  irregularity  in  the  administration 
of  the  preservative.  There  is  a  very  marked  loss  of  weight  in  the  pre- 
servative period  in  this  case  and  a  slight  gain  in  the  after  period. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  it  is  seen  that  in  Series  III  there  is  a  loss  of 
weight  in  four  cases  out  of  six  during  the  preservative  period.  There 
is  a  gain  in  weight  in  three  cases  during  the  after  period.  Considered 
collectively,  therefore,  it  is  noticed  that,  although  in  a  less  marked 
degree  than  in  Series  I,  there  is  a  tendency  manifest  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  diminish  the  body  weight. 

Series  IV. 

In  the  case  of  No.  7  there  is  an  interruption  in  the  data  by  reason 
of  the  fact  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  preservative  subperiod 
the  subject  resigned  his  position  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  removed  from  the  city.  The  data  in  this  case,  therefore,  are 
given  only  to  cover  from  March  28  to  April  1,  inclusive.  It  is  noted  that 
(hiring  this  period  there  is  a  slight  increase  in  the  weight  of  the  body. 

In  the  case  of  No.  8  there  is  a  marked  decrease  in  weiglit  during 
i lie  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  the  rate  of  decrease*  coii- 
iinues  in  the  same  marked  manner  through  the  after  period,  the 
change  being  almost  1  kilogiam  in  tlic  lirst  instance  and  a  little  more 
than  1  kilogram  in  the  second. 

With  No.  0  there  is  also  a  progr(!ssive  decrease  in  weight,  aniounling 
to  0.72  of  a  kilogrfim  during  llie  pi-cservativ(^  pcn-iod  sind  lo  O.To  of  a 
kilogram  in  the  after  period. 


92  INFLUENCE    OP    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

No.  10  shows  a  decrease  of  about  three-fourths  of  a  kilogram  in 
weight  in  the  preservative  period  and  over  eight-tenths  of  a  kilogram 
during  the  after  period. 

No.  11  shows  a  very  notable  decrease  in  weight,  amounting  to  1.51 
kilograms  in  the  preservative  period  and  a  slight  decrease  during  the 
after  period.  This  was  doubtless  due  to  illness,  which  also  occasioned 
the  withdrawal  of  the  preservative  during  five  days  of  the  preservative 
period. 

The  data  for  No.  12  show  a  loss  of  weight  amounting  to  almost  0.8 
of  a  kilogram  during  the  preservative  period,  due  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely,  to  illness,  and  a  slight  increase  in  weight  during  the  after 
period. 

In  every  instance  in  this  series,  excepting  the  incomplete  data  for 
No.  7,  there  is  a  loss  of  weight  attending  the  administration  of  the 
preservative.  In  four  cases  out  of  five  there  is  a  continued  loss  of 
weight  during  the  after  period,  and  in  only  one  case  is  there  an  increase 
in  weight  at  the  end  of  the  after  period. 

The  conclusions  which  can  be  drawn  from  these  data  are  subject  to 
the  same  restrictions  as  attach  to  those  based  upon  the  data  of  Series 
II.  A  marked  variation  from  what  might  be  expected  is  seen  in  the 
continued  deci'ease  of  weight  during  the  after  period. 

In  a  strictly  logical  discussion  of  the  data  in  this  series  the  progres- 
sive decrease  in  weight  could  not  be  attributed  solely,  if  at  all,  to  the 
action  of  the  preservative,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  it  is  continued  in 
all  but  one  case  after  the  preservative  is  withdrawn.  When,  however, 
the  data  are  viewed  in  the  light  already  alluded  to  in  the  previous  dis- 
cussion, it  is  seen  that  there  is  reasonable  ground  for  belief  in  this 
series  also  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative  tends,  although 
in  only  a  slight  degree,  to  decrease  body  weight. 

Series  V. 

In  the  case  of  No.  1  in  Series  V  there  is  a  loss  of  nearly  one-half  a 
kilogram  in  the  preservative  period,  which  is  nearly  all  regained  dur- 
ing the  after  period. 

The  data  for  No.  2  show  that  there  is  a  loss  of  about  three-fourths 
of  a  kilogram  in  the  preservative  period  and  a  much  more  marked 
loss,  amounting  to  over  1^  kilograms,  in  the  after  period.  By  reason 
of  illness  No.  2  did  not  receive  any  preservative  after  June  11. 

No.  3  shows  a  distinct  gain  in  the  preservative  period  and  a  return 
during  the  after  period  to  almost  exactly  the  weight  of  the  fore  period. 
The  data  in  tlie  case  of  No.  3,  as  will  be  seen,  are  of  a  contrary  nature 
to  those  of  No.  1. 

On  account  of  removal  from  the  city  the  data  in  the  case  of  No.  4 
are  fragmentary,  being  only  partial  for  the  preservative  period  and 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  93 

none  at  all  for  the  after  period.  The  data  ol)tained,  however,  show  a 
distinct  loss  in  weight  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 

The  data  for  No.  5  show  a  progressive  loss  of  weight  througliout  the 
series,  amonnting  to  a])out  H  kilograms  in  the  preservative  period  and 
almost  If  kilograms  in  the  after  period. 

No.  6  shows  a  ver}'  great  loss  of  weight  in  the  preservative  period, 
which  continues  during  the  after  period. 

Although  to  some  extent  contradictor}^,  the  data,  as  a  whole,  of  the 
iifth  series,  when  interpreted  by  the  rule  of  evidence  already  set  forth, 
show  a  distinct  tendenc}^  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish 
the  body  weight.  The  fact  that  this  tendency,  in  most  cases,  continues 
throughout  the  after  period  has  already  been  elucidated.  Full  weight 
must  be  given  to  any  valid  objections  to  interpretation  of  data  of  this 
kind  in  relation  to  the  effect  of  the  preservative  upon  weight,  it 
seems,  however,  that  after  due  consideration  of  all  these  valid  objec- 
tions the  conclusion  can  be  established  with  a  preponderating  weight  of 
evidence  in  this  series  that  there  is  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative,  when  given  in  small  quantities  but  continued  over  a 
great  length  of  time,  to  diminish  the  body  weight. 

Averages  of  Body  Weights,  by  Periods. 

Having  now  discussed  the  influence  of  the  preservative  upon  the 
body  weights  individuall}',  it  remains  to  bring  into  one  expression  the 
data  of  all  the  members,  not  onl}^  of  each  series,  but  for  the  entire 
time  of  the  observation. 

This  summary  includes  the  weights  given  in  the  tables,  although 
some  of  them  were  made  at  times  when  the  subjects  were  slightly  ill 
and  when  the  administration  of  the  preservative  had  been  suspended. 
Such  data,  however,  were  eliminated  in  the  graphic  representations  of 
body  weights  which  follow. 

Beginning  with  Series  I  we  find  that  by  combining  the  body  weights 
of  the  individuals  we  have  the  general  average  for  the  fore  period  of 
W.i'>i  kilograms,  for  the  preservative  period  66.05  kilograms,  and  for 
the  after  period  66.13  kilograms.  The  mean  loss  of  weight  of  the 
subjects  during  the  administration  of  thepreservative  is  .560  grams, 
and  the  mean  gain  of  weight  during  the  after  period  is  80  grams. 
This  Hummar}'  shows  that  the  tendency  of  the  preservative  is  to 
decrease  weight,  and  that  this  tendency  is  checked  and  a  slight  upward 
movement  started  duiing  the  after  period. 

In  Series  II  the  mean  weight  of  the  subjects  during  the  fore  period 

is  65.04  kilograms,  during  the   prcs<!rvative  pci-iod  64.31,  and  during 

the  aft(;r  period  63. S5.     In  this  cas(;  the  avc^rage  loss  for  the  subjects 

fc     in  iKxly  weight  during  the  preservative  period  is  730  grams  and  the 

^H  additional   loss  during  the  after  period  460  grams.     There  is  thus  an 


94  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

weight.  As  has  already  been  noted  in  the  general  discussion,  this 
tendency  is  evidently  due  to  the  impairment  of  the  health  of  the  sub- 
jects during  Series  II,  partly  perhaps  as  a  result  of  the  administration 
of  the  preservative  but  largely  due  to  influenza  and  grippe.  There 
was  a  gain  of  weight  of  750  grams  during  the  supplementary  preserva- 
tive period  of  this  experiment,  during  which  the  preservative  was 
administered  in  increasing  doses  for  a  period  of  six  days.  This  con- 
tradictory evidence  is  to  be  expected  from  the  condition  of  the  sub- 
jects during  Series  II. 

In  Series  111  the  average  weight  of  the  body  of  the  subjects  during 
the  fore  period  is  6Y.03  kilograms,  during  the  preservative  period 
66.53,  and  during  the  after  period  66.47.  In  this  series  there  is  a 
marked  tendency  to  lose  weight  during  the  preservative  period,  the 
average  loss  being  exactly  500  grams.  During  the  after  period  there 
is  a  slight  additional  loss  of  weight,  amounting  to  an  average  of  60 
grams,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  tendency  to  lose  weight  is  checked  by 
the  withdrawal  of  the  preservative. 

In  Series  IV  the  average  body  weight  of  the  subjects  during  the 
fore  period  is  64. 39  kilograms,  during  the  preservative  period  63. 6Q, 
and  during  the  after  period  63.16.  It  is  seen  that  there  is  an  average 
loss  of  weight  during  the  preservative  period  of  730  grams,  and  an 
additional  loss  of  500  grams  during  the  after  period.  This  tendency 
to  continued  loss  in  weight  is  doubtless  partly  due,  during  the  after 
period,  to  a  general  impairment  of  the  health,  due  largely  to  the  influ- 
ence of  influenza  and  grippe. 

The  average  weight  of  the  men  during  the  fore  period  of  Series  V 
is  67.64  kilograms,  during  the  preservative  period  66.77,  and  during 
the  after  period  65.93.  The  mean  loss  of  weight  during  the  preserva- 
tive period  is  870  grams.  This  loss  is  continued  in  a  marked  degree 
also  during  the  after  period,  as  has  already  been  fully  noted,  the  mean 
loss  during  the  after  period  amounting  to  840  grams.  This  large 
mean  decrease  is  particularly  due  to  the  condition  of  No.  6  and  No.  5, 
neither  of  whom  responded  promptly  to  any  effort  toward  recovery  of 
the  normal  state  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  preservative,  but  contin- 
ued in  a  poor  physical  state  during  the  entire  after  period. 

Combining  the  data  for  all  the  series,  by  periods,  the  following  aver- 
age daily  weights  are  shown: 

Kilos. 

Fore  periods 66. 1 4 

Preservative  periods 65.  46 

After  periods 65. 1 1 

A  general  inspection  of  these  data  shows  a  strong  tendency  to  a  loss 
of  weight  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative  in  each  of  the 
series.  In  Series  I  and  III  this  tendency  is  checked  by  the  withdrawal 
of  the  preservative,  as  indicated  by  the  data  for  the  after  period,  a 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


95 


utiin  in  weight  occiirrinii,"  in  Series  I.  In  Series  II,  IV,  and  V  there 
iippear-s  to  be  ])ractically  no  tencUMicv  to  check  the  lo.ss  of  weight  by 
reason  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  preservative.  The  general  conclusion, 
which  is  based  upon  these  data,  is  that  the  administration  of  ))orax  and 
t)oric  acid,  in  the  quantities  and  under  the  conditions  stated,  tends  to 
produce  a  slight  loss  of  body  weight.  On  the  withdrawal  of  the 
preservative  during  the  short  after  period  there  is,  in  some  cases, 
a  tendencv  toward  recovery  of  normal  weight,  but  in  the  majorit}^  of 
cases  the  tendency  toward  the  loss  of  weight  continues.  These  data, 
therefore,  are  capable  of  interpretation  in  different  ways,  in  so  far  as 
respects  the  influence  of  the  preservative.  The  most  reasonable  inter- 
pretation is  that  which  has  already  been  given  in  connection  with  a 
study  of  the  individuals  in  the  series.  In  this  discussion  the  weights 
of  the  after  period  of  Series  II  have  been  included,  although,  as  has 
already  been  intimated,  by  reason  of  illness  and  irregularity,  the  other 
data  for  this  after  period  are  not  sufiiciently  reliable  to  justify  their 
inclusion  in  the  general  average  of  results. 


T.vBLE  XI. — Averar/e  weights  of  .stthjeds  for  t^eries  I,  III,  and  V. 


Period. 

No.  1— 
J.  N. 

No.  2— 
F.  0.  W. 

No.  3— 

w.s.o. 

No.  4— 
E.C.S. 

No.  .>- 
H.C.G. 

No.  6— 
E.  M.S. 

.Aver- 
age. 

.-cries  I: 

Fore  period  (Dec.  8  to  Dee.  21, 1902) . 

I'reserviitive  period  (Dec.  22, 1902, 

to  Jan.  3, 1903) 

Kilos. 
71. 62 

71.37 
71.64 

Kilos. 

71.89 

71.00 

70.87 

Kilos. 
55.22 

54.61 
54.73 

Kilos. 
65.62 

64.71 
"64.04 

Kilos. 
73.71 

74.20 
0  75.39 

Kilos. 
61.60 

60.40 
60.10 

Kilos. 
66.61 

66.05 

.\fter  period  (Jan.  4  to  Jan.  13, 1903). 

66.13 

71.  .54 

71.25 

54.85 

64.79 

74. 43 

60.70 

Series  HI: 

Fore  period  (Feb.  19  to  27,  1903)... 

Preserviitivc  periotl   (Feb.  28   to 

Mar.  11,  1903) 

72. 89 

72. 65 
73.23 

71.74 

70.40 
70.  72 

57.03 

.56. 97 
56.34 

65.62 

65.68 
()4.88 

73.71 

73.78 
73.36 

61.21 

59.72 
60. 29 

67.03 
66.63 

.\fter  r>eriod  (.Mar.  12  to  19,  1903)  .. 

66.47 

72. 92 

70. 95 

.56. 78 

65. 39 

73.61 

60.41 

Series  V: 

Fore  period  (Apr.  24  to  May  1, 1903). 
I'reservative    period   (May    2    to 

Iun»-20.  1903) 

After  [>eriod  (June  21  to  June  29, 

iy03) 

73.81 
73.38 
73.74 

72.  23 
71.50 
70.  IH 

.50.  (u; 

.56.18 
55. 63 

66. 15 
''W..50 

75. 87 
74.. 53 
72.85 

62.13 
60.33 

58.68 

67.64 
66.77 
66. 93 

73.64 

71.30 

55.82 

65. 33 

74.42 

60. 38 

Average  lor  entire  experiment.. 

72.70 

71.17 

65.82 

65.30 

73.96 

60.50 

'I  Bi-KiniiinK'  with  the  third  series  Nos.  4  and  5  were  rejilaced  with  other  men.    Data  are  calculated 
loick  on  variations  of  ori«iiial  .Vos.  1  and  5. 
''.S'o  wei(;lits  for  tliis  man  after  May  27. 


96 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XII. — Average  weights  of  subjects  for  Series  II  and  IV. 


Period. 

No.  7— 
E.R.M. 

No.8— 
J.H.E. 

No.  9— 
A.  G. 

No.  10— 
W.  J.  J. 

No.  11— 
J.S.C. 

No.  12— 
B.  J.  T. 

Aver- 
age. 

Series  II: 

Fore  period  (Jan.  19  to  Jan.  27,1903; 

Preservative  period   (Jan.  28    to 

Feb  10. 1903)    

Kilos. 
56.41 

56.10 

55.72 

Kilos. 
66.77 

65.36 

65.32 

Kilos. 
70.40 

68.77 

68.69 

Kilos. 
67. 94 

67.85 

a  67.  30 

Kilos. 
66.40 

66.05 

65.64 

Kilos. 
62.  -63 

61.73 

60.40 

Kilos 
65.04 

04. 31 

After  period  (Feb.  11  to  Feb.  15, 
1903)               

63.  C5 

56.04 

65.82 

69.29 

67.70 

66.02 

61. 49 

Supplementary   preservative   period 
(Feb  16  to  Feb.  21,  1903) & 

64.65 

C67.71 

d67.66 

65.44 

60.59 

64.60 

Series  IV: 

Fore  period  (Mar.  20  to  Mar.  27, 
1903) 

55.18 
e  55. 36 

64.71 
63.88 
62.74 

70.40 
69.68 
68.98 

67.56 
66. 80 
65.96 

67.08 
65.57 
65.18 

61.43 
60.64 
60.76 

64.39 

Preservative  period  (Mar.   28   to 
Apr  14    1903)         

63.66 

After  period  (Apr.  15  to  Apr.  22, 
1903) 

63.16 

Average  for  series 

55.27 

63.78 

69.69 

66.77 

65.94 

60.94 

Average  for  entire  experiment.. 

56.68 

64.75 

70.00 

67.38 

65.80 

61.01 

a  Weighed  only  on  two  days. 

b  No  weights  taken  for  No.  7. 

c  Beginning  with  the  fourth  series.  No.  9  was  replaced  with  another  man.  Data  calculated  back 
on  variations  of  original  No.  9. 

fi  No.  10  received  no  preservative  in  the  supplementary  series,  and  his  weight  should  not  enter  into 
the  average. 

eNo.  7  dropped  out  of  experiment  on  April  1. 

Graphic  Representation. 


It  seems  that  a  better  illustration  of  the  actual  changes  in  weight 
produced  during  the  continuation  of  the  experimental  work  can  be 
secured  graphically.  To  this  end  the  daily  variations  have  been 
platted  in  the  accompanying  charts  (figs.  2-7),  and  the  mean  weights 
for  each  of  the  periods  of  each  series  have  been  determined.  This  has 
been  done  for  each  individual  under  observation  and  also  for  each  series 
of  observations  as  a  whole.  Finally,  the  means  of  all  the  series  have 
been  combined  into  a  general  expression  representing  the  means  of  the 
entire  experiment.  The  data  which  have  been  used  in  calculating  these 
graphic  lines  are  not  exactly  the  same  as  those  which  have  just  been 
discussed  in  connection  with  the  variation  in  weights.  There  have 
been  excluded  from  the  graphic  illustration  all  the  data  which  in 
themselves  were  not  reasonably  complete.  In  each  series  only  those 
members  of  the  table  have  been  compared  whose  weights  were  taken 
throughout  the  entire  series,  including  the  fore,  preservative,  and  after 
periods.  For  this  reason  the  data  as  a  whole  for  Series  11  arc 
excluded  because  in  no  instance  in  these  cases  was  there  any  individual 
who  completed  entirely  the  whole  series.  In  the  case  of  Series  I  the 
data  are  complete  for  all  members.  In  the  case  of  Series  III  the  data 
are  complete  for  four  members  only.  In  the  case  of  Series  II  the 
data  are  not  complete  for  any  one  person,  but  the  graphic  representa- 
tion of  the  variations  in  weight  is  given  for  the  fore  period  and  the 
preservative  period.     These  data  are,  however,  not  used  in  any  of  the 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


97 


summaries.  In  the  case  of  Series  IV  tlie  data  for  weights  are  com- 
plete only  in  three  instances.  In  Series  V  there  are  only  three  com- 
plete sets  of  data  extending-  over  the  whole  period.  In  each  case  the 
summary  for  each  series  includes  only  those  individual  data  which  are 
complete  for  the  whole  series.  The  dailj'  variations  in  each  case  are 
represented  by  the  broken  line.  The  figures  given  on  the  left-hand 
side  of  the  chart  are  the  weights  in  kilograms,  while  those  across  the 
top  are  the  da3-s  of  tlie  month.     The  weight  for  each  day  is  marked 


'                                                     DECEMBER                                                  1                                       JANUARY                                                 1 

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DECEMBER                                                      I                                       JANUARY                                                   1 

Fig.  2.— Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  I. 

on  the  vertical  line  for  that  day.  Tlie  number  of  days,  therefore,  in 
each  period  of  the  series  is  represented  by  the  number  of  spaces 
included  betwe(!n  (li(^  vertical  lines.  Each  horizontal  line  represents 
I  kilogram  of  weight. 

In  oi'der  that  a  more  (Uilinitc  reprcisentation  of   the  total  variation 
between  the  ditferent  periods  of  the  s(;ries  might  be  brought  out,  a 
heavy  dai'k  lino  representing  the  mean  of  the  variations  shown  by  the 
broken  liru;  has  been  inserted. 
4242— No.  H4,  pt  1—04 7 


98 


IT^FLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Stud}^!!^  now  the  individual  data  of  Series  1  (fig.  2)  it  is  seen  at  once 
that  there  is  a  slight  decrease  in  the  weight  of  No.  1  during  the  pre- 
servative period,  while  during  the  after  period  the  increase  in  weight 
is  almost  exactly  equivalent  to  the  loss  during  the  preservative  period, 
so  that  the  mean  weight  for  the  after  period  is  the  same  as  that  for  the 
fore  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  2  there  is  a  loss  of  almost  a  kilogram  in  weight 
during  the  preservative  period,  and  an  additional  loss  of  about  200 
grams  during  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  3  a  marked  loss  is  shown  during  the  preservative 
period,  which  is  partly  regained  during  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  4  there  is  a  progressive  loss  from  the  fore  period 
to  the  after  period,  inclusive. 

In  the  case  of  No.  5  we  have  the  exact  reversal  of  the  data  for  No.  4. 
There  is  in  this  case  a  progressive  gain.     A  later  investigation  showed 


JANUARY                                          1                                 FEBRUARY 

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19     20    21     22    23    24    25    26    27    28    29    30    31      1      2     3     4     5     6     7     8     9     10     II                11 

JANUARY                                         1                               FEBRUARY                                   II 

Fig.  3. — Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  II. 

that  No.  5  was  probably  not  receiving  full  and  nutritious  rations  at  the 
beginning  of  the  experimental  work.  He  lived  in  somewhat  restricted 
surroundings  and  apparently  without  the  abundant  supplies  of  food 
which  are  usually  found  at  the  disposal  of  young  men.  This  fact  in 
the  invironment  is  an  important  one  in  the  consideration  of  this  pro- 
gressive increase  in  weight  in  his  case. 

In  the  case  of  No.  6  there  is  a  progressive  loss  of  weight  extending 
through  the  whole  series. 

Collecting  all  the  expressions  of  Series  I  into  a  common  graphic 
representation  it  is  seen  that  there  is  a  considerable  loss  of  weight 
attending  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  that  this  loss  is 
partly  restored  during  the  after  period.  If  we  should  exclude,  how- 
ever, the  data  of  No.  5  it  is  evident  that  there  would  still  have  been 
a  loss  of  weight  during  the  after  period. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


99 


In  Series  III  (tig.  4)  we  tiud  in  the  case  of  No.  1  a  slight  loss  of  weight 
during  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  which  is,  however,  more 
than  regained  during  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No;  3  there  is  a  very  slight  decrease  of  weight  during 
the  preservative  period,  amounting  only  to  a  few  grams.  There  is, 
however,  a  very  marked  loss  of  weight  manifested  during  the  after 
period. 


FEBRUARY                            I                                                                    MARCH                                                                    11 

19    ?0    21     22    23    ?4    ?b    Z6    27    28     1      2      3     4      5      6      7      8      9      10     II     12     13     14     15     16     17     18     19    20               i 

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FEBRUARY                              I                                                                   MARCH                                                                      || 

Fig.  1.— Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  III. 

The  case  of  No.  4  is  somewhat  anomalous.  There  is  a  very  slight 
increase  of  weight  shown  in  this  instance  during  the  preservative 
period,  while  a  quite  distinct  loss  takes  place  in  the  after  period. 

No,  5  also  shows  a  very  slight  increase  in  weight  during  the  pre- 
servative; p(!riod,  but  during  the  after  period  this  is  more  than  offset 
by  a  decrease  of  about  400  grains. 

(V>mbining  the  four  expi'cssions  of  Series  III  w<'-  note  a  very  slight 
loss  of  weight  during  tiie  presei'vative  period — a  loss,  in  fact,  almost 


100 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PEESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


inappreciable — and  a  slightly  increased  loss  during  the  after  period. 
The  weights,  however,  in  all  four  instances  when  brought  together  in 
a  general  expression  show  but  little  change  during  the  progress  of  the 
experiment. 

In  the  case  of  Series  lY,  No.  8,  there  is  a  marked  loss  of  weight 
during  the  preservative  period  and  a  somewhat  greater  loss  during 
the  after  period.     (See  fig.  5.) 

In  the  case  of  No.  9  the  same  observation  may  be  made,  though  the 
losses  are  not  so  great  as  in  the  case  above  mentioned.  No.  10  also 
shows  a  regulai'ly  graded  loss,  it  being  almost  the  same  in  the  after 
period  as  in  the  preservative  period. 


1                                                   MARCH                                  1                                                                    APRIU 

JO    21     ?2    23    24    25    26    ?7    28    29    30    31     1      2      3     4     S     6     7     8     9     ID    II     12     13     14    15     16     17     IB     19     20    21     22    23 

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MARCH                                 1                                                              APRIL                                                                                          1 

Fig.  5.— Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  IV. 

Combining  the  three  expressions  into  one  we  find  a  progressive  loss 
of  weight,  being  almost  exactly  the  same  in  the  after  period  as  in  the 
preservative  period. 

In  the  case  of  Series  V  (fig.  6)  the  preservative  period  extended  over 
a  space  of  fifty  days.  The  vertical  lines,  therefore,  in  this  chart  repre- 
sent two  days  instead  of  one  through  all  the  periods  of  the  series. 

In  the  case  of  No.  1,  Series  V,  there  is  a  slight  loss  of  weight  shown 
during  the  preservative  period,  which  is  almost  exactly  regained 
during  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  3  contrary  data  are  shown.  There  is  a  slight 
increase  of  weight  during  the  preserv^ative  period,  which  disappears 
entirely  during  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  5  there  is  a  very  marked  loss  of  weight  during 
the  preservative  period  and  an  equall}^  marked  additional  loss  during 
the  after  period. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


101 


Combining  the  three  expressions  of  Series  V  into  one,  we  find  a 
slight  loss  of  weight  during  the  preservative  period  and  an  additional 
slightly  greater  loss  of  Aveight  during  the  after  period. 

It  now  remains  to  combine  into  a  single  expression  the  average 
weights,  b}"  periods,  for  all  the  series.  The  length  of  the  line  for  each 
period  merely  approximates  the  usual  length  of  that  period. 


APRIL               1                                                    MAY                                                   1                                                   JUNE                                                                1 

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APRIL             1                                                MAY                                                1                                              JUNE 

Fig.  6. — Daily  and  average  body  weights  for  Series  V. 

Studying  now  the  expressions  as  a  whole  for  Series  1,  III,  IV,  and  V 
(fig.  7)  it  is  seen  that  there  is  a  loss  of  weight  amounting  to  about  500 
grams  during  the  preservative  periods  and  an  additional  loss  of  weight 
amounting  to  about  400  grams  for  the  after  periods.  The  evidence, 
therefore,  which  is  thus  accunudated  throughout  the  whole  series  of 


2  68 

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FORE  PERIOD 

PRESERVATIVE  PERIOD 

AFTER    PERIOD 

Fir;.  7. — fioiieral  average  of  Ijody  \v(!iglitH  for  entire  experiment,  iiHilniliiiK  Series  I,  HI,  IV,  and  V. 

oljservatioiis  aj)poars  ivasonably  convincing  and  shows  that  the  use  of 
borax  and  boric;  acid  in  the  (juantities  and  in  the  manner  described 
terids  to  produce  a  slight  dcntrc^ase  in  the  weight  of  the  body.  This 
tendency  to  decrease  is  also  a  continuing  one,  in  ,so  far  as  the  period  of 


102  INi^LUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

about  ten  days  immediately  following  the  cessation  of  the  administra- 
tion of  the  preservative  is  concerned.  This  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise 
when  it  is  remembered  that  it  requires  from  three  to  five  days  or 
longer  after  the  administration  ceases  to  eliminate  the  boric  acid  which 
has  been  accumulated  in  the  system.  Further  than  this,  the  condi- 
tions produced  by  the  administration  of  the  preservative  which  have 
caused  the  loss  of  weight  are  not  at  once  removed.  For  these  reasons 
the  failure  to  regain  the  lost  weight  during  the  after  period  can  not 
be  cited  as  satisfactor}^  evidence  to  show  that  the  loss  of  weight  during 
the  preservative  period  was  not  due  to  the  administration  of  the  pre- 
servative in  question.  On  the  other  hand,  the  continued  loss  of  weight 
during  this  brief  after  period  appears  to  be  strong  corroborative  testi- 
mony showing  the  tendency  of  the  preservative  to  reduce  the  weight 
of  the  bod3^  Nor  should  the  fact  that  there  are  many  contradictory 
data  established  in  the  course  of  the  observations  be  cited  as  a  reason 
for  diminished  confidence  in  the  general  results.  The  character  of  the 
environment  which  almost  necessarily  produces  these  discordant  data 
has  been  sufficiently  set  forth.  It  therefore  appears  to  be  justifiable 
to  accept  these  general  expressions  of  the  average  data  as  reasonably 
correct  and  sufficiently  established  to  warrant  the  conclusion  derived 
therefrom.  The  further  fact  that  the  losses  in  weight  which  are  noted 
are  much  less  than  those  which  have  been  pointed  out  by  some  other 
observers  should  not  be  allowed  to  throw  discredit  upon  the  general 
value  of  the  work.  The  conditions  of  experiment  vary  so  in  different 
countries  and  with  different  experimenters  that  the  reaching  of  results 
of  different  magnitude  or  even  of  results  of  opposite  character  should 
not  cast  discredit  upon  the  investigation. 

RATIO    OF   FOOD   WEIGHT   TO   BODY   WEIGHT. 

The  weight  of  food  consumed  during  each  day  and  its  ratio  to  the 
weight  of  the  body  form  one  factor  in  determining  the  effect  of  any 
added  preservative  upon  the  digestion.  This  index  alone  would  be  of 
little  value,  but  taken  in  connection  with  the  others  which  have  been 
obtained  it  is  useful.  This  ratio  is  also  of  interest  in  connection  with 
the  general  subject  of  nutrition,  as  determining  the  quantity  of  food 
consumed  in  proportion  to  the  weight  of  the  body,  apart  from  the 
effect  of  the  preservative. 

Table  XIII  gives  the  quantities  of  food  consumed  by  Nos.  1  to  6, 
inclusive,  the  subjects  under  examination  during  the  fore  period 
of  Series  I,  from  December  8  to  December  22,  1902.  The  daily 
weight  of  each  food  is  given  in  detail,  the  average  of  each  kind  of 
food  for  the  period,  and  the  ratio  for  each  kind  of  food  for  the  period 
under  observation.  The  total  weight  of  food  consumed  for  the  period 
is  also  given  in  each  case,  as  well  as  the  ratio  of  that  weight  to  the 
average  weight  of  the  body  for  the  time  covered.     The  ratio  in  each 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BOKAX.  103 

case  is  deteniiined  b\'  dividing-  the  weight  of  tiie  food  eaten  by  the 
weight  of  the  bod}';  for  convenience  in  comparison  this  ratio  is  nmUi- 
plied  by  lOO  (thus  becoming  a  percentage).  The  table  gives  in  sufli- 
cient  detail  the  ratios  of  the  diti'erent  kinds  of  food  used,  while  for  the 
purposes  of  comparison  the  ratio  of  the  total  weight  of  food  to  the 
weight  of  the  body,  as  indicated  above,  is  determined.  It  will  not  be 
■  necessarv  to  go  extensively  into  detail,  inasmuch  as  Table  XIII  itself 
will  give  all  the  particulars  that  are  necessary.  For  illustration,  how- 
ever, it  may  be  well  enough  to  call  attention  to  the  summary  in  the 
case  of  No.  1  for  the  fore  period  of  the  first  series. 

The  average  weight  of  No.  1  for  the  entire  fore  period  is  71.62  kilos. 
He  ate  an  average  of  285  grams  of  soup  per  day.  The  total  weight  of 
soup  consumed  during  the  fourteen  da3's  was  3,984  grams,  which  is 
5.56  per  cent  of  his  average  weight.  Of  fish,  eaten  only  on  five  days, 
the  average  (luantit}'  consumed  is  110  grams,  the  total  weight  consumed 
547  grams,  which  is  0.763  per  cent  of  the  total  weight  of  the  bod3^ 
The  average  quantity  of  riieat  consumed  each  day  is  148  grams,  the 
total  amount  consumed  1,879  grams,  equivalent  to  2.63  per  cent  of  the 
weight  of  the  ))ody.  The  average  daily  consumption  of  vegetables  is 
310.2  grams,  the  total  quantity  consumed  4,342.5  grams,  equivalent  to 
♦i.07  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  body.  The  average  quantity  of 
breakfast  cereals  consumed  is  21 7  grams,  the  total  quantity  consumed 
3,049  grams,  equivalent  to  4.26  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  body. 
The  average  quantity  of  bread  consumed  is  280  grams,  total  quantity 
consumed  3,!»22  grams,  equivalent  to  5.47  per  cent  of  the  weight  of 
the  l)ody.  The  average  quantity  of  butter  consumed  is  48  gframs,  total 
fjuantity  669  grams,  equivalent  to  0.933  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the 
body.  The  average  (quantity  of  sugar  consumed  is  52.6  grams,  total 
cjuantity  736  grams,  equivalent  to  1.028  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the 
body.  The  average  (juantity  of  water  consumed  is  245  grams,  total 
1.47o  gi-ams,  equivalent  to  2.052  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  bod3^ 
The  average  quantity  of  milk  consumed  is  1,324  grams,  total  quantity 
consumed  18.542  grams,  equivalent  to  25.89  per  cent  of  the  weight  of 
the  body.  The  average  quantit}'  of  dessert  consumed  is  184  grams,  total 
quantity  2,571  grams,  equivalent  to  3.59  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the 
})ody.  Th(!  total  weight  of  food  consumed  during  the  fourteen  days  is 
41,766.5  grams,  ('(juivalent  to  58.31  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  body, 
or  per  day  4.17  per  cent  of  tin;  weight  of  the  body. 

The  otlici-  data  of  the  table  will  not  be  d('scril)ed  in  detail,  except  to 
call  attc'iition  to  the  gen(!ral  daily  avei-ages.  In  the  case  of  No.  2  the 
food  daily  consumed  is  3.98  percent  of  the  weight  of  the  ))ody;  in  the 
<jis(!  of  No.  3,  5.33  ))er  c(!nt;  in  the  case  of  No.  4,  5.29  per  cent;  in  the 
case  of  No.  5,  4.73  ])*']•  cent,  and  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  3.41  per  cent. 

In  Tables  XIV,  XV,  and  XVI  will  be  found  similar  details  foi'  the 
|Mi>crvutive  >iiltperiods  and  in  Table  XVII  the;  figures  for  the  after 


104  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

period.     From  the  data  given  in  these  tables  are  obtained  the  average 
ratios  for  each  of  these  periods  and  for  the  whole  of  Series  I,  as  follows: 

Per  cent. 

Fore  period - 4.  20 

Preservative  period 4.  22 

After  jDeriod ^ 4.21 

Average  for  series 4.  21 

It  would  be  interesting  to  give  the  data  of  this  nature  for  the  other 
series,  but  it  is  thought  that  those  which  are  here  submitted  are  suf- 
ficient for  illustration  and  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  take  further  space 
to  record  these  daiW  observations. 

The  general  average  given  above  shows  a  consumption  of  food  each 
da}^  on  the  part  of  the  individuals  under  observation  during  the  periods 
covered  by  the  first  series,  including  thirt3^-six  days,  equivalent  to 
4.21  per  cent  of  the  daily  weight  of  their  bodies.  The  greater  part  of 
the  food  weight  consists  in  the  coffee,  milk,  and  water  consumed  and 
in  the  water  present  in  the  solid  foods.  It  is  interesting  to  know, 
however,  about  what  weight  of  food  is  taken  into  the  stomach  daily, 
and  these  data  fully  illustrate  that  point.  If  we  assume  that  the  aver- 
age healthy  young  man  eats  an  amount  of  food  equivalent  to  4.21  per 
cent  of  his  own  weight  each  da}^,  it  is  seen  that  it  would  require  nearly 
twenty-four  da3's  for  him  to  eat  a  weight  of  food  equivalent  to  the 
weight  of  his  body. 


BORIC   ACID    AND    BORAX. 


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122  INFLUENCE    01'   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Passing  to  the  consideration  of  the  effect  of  the  preservative  upon 
the  ratio  of  food  weight  to  body  weight,  Tables  XIII-XVIl  disclose 
the  following  facts: 

The  highest  ratio  in  the  fore  period  was  found  in  the  case  of  No.  3, 
namely,  5.33,  and  the  lowest  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  namely,  3.41.  Inas- 
much as  No.  6,  however,  was  absent  from  one  meal,  this  number  is  not 
to  be  considered  as  normal.  By  combining  the  total  quantity  of  food 
consumed  by  all  six  members  and  dividing  by  the  number  of  persons, 
it  is  found  that  36,311  grams  is  the  average  per  man  for  the  fourteen- 
day  period.  Dividing  again  by  61.76  kilograms,  the  average  weight 
of  the  subjects  for  the  period,  the  ratio  of  58.80  appears  for  the  four- 
teen days.  This  gives  4.20  as  the  mean  daily  ratio  of  food  to  body 
weight  per  man  for  the  fore  period. 

For  the  preservative  subperiod  during  which  1  gram  of  boric  acid 
was  given  the  highest  ratio  is  found  for  No.  4,  namel}'^,  5.05,  and  the 
lowest  for  No.  6,  namely,  3.30.  The  mean  ratio  for  the  period  is  4.19, 
and  the  mean  weight  of  the  body  is  61.36. 

For  the  subperiod  during  which  2  grams  of  boric  acid  were  given  the 
highest  ratio  is  found  for  No.  5,  namely,  6.25,  and  the  lowest  for  No.  6, 
namely,  3.58.  The  mean  ratio  for  this  period  is  4.41,  and  the  mean 
body  weight  is  61.19. 

For  the  subperiod  during  which  3  grams  of  boric  acid  were  adminis- 
tered the  highest  ratio  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  5,  namely,  4.69,  and 
the  lowest  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  namely,  3.76.  The  mean  ratio  is  4.08, 
and  the  mean  body  weight  is  61.04. 

For  the  after  period,  extending  over  nine  days,  the  highest  ratio  is 
found  in  the  case  of  No.  3,  namelj^,  4.73,  and  the  lowest  in  the  case  of 
No.  1,  namely,  3.62.  The  mean  ratio  for  the  period  is  4.21,  and  the 
mean  weight  of  the  bodj^  is  61.23. 

A  comparative  view  of  these  mean  ratios  for  the  periods  mentioned 
is  shown  in  the  following  tabular  statement: 

Table  XVIII. — Average  daily  ratio  of  weight  of  food  to  tveight  of  body  in  Series  I,  by 

periods. 


Period. 


Average 
daily  ra- 
tio of 
food  con- 
sumed. 


Average 

daily 
weight 
of  body. 


Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 
After  period 


Per  cent. 
4.20 
4.22 
4.21 


Kilos. 
61.76 
61.20 
61.23 


It  will  be  noted  from  the  above  that  the  total  weight  of  food  con- 
sumed in  proportion  to  the  weight  of  the  body  changes  very  little 
from  one  period  to  another.     There  was,  as  is  noticed,  a  tendency  to 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  123 

decrease  iu  the  body  weight  during  the  preservative  period,  the  aver- 
age weight  having  fallen  from  61.76  kilograms  to  61.20.  During  the 
after  period  there  was  a  tendency'  again  for  the  body  weight  to  rise, 
it  having  reached  an  average  of  61.23  at  the  end  of  the  after  period. 

Too  much  importance  must  not  be  attached  to  the  above  data,  by 
reason  of  the  fact  that  the  total  water  consumed,  both  that  existing  in 
the  food  and  that  taken  separately,  has  been  considered  as  food  itself. 
It  is  true  that  water  is,  in  one  sense,  the  most  important  food  for  the 
sustenance  of  the  human  body,  Avithout  which  all  the  physiological 
functions  of  the  bod}'  would  cease.  It  is,  however,  also  true  that 
water  is  one  of  the  important  products  of  metabolic  activity,  being,  in 
conjunction  with  carbon  dioxid,  the  principal  product  of  that  combus- 
tion which  produces  and  sustains  the  animal  heat.  From  this  point 
of  view  the  water  may  be  regarded  as  a  waste  product  of  food  as  well 
as  a  food  itself. 

A  more  valuable  comparison  of  the  average  weight  of  food  con- 
sumed to  the  average  weight  of  the  body  may  be  secured  by  reducing 
the  food  to  a  dry  basis.  In  Table  XIX  is  given  a  comparative  state- 
ment showing  the  relation  of  the  weight  of  dry  food  to  body  weight, 
as  compared  with  the  moist  food,  during  the  first  series  of  experiments. 
These  data  are  interesting,  but  it  does  not  seem  advisable  to  increase 
tlie  bulk  of  the  bulletin  by  computing  them  for  each  series.  It  is  a 
matter  of  considerable  interest,  however,  to  note  that  the  average 
weight  of  dry  food  consumed  is  almost  exactly  1  per  cent  of  the 
weight  of  the  body.  In  the  fore  period  it  is  seen  that  the  smallest 
percentage  of  food  consumed  in  relation  to  the  weight  of  the  body  is 
by  No.  6,  namely,  0.79,  and  the  largest  bj'  No.  3,  namely,  1.21,  while 
the  average  percentage  for  the  whole  fore  period  of  the  six  men  under 
observation  is  0.06.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  average  quantity  of  food 
consumed  in  relation  to  body  weight  during  the  preservative  period  is 
O.OtJ  per  cent  of  the  average  body  weight.  The  smallest  quantit}'  con- 
sumed in  any  instance  is  by  No.  1,  in  the  third  subperiod,  namely, 
0.83  per  cent,  and  the  largest  quantity  is  by  No.  5,  in  the  second  sub- 
period,  namely,  1.25  per  cent.  In  the  after  period  the  mean  quantity 
of  dry  food  consumed  in  relation  to  body  weight  is  1.01  per  cent. 
The  smallest  quantity  is  consumed  by  Nos.  1  and  2,  namely,  0.92  per 
cent,  and  the  largest  quantity  by  No.  3,  namely,  1.20  per  cent. 

It  is  stMMi  that  but  little  change  is  shown  in  the  total  weight  of  dr}'^ 
food  consumed  in  relation  to  body  weight  in  the  three  periods.  The 
data  show  the  interesting  fact  in  nutrition  that  health}'  young  men  in 
one  hundred  days  will  eat  an  amount  of  dr}'  food  almost  exactly  equal 
to  the  weight  of  their  bodies'.  It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  the 
daily  ratio  of  moist  food  consumed,  including  the  water  drunk,  is  a 
little  more  than  four  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  dr}'  food. 


124 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Table  XIX. 


-Comparison  of  average  daily  ratios  of  food  weight  {moist  and  dry)  to  body 
weight  for  Series  I. 


Subject. 

Body 
weight. 

Average 

daily 
weight  of 
dry  food. 

Average  daily  ratio 

of  food  weight  to 

body  weight. 

Dry. 

Moist. 

Fo7^e  period. 
No  1      

Kilos. 
71.62 
71.89 
66.22 
57.57 
52.63 
61.60 

Grams. 
619. 2 
602.3 
670.0 
568.9 
591.6 
488.8 

Per  cent. 
0.87 

.84 
1.21 

.99 
1.12 

.79 

Per  cent. 
4  17 

2 

3.98 

3                                                                              

5  33 

4         

5.29 

5 

4.73 

6             ..              

3  41 

61.76 

590.0 

.96 

4  20 

Preservative  period. 
First  subperiod: 

No.  1 

71.59 
71.23 
65. 03 
57.08 
62.49 
60.75 

664.6 
628.6 
629.2 
663.2 
616.2 
530.7 

.93 

.88 
1.14 

.97 
1.17 

.87 

3.62 

2 

4.10 

3                                                                            

3.51 

4    

5.06 

5 

4.82 

6                                                                          

3.30 

61.36 

604.0 

.98 

4.19 

Second  subperiod: 

No.  1 

71.26 
70.98 
64.72 
56.93 
52.96 
60.27 

701.6 
646.0 
638.4 
676.8 
663.0 
598.5 

.98 

.91 

1.17 

1.01 

1.25 

.99 

3.86 

2     .     .     ..                                                                   

4.14 

3      

4.73 

4 

6.21 

5                                                                                         ..   . 

5.26 

6         ...                

3.68 

61.19 

637.0 

1.04 

4  41 

Third  subperiod: 

No.l 

71.28 
70.78 
54.07 
66.30 
53.61 
60.19 

593.2 
627.5 
523.8 
482.9 
617.0 
566.8 

.83 
.89 
.97 
.86 
1.16 
.94 

3  76 

2 

4.06 

3 

4.25 

4 

4  13 

5 

4.69 

6 

3.77 

Average 

61.04 

669.0 

.93 

4.08 

Entire  preservative  period: 

61.20 

603.1 

.99 

4.22 

After  period. 
No.  1 

71.64 
70.87 
54.73 
66.18 
53.87 
60.10 

660.8 
651.0 
654.6 
525.8 
614.1 
589.4 

.92 

.92 
1.20 

.94 
1.14 

.98 

3.62 

2 

4.07 

3 

4.73 

4    . 

4.48 

5 

4.54 

6 

4.07 

61.23 

616.0 

1.01 

4.21 

THE   NUMBER   OF   COilPUSCL.ES   AND    THE    QUANTITY  OF   HEMO- 
GLOBIN  IN   THE   BLOOD. 

The  determination  of  the  corpuscles  and  hemoglobin  in  the  blood 
was  made  by  the  methods  usually  employed.  For  determining  the 
number  of  corpuscles  in  the  blood  the  method  employed  was  the  ordi- 
nary one  in  which  the  Thoma-Zeiss  apparatus  is  used.  The  details  of 
this  method  are  such  as  are  given  by  Cabot.'*  The  apparatus  used  for 
making  the  hemoglobin  test  in  the  first  series  was  the  Dare  apparatus. 

« Clinical  Examination  of  the  Blood,  by  R.  0.  Cabot,  fourth  revised  edition,  pp. 
12-19.     Wm.  Wood  &  Co.,  New  York,  1901. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  125 

In  all  subsequent  examinations,  however,  the  Fleischl  apparatus 
was  used.  These  methods  are  also  given  in  the  publication  above 
mentioned.* 

The  number  of  corpuscles  was  counted  independently  b}-  two 
observers,  Messrs.  C.  P.  Knight  and  B.  J.  Howard,  and  the  mean  of 
the  two  counts  was  taken  as  the  correct  number  of  corpuscles  in  each 
cubic  millimeter.  The  hemoglobin  was  measured  in  the  same  way- 
The  independent  data  obtained  1)}^  the  two  observers  agreed  well.  The 
tirst  observations  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  trying  the  methods 
and  obtaining  the  necessary  skill  on  the  part  of  the  observers. 

Instruction  in  making  these  observations  was  given  by  Dr.  William 
B.  French  and  Dr.  John  H.  McCormick,  who  kindly  supervised  the 
tirst  tests  and  directed  the  detail  of  the  observations.  The  number  of 
corpuscles  per  cubic  millimeter  and  the  reading  for  hemoglobin  for 
each  of  the  members  of  Series  I,  III,  and  V  are  given  in  Table  XXI, 
shown  on  page  128.  The  first  examinations  were  made  a  few  days 
after  completing  the  after  period  of  the  first  series.  The  second 
observation  was  made  upon  the  same  subjects  on  the  28th  of  February, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  preservative  period  of  Series  III. 

The  data  for  Series  III  show  a  fair  agreement  between  the  two 
observers,  the  only  notable  difference  in  regard  to  the  number  of 
corpuscles  being  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  the  counts  differing  by  over 
1.000,000.  In  the  measurement  of  the  hemoglobin  the  two  sets  of 
data  agree  satisfactorily.  It  will  be  noticed  in  this  case  that  No.  1  of 
the  first  observation  differs  remarkaV)ly  from  No.  1  in  the  second. 
This  is  because  of  a  change  in  the  individual.  No.  1  of  the  first  series 
having  dropped  out  of  the  observation  and  his  place  being  taken  b}^ 
another.  Both  the  red  corpuscles  and  the  hemoglobin  are  extremely 
low  in  the  case  of  the  new  subject. 

It  is  noticed  that  the  amount  of  hemoglobin  does  not  always  coin- 
cide with  the  number  of  corpuscles;  for  instance.  No.  2,  with  over 
6,50o,o(j0  coi-puscles,  shows  a  hemoglobin  reading  of  only  71.6  per 
cent  of  the  amount  normally  present  in  human  blood,  while  No.  -5, 
with  .5, .500, 000  corpuscles,  shows  lOT.G  per  cent. 

Th(!  next  series  of  o))servations  is  the  only  complete  one  which  was 
secured,  covering  all  three  periods  of  Series  V.  The  first  observation 
was  made  about  the  middle  of  the  fore  period,  namely,  April  28.  The 
second  oliservaf  ion  was  made  near  the  beginning  of  the  last  half  of  the 
preservative  period,  namely,  on  the  2iHh  of  May.  The  last  observation 
was  nuule  at  tlie  enrl  of  the  aft<M'  periorl.  namclv.  on  June  'M).  (See 
Table  XXI.) 

A  comparison  of  these  data  b}-  individuals  shows,  in  the  case  of  No.  1, 
:i  j)rogreHwive  increase  in  the  number  of  corpuscles,  which  rises  from 

"  ninical  Examination  of  tlio  I'lood,  by  li.  C.  Cabot,  fourth  revLsed  edition,  pp. 

3:i,  :u,  37-:}». 


126         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

4,380,000  in  the  fore  period,  to  5,330,000  in  the  preservative  period, 
and  to  5,695,000  in  the  after  period.  The  hemoglobin  reading  at  the 
same  time  falls  from  102.6  to  99.2  in  the  preservative  period,  and  rises 
again  to  108.1  in  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  2  there  is  a  decided  decrease  in  the  blood  corpus- 
cles during  the  preservative  period,  falling  from  6,352,000  to  5,352,000, 
and  rising  again  to  6,248,000  at  the  end  of  the  after  period.  The  hemo- 
globin also  shows  the  same  remarkable  variations,  falling  from  96.8 
in  the  fore  period  to  71  in  the  preservative  period,  and  rising  to  89.8 
in  the  after  period.  In  this  instance  it  appears  that  under  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative  both  the  number  of  corpuscles  and  the 
hemoglobin  were  diminished. 

In  the  case  of  No.  3,  we  have  again  the  same  series  of  phenomena 
as  were  exhibited  in  No.  1,  as  to  the  number  of  corpuscles,  which  rose 
from  5,450,000  in  the  fore  period  to  6,040,000  in  the  preservative 
period,  and  again  to  6,724,000  in  the  after  period.  There  is  also  a 
progressive  increase  in  the  amount  of  hemoglobin,  which  rises  from 
98  per  cent  in  the  fore  period  to  102  in  the  preservative  period, 
and  to  105.9  in  the  after  period.  Both  No.  1  and  No.  3  show  a  con- 
tinuous improvement  in  the  character  of  the  blood  from  the  beginning 
of  the  fore  period  to  the  end  of  the  after  period,  and  the  administra- 
tion of  the  preservative  does  not  appear  to  have  affected  one  way  or 
the  other  this  progressive  improvement. 

In  the  case  of  No.  4  the  data  are  not  complete,  the  subject  having 
withdrawn  from  the  class  and  left  the  city  at  the  end  of  the  preserva- 
tive period.  The  number  of  corpuscles  in  the  blood  in  his  case  slightly 
decreases  during  the  administration  of  the  borax,  but  the  percentage 
of  hemoglobin  rises.  This  percentage,  however,  is  so  low,  namely, 
57.2,  for  the  fore  period  that  it  should  be  accepted  with  some  degree 
of  doubt,  although  the  two  observers  agreed  closely  in  their  estimate 
of  it,  the  one  having  estimated  the  hemoglobin  at  56.4  and  the  other 
at  58.1. 

In  the  case  of  No.  5  it  should  be  noted  that  there  is  also  a  change  in 
the  personnel,  No.  5  of  the  first  series  having  been  by  reason  of  ill- 
ness withdrawn  from  observation  and  placed  on  a  special  table,  his 
place  having  been  taken  by  a  much  larger  man.  This  subject,  how- 
ever, was  markedly  anemic  as  respects  the  number  of  red  corpuscles 
in  the  fore  and  after  periods.  The  administration  of  the  preservative 
appeared  to  increase  very  markedly  the  number  of  red  corpuscles, 
which  rise  from  4,886,000  in  the  fore  period  to  6,344,000  in  the  pre- 
servative period,  falling  again  to  5,764,000  in  the  after  period.  The 
percentage  of  hemoglobin,  however,  is  not  changed  from  the  fore 
period  to  the  preservative  period,  remaining  97.5  in  each  case.  There 
is,  however,  a  very  decided  increase  in  hemoglobin  during  the  after 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  127 

period,  the  percentage  rising-  to  106. 4.  These  data  are  directly- 
opposed  to  those  obtained  in  the  case  of  No.  2  for  the  same  series  of 
observations. 

In  the  case  of  No.  6  we  have  the  same  series  of  phenomena  exhibited 
as  respects  the  nmiiber  of  blood  corpuscles  as  are  shown  in  the  case  of 
Nos.  1  and  3,  namely,  a  gradual  rise  in  the  number  of  red  corpuscles 
during  the  series.  Beginning  with  5,000,000  in  the  fore  period  the 
number  rises  to  5,068,000  in  the  preservative  period,  and  to  5,780,000 
in  the  after  period.  The  hemoglobin,  which  is  91.6  per  cent  in  the 
fore  period,  falls  to  82.1:  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period  and  rises 
again  to  102  per  cent  in  the  after  period. 

Collecting  all  the  data  of  Series  V  into  one  expression,  we  find  that 
the  average  number  of  corpuscles  in  the  blood  of  all  the  subjects  dur- 
ing the  fore  period  is  5,128,166,  during  the  preservative  period 
5,571,000,  and  during  the  after  period  6,042,200.  These  data  seem  to 
indicate  a  tendenc}'  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  num- 
ber of  corpuscles  in  the  blood.  The  hemoglobin  numbers  show  an 
average  of  90.6  during  the  fore  period,  87.6  during  the  preservative 
period,  and  102.4  during  the  after  period.  From  these  figures  it 
would  appear  that  there  is  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative 
to  diminish  the  percentage  of  hemoglobin. 

Nos.  1,  3,  and  5  are  the  only  members  of  Series  V  who  finished  the 
entire  series.  Considering  these  members  only,  the  averages  are  as 
given  in  Table  XX. 

Table  XX. — Averages  of  corpuscle  and  hemoglobin  determinations  for  Series  V,  consid- 
ering onlij  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5. 


Date. 


1903. 

April  28 

May  29 

June  30 


Corpuscles 

per  cubic 

millimeter. 


Number. 
4,905,333 
5, 904, 666 
6,061,000 


Hemo- 
globin. 


Per  cent. 

99.1 

99.5 

106.8 


The  data  concerning  the  blood  must  not  l)e  too  literalh'  construed, 
b(Maus('  of  their  contradictory  nature  in  regard  to  individuals.  The 
final  deduction  can  only  Ixi  drawn  that  if  this  preservative  affects  the 
number  of  corpuscles  and  the  (juantity  of  hemoglobin  at  all  it  does  so 
in  a  ver}'  irregular  mann(;r.  dirt'ering  in  different  individuals,  and  in 
a  way  which  can  not  be  used  as  a  basis  of  any  definite  conclusion. 


128 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XXI. 

[Hemoglobin  expressed  in  percentage  of  amount  normally  present  in  human  blood.] 


Corpuscles  and  hemoglobin  in  the  blood  of  subjects  Nos.  1-6,  as  determined 
at  various  dates. 


Series  I, 

Janu- 

Series  III 

Feb- 

Series  V. 

ary  19,  1903.a 

ruary  28,  1903. 

April  28,  1903. 

May  29,  1903. 

June  30,  1903. 

Subject. 

Corpus- 
cles per 
cubic 
milli- 
meter. 

Hem- 
oglo- 
bin. 

Corpus- 
cles per 
cubic 
milli- 
meter. 

Hem- 
oglo- 
bin. 

Corpus- 
cles per 
cubic 
milli- 
meter. 

Hem- 
oglo- 
bin. 

Corpus- 
cles per 
cubic 
milli- 
meter. 

Hem- 
oglo- 
bin. 

Corpus- 
cles per 
cubic 
milli- 
meter. 

Hem- 
oglo- 
bin. 

No.l: 

Estimate  A 

Number. 
5,904,000 

P.ct. 
97.0 
94.5 

Number. 
5, 280, 000 
5, 272, 000 

P.ct. 
105.0 
104.0 

Number. 

4,384,000 

4,376,000 

P.ct. 
104.0 
101.2 

Number. 
5,360,000 
5, 300, 000 

P.ct. 
100.1 

98.2 

Number. 
5,720,000 
5, 670, 000 

P.ct. 

108.2 
108  1 

Mean 

5, 904, 000 

95.8 

5,276,000 

104.5 

4, 380, 000 

102.6 

5, 330, 000 

99.2 

5,695,000 

108.1 

No.  2: 

Estimate  A 

5,832,000 

96.6 
95.0 

6, 528, 000 
6, 600, 000 

70.2 
73.0 

6, 400, 000 
6, 304, 000 

97.2 
96.4 

5,312,000 
5,392,000 

70.3 
71.7 

6,296,000 
6, 200, 000 

91.3 
88  3 

Mean 

5,832,000 

95.8 

6,564,000 

71.6 

6,352,000 

96.8 

5, 352, 000 

71.0 

6,248,000 

89.8 

No.  3: 

Estimate  A 

Estimate  B 

6,464,000 

96.7 

5,584,000 
5,568,000 

108.6 
106.5 

5,376,000 
5, 524, 000 

99.0 
97.0 

6,080,000 
6, 000, 000 

100.5 
103.5 

6,760,000 
6, 688, 000 

106.2 
105  6 

Mean 

6, 464, 000 

96.7 

5,576,000 

107.6 

5,450,000 

98.0 

6,040,000 

102. 0 

6,724,000 

105.9 

No.  4: 

Estimate  A 

5, 624, 000 

96.0 

64,640,000 
4, 648, 000 

64.3 
64.0 

4,786,000 
4,616,000 

56.4 
58.1 

4, 720,  COO 
4,664,000 

74.7 
72.1 

Estimate  B 

Mean 

5,624,000 

96.0 

4,644,000 

64.2 

4,701,000 

57.2 

4, 692, 000 

73.4 

No.  5: 

Estimate  A 

Estimate  B 

6,600,000 
6, 404, 000 

65,568,000 
5,544,000 

98.0 
101.0 

5, 708, 000 
4,064,000 

97.0 
98.0 

6,352,000 
6,336,000 

97.9 
97.2 

5,784,000 
5,744,000 

107.1 
105.7 

Mean 

6, 502, 000 

5,556,000 

99.5 

4,886,000 

97.5 

6, 344, 000 

97.5 

5,764,000 

106.4 

No.  6: 

Estimate  A 

Estimate  B 

5, 200, 000 
5, 008, 000 

100.0 
100.0 

,5,328,000 
6, 456, 000 

86.0 

88.4 

5, 040, 000 
4,960,000 

90.2 
93.0 

5,656,000 
5,680,000 

82.0 
82.8 

5, 800, 000 
5, 760, 000 

103.9 
100.1 

Mean 

5,104,000 

100.0 

5,892,000 

87.2 

5, 000, 000 

91.6 

5,668,000 

82.4 

5, 780, 000 

102.0 

Average  mean 
estimate  ... 

5,905,000 

96.9 

5, 584, 666 

89.1 

5, 128, 166 

90.6 

5,571,000 

87.6 

6,042,200 

102.4 

"Dates  given  are  for  No.  1.  There  are  a  few  variations  for  other  members,  as  follows:  In  Series  I, 
No.  2,  .January  17;  No.  3,  January  13;  No.  4,  January  16;  Nos.  5  and  6,  January  12.  In  Series  V,  pre- 
servative period,  Nos.  2,  4,  and  6,  May  28. 

6  Change  of  personnel. 

COMPOSITION  OF  THE  FECES. 

The  data  for  the  discussion  of  the  composition  of  the  feces  are  taken 
from  several  sets  of  tables.  Table  XXII,  p^iven  herewith  (p.  151),  is  a 
summary  showing  b}^  periods,  for  each  individual,  the  average  daily 
weight  of  the  wet  feces,  the  percentage  of  water  therein,  and  the  weight 
of  the  dr}^  feces.  Tables  XLV-LV,  prepared  to  show  the  nitrogen 
balance  in  the  body,  give  the  total  weight  of  nitrogen  in  the  food,  the 
weight  of  nitrogen  eliminated,  and  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  elimi- 
nated. In  the  tables  these  facts  are  given  in  full  for  each  individual, 
and  are  also  summarized  by  periods  and  series;  but  in  the  present  dis- 
cussion the  percentages  used  are  the  averages  for  the  various  periods 
only.  Similar  facts  for  phosphoric  acid  are  to  be  found  in  Tables 
LVI-LXVI;  for  fat  in  Tables  LXVII-LXXV,  and  for  calories  in 
Tables  LXXVI-LXXXIV  (see  appendix). 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  129 

Series  I. 

In  Series  1  the  summary  includes  all  the  members  of  the  table,  since 
the}"  all  went  through  the  entire  series. 

No.  i—J.  N. 

Compared  by  periods,  the  average  daih'  weight  of  the  wet  feces  is 
14-2.1  grams  for  the  fore  period,  134.9  for  the  preservative  period,  and 
148  for  the  after  period.  The  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces  is  almost 
constant  throughout,  being  80.86  for  the  fore  period,  79.69  for  the 
preservative  period,  and  78.11  for  the  after  period.  The  average  daily 
weight  of  drj^  feces  is  27.2  grams  for  the  fore  period,  27.4  for  the  pre- 
servative period,  and  32.4  for  the  after  period.  The  percentage  of 
nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  7.7  for  the  fore  period,  7.1  for  the 
preservative  period,  and  8.2  for  the  after  period.  The  percentage  of 
phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  47.1  for  the  fore  period,  39.3 
for  the  preservative  period,  and  49.4  for  the  after  period. 

The  above  data  show  that  the  preservative  has  no  notable  influence 
upon  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces,  and  but  little  on  the  total 
weight  of  the  dry  feces,  although  there  is  a  considerable  increase  in 
this  respect  in  the  after  period.  They  show,  also,  a  slight  tendency 
on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  decrease  the  percentage  of  nitrogen 
eliminated  in  the  feces,  and  a  marked  tendenc}^  to  decrease  the  per- 
centage of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  feces.  In  other  words, 
there  is  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase 
the  absorption  of  the  nitrogenous  and  phosphatic  elements  of  the  food 
in  passing  through  the  digestive  tract. 

No.  2—F.  C.  W. 

The  data  relating  to  subject  No.  2  are  given  in  a  similar  manner,  and 
it  is  not  necessar}^  to  discuss  them  in  detail,  but  only  as  to  general 
results.  In  the  case  of  No.  2  there  appears  to  be  a  tendenc}^  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  amount  of  water  in  the  feces. 
In  other  words,  the  feces,  according  to  their  chemical  composition,  are 
softer  than  in  the  fore  and  after  periods,  the  average  percentage  of 
water  in  the  fore  period  in  the  feces  of  No.  2  being  79.65,  and  in  the 
after  period  77.88,  while  the  average  amount  for  the  preservative 
period  is  83.91.  IMiere  is  a  slight  increase  also  in  the  total  weight  of 
dry  feces  during  the  preservative  period.  The  average  daily  weight 
of  the  dry  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  23.2,  for  the  preservative  pcuiod 
30.7,  and  for  the  after  pci'iod  -AU.  The  percentage  of  nitrogen  elimi- 
nated in  the  feces  for  the  fore  period  is  7.7,  for  the  preservative  period 
9.;»,  and  for  (lie  after  jx'i'iod  8.8.  The  perc<'ntag(^  of  ])hosphoric  acid 
eHriiiriatcd  during  tln^  i'ovi'.  jx-riod  is  37.1,  for  the  preservative  period 
3.5.1,  and  for  the  after  jx-riod  3(5. <;. 
4242— No.  H4,  pt  1-04 U 


130  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

These  data,  in  respect  of  the  ehmination  of  nitrogen,  tend  to  show 
a  diminished  absorption  of  the  nitrogenous  foods  during  the  passage 
of  the  food  through  the  alimentary  canal,  which  is  opposite  to  the 
conclusion  derived  from  a  stud}^  of  the  data  of  the  first  subject,  and  a 
slightlj'  increased  absorption  of  the  phosphatic  elements  of  the  food, 
which  is  in  harmony  with  the  data  obtained  on  subject  No.  1. 

No.  3—W.  S.  0. 

These  data  also  will  be  considered  only  en  bloc.  Again  there  is  seen 
in  the  case  of  No.  3  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
increase  slightl}^  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces,  that  of  the  fore 
period  being  79,  of  the  preservative  period  80.72,  and  of  the  after 
period  77.39.  In  respect  of  nitrogen  eliminated,  we  see  an  agreement 
with  No.  2,  the  data  showing  a  less  complete  absorption  of  the  nitrog- 
enous elements  of  the  food  during  its  passage  through  the  alimentary 
canal,  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  feces  during  the 
fore  period  being  7.6,  for  the  preservative  period  9.3,  and  for  the 
after  period  7.6.  The  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  excreted  in  the 
fore  period  is  25.4,  in  the  preservative  period  30.1,  and  in  the  after 
period  24.7. 

These  data  show  a  very  much  larger  absorption  of  the  phosphatic 
elements  of  the  food  in  passing  through  the  alimentary  canal  than  in 
the  cases  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  The  preservative  in  this  case,  however, 
does  tend  to  decrease  the  amount  of  the  phosphatic  elements  absorbed. 

No.  4—W.  L.  D. 

We  find  in  the  case  of  No.  4  again  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  increase  the  amount  of  water  in  the  feces,  the  per- 
centage for  the  fore  period  being  78,  for  the  preservative  period  81.89, 
and  for  the  after  period  81.04.  The  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated 
in  the  feces  in  the  case  of  No.  4  is  8.4  for  the  fore  period,  7.9  for  the 
preservative  period,  and  10.6  for  the  after  period.  Here  there  seems 
to  be  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  nitrogenous  elements  of  the  food  from  the  alimentary 
canal.  The  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  fore  period 
is  30.7,  for  the  preservative  period  27.2,  and  for  the  after  period  34.5. 
In  this  instance  the  preservative  has  an  apparent  tendency  to  increase 
the  absorption  of  the  phosphatic  elements  of  the  foods  during  their 
passage  through  the  alimentary  canal. . 

No.  5—R.  V.  F. 

Again  in  this  case  we  see  a  slight  tendency  manifest  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  increase  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces,  the 
quantity  in  the  fore  period  being  77.55,  in  the  preservative  period 
80.04,  and  in  the  after  period  79.56.     The  percentage  of  nitrogen  elim- 


BORIC    ACID    A]ND    BORAX.  131 

inated  iu  the  feces  iu  the  fore  period  is  10,  in  the  preservative  period 
11,  and  in  the  after  period  10.0.  There  is  an  apparent  tendency  of 
the  preservative  in  this  case  to  diminish  the  percentage  of  the  nitrog- 
enous elements  of  the  food  absorbed  from  tlie  alimentary  canal.  The 
percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore 
period  is  35.7,  during  the  preservative  period  37.2,  and  during  the 
after  period  30.0.  In  this  case  there  is  an  apparent  tendency  of  the 
preservative  to  diminish  the  amount  of  the  phosphatic  elements  of  the 
food  absorbed  from  the  alimentary  canal. 

No.  6—L.  M.  S. 

In  this  instance  there  seems  to  be  no  tendency  on  the  part  of  the 
preservative  to  increase  the  amount  of  water  in  the  feces,  the  percent- 
age for  the  fore  period  being  82.97,  for  the  preservative  period  81.66, 
and  for  the  after  period  79.86.  The  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated 
in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  12.9,  in  the  preservative  period  13.9, 
and  in  the  after  period  11.6.  In  this  subject  there  is  an  apparent 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  absorption  of 
the  nitrogenous  elements  of  the  food  from  the  alimentary  canal.  The 
percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 
period  is  27.2,  iu  the  preservative  period  35.1,  and  in  the  after  period 
32.7.  There  is  in  this  case  a  manifest  tendency  on  the  part  of  the 
preservative  to  diminish  the  absorption  of  the  phosphatic  elements  of 
the  foods  during  their  passage  through  the  alimentary  canal. 


In  general  there  is  a  marked  difference  manifest  in  the  six  subjects  in 
regard  to  the  degree  of  absorption.  The  balances  of  Series  I  may  be 
sunmiarized  in  round  numbers  as  follows:  In  the  case  of  No.  1  almost 
half  of  the  phosphoric  acid  entering  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces, 
and  from  6  to  8  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen  exhibited  in  the  food  is 
recovered  in  the  feces.  In  the  case  of  No.  2  about  35  per  cent  of  the 
phosphoric  acid  is  recovered  in  the  feces,  and  about  9  per  cent  of  the 
nitrogen.  In  No.  3  about  28  per  cent  of  the  total  phosphoric  acid  in 
the  food  is  recovered  in  the  feces,  and  about  8  percent  of  the  nitrogen. 
In  the  case  of  No.  4  about  30  per  cent  of  the  phosphoric  acid  exhibited 
in  the  food  is  recovered  in  the  feces,  and  about 8  percent  of  the  nitro- 
gen. In  the  case  of  No.  5  about  36  per  cent  of  the  phosphoric  acid 
exhibited  in  the  food  is  recovered  in  the  feces  and  about  11  per  cent 
of  the  nitrogen.  In  No.  6  about  33  per  cent  of  the  phosphoric  acid 
••x  hi  hi  ted  in  the  food  is  recovered  in  the  feces  and  13  per  cent  of  the 
nitrogen. 

Combining  all  of  the  average  data  obtained  from  the  six  subjects 
into  one  (expression,  the  following  general  data  are  obtained:  Tlu5  aver- 
age daily  weight  of  the  moist  feces  per  man  iu  the  fore  period  is  125.6 


182    INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PRESERVATIVES  ON  HEALTH. 

grams,  during  the  preservative  period  148.2,  and  during  the  after 
period  135.4.  The  average  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces  of  the 
fore  period  is  79.86,  of  the  preservative  period  81.44,  and  of  the  after 
period  79.10.  The  average  weight  of  dry  feces  during  the  fore  period 
is  25.3,  during  the  preservative  period  27.5,  and  during  the  after 
period  28.3.  The  average  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the 
feces  during  the  fore  period  is  8.9,  during  the  preservative  period  9.6, 
and  during  the  after  period  9.5.  The  average  percentage  of  phos- 
phoric acid  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  is  35.1,  dur- 
ing the  preservative  period  34.1,  and  during  the  after  period  35.3. 

The  combined  data  show  that  the  first  effect  of  the  preservative  upon 
the  composition  of  the  feces  is  to  increase  slightly  the  percentage  of 
water  therein.  There  is  also  a  tendency  equally  well  manifested  in 
this  series  to  increase  slightly  the  total  weight  of  the  dry  matter 
occurring  in  the  feces,  and  this  tendency  is  continued  during  the  after 
period,  as  might  be  expected.  There  is  also  a  slight  tendency  to 
decrease  the  quantity  of  the  nitrogenous  elements  of  the  food  absorbed 
from  the  alimentary  canal,  and  this  tendency  is  also  manifest  during 
the  after  period.  There  is  a  slight  tendency,  on  the  other  hand,  to 
increase  the  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  absorbed  from  the  alimentary 
canal. 

A  general  review  of  the  data  shows  that  while  there  is  a  distinct 
effect  produced  by  the  preservative  upon  the  composition  of  the  feces 
it  is  not  uniform  among  all  the  subjects.  The  effects  are  contradictory 
in  some  instances  in  the  case  of  different  subjects.  The  general  ten- 
dency, however,  to  increase  the  quantity  of  water  in  the  feces,  to 
decrease  the  amount  of  nitrogenous  elements  absorbed  from  the  ali- 
mentary canal,  and  to  increase  the  amount  of  the  phosphatic  elements 
absorbed  from  the  alimentary  canal  appears  fairly  well  established  for 
Series  I. 

Series  II. 

The  data  in  this  series  are  incomplete  in  man}^  cases  and  imperfect 
in  others,  due  to  the  illness  (from  other  causes  than  that  traceable  to 
the  administration  of  the  preservative)  of  some  members  of  the  class 
during  the  progress  of  the  observations.  In  so  far  as  they  were 
observed,  the  data  are  recorded  in  the  balance  sheets. 

No.  7—E.  R.  M. 

The  percentage  of  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period 
for  No.  7  is  12.2,  and  for  the  preservative  period  13.8.  There  are, 
however,  marked  variations  in  the  preservative  subperiods,  the  percent- 
age of  nitrogen  excreted  during  the  first  subperiod  rising  to  18.4.  Of 
the  phosphoric  acid  44.2  per  cent  is  excreted  in  the  feces  during  the 
fore  period,  and  44  per  cent  as  a  mean  of  the  preservative  period.     Of 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX,  133 

the  fat  consumed  in  the  food  -i.i  per  cent  is  voided  in  the  feces  dnr- 
i no- the  fore  period  and  6.5  per  cent  daring  the  preservative  period. 
Of  tlie  total  calories  in  the  food  4.0  per  cent  is  voided  in  the  feces 
during  the  fore  period  and  5. .5  per  cent  during  the  preservative  period. 
The  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  74.65  and 
during  the  preservative  period  78.75.  No  data  have  been  collected  on 
the  feces  for  the  after  period  by  reason  of  the  general  illness  and 
indisposition  of  all  the  members  of  the  table. 

These  data,  in  the  case  of  No.  7,  show  a  tendenc}^  on  the  part  of  the 
preservative  to  decrease  the  amount  of  nitrogen  absorbed  from  the 
alimentary  canal  and  to  increase  ver}-  slightly  the  amount  of  phos- 
phoric acid  al)sorbed.  There  is  also  a  marked  tendency  shown  to 
interfere  with  the  digestion  and  absorption  of  the  fat  and,  in  a  like 
manner,  with  the  general  digestion  and  absorption  of  those  elements 
which  when  oxidized  furnish  heat.  In  other  words,  in  this  case  there 
was  a  marked  tendency,  in  every  one  of  the  factors  compared,  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  interfere  slightly  with  the  processes  of 
digestion  and  al)sorption,  with  the  exception  of  phosphoric  acid. 

In  regard  to  the  constitution  of  the  feces  as  concerns  their  moisture 
content,  there  is  a  notable  increase  in  the  quantity  of  water  during 
the  preservative  period,  but  this  increase  is  in  no  case  large  enough  to 
induce  s3'mptoms  of  diarrhea. 

Xo.  8  [J.  H.  K.)  and  No.  9  (E.  B.  D.). 

The  data  on  Nos.  8  and  9,  because  of  continued  illness,  are  so  incom- 
plete that  they  are  not  regarded  as  profitable  for  further  study.  The 
next  member  of  the  class  therefore  to  be  considered  is  No.  10. 

No.  10— W.  J.  J. 

In  this  case  the  average  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the 
feces  in  the  fore  period  is  9.1  and  in  the  preservative  period  9.2.  In 
regard  to  the  phosphoric  acid,  41  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  during 
the  fore  period  and  36.4  in  the  preservative  period.  Of  the  fat 
ingested  in  the  food,  4.7  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 
period  and  5.4  in  the  preservative  period.  Of  the  calories  consumed 
in  the  food,  4.1  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  and 
4.'-{  in  the  preservative  period.  In  regard  to  the  percentage  of  moist- 
ure ill  th(!  feces,  it  is  found  to  be  75.74  per  cent  in  the  fore  period  and 
74.75  in  th(!  preservative  period. 

These  data  indicate  that  the  preservative  is  almost  without  influence 
in  respect  of  the  absoi-ption  of  nitrogen  from  the  food  in  passing 
through  the  alimentary  canal.  Tiie  (juantity  of  phosphoric  acid 
absorbed  is  increased,  while  the  amount  of  fat  aljsorbed  from  the  ali- 
mentary canal  is  slightly  diminished.  More  of  the  heat-producing 
elements  of  the  food  are  excreted  from  the  body  during  the  preserv- 


134         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOB    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

ative  period  than  during  the  fore  period.  In  regard  to  moisture,  there 
is  scarcely  an}^  change  noted,  but  what  little  there  is  indicates  a  slightly 
drier  consistence  of  the  feces  during  the  preservative  period. 

No.  11— J.  s.  a 

The  data  for  No.  11  are  likewise  incomplete  and  are  of  little  value 
for  comparative  purposes. 

No.  12— B.  J.  T. 

In  the  case  of  No.  12  the  tables  show  that  8.3  per  cent  of  the  nitro- 
gen exhibited  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore 
period,  while  for  the  preservative  period  the  per  cent  eliminated  is 
9.8.  Of  the  phosphoric  acid,  35.5  per  cent  of  that  exhibited  in  the 
food  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  and  37.2  during  the  pre- 
servative period.  Of  the  fat  administered  in  the  food,  3.4:  per  cent 
appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  and  4.8  in  the  preservative 
period.  Of  the  total  calories  consumed  in  the  food,  3. 8  per  cent  appears 
in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  and  4.2  in  the  preservative  period.  As 
respects  the  moisture  in  the  feces,  it  is  seen  that  it  amounts  to  76.95 
per  cent  in  the  fore  period  and  76.18  in  the  preservative  period.  The 
data  in  this  case  also  indicate  a  slight  depressing  effect  of  the  preserva- 
tive upon  the  absorption  of  the  nitrogen  in  the  alimentary  canal.  The 
effect  upon  the  absorption  of  the  phosphorus  is  also  slight.  As  regards 
the  digestion  and  assimilation  of  the  fat,  it  appears  to  have  been  con- 
siderably interferred  with  by  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 
The  total  number  of  calories  in  the  feces,  it  is  seen,  is  slightly  increased 
in  the  preservative  period  over  the  quantity  in  the  fore  period.  In 
regard  to  the  moisture  in  the  feces,  it  is  remarkably  constant  during 
the  whole  of  the  observation,  and  no  effect  which  can  be  justly  noted 
is  produced  by  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  No.  12  was  ill 
during  the  after  part  of  the  pi*eservative  period  and  the  data  must 
be  considered  in  connection  with  the  fact  that  although  the  quantity 
of  food  eaten  was  greatly  diminished  the  debris  of  tissue  broken 
down  was  quite  abundant. 

SUMMARY. 

Summarizing  the  practically  complete  data  of  Nos.  7  and  10  we  fine 
the  following  results:  The  average  total  moist  feces  per  day  per  man' 
for  the  fore  period  is  127  grams  and  of  dry  feces  31.5.     During  tho; 
preservative  period  the  average  total  moist  feces  is  152.9  grams  and- 
the  dry  matter  35.3.     There  seems  to  be  here  a  slight  tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  total  weight  of  dry  matter 
voided  in  the  feces.     In  regard  to  water,  the  average  content  of  the 
feces  in  the  fore  period   is  75.20  per  cent  and  in  the   preservative! 
period  76.91. 

The  mean  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  fore  period  for 


i 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  135 

the  two  individuals  is  10.5  and  during  the  preservative  period  11.5. 
In  the  case  of  phosphoric  acid  it  is  seen  that  -i'lA  per  cent  is  elimi- 
nated daily  for  the  fore  period  and  40.1  per  cent  for  the  preservative 
period.  The  average  percentage  of  fat  found  in  the  food  voided  in 
the  feces  during  the  fore  period  is  4.6  and  in  the  preservative  period 
♦i.  The  average  percentage  of  calories  in  the  feces  for  the  fore  period 
is  4.1  and  in  the  preservative  period  4.9. 

These  data  seem  to  show  a  slight  inhibition  on  the  part  of  the  pre- 
servative to  the  absorption  of  the  nitrogenous  elements  of  the  food 
during  their  passage  through  the  alimentary  canal.  There  appears  to 
be  on  the  whole  a  slight  increase  in  the  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid 
absorbed  during  the  preservative  period  over  the  fore  period.  The 
absorption  of  fat  is  slighth'  diminished  by  the  operation  of  the  pre- 
servative. There  is  also  a  slight  decrease  in  the  absorption  of  the 
heat-forming  elements  of  the  food  during  the  administration  of  the 
preservative.  As  regards  the  water  in  the  feces,  it  is  somewhat 
greater  in  the  preservative  period  than  during  the  fore  period. 

Series  III. 
No.  1—J.  N. 

The  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore 
period  is  8.2;  during  the  preservative  period,  T.2,  and  during  the 
after  period,  'oA^.  In  this  series  there  is  a  progressive  diminution  of 
the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces.  There  is,  moreover, 
a  marked  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  feces  during  the  preservative 
period,  the  weight  of  drv  feces  falling  from  31.4  grams  daily  in  the 
fore  period  to  28.5  grams  daily  in  the  preservative  period  and  rising 
on!}'  to  29.1  grams  daily  in  the  after  period.  By  reason  of  the  inter- 
ference with  the  digestion  and  consequent  diminution  of  appetite,  the 
quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  diminishes  during  the  preservative 
period,  falling  from  18,19  grams  daily  in  the  fore  period  to  17.69 
grams  daily  in  the  preservative  period,  rising  again,  however,  after 
the  cessation  of  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid  to  19.5  grams  in  the 
after  period.  These  important  facts  nuist  not  be  lost  sight  of  in  judg- 
ing of  the  effects  of  boric  acid  upon  the  al)sorption  of  the  nitrogenous 
elements  of  the  food.  While  it  is  evident  that. a  larger  percentage 
of  nitrogen  in  the  food  is  absorbed  during  the  preservative  periods, 
tlie  total  (piantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  is  less. 

In  the  case  of  phosi)horic  acid,  60  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  in 
the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period,  87.4  per 
cent  during  the  preservative  period,  and  45.8  per  cent  during  the  after 
period. 

In  this  case  the  administration  of  the  ))oric  acid  appears  to  have 
increased  to  u  nuirked  degree  th(!  absorption  of  the  phosphoric  acid 
from  the  alimentary  canal. 


136  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

In  the  case  of  the  fat,  7.2  per  cent  is  excreted  in  the  feces  during 
the  fore  period,  4.7  per  cent  during  the  preservative  period,  and  3.7 
per  cent  during  the  after  period.  In  this  case  there  seems  to  have 
been  a  very  marked  increase  in  the  percentage  of  fat  absorbed  during 
the  administration  of  the  boric  acid.  This  increased  absorption  of 
the  fat  also  continues  during  the  after  period. 

In  regard  to  calories,  it  is  seen  in  the  case  of  No.  1  that  5.3  per  cent 
of  the  total  heat  value  of  the  food  is  excreted  in  the  feces  during  the 
fore  period,  3.2  per  cent  during  the  preservative  period,  and  4.5  per 
cent  during  the  after  period.  Here,  also,  the  administration  of  the 
boric  acid  appears  to  have  increased  to  a  slight  extent  the  absorption  of 
the  heat-forming  elements  of  the  food  during  its  passage  through  the 
alimentar}^  canal. 

In  regard  to  the  weight  of  feces,  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  it  is  found 
that  the  total  weight  is  slightly  increased  during  the  preservative 
period  due  to  the  increase  in  the  quantity  of  water  therein.  There  is, 
however,  no  evidence  of  any  tendency  to  diarrhea  during  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative. 

No.  2—F.  a  w. 

In  the  case  of  No.  2  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  feces 
during  the  fore  period  is  8.2.  There  is  a  slight  diminution  in  the  per- 
centage excreted  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  and  a  very 
marked  diminution  in  the  percentage  excreted  during  the  second  sub- 
period,  the  percentage  falling  to  3.2.  It  rises  again  above  the  normal 
of  the  fore  period  during  the  third  preservative  subperiod,  reaching  9 
per  cent,  the  mean  for  the  three  preservative  subperiods  being  6.7  per 
cent.  During  the  after  period  it  rises  to  7.8.  Here,  again,  we  see  a 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  slightly  the  quan* 
tity  of  nitrogen  absorbed  from  the  alimentary  canal.  In  the  case  of 
the  phosphoric  acid,  the  percentage  eliminated  during  the  fore  period 
is  34.7.  There  is  a  slight  diminution  during  the  first  preservative  sub- 
period  and  a  very  marked  diminution  during  the  second  subperiod, 
due  doubtless  to  the  illness  of  the  subject  and  diminution  of  the  food 
suppl3^  During  this  period  the  administration  of  the  preservative 
was  discontinued.  This  is  followed  by  a  great  increase  during  the 
last  preservative  subperiod.  The  mean  for  the  three  preservative  sub- 
periods  is  31.4  and  for  the  after  period  38.  The  percentage  of  fat  in 
the  food  excreted  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  is  4.2,  for  the 
preservative  period  2.4,  and  for  the  after  period  2.1.  The  percent- 
age of  calories  in  the  food  excreted  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period 
is  3.9,  during  the  preservative  period  3.2,  and  during  the  after  period 
3.5.  In  all  these  cases  it  is  noted  that  a  marked  difference  exists 
between  the  second  preservative  subperiod  and  the  other  periods  of 
this  series.     This  is  due  to  a  profound  disturbance  of  the  digestive 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  137 

functions  during-  this  period,  diminishino-  tlie  appetite  and  cutting 
down  almost  one-third  the  quantity  of  all  the  food  administered.  The 
higher  percentage  absorbed,  therefore,  must  be  construed  in  connec- 
tion with  this  diminution  in  the  supply.  In  regard  to  the  character  of 
the  feces,  there  was  a  diminution  in  the  weight  of  the  moist  feces  dur- 
ing the  preservative  period  due  to  illness  and  consequent  diminished 
([uantity  of  food.  The  quantitv  of  water  in  the  feces  remains  reason- 
ably constant  during  -the  whole  series.  There  is  no  tendency  to 
diarrhea. 

It  might  be  advisable  in  the  above  case  to  eliminate  entirel}^  the 
second  preservative  subperiod  from  consideration.  The  disturbing 
factors,  in  an}'  case,  are  so  evident  as  to  render  necessar}'^  the  interpreta- 
tion of  the  data  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  their  dependence  upon  the 
disturbed  conditions  which  obtain. 

No.  3—W.  S.  0. 

The  percentage  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  during 
the  fore  period  in  the  case  of  No.  3  is  10,  during  the  preservative 
period  8.5,  and  during  the  after  period  8.6..  The  administration  of  the 
preservative,  therefore,  appears  to  have  increased  the  pei'centage  of 
nitrogen  absorbed.  The  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  food 
which  is  voided  in  the  feces  is  26.6  for  the  fore  period,  21  for 
the  preservative  period,  and  25.5  for  the  after  period.  There 
appears,  therefore,  a  tendency  in  this  case  on  the  part  of  the 
preservative  to  increase  the  (Quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  absorbed.  In 
the  case  of  the  fat,  the  percentage  in  the  food  excreted  in  the  feces  is 
4.9  for  the  fore  period,  4.2  for  the  preservative  period,  and  5.6  for  the 
after  period.  Again,  there  appears  in  this  case  a  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  absorption  of  the  fat,  which,  how- 
ever, is  not  contiimed  through  the  after  period.  In  respect  of  the 
calories,  it  is  found  that  4  per  cent  of  the  total  calories  in  the  food  is 
excreted  in  the  f«;ces  during  the  fore  period,  3.6  per  cent  during  the  pre- 
8e^^'ative  period,  and  4.7  per  cent  during  the  after  period.  Here,  again, 
we  see  a  tendenc}-  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  calories  in  the  food.  The  weight  of  the  moist  feces  varies 
sonjewhat,  falling  in  the  preservative  period  and  slightly  falling  in  the 
after  period,  but  rising  above  the  preservative  period.  The  quantity 
of  water  in  the  feces  remains  practically  constant  during  the  series, 
being  slightly  greater  in  the  preservative  period.  The  variations  in  the 
quantity  of  dry  feces  follow  closely  the  variations  in  the  weight  of 
the  moist  feces.  No  tendency  to  diarrhea  is  manifest  at  any  time  dur- 
ing this  series. 

No.  /,—  K.  ('.  S. 

Tlic  p<'rcentag(r  of  nitrogen  in  llic  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the 
ca.se  of  No.  4  is  7.U  during  tlw  foi-c  jx-riod.  io.s  (hiiing  the  prescrva- 


138         IKFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    OK    HEALTH. 

tive  period,  and  7.5  during  the  after  period.  This  figure  is  calculated 
upon  the  results  of  observation  excluding  numbers  for  March  12 . 
and  13.  There  appears  a  tendency  in  this  case  for  the  preservative  to 
diminish  the  absorption  of  the  nitrogen.  In  the  case  of  the  phosphoric 
acid  it  is  seen  that  23.9  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  in  the  food  is 
eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period,  30.8  per  cent  during 
the  preservative  period,  and  23.6  per  cent  during  the  after  period.  In 
this  case  also  there  is  an  apparent  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserv- 
ative to  diminish  the  absorption  of  the  phosphoric  acid.  In  respect 
of  the  fat,  it  is  seen  that  3  per  cent  of  the  total  in  the  food  is  eliminated 
in  the  feces  of  the  fore  period,  4.1  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period, 
and  3. 1  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  Here,  also,  there  seems  to  be  a 
marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  fat.  In  regard  to  the  calories,  it  is  seen  that  3.6  per  cent  of 
the  total  calories  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  fore  period,  4.9  per  cent 
in  the  preservative  period,  and  3.4  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  Here, 
again,  we  find  an  apparent  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
diminish  the  absorption  of  the  calories  of  the  food.  In  regard  to  the 
weight  of  the  wet  feces,  there  is  seen  a  marked  increase  during  the 
preservative  period  and  a  marked  diminution  during  the  after  period. 
The  water  content  remains  quite  constant,  being,  however,  slightly 
less  in  the  fore  period  and  a  trifle  greater  in  the  after  period.  The 
weight  of  the  dry  feces  eliminated  is  increased  in  the  preservative 
period  and  diminished  very  markedly  in  the  after  period. 

No.  6—H.  a  G. 

In  the  case  of  No.  6  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  elimi- 
nated in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  is  7.3,  during  the  preserva- 
tive period  7. 6,  and  during  the  after  period  6. 9.  The  data  for  the  third 
preservative  subperiod  are  included  in  the  averages,  although  there 
is  such  a  marked  diminution  of  digestive  activity  in  this  period  as  to 
cause  a  loss  of  appetite  and  a  failure  to  eat  the  regular  amount  of 
rations.  In  regard  to  the  phosphoric  acid,  31.1  per  cent  of  the 
amount  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  33.1 
per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  30.2  per  cent  in  the  after 
period.  Of  the  fat,  4.7  per  cent  of  the  fat  in  the  food  is  eliminated 
in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.8  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period, 
and  3.1  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  In  the  case  of  the  calories,  3.8 
per  cent  of  the  amount  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the 
fore  period,  3.7  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  3.6  per  cent 
in  the  after  period. 

These  data  show  but  little  effect  of  the  preservative  in  disturbing 
the  relations  of  the  percentages  of  the  various  elements  eliminated  in 
the  feces  dui'ing  the  three  periods  of  the  series.  If,  however,  we 
should  eliminate  the  data  for  the  third  preservative  subperiod,  obtained 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  139 

during  a  time  of  profound  disturbance  of  the  digestive  functions,  it 
would  appear  that  the  administration  of  the  preservatives  tended  to 
decrease  the  absorption  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  fat,  and  calories. 

No.  6—L.  M.  S. 

No.  6  was  ill  during  the  first  part  of  the  preservative  period  and 
received  no  boric  acid.  The  data  in  his  case  are  therefore  of  no  com- 
parative value.  They  are  inserted,  however,  as  a  record  of  value  in 
respect  of  the  principles  of  nutrition. 


For  comparative  purposes  the  summary  includes  the  data  of  only 
four  of  the  six  members  of  the  table,  as  the  data  in  the  case  of  the  other 
two  are  so  imperfect  as  to  be  unsuitable  for  comparative  purposes. 

Comparing  the  data  for  the  four  members  of  the  table  for  the  whole 
series  (viz,  Nos.  1,  3,  -i,  and  5),  Ave  find  that  the  average  weight  of  the 
moist  feces  per  day  in  the  fore  period  is  121 .8  grams,  and  of  the  dry  feces 
26  grams,  for  the  preservative  period  124.8  and  21.7,  and  for  the  after 
period  116.3  and  23.  T.  It  is  seen  from  these  data  that  there  is  a  pro- 
gressive diminution  in  the  quantity  of  dry  feces  voided  during  the 
series.  There  is  also  a  slight  increase  in  the  percentage  of  water  in 
the  feces  during  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid.  This  indicates  a 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  boric  acid  to  increase  the  exudations  from 
the  membranes  of  the  intestines.  The  diminished  quantity  of  the  food, 
duo  doubtless  to  an  interference  with  the  appetite  by  reason  of  the 
administration  of  the  boric  acid,  apparently  is  the  cause  of  the  dimin- 
ished quantity  of  dry  feces.  In  respect  of  the  percentage  of  the  nitrogen 
eliminated  it  is  found  that  in  the  fore  period  8.3  per  cent  of  the  total 
nitrogen  in  the  food  appears  in  the  feces,  during  the  preservative 
period  8.4  per  cent,  and  during  the  after  period  7.3  per  cent.  The 
general  influence  of  the  preservative,  therefore,  is  to  diminish  slightly 
the  percentage  of  nitiogen  absorbed.  There  is  an  apparent  recoil  from 
this  depression  during  the  afterperiod,  when  the  percentage  of  nitrogen 
absorbed  is  rotisiderably  gi-eater  than  in  the  fore  period,  and  this  in 
s])il<'  (^f  the  fact  that  a  larger  (juantit}^  of  nitrogen  is  consumed  in  the 
food  than  in  the  fore  period.  The  general  tendency  in  regard  to  the 
nitrogenous  food  is  first  to  diminish  the  quantity  taken  in  the  food  and 
also  to  diminish  the  percentage  eliminated.  This  ett'ect  is  not  very 
marked,  but  is  still  evident  when  all  the  data  are  considered  as  a  whole. 
In  rr'giird  to  the  ])liosphoric  acid  it  is  se(!n  that  34  per  cent  of  the  total 
amount  in  the  food  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  32.1  per 
cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  33.2  per  cent  in  the  after  period. 
In  this  instance  the  (tff'ectof  tin;  ])res(;rvative  appears  to  ))e  to  increase 
tin-  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  absorbed.  There  is  a  tendenc}' also 
in  the  after  period  to  return  to  the  conditions  prevailing  during  the 


140         INFLtJENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES   ON   HEALTH. 

fore  period,  as  seen  in  the  fact  that  the  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid 
absorbed  is  a  little  less  during*  the  after  period  than  it  is  during  the 
preservative  period,  but  still  somewhat  greater  than  during  the  fore 
period.  The  effect  of  the  preservative  on  the  fat  is  seen  in  the  sum- 
mary of  the  data,  showing  that  5.1  per  cent  of  all  the  fat  in  the  food 
appears  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period,  1.2  per  cent  during  the 
preservative  period,  and  3.7  per  cent  during  the  after  period.  The 
tendency  in  this  case  is  the  same  as  regards  the  phosphoric  acid,  namely, 
to  increase  slightly  the  absorption  of  the  fat  during  the  preservative 
period.  In  regard  to  the  calories  it  is  seen  that  there  is  little  difference 
between  the  fore  period  and  the  preservative  period  in  the  percentage 
of  calories  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces.  During  the  after  period, 
however,  there  is  a  tendency  to  increase  the  absorption  of  calories, 
onl}^  1.1  per  cent  of  the  total  amount  in  the  food  appearing  in  the 
feces  in  the  after  period,  as  against  1.2  per  cent  during  the  preservative 
period  and  1.2  per  cent  during  the  fore  period. 

The  summar}"  shows  a  slightly  deranging  effect  upon  the  appetite 
during  the  preservative  period,  as  indicated  by  the  smaller  quantities 
of  food  consumed.  Of  course  an  effort  has  been  made  to  have  practi- 
cally^ the  same  quantities  of  food  consumed  during  all  periods,  but  it  is 
found  impracticable  to  control  absolutely  the  influence  of  the  appetite, 
and  occasionally  when  the  appetite  fails  a  portion  of  the  food  is 
weighed  back  and  deducted  from  the  portion  issued.  It  is  deemed 
better  to  introduce  this  disturbance  into  the  data  than  to  risk  the  more 
pronounced  effect  of  deranging  the  digestion  still  further  by  insisting 
upon  the  consumption  of  the  full  ration  of  food  when  the  appetite 
rebels.  In  so  far  as  the  calories  are  concerned,  it  is  seen  that  a  con- 
siderably less  quantit}'-  of  food  is  used  per  day  during  the  preservative 
period,  the  average  calories  for  this  period  being  2,851  as  against 
3,075  in  the  fore  period.  The  appetite  does  not  recover  its  full  vigor 
during  the  after  period,  the  quantit}^  of  food  consumed  being  practi- 
cally the  same,  in  so  far  as  calories  are  concerned,  as  that  eaten  dur- 
ing the  preservative  period. 

Considering  as  a  whole  the  summary  of  Series  III,  it  appears  that 
the  administration  of  the  preservative  slightly  affects  the  appetite  of 
the  class,  decreases  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  absorbed,  increases  the 
percentages  of  phosphoric  acid  and  fat  absorbed,  and  diminishes  the 
percentage  of  the  calories  absorbed.  In  this  series  the  individual  data 
are  often  contradictory,  and  the  interpretation  of  the  data  must  be 
influenced  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  by  peculiarities  in  the  individuals 
themselves.  It  seems  difficult,  however,  to  avoid  the  conclusion  in 
this  case  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative  in  the  manner 
described  and  in  the  quantities  indicated  produces  a  slightly  depressing 
or  injurious  effect  upon  the  processes  of  digestion. 


BOEIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  141 

Series  IV. 
Xo.  7—E.  R.  M. 

In  the  case  of  Xo.  7  in  Series  IV,  the  observations  are  made  only 
during  the  fore  period  and  the  tirst  preservative  suVjperiod.  After 
the  completion  of  the  first  subperiod  the  condition  of  the  subject  was 
such  as  to  render  the  collection  of  further  data  impracticable.  A  com- 
parison therefore  in  the  case  of  No.  7  is  contined,  necessarily,  to  the 
fore  period  and  the  lirst  preservative  subperiod  of  four  daj's.  It  will 
be  noted  that  the  feces  are  remarkably  dry  during-  both  the  fore  period 
and  the  preservative  period,  although  there  is  an  increase  in  water  in 
the  preservative  period.  During  the  fore  period  there  is  a  marked 
tendency  to  irregularity  in  the  movement  of  the  bowels.  This  irreg- 
ularit}'  is  the  cause  of  the  great  discrepancy  between  the  average  daily 
quantity  of  feces  eliminated  in  the  fore  period  and  that  in  the  preserva- 
tive period,  the  average  difference  being  a  little  less  than  10  grams 
per  day  in  the  dr}'  feces.  During  the  fore  period  13.6  per  cent  of 
the  nitrogen  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces,  and  during  the 
preservative  period  17.7  per  cent.  Of  the  phosphoric  acid,  47.1  per 
cent  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  and  57.3 
per  cent  in  the  preservative  period.  Of  the  fat,  4.6  per  cent  is  elimi- 
nated in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  and  5.6  per  cent  in  the  first  pre- 
servative subperiod.  Of  the  calories,  5.2  percent  is  eliminated  in  the 
feces  in  the  fore  period  and  6.5  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period. 

These  data  seem  to  indicate  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserva- 
tive to  restrict  ai)sorption  of  the  elements  of  the  food  during  its  pas- 
sage through  the  alimentary  canal. 

No.  8— J.  U.  E. 

The  data  for  No.  8  show  that  there  is  a  disturbance  in  the  regular  action 
of  the  intestines,  resulting,  in  several  instances,  in  a  failure  to  eliminate 
any  feces  during  the  tvvent3'-four  hours.  This  fact  explains  the  great 
difference  between  the  average  daily  amount  of  feces  eliminated  in  the 
fore  period  and  in  the  Hrst  preservative  subperiod.  In  the  other  periods 
the  equilibrium  in  the  elimination  of  the  feces  is  fairly  well  established. 
During  tiie  whole  course  of  the  olwervation  the  feces  of  No.  8  are  dry, 
with  no  apparent  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase 
the  amount  of  water.  The  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the 
feces  is  markedly  increased  during  the  preservative  period,  the  aver- 
age for  the  three  subperiods  being  8.5  per  cent  as  against  5.8  per  cent 
for  the  fore  period.  This  increase  continues  also  during  the  after 
pfM'iod,  in  which  the  average  percentsige  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  elimi- 
nated in  the  fecen  is  9.2.  There  is  also  a  decided  increase  in  the  per- 
centage of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  preserva- 


142         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

tive  period,  the  amount  being  34.5  per  cent  as  against  22,4  per  cent 
in  the  fore  period,  and  31.5  per  cent  in  the;  after  period  In  the  case  of 
No.  8  there  is  almost  a  complete  digestion  and  absorption  of  the  fat, 
only  1.7  per  cent  of  the  fat  in  the  food  appearing  in  the  feces  in  the 
fore  period,  3. 1  per  cent  as  the  average  of  the  preservative  period,  and 
3  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  The  calorific  elements  of  the  food  are 
also  very  completely  absorbed  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  2.1  per  cent  of  the 
total  calories  of  the  food  appearing  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.7 
per  cent  as  a  mean  of  the  preservative  period,  and  3.8  per  cent  in  the 
after  period.  In  this  case  also,  as  in  the  preceding  one,  there  appears 
to  be  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  interfere  with  the 
absorption  of  the  valuable  elements  of  the  food  during  its  passage 
through  the  alimentary  canal. 

No.  9— A.  Q. 

With  this  subject  we  see  a  decided  tendency  to  constipation,  which 
causes  a  large  variation  in  the  amount  of  feces  eliminated,  which 
decreases  through  the  preservative  and  after  periods.  There  is  little 
change  in  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces,  in  the 
fore  period  it  being  7.6,  the  mean  percentage  for  the  preservative 
period  7.1,  and  for  the  after  period  6.9.  The  percentage  of  phos- 
phoric acid  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period 
is  35.7,  the  mean  of  the  preservative  period  36.2,  and  of  the  after 
period  32.2.  In  the  case  of  the  fat  it  is  seen  that  4.3  per  cent  of  the 
total  amount  in  the  food  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  durirjg  the  fore 
period,  4.1  per  cent  as  a  mean  of  the  preservative  period,  and  4.7  per 
cent  in  the  after  period.  Of  the  calories  in  the  food,  4.1  per  cent  are 
eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period,  3.6  per  cent  as  a  mean 
of  the  preservative  period,  and  3.7  per  cent  in  the  after  period. 

These  data  seem  to  indicate  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserva- 
tive to  increase  the  absorption  of  the  elements  of  the  food,  with  the 
exception  of  the  phosphoric  acid,  during  its  transit  through  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

No.  10— W.  J.  J. 

In  the  case  of  this  man  the  marked  increase  in  the  quantity  of  feces 
voided  in  the  preservative  period  is  due  to  two  very  large  quantities 
discharged  on  the  29th  and  31st  of  March.  In  the  after  period  there 
is  a  marked  decrease  in  the  quantity  voided.  There  is  also  noted  a 
dry  condition  of  the  feces,  and  no  tendency  is  noticed  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  increase  the  quantity  of  water  therein.  The  per- 
centage of  nitrogen  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 
period  in  this  case  is  8.8,  the  mean  of  the  three  preservative  subperiods 
9.6,  and  in  the  after  period  7.8.  The  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid 
in  the  food  which  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  is 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  143 

35,  the  mean  percentiige  eliminated  in  the  preservative  period  40.4, 
and  in  the  after  period  37,7.  Of  the  fat  in  the  food,  4  per  cent  is 
eliminated  in  the  fore  period,  the  mean  of  the  preservative  period 
being  4.4  and  during  the  after  period  3.2.  Of  the  total  calories  in 
the  food,  3.5  per  cent  are  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period, 
4.1  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  S.T)  per  cent  in  the  after 
period. 

These  data  seem  to  indicate,  as  a  result  of  the  administration  of  the 
preservative,  a  diminution  of  the  absorption  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric 
acid,  fat,  and  the  calorific  elements  of  the  food  during  its  passage 
through  the  alimentary  canal. 

No.  11— J.  8.  C. 

By  reason  of  illness  the  regular  administration  of  the  preservative 
is  not  practiced  in  the  case  of  No.  11,  and  the  data  for  the  fore  period 
a.s  given  in  the  summary  cover  onl}^  four  da3"s,  beginning  March  31. 
This  insufficient  time  of  observation  is  the  reason  of  the  marked  dis- 
crepancy between  the  average  quantity  of  feces  voided  during  this 
.short  period  (on  two  days  of  which  a  marked  degree  of  constipation 
existed)  and  that  voided  during  the  long  preservative  period  which 
follows.  There  is  no  marked  tendency  to  any  increase  of  the  water 
content  of  the  feces  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 
The  percentage  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  which  is  eliminated  in  the  feces 
during  the  fore  period  is  «).7,  during  the  preservative  period  9.4,  and 
during  the  after  period  7.  A  reniarkabh"  small  percentage  of  the 
l)hosphoric  acid  in  the  food  is  found  in  the  feces  during  the  fore 
period,  namely,  10.5  per  cent,  while  during  the  preservative  period  it 
rises  to  37.7,  and  in  the  after  period  falls  to  32.3.  Of  the  fat  in  the 
food,  2.7  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.9  in  the 
preservative  period,  and  3.2  in  the  after  period.  Of  the  calories  in 
the  food,  3.2  per  cent  are  found  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  4.1  in 
the  preservative  period,  and  3.1  in  the  after  period. 

These  data  indicate  tliat  the  administration  of  the  preservative  tends 
to  diminish  the  absorption  of  the  elements  of  the  food  while  passing 
through  the  digestive  oi-gans. 

No.  12— B.  J.  T. 

Xo.  12  is  irregular,  as  is  No.  11.  The  fore  period  considered  in  the 
Munmar}'  is  very  short,  covering  only  three  days,  April  3-5.  The 
p<'rcentage  of  water  in  the  feces  in  this  case  indicates  that  the  preserv- 
ative exerts  no  great  influence  one  way  or  the  other  uj)om  the  water 
content  of  the  feces.  Of  the  nitrogen  in  th*;  food,  !>.(>  jx'i-  cent  appears 
in  the  feces  in  th(!  fore;  ])erio(i,  S  in  tlie-  pr(^sei-vative  i)eriod,  and  11.4 
in  the  after  period.  In  regard  to  phosphoric  acid,  29.6  per  cent 
of  the  quantity  prcsscnt  in  the  food  a{)pears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 


144         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

period,  32.1  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  39.7  per  cent  in 
the  after  period.  Of  the  fat  in  the  food,  4.2  per  cent  appears  in  the 
feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.7  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and 
6.8  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  Of  the  calories  in  the  food,  3.8  per 
cent  are  found  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.3  in  the  preservative 
period,  and  4.9  in  the  after  period. 

These  data,  though  incomplete,  are  not  to  be  wholly  excluded  from 
consideration.  The}^  indicate  a  slightly  increased  absorption  of  the 
food  elements  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  with  the 
exception  of  phosphoric  acid.  On  account  of  their  fragmentary  and 
imperfect  nature,  however,  too  great  weight  must  not  be  given  to  the 
interpretation  placed  upon  them. 

SUMMARY. 

By  reason  of  the  disturbance  produced  at  various  times  among  the 
different  members  of  the  table  during  Series  IV,  it  is  not  possible  to 
bring  together  in  a  summary  a  comparison  of  the  data  relating  to  the 
whole  number.  Onl}'-  partial  comparisons  can  be  made.  A  comparison 
can  be  made  between  Nos.  11  and  12  for  a  brief  fore  period,  one  complete 
preservative  period,  and  one  complete  after  period.  These  data  show 
that  the  water  in  the  feces  remains  practically  the  same  during  the 
fore  period  and  the  preservative  period,  but  is  considerably  diminished 
during  the  after  period,  falling  to  74.73  percent.-  The  quantity  of 
wet  and  dr}'  feces  throughout  the  period  of  comparison  is  small.  The 
percentage  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  which  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  by 
the  two  members  during  the  fore  period  is  8.2,  during  the  preserva- 
tive period  8.7,  and  during  the  after  period  9.  There  is  in  this  case 
an  apparent  progressive  interference  with  the  absorption  of  the  nitrog- 
enous elements  of  the  food.  In  phosphoric  acid  the  quantity  appear- 
ing in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  24.4  per  cent,  in  the  preservative 
period  35.5,  and  during  the  after  period  35.6.  The  use  of  the  pre- 
servative seems  to  diminish  the  quantitj^  of  phosphoric  acid  absorbed. 
In  the  case  of  the  fat  we  find  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  3.3 
per  cent  of  the  total  quantity  in  the  food,  in  the  preservative  period 
3.8  per  cent,  and  in  the  after  period  4.6  per  cent.  As  in  the  case  of 
the  nitrogen,  there  appears  to  be  a  manifestation  here  toward  a  pro- 
gressive interference  with  the  absorption  of  the  fat.  In  regard  to  the 
calories,  it  is  seen  that  of  the  total  amount  in  the  food  3.5  per  cent 
appear  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.7  in  the  preservative  period, 
and  3.9  in  the  after  period.  Here  again  it  is  also  noticed  that  the  pre- 
servative seems  to  interfere  with  the  absorption  of  the  heat-producing 
elements. 

A  summary  may  also  be  made  of  the  data  relating  to  Nos.  7,  8,  9, 10, 
and  12  of  Series  IV  for  the  fore  period  and  for  the  first  preservative 
subperiod,  but  no  complete  comparison  can  be  made  of  these  members 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  I-IS 

to  any  further  extent.  An  inspection  of  the  data  obtained  in  this 
summary  shows  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  feces  voided  during  the 
preservative  period,  and  a  very  slight  increase  in  the  content  of  water 
therein,  but  nothing-  of  a  notable  character.  Of  the  nitrogen  in  the 
food.  9A  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  and  12.1 
per  cent  in  the  preservative  period.  Of  the  phosphoric  acid  in  the 
food,  37.8  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  and  48.2  in 
the  preservative  period.  Of  the  fat  in  the  food,  4.3  per  cent  appears 
in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  and  5.2  in  the  preservative  period.  Of 
the  calories  in  the  food,  4  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 
period  and  5.1  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period.  These  data  show 
a  iiarked  tendenc}'  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  decrease  the 
absorption  of  the  nitrogen,  the  phosphoric  acid,  the  fat,  and  the 
calories. 

Although  the  data  are  not  complete  in  every  instance,  it  is  possible 
to  make  a  comparison  during  the  whole  period  of  Series  IV  on  Nos. 
8,  9,  and  10,  as  indicated  in  the  summary  of  the  data  for  these  three 
subjects.  In  respect  of  the  quantity  of  the  feces  voided,  a  considerable 
increase  is  seen  during  the  preservative  period,  the  fore  period  and  the 
after  period  having  an  almost  identical  quantity.  There  is  little  change 
noted  in  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces,  there  being  a  little  less, 
however,  during  the  preservative  period  and  the  after  period  than  in 
the  fore  period.  The  quantity  of  nitrogen  administered  daily  in  the 
food  is  slightlv  smaller  in  the  preservative  period  than  in  the  fore 
period,  and  considerably  smaller  in  the  after  period  than  in  either. 
The  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  administered  in  the  food  is  almost 
exactly  the  same  in  the  fore  period  and  preservative  period  and  a  little 
less  in  the  after  period.  The  quantit}'  of  fat  in  the  food  consumed  in 
the  fore  period  is  somewhat  greater  than  that  consumed  in  the  pre- 
servative period,  and  the  latter  greater  than  that  in  the  after  period. 
The  calories  in  the  food  during  the  fore  period  are  slightly  greater 
than  in  the  preservative  period  and  very  decidedly  greater  than  in  the 
after  period. 

Those  data  seem  to  indicate  a  progressive  tendency  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  lessen  the  appetite,  and  this  tendency  is  continued 
during  the  after  period,  which  is  not  surprising  when  it  is  considered 
that  the  whole  of  the  after  period  is  required  to  eliminate  the  traces 
of  the  preservativ^e  from  the  body.  In  respect  of  the  relative  absorp- 
tion of  tho  elements  of  the  food  it  is  seen  that,  in  the  case  of  nitrogen, 
of  the  total  quantity'  in  the  food  7.5  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in 
the  fore  period,  8.4  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  8  per  cent 
in  the  after  period,  C)f  tin*  phosphoric  acid  in  the  food,  31.4  percent 
af)j)ears  in  the  feces  in  tlie  for(i  pciiod,  87  per  cent  in  the  preservative 
period,  and  33.3  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  Of  the  total  quantity 
of  fat  in  the  food,  3.3  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period, 
4L'42— No.  H4,  pt  1—04 10 


146  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

3.8  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  3.6  per  cent  in  the  after 
period.  Of  the  total  calories  in  the  food,  3.2  per  cent  appears  in  the 
feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.8  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and 
3.7  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  These  rather  incomplete  data  indicate 
a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  absorption 
of  the  nitrogen,  the  phosphoric  acid,  the  fat,  and  the  calories. 

Series  V. 

In  some  respects  this  is  the  most  important  of  the  series  by  reason 
of  its  long  duration  and  for  the  further  reason  that  the  quantity  of 
preservative  administered  during  this  period  is  approximately  that 
which  might  be  taken  in  the  regular  consumption  of  foods  preserved 
with  borax  or  boric  acid.  The  data  of  this  series  also  are  little 
affected  by  reason  of  illness  or  extraneous  causes  during  the  progress  of 
the  work  and  are,  therefore,  reasonably  full  and  continuous. 

The  fore  period  of  this  series  begins  on  April  24  and  continues  until 
May  1,  inclusive.  The  preservative  period  begins  on  May  2  and  con- 
tinues until  June  20,  inclusive.  The  after  period  begins  eTune  21  and 
continues  until  June  29,  inclusive.  The  quantity  of  boric  acid  given 
during  this  period  to  each  subject  is  one-half  gram  per  day,  with  a  few 
exceptions.  This  is  given  in  capsules  and  with  the  precautions  which 
have  already  been  noted. 

No.  1—J.  N. 

In  the  case  of  No.  1,  of  Series  V,  it  is  seen  that  the  moisture  in  the 
feces  during  the  fore  period  is  79.68  per  cent,  during  the  preservative 
period  80.33  per  cent,  and  during  the  after  period  78.08  per  cent. 
There  is  evidently  a  slight  tendency  in  this  case  for  the  preservative  to 
increase  the  quantity  of  water  in  the  feces.  The  drj^  matter  in  the  feces 
is  28  grams  per  da}^  for  the  fore  period,  33.6  grams  per  day  for  the  pre- 
servative period,  and  43.2  grams  per  day  for  the  after  period.  There 
is  a  progressive  increase  noticed  in  this  case  which  is  very  marked  dur- 
ing the  after  period.  The  percentage  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  appear- 
ing in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  is  7.1,  during  the  preservative 
period  7.9,  and  in  the  after  period  10.  The  increase  in  the  percentage 
of  nitrogen  in  the  feces  appears  to  be  of  the  same  magnitude  as  the 
increase  in  the  total  quantity  of  dry  substance  and  seems  to  have  little, 
if  any,  relation  to  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  Of  the  phos- 
phoric acid  in  the  food,  51.2  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  during  the 
fore  period,  52.9  during  the  preservative  period,  and  60.4  during  the 
after  period.  The  same  rate  of  increase  in  the  percentage  eliminated  is 
found  as  in  the  case  of  nitrogen  and  of  the  solid  matter  in  the  feces. 
Of  the  total  fat  in  the  food,  3.1  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the 
fore  period,  3.8  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  5.7  per  cent 
in  the  after  period.     Of  the  total  calories  in  the  food,  3.4  per  cent 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  147 

appear  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  4.3  per  cent  in  the  preservative 
period,  and  6  per  cent  in  the  after  period. 

The  data  in  this  case  are  of  little  value  in  judging  of  the  eifect  of 
the  preservative  upon  the  percentage  of  the  food  elements  eliminated 
during  the  preservative  period  as  compared  with  the  fore  period, 
since  the  rate  of  increase  is  found  in  each  case  to  be  larger  in  the 
after  period,  and  this  increase  is  not  explicable  on  an}'  ground  in  con- 
nection with  the  administration  of  the  preservative  itself.  So  far  as 
the  quantit}"  of  food  is  concerned,  as  measured  by  its  elements,  we 
tind  that  during  the  fore  period  the  average  daily  quantity  of  nitrogen 
con.sunied  is  17.43  grams,  during  the  preservative  period  18.69  grams, 
and  during  the  after  period  18.58  grams.  Of  phosphoric  acid,  4.74 
grams  was  consumed  in  the  fore  period,  4.82  grams  in  the  preserva- 
tive period,  and  5.04  grams  in  the  after  period.  Of  fat,  we  find  the 
daily  amount  consumed  in  the  fore  period  is  121.43  grams,  in  the  pre- 
servative period  124.7  grams,  and  in  the  after  period  128.56  grams. 
The  calorific  value  of  the  food  during  the  fore  period,  daily,  is  3,472 
units,  during  the  preservative  period  3,438  units,  and  during  the  after 
period  3,378  units.  Thus  it  does  not  appear  that  the  increased  elimi- 
nation of  the  food  elements,  so  marked  during  the  after  period,  could 
have  been  due  to  any  corresponding  increase  in  the  quantity  of  food 

consumed. 

No.  2—F.  a  w. 

The  percentage  of  moisture  in  the  feces  of  No.  2  during  the  fore 
period  is  79.18,  during  the  preservative  period  78.75,  and  during  the 
after  period  76.39.  There  appears  to  be  no  tendenc}'  in  this  case  on 
the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  quantity  of  moisture  in  the 
feces,  although  the}"  become  much  dryer  when  the  preservative  is 
withdrawn.  The  total  quantity  of  dry  substance  in  the  feces  during 
the  fore  period  is  22.4  grams,  during  the  preservative  period  25.1 
grams,  and  during  the  after  period  31.4  grams.  The  percentage  of 
nitrogen  in  the  food  eliminated  during  the  fore  period  is  6.1,  during 
the  preservative  period  8.3,  and  during  the  after  period  8.4.  There 
seems  in  this  case  to  be  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
diminish  the  percentage  of  the  nitrogenous  elements  of  the  food 
abs<)r})ed.  Of  the  phosphoric  acid  in  the  food,  33.8  per  cent  is  elimi- 
tiatcd  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period,  40.3  per  cent  in  the  pre- 
servative period,  and  46.4  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  There  is  an 
ii|)pHrent  tendency  in  this  case  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
diminish  the  al)sorption  of  phosphoric  acid,  and  this  tendency  con- 
tinues, and  even  increases,  during  the  after  period.  Of  the  fat  in  the 
food,  2.1  per  cent  is  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  2.8 
per  cent  in  tin;  pres(!rvativ(i  ])eriod,  and  4. 1  per  cent  in  the  after  period. 
In  this  case,  also,  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  pre- 
servative to  diminish  the  percentages  of  fat  absorbed,  and  this  tendency 


148         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

increases  in  a  very  marked  degree  during  the  after  period.  Of  the 
calories  in  the  food,  2. 7  per  cent  appear  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period, 
3.8  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  4.8  per  cent  in  the  after 
period.  In  this  instance  we  again  see  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the 
preservative  to  diminish  the  absorption  of  the  calorific  elements  of 
the  food,  and  this  tendency  increases  during  the  after  period.  In  this 
case  we  have  practically  the  same  effect  as  is  noted  in  the  case  of  No.  1, 
namely,  a  progressive  decrease  in  the  amount  of  nutrients  absorbed 
during  the  preservative  period,  and  a  notable  accentuation  of  this 
condition  during  the  after  period. 

No.  3—W.  S.  0. 

The  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces  of  No.  3  during  the  fore  period 
is  79.07,  during  the  preservative  period  78.09,  and  during  the  after 
period  75.13.  There  is  a  slight  tendency  manifest  in  this  case  to 
decrease  the  quantitv  of  water  in  the  feces  during  the  preservative 
period,  and  this  tendency  becomes  very  marked  during  the  after 
period.  The  total  solids  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  period  are  24.7 
grams,  during  the  preservative  period  26.3,  and  during  the  after 
period  35.6.  Here  is  seen  a  progressive  increase  in  the  quantity  of 
solids  in  the  feces  under  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and 
this  increase  is  greatly  accentuated  during  the  after  period.  Of  the 
nitrogen  in  the  food,  10.5  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 
period,  9.4  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  10.1  per  cent  in  the 
after  period.  In  this  instance  there  is  an  apparent  tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  absorbed. 
Of  the  phosphoric  acid  in  the  food,  38.6  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces 
in  the  fore  period,  35.2  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  38.7 
per  cent  in  the  after  period.  These  data  show  an  apparent  tendency 
on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  quantity  of  phosphoric 
acid  absorbed.  Of  the  total  fat  in  the  food,  Q.Q  per  cent  appear  in  the 
feces  in  the  fore  period,  5.7  in  the  preservative  period,  and  7.2  in  the 
after  period.  In  this  case,  also,  there  is  an  apparent  tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  absorption  of  the  fat.  Of 
the  total  calories  in  the  food,  4.3  per  cent  appear  in  the  feces  in  the 
fore  period,  4.2  in  the  preservative  period,  and  5.1  in  the  after  period. 
We  have  again  in  this  case  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative 
to  increase  the  absorption  of  the  calorific  elements  of  the  food.  The 
data  in  the  case  of  No.  3,  as  will  be  seen,  do  not  coincide  in  their  gen- 
eral tendency  with  those  of  Nos.  1  and  2. 

No.  4—E.  a  S. 

This  subject  withdrew  from  the  table  May  25,  before  the  comple- 
tion of  the  preservative  period.  The  data  in  his  case  are  therefore 
not  given  here,  but  may  be  found  in  the  detailed  tables. 


BORIC   ACID    AND   BOBAX.  149 

No.  5—H.  a  G. 

The  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces  of  No.  5  in  the  fore  period  is 
72.01,  in  the  preservative  period,  70.64,  and  in  the  after  period,  69.01. 
The  composition  of  the  feces  in  this  case  is  quite  unique,  the  percent- 
age of  water  being-  so  far  below  that  of  an}^  other  subject  connected 
with  the  experiment.  There  is  evidently  a  slight  tendency  under  the 
administration  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  quantitj^  of  water 
in  the  feces.  The  total  solid  matter  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period, 
daily,  is  26.9  grams,  during  the  preservative  period,  30.3  grams, 
and  during  the  after  period,  31.7  grams.  The  percentage  of  nitrogen 
in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  7.5,  in  the 
preservative  period,  7.5,  and  in  the  after  period,  8.4.  Of  the  phos- 
phoric acid  in  the  food,  34.8  per  cent  appear  in  the  feces  in  the  fore 
period,  41.2  in  the  preservative  period,  and  42.9  in  the  after  period. 
There  appears  to  be  a  tendenc}"  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  in  this 
case  to  diminish  the  absorption  of  the  phosphoric  acid.  Of  the  fat  in 
the  food.  2.4  per  cent  appears  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.4  per 
cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  4.1  per  cent  in  the  after  period. 
There  is  here  an  apparent  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
diminish  the  quantit}^  of  fat  absorbed,  and  this  tendency  continues 
during  the  after  period.  Of  the  total  calories  in  the  food,  3.2  per 
cent  appear  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period,  3.8  per  cent  in  the  preserv- 
ative period,  and  4.5  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  In  this  case,  also, 
there  is  a  tendency  during  the  preservative  period  to  diminish  the 
quantitv  of  the  calorific  elements  of  the  food  absorbed,  and  this  ten- 
dency is  considerably  increased  during  the  after  period.  Of  the  total 
heat  value  of  the  food,  we  find  that  it  amounted  to  3,861  calories  per 
day  in  the  fore  period,  3,500  in  the  preservative  period,  and  3,393  in 
the  after  period.  There  appears  to  be  a  tendency  here  to  a  diminu- 
tion in  the  amount  of  calories  required  under  the  administration  of 
the  preservative,  and  this  tendency  is  increased  in  the  after  period. 

No.  6—B.  J.  T. 

No.  6  did  not  finish  the  preservative  period.  The  data  referring  to 
him  are  therefore  not  discussed  here. 


For  the  three  subjects  who  completed  the  observations  in  Series  V, 
the  following  summary  may  be  made:  The  average  content  of  water 
in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  77.41,  for  the  preservative  period 
77.o,s,  and  for  the  after  period  75.05.  The  total  quantity  of  solid 
matter  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  peiiod  is  26.5,  in  the  preservative  period 
30.1,  in  th(!  after  period  36.8.  The  total  percentage  of  nitrogen  in  the 
food  clirniriatcd  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  period  is  8.2,  in  the  preserva- 
tiv<',  period  8.2,  and  in  the  after  |)eriod  9.5.  Of  the  i)hosphoric  acid 
in  the  food  the  average  (juantity  eliminated" daily  in  the  fore  period  is 


150         INFLUENCE    OE   FOOD   PEESEHVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

41.5  per  cent,  in  the  preservative  period  43.8,  and  in  the  after  period 
47.4.  Of  the  total  fat  in  the  food  there  appears  in  the  feces  in  the 
fore  period  3.4,  in  the  preservative  period  4,  and  in  the  after  period 
5.4.  Of  the  total  calories  in  the  food  there  appears  in  the  feces  in  the 
fore  period  3.6  percent,  in  the  preservative  period  4.1,  and  in  the  after 
period  5.2. 

In  this  comparison  of  the  three  members  of  the  table  who  completed 
the  entire  course,  the  most  striking  point  which  is  brought  out  is  the 
increase  in  the  nutritive  elements  of  the  food  unabsorbed  during 
the  after  period.  While  there  is  a  marked  tendency  during  the  pre- 
servative period,  as  compared  with  the  fore  period,  to  diminish  the 
absorption  of  these  nutrient  elements,  it  is  not  nearly  so  marked  as 
the  decrease  in  the  absorptive  power  manifest  during  the  after  period. 
It  is  not  possible  to  say  that  these  disturbances  are  related  directly  to 
the  administration  of  the  preservative.  It  seems,  however,  only  fair 
to  assume  that  the  decreased  percentage  of  absorption  is  directly 
related  to  the  increase  of  the  solid  matter  in  the  feces.  For  instance, 
more  food,  measured  by  its  calorific  power,  is  administered  in  the  fore 
period  than  in  the  preservative  period,  namely,  3,365  calories  in  the 
fore  period,  3,308  calories  in  the  preservative  period,  and  in  after 
period  3,356.  With  the  same  degree  of  absorption  there  would  have 
been  less  dry  matter  in  the  feces  in  the  preservative  period  than  in  the 
fore  period.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  there  is  more  dry  matter — 
an  average  of  3.6  grams  more — corresponding  to  the  decrease  in  the 
absorption  of  the  nitrogenous  foods  and  the  decrease  in  the  absorption 
of  the  calorific  elements  of  the  foods.  It  is  of  course  easily  under- 
stood that  during  a  part  of  the  after  period  the  influence  of  the  pre- 
servative per  se  continues,  because  it  requires  practically  the  whole  of 
the  after  period  to  eliminate  the  traces  of  the  preservative  from  the 
system.  There  appears  in  this  case  to  be  a  still  more  profound  dis- 
turbance than  can  be  traced  to  this  source.  There  is  one  explanation 
of  these  phenomena  which  is  offered  tentatively,  but  without  any  asser- 
tion of  its  accuracy.  It  is  this:  In  the  administration  of  this  preserv- 
ative the  foreign  body  which  it  represents  has  a  double  effect.  In  the 
first  place  it  ma}^  excite  the  digestive  functions  to  renewed  activity  in 
order  to  eliminate  the  foreign  element,  while  at  the  same  time  it  may 
preserve  a  portion  of  the  food  from  the  operations  of  digestion.  If 
the  degree  of  excitation  is  less  than  the  degree  of  preservation  the 
total  eflEect  would  be  to  decrease  slightly  the  amount  of  the  food  elements 
absorbed,  as  indicated  by  the  summary  of  the  data.  In  the  case  under 
consideration,  this  ingestion  of  the  foreign  substance  continues  for  a 
long  while,  namely,  from  May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  a  period  of  fifty 
da3^s.  The  withdrawal  of  this  artificial  excitation  would  naturally 
cause,  if  the  above  assumption  be  true,  a  depression  in  the  excitation 
of  the  glands  furnishing  the  digestive  elements.     This  would  also 


I 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


151 


cause  a  profound  disturbance  in  digestion,  with  a  marked  tendenc^v  to 
decrease  the  amount  of  food  digested  aud  absorbed.  Thus  we  lind 
that  while  tlie  total  calories  administered  during  the  after  period  are 
almost  exactly  the  same  as  the  total  calories  of  the  preservative  and 
fore  periods,  the  amount  of  solid  matter  left  in  the  feces  is  enormously 
increased,  with  a  necessarily  corresponding  decrease  in  the  percent- 
age of  absorption.  To  be  more  exact,  the  calories  in  the  food  in  the 
fore  period  are  3,365,  in  the  preservative  period  3,308,  and  the  mean 
calories  for  the  two  periods  are  3,330,  while  the  value  of  the  calories 
in  the  food  in  the  after  period  is  3,356. 

It  is  evident  that  when  a  preservative  of  this  kind  is  administered 
over  a  long  period  of  time  its  effect  at  lirst  is  not  very  marked.  There 
are  no  profound  disturbances  of  digestion  which  could  be  noted  from 
any  observable  symptoms.  There  is  no  marked  production  either  of 
nausea,  a  feeling  of  discomfort  in  the  region  of  the  stomach,  or  con- 
tinued headache,  as  are  sometimes  produced  when  the  same  preserva- 
tives are  administered  in  large  quantities.  There  is  a  tendency,  on 
the  other  hand,  in  the  system  to  accomodate  itself  to  the  condition  of 
affairs  which  obtains.  There  is  evident  an  increased  excitation  of  the 
glands  supplying  the  digestive  ferments,  but  in  the  case  cited  this 
increased  excitation  is  not  quite  commensurate  with  the  restricting 
influences  upon  the  digestive  processes.  AVhen,  however,  the  stimulus 
of  the  preservative  is  withdrawn  there  appears  a  decided  tendenc}'  to 
diminish  the  activity  of  the  digestive  processes  and  thus  to  increase 
the  amount  of  dry  substances  in  the  feces  as  a  result  of  diminished 
amounts  of  the  nutrients  absorbed.  This  theor\"  at  least  is  worth  con- 
.sideration,  as  it  agrees  with  the  general  principle  of  the  tendenc}'  to 
collapse  on  the  withdrawal  of  long-continued  stimulation,  and  also  with 
the  recorded  data  obtained  during  this  long  period  of  experiment. 

Table  XXII. — Summary  of  weight  and  water  content  of  feces,  by  series. 

SERIES  I— SIX  MEN. 

[Figures  given  are  averages  per  day.] 


Date. 

Feces. 

Water. 

Feces, 
dry. 

Forej>eriod: 

Grams. 
142.1 
114.0 
102.4 
125.9 
121.6 
147.4 

Perct. 
80.86 
79.65 
79.00 
78.00 
77.55 
82.97 

Grams. 
27  2 

No.  2 

23  2 

No.  3 

21  5 

No.  4 

27  7 

No.  5 

27  3 

No.  8 

25.1 

Total  f6  men  1  day) 

753.4 
12.5.6 

152. 0 

A  verag<;  ( 1  man  1  day)  

79.86 

25.3 

Prei«;rvative  perio<l: 

.No.  1...... 

i:m.9 

190.8 
114.1 
135.8 
167.8 
145.6 

79.69 
83. 91 
80.72 
81.89 
80.04 
81.66 

27  4 

No.  2 

30  7 

No.  3 

22  0 

No.  4 

24  6 

No.  5 

33  5 

No.  6 

26  7 

Total  Id  men  1  day  i 

889.0 
148.2 

164.9 

AvcriMff  (1  rnnn  1  i\Hy) 

81.44 

27.5 

152 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XXII. — Summary  of  weight  and  water  content  of  feces,  by  series — Continued. 
SERIES  I— SIX  MEN— Continued. 


Date. 

Feces. 

Water. 

Feces, 
dry. 

After  period: 

No.  1 

Grams. 
148.0 
131.1 
95.1 
157.7 
155.6 
126.1 

Per  ct. 
78.11 
77.88 
77.39 
81.04 
79.56 
79.86 

Grams. 
32.4 

No.2 

29.0 

No.  3 

21.5 

No.  4                                                                                    

29.9 

No.  5 

31.8 

No.  6 

25.2 

Total  (6  men  1  day) 

812.6 
135.4 

169.8 

79.10 

28.3 

SERIES  II— TWO  MEN. 


Fore  period: 

Total  (2menl  day) ... 

Average  (1  man  1  day) 
Preservative  period: 

Total  (2 men  1  day) 

Average  (Iman  Iday) 


253.9 
127.0 


306.7 
152. 9 


75.20 
'76."9i' 


After  period  dropped. 


SERIES  II— THREE  MEN. 


Fore  period: 

No.  7                                                                  

119.1 
134.8 
115.4 

74.65 
75. 74 
76.95 

30.2 

No.  10  .                                                        

32.7 

No.  12 

26.6 

Total  (3  men  1  day)                                   

369.3 
123.1 

■■"75.'86' 

89.5 

Average  (1  man  1  day)        

29.9 

Preservative  period: 

No.  7 .     .     ..                 

167.6 
138.2 
104.5 

78.75 
74.75 
76.18 

36.6 

No.  10 

34.9 

No.  12 

24.9 

Total  (3 men  1  day)  

410.2 
136.7 

95.4 

76.74 

31.8 

After  period  dropped. 


SERIES  III— FOUR  MEN. 


Fore  period: 

No.  1 

163.2 
106.2 
101.4 
116.4 

80.76 
78.15 
77.81 
76.80 

31.4 

No.  3 

23.2 

No.  4  ..                   .                                            

22.6 

No.  5.., 

27.0 

Total  (4  men  1  day)                 ..                              

487.2 
121.8 

104.1 

Average  (1  man  1  day) 

78.66 

26.0 

Preservative  period: 

No.l 

165.8 

95.3 

120.3 

117.8 

82.81 
79.76 
79.14 
78.18 

28.6 

No.  3 

19.3 

No.  4 

25  1 

No.  5 

25.7 

499.2 
124.8 

98.6 

80.20 

24.7 

After  period: 

No.l 

151.6 
96.6 
93.2 

123.9 

80.80 
77.86 
81.33 
78.29 

29.1 

No.3 

21.4 

No.  4, 

17.4 

No.  5 

26.9 

465.3 
116.3 

94.8 

79.62 

23.7 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


153 


T.vBLE  XXII. — Summary  of  uright  nnd  trttter  content  of  feces,  by  series — Continued. 
SERIES  IV— THREE  MEN. 


Date. 

Feces. 

Water. 

Feces, 
dry. 

Fore  period: 

No.  8 

(rrams. 
81.9  i 
130.9  1 
108.2 

Perct. 
75.58 
77.69 
76.34 

Grams. 
20.0 

No.  9 

29.2 

No.  10 

2-5.6 

Total  (3  men  1  day) 

321.0 
107.0 

""'76.' 73' 

74.8 

Average  (1  man  1  (lav) 

24  9 

Pre8er\-ative  period: 

No.  8 

124.4 
118.8 
132.0 

75.56 
77.10 
75.38 

30.4 

No.  9 

27  2 

No.  10 

32.5 

Total  (3  men  1  dav) 

375.2 
12.5.1  ^ 

90.1 

Average  (1  man  1  dav) 

76.02 

30  0 

.\fter  period: 

No.  8 

126.7 
115.7 
81.8 

77.90 
77.61 
70.42 

28.0 

No.  9 

25.9 

No.  10 

24  2 

Total  (3  men  1  dav ) 

324.2 
108.1 

78  1 

75.95 

26.0 

SERIES  IV— TWO  MEN. 


SERIES  IV— FIVE  MEN. 


Fore  period: 

No.  11 

60.0 
110.3 

77-67 

78.42 

13  4 

No.  12 

23  8 

Total  (2  men  1  dav ) 

170.3 
85.2 

3?  2 

Average  ( 1  man  1  dav  i 

78.17 

18  6 

Preser^-ative  period: 

No.  11 

134.9 
96.7 

78.35 
77.87 

29  2 

No.  12 

21  4 

Total  (2  men  1  dav) 

231.6 
115.8 

50  6 

Average  ( 1  man  1  dav  j 

78.15 

25  3 

After  period: 

No.  11 

87.9 
97.3 

76.45 
73.28 

20  7 

No.  12 

26.0 

Total  (2  men  1  day ) 

185.2 
92.6 

46  7 

Average  Q  man  1  dav; 

74.73 

23  4 

Fore  period: 

No.  7 

No.  8 

N0.9 '. 

No.  10 

110.7 
81.9 
130. 9 
108.2 
117.2 

73.44 

75.  .58 
77.09 
76.34 
71.50 

29.4 
20.0 
29.2 
25.6 
33.4 

N0.12 

Total  (r,  men  1  day) 

548.9 
109.8 

137  6 

Average  (I  man  1  day) 

74.95 

27.5 

Preservative  iK-rirKl: 

No.  7..... 

No.  8 

No.  9 

1.58.4 
151.6 
149.8 
161.1 
92.2 

7.5.38 
73. 8H 
79. 24 
75.29 
72.89 

39.0 
39.6 
.31.1 
39.8 
25.0 

No.lO 

N0.I2 

Total  (5  men  1  day) 

713.1 
142.6 

174  5 

Average  (1  man  1  day) 

75.  .53 

34.9 

154 


INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PRESERVATIVES  ON  HEALTH. 


Table  XXII. — Summary  of  iveight  and  ivater  content  of  feces,  by  series — Continued. 

SERIES  V— THREE  MEN. 


Date. 


Feces. 

Water. 

Grams. 
351.9 
117.3 

394.0 
131.3 

442.6 
147.5 

Per  ct. 

77. 41 

77.08 

75.05 

Feces, 
dry. 


Pore  period: 

Total  (3  in°n  1  day) . . . 

Average  (1  man  1  day) 
Preservative  period: 

Total  (3  men  1  day)  ... 

Average  (1  man  1  day) 
After  period: 

Total  (3  men  1  day)... 

Average  (1  man  1  day) 


Grams. 
79.6 
26.5 

90.2 
30.1 

110.5 

36.8 


SERIES  V— FOUR  MEN. 


Fore  period: 

No.  1 

137.8 

107.6 

118.0 

96.1 

79.68 
79.18 
79.07 
72.01 

28.0 

No.  2 

22.4 

No.  3      

24.7 

No.  5 

26.9 

459.5 
114.9 

102.0 

77.81 

25.5 

Preservative  period: 

No.  1 

170.8 
118.1 
120.0 
103.2 

80.33 

78.75 
78.09 
70.64 

33.6 

No.  2 

25.1 

No.  3 

26.3 

No.  5                                        

30.3 

512.1 
128.0 

115.3 

77.50 

28.8 

After  period: 

No.  1 

197.1 
133.0 
143.2 
102.3 

78.08 
76.39 
75.13 
69.01 

43.2 

No.  2           ...                                     

31.4 

No.  3 

35.6 

No.  5 

31.7 

575.6 
143.9 

141.9 

76.33 

35.5 

THE  URINE. 

NITROGEN   AND    PHOSPHORIC    ACID    ELIMINATED. 

The  quantities  and  percentages  of  nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid 
eliminated  in  the  urine  are  important  data  in  the  study  of  the  influence 
of  an  added  preservative  upon  metabolism.  The  quantities  of  each  of 
these  substances  in  the  food,  the  quantities  eliminated,  and  the  per- 
centages eliminated  are  given  in  Tables  XLV-LXVI.     (See  appendix.) 


The  total  quantity  of  nitrogen  found  in  the  urine  during  the  fore 
period  of  Series  I  is  459.991  grams,  an  average  daily  quantity  of  13.53 
grams  for  each  man.  The  total  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  cor- 
responding to  this  amount  in  the  urine  is  583.941  grams,  or  17.17 
grams  a  day  for  each  man.  The  average  percentage  of  the  total  nitro- 
gen eliminated  in  the  urine  varies  greatly  in  different  individuals.     It 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  155 

is  the  highest  in  No.  6,  reaching  88.3  per  cent,  and  lowest  in  No.  3, 
falling  to  68.  T  per  cent.  The  mean  percentage  eliminated  for  the  six 
subjects  is  78.8  per  cent. 

During  the  preservative  period  the  total  quantity  of  nitrogen  appear- 
ing in  the  urine  is  1,068.77  grams,  a  daih^  average  of  14.06  grams  per 
man.  The  nitrogen  in  the  corresponding  food  is  1,299.56  grams,  an 
average  of  17.10  grams  per  man.  The  percentage  eliminated,  as  in  the 
tirst  instance,  varies  with  the  diti'erent  subjects,  the  highest  being  in  the 
case  of  No.  6,  nameh%  93.6  per  cent,  and  the  lowest  in  the  case  of 
No.  .5,  namely,  76.4  per  cent.  The  mean  percentage  eliminated  is  82.2 
per  cent. 

In  the  after  period  the  total  quantity  of  nitrogen  found  in  the  urine 
is  808.3.5  grams,  an  average  of  13.7  grams  per  day  for  each  individual. 
The  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  urine  varies  widely  with 
the  different  individuals.  The  highest  percentage  was  in  the  case  of 
No.  4.  namely,  82.8  per  cent,  and  the  lowest  in  No.  3,  namely,  75.1 
per  cent.     The  mean  percentage  "is  80.3. 

The  above  data  indicate  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative 
slightly  increased  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  excreted  by  the  urine. 

PHOSPHORIC    ACID. 

The  quantit}'  of  phosphoric  acid  which  appears  in  the  urine  during 
the  fore  period  is  92.579  grams,  amounting  to  2.572  grams  a  day  for 
each  individual.  The  phosphoric  acid  in  the  corresponding  food  is 
147.158  grams,  a  daily  average  of  4.088  grams  for  each  man.  The 
highest  percentage  eliminated  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  namely, 
78.1,  and  the  lowest  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  namely,  52.3.  The  mean 
percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  urine  is  62.9. 

In  the  preservative  period  194.378  grams  of  phosphoric  acid  appear 
in  the  urine,  equivalent  to  2.49  grams  a  day  for  each  man.  The  phos- 
l)horic  acid  in  the  corresponding  food  is  299.393  grams,  or  3.838  grams 
a  da\'  for  each  man.  The  largest  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  was 
excreted  in  the  case  of  No.  4,  namely,  73.9,  and  the  smallest  in  the 
case  of  No.  5,  nameh',  57.5.  The  mean  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid 
excreted  in  the  urine  for  the  preservative  period  is  64.9. 

The  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  appearing  in  the  urine  during  the 
aftci-  period  is  145.751  grams,  e(juivalent  to  2.429  grams  per  day  for 
o.ncU  individual.  Corresponding  to  this  (juantity  there  are  229.25 
grams  in  the  food,  efjuivalent  to  3.82  grams  per  day  for  each  person. 
The  laigest  percentage  of  [)fiosphoiic  acid  excreted  was  in  the  case  of 
No.  6,  namely,  76. i^  j>er  c<!nt,  and  the  smallest  percentage  is  found  in 
ilie  ca.se  of  No.  1,  namely,  51. !»  \h\v  cent.  The  mean  percentage 
excr«'ted  is  63.6.  The  above  data  show  a  very  slight  influence  on  the 
jmrt  of  the  preservative  to  iiutrcsasci  the  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid. 


156         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PKESERVATIVES   ON   HEALTH. 

Series  II. 

The  data  in  the  second  series,  as  has  already  been  intimated,  were  ren- 
dered very  incomplete  by  reason  of  illness  of  the  members  of  the  table. 
The  only  completed  data  which  are  comparable  throughout  the  whole 
period  are  those  of  Nos.  7  and  10  for  the  preliminary  and  preservative 
periods.  The  preservative  period  extended  from  January  28  to  Feb- 
ruary 10,  but  the  data  obtained  for  February  9  and  10  were  so  abnor- 
mal as  to  make  it  extremely  likely  that  there  was  some  unrecorded  loss 
of  excrement.  The  data  for  these  two  days  are  therefore  excluded 
from  the  summary,  and  the  preservative  period  is  considered  as  ending 
with  February  8.  By  reason  of  the  illness  of  all  the  members  of  this 
class,  there  was  no  after  period. 

NITROGEN. 

In  the  case  of  No.  7,  without  going  into  detail,  attention  is  called 
to  the  fact  that  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  fore  period 
is  85.2,  while  the  total  percentage  eliminated  in  the  three  preservative 
subperiods,  extending  from  January  28  to  February  8,  is  76.2.  In 
this  case  the  preservative  appears  to  have  had  the  effect  of  diminishing 
the  percentage  of  nitrogen  excreted.  In  the  case  of  No.  8  the  percent- 
age of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  fore  period  is  77.1;  in  the  three  pre- 
servative subperiods,  79.7.  In  this  case  the  preservative  appears  to 
have  had  the  effect  of  increasing  the  excretion  of  nitrogen.  In  the 
case  of  No.  9  the  percentage  excreted  during  the  fore  period  is  80,3. 
During  the  three  preservative  subperiods  (during  the  third  one  of 
which,  however,  the  subject  was  very  ill)  the  percentage  excreted  was 
88.2.  These  data  are  of  little  value  for  comparative  purposes  because 
of  the  serious  illness  of  No.  9  during  a  large  part  of  the  experimental 
period.  In  the  case  of  No.  10  the  percentage  excreted  during  the 
fore  period  is  75.6,  and  for  the  three  preservative  subperiods  79.9. 
These  data  indicate  a  stimulating  effect  of  the  preservative  upon  the 
excretion  of  nitrogen.  They  are,  however,  by  reason  of  the  facts 
already  set  forth,  of  little  value  for  comparative  purposes.  In  the  case 
of  No.  11  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  excreted  during  the  fore  period 
is  75.5,  and  during  the  three  preservative  subperiods  82.6.  In  this 
case  the  administration  of  the  preservative  appears  to  have  consider- 
ably increased  the  excretion  of  nitrogen.  In  the  case  of  No.  12  the 
percentage  of  nitrogen  excreted  during  the  fore  period  is  60.6,  and 
during  the  three  preservative  subperiods  86.6.  These  data  are  very^ 
irregular,  and,  by  reason  of  the  illness  of  the  subject,  are  of  little 
value  for  comparative  purposes. 

The  summary  for  Nos.  7  and  10,  who  completed  the  preservative 
period,  shows  80.1  per  cent  of  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  fore  period,! 
and  78.2  in  the  preservative  period.     These  data  indicate  a  slight 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  157 

teudency  of  the  boric  ucid  to  diminish  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  in 
the  urine.  In  the  summaiy  for  Nos.  7,  10,  and  12,  however,  the 
opposite  tendency  is  shown. 

PHOSPHORIC    ACID. 

The  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  case  of  No.  1 
in  the  fore  period  is  58,1:,  in  the  preservative  period,  58.8.  In  the  case 
of  No.  '2  the  percentage  eliminated  in  the  fore  period  is  58.4,  and  in 
the  preservative  period  61,  a  decided  increase.  For  No.  3  the  figures 
are  as  follows:  Fore  period,  57.1;  for  the  first  and  third  subperiods, 
57.8  (subject  not  in  the  second  subperiod).  No.  1  shows  in  the  fore 
period  an  elimination  of  53.7  per  cent,  and  in  the  preservative  period 
61.6  per  cent,  a  very  marked  increase.  In  the  case  of  No.  5  the  per- 
centage in  the  fore  period  is  57.1,  in  the  preservative  period  59.2, 
again  showing  an  increase.  For  No.  6  the  fore  period  shows  50  per 
cent  of  elimination,  while  the  preservative  period  shows  65.5  per  cent, 
the  largest  increase  noted.  The  summary"  for  phosphoric  acid  shows 
the  following  figures,  considering  onh'^Nos.  7  anJ  lO:  During  the  fore 
period  the  per  cent  eliminated  in  the  urine  is  55.8,  while  in  the  pre- 
servative period  it  is  60.1  per  cent.  This  marked  increase  is  undoubt- 
edlv  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  all  the  members  of  this  series  were  ill 
with  the  grippe. 

Series  III. 


The  highest  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  urine  in  the 
fore  period  is  91.2,  the  lowest  is  78.3,  and  the  mean  for  the  1  men 
who  finished  the  series  is  86.6.  In  the  preservative  period  the  highest 
percentage  is  104.6,  while  the  lowest  is  81.1,  and  the  mean  for  the  4 
men  is  87.3.  In  the  after  period  the  highest  percentage  is  85,  the 
lowest  is  69.9,  and  the  mean  is  76.2.  These  figures  indicate  a  slight 
increase  in  the  preservative  period  and  a  marked  decrease  in  the  after 
period. 

PHOSPHOEIC  ACID. 

The  highest  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  fore 
period  of  Series  III  is  64,  the  lowest  is  52.8,  while  the  mean  for  the  4 
men  who  completed  the  seri(!s  is  59.5.  In  the  preservative  period  the 
liighest  elimination  is  78.2  per  cent,  the  lowest  is  59.8,  and  the  mean 
is  68.2.  In  the  after  period  the  highest  is  55.6  per  cent,  the  lowest 
48.8,  and  the  mean  52.6.  Th(;se  figures  show  a  marked  tendency 
toward  an  increased  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  urine  during 
the  preservative  period,  followed  by  a  decided  decrease  during  the 
after  period. 


158  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

Series  IV. 

NITROGEN. 

The  highest  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  fore  period  is 
95.2,  the  lowest  is  71.2,  and  the  mean  for  the  3  men  completing  the  series 
is  86.6.  In  the  preservative  period  the  highest  is  89.3,  the  lowest  is 
78,  and  the  mean  is  83.  In  the  after  period  the  highest  percentage 
eliminated  is  91.4,  the  lowest  is  81.7,  and  the  mean  is  87.1.  These 
data  seem  to  indicate  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserva- 
tive to  diminish  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated,  with  a  pro- 
nounced tendency  to  recover  in  the  after  period. 

PHOSPHORIC   ACID. 

The  highest  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  fore 
period  is  59.6,  the  lowest  is  48.3,  and  the  mean  for  3  men  is  57.9.  In 
the  preservative  period  the  highest  percentage  eliminated  is  68.5,  the 
lowest  for  the  full  period  is  59.4,  and  the  mean  is  60.8.  In  the  after 
period  the  highest  percentage  is  65.3,  the  lowest  is  60.2,  and  the  mean 
is  61.3.  The  preservative  therefore  seems  to  have  had  but  little  effect 
in  influencing  the  elimination  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  urine,  but 
what  effect  was  produced  was  in  the  direction  of  increasing  the 
elimination. 

Series  V. 

NITEOGEN. 

The  highest  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  fore  period 
is  101.4,  the  lowest  is  85.4,  and  the  mean  for  3  men  is  95.3.  In  the 
preservative  period  the  highest  percentage  eliminated  is  91.4,  the  low- 
est is  82.4,  and  the  mean  is  87.6.  In  the  after  period  the  highest  per- 
centage is  91.7,  the  lowest  is  78.1,  and  the  mean  is  85.1.  These  figures 
show  a  progressive  decrease  in  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated. 

PHOSPHORIC   ACID. 

The  highest  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  eli'ninated  in  the  fore 
period  is  88.1,  the  lowest  is  59.8,  and  the  mean  for  3  men  is  70.2. 
In  the  preservative  period  the  highest  percentage  eliminated  is  77.2, 
the  lowest  is  57.7,  and  the  mean  is  63.9.  In  the  after  period  the 
highest  percentage  is  61.7,  the  lowest  is  54.7,  and  the  mean  is  59. 
These  figures  indicate  that  the  preservative  tends  to  diminish  the  per- 
centage of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  urine,  and  this  tendency 
is  continued  in  the  after  period. 

General  Summary. 

It  is  advisable  now  to  bring  into  one  summary  the  results  of  all  the 
series.     This  has  been  done  in  Tables  LV  and  LXVI.     (Appendix.) 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  159 


The  mean  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  all  series  (except 
Series  II)  for  all  cases  where  complete  observations  are  made,  is, 
during  the  fore  periods,  86;  during  the  preservative  periods,  85.5, 
and  during  the  after  periods,  81.4.  Guided  by  the  preponderance  of 
the  testimony,  and  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  in  individual  cases  the  data 
are  contradictory,  it  is  seen  that  the  general  tendency  of  the  preserva- 
tive is  to  diminish  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  urine 
and  that  this  tendency  is  continued  through  the  after  period.  This 
continuance  of  the  effect  of  the  preservative  is  only  an  additional  evi- 
dence of  the  conclusion  above  stated.  In  point  of  fact,  during  at  least 
half  of  the  after  period  the  preservative  remains  in  considerable,  but 
diminishing,  quantities  in  the  S3'stem,  and  the  habits  of  excretion 
which  are  set  up  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative  con- 
tinue for  some  time,  even  after  notable  quantities  of  the  preservative 
are  no  longer  present. 

PHOSPHORIC   ACID. 

In  the  case  of  the  phosphoric  acid  we  have  the  following  data: 
The  percentage  of  the  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  in  the  urine  of  all 
the  series  (excej)t  Series  II)  is  62  in  the  fore  period,  61:.  1  in  the  pre- 
servative period,  and  59.6  in  the  after  period.  Here  the  tendency 
seems  to  be  opposite  to  that  exhibited  in  the  case  of  nitrogen.  There 
is  an  increase  in  the  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid  during  the  preserva- 
tive period;  unlike  the  nitrogen,  however,  this  increase  does  not  persist 
during  the  after  period. 

REACTION. 

In  Tables  XXIII-XXVII  (p.  163)  is  given  the  reaction  of  the  urine 
as  determined  upon  the  whole  of  the  daily  sample.  Attention  should 
be  called  to  the  fact  that  some  time  elapsed  in  each  case  between  the 
collection  of  the  first  part  of  the  daily  sample  and  the  end  of  the  day, 
when  all  the  samples  were  combined  and  the  reaction  taken.  The 
samples  were  kept  always  in  a  cool  place,  except  in  cases  where  they 
were  secured  at  the  rooms  of  the  members  of  the  table.  We  can  not 
be  certain  that  instructions  to  keep  the  sample  bottle  in  a  cool  place 
were  always  followed  in  these  cases.  In  any  case,  the  tendency'  of 
the  urine  to  change  its  reaction  on  standing  must  be  taken  into 
account,  as  in  some  instances  parts  of  the  sample  may  pro})ably  have 
stofxl  for  twenty  hours,  ov  even  longer,  before  the  tinal  test  for  the 
reaction  was  api)lied.  The  reactions  given  are  qualitative  only  and 
are  entered  as  strongly  acid,  acid,  amphoteric,  and  alkaline. 

Skkieh  II. 

Discussing  the  data  as  a  whole,  we  find  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  7  and 
10,  who  are  compared  for  the  fore  and  preservative  periods,  that  dur- 


160         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

ing  the  fore  period  the  urine  is  strongly  acid  in  22.2  per  cent  of  the 
cases,  and  in  the  preservative  period  in  53.6  per  cent.  It  is  acid  in 
the  fore  period  in  61.1  per  cent,  and  in  the  after  period  in  35.7  per  cent. 
It  is  amphoteric  in  the  fore  period  in  16.7  per  cent  of  the  cases,  and 
in  the  preservative  period  in  10.7  per  cent.  In  the  case  of  No.  7  only, 
the  urine  is  strongly  acid  in  the  after  period  in  20  per  cent  of  the 
cases,  acid  in  40  per  cent,  and  amphoteric  in  40  per  cent.  These  data 
show  a  strong  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  boric  acid,  which  was  the 
preservative  administered  in  this  case,  to  render  the  reaction  of  the 
urine  strongly  acid,  at  the  expense  both  of  the  acid  reaction  and  of 
the  amphoteric  reaction. 

In  the  case  of  Nos.  8,  9,  10,  11,  and  12  a  more  general  comparison 
can  be  made,  on  which  the  following  remarks  may  be  based:  In  the 
fore  period  15.5  per  cent  of  the  samples  are  strongly  acid,  in  the  pre- 
servative period  30.3  per  cent,  and  in  the  after  period  20  per  cent. 
In  the  fore  period  55.5  per  cent  of  the  samples  are  acid,  44.6  per  cent 
in  the  preservative  period,  and  30  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  Twenty- 
eight  and  nine-tenths  per  cent  of  the  samples  are  amphoteric  in  reac- 
tion in  the  fore  period,  23.2  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  45 
per  cent  in  the  after  period.  None  of  the  samples  is  akaline  in  the  fore 
period,  1.8  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  5  per  cent  in  the 
after  period.  Attention  should  be  called,  however,  to  the  fact  that 
the  after  period  here  was  a  very  unsatisfactory  one  and  the  examina- 
tion of  the  urine  was  practically  the  only  metabolic  control  which  was 
secured  in  these  cases  in  the  after  period.  The  condition  of  the  sub- 
jects was  such  in  this  period  that  no  further  control  was  attempted. 

The  general  inference  from  the  above  data  is  that  the  administration 
of  the  boric  acid  tends  to  increase  the  strong  acidity  of  the  urine. 

Semes  III. 

In  Series  III  a  better  comparison  of  the  reactions  of  the  urine  was 
secured,  which  is  given  in  Table  XXIV,  both  for  each  individual  mem- 
ber of  the  table  and  as  a  whole.  Taking  the  general  averages,  it  is 
found  that  in  the  fore  period  11.9  per  cent  of  the  samples  are  strongly 
acid,  in  the  preservative  period  36.9  per  cent,  and  in  the  after  period 
56.4  per  cent.  Sixty-one  and  three-tenths  per  cent  of  the  samples  in 
the  fore  period  are  entered  as  acid,  33.4  per  cent  in  the  preservative 
period,  and  26.6  per  cent  in  the  after  period.  Twenty-six  and  eight- 
tenths  per  cent  of  the  samples  are  found  to  be  amphoteric  in  the  fore 
period,  29.7  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  17  per  cent  in  the 
after  period. 

The  general  data  in  this  series  seem  to  indicate  a  tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  strong  acidity  of  the  urine, 
and  this  tendency  is  manifested  even  to  a  greater  degree  during  the 
after  period,  during  a  part  of  which,  of  course,  the  boric  acid  contin- 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  161 

ued  to  be  excreted.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  irregularity  in  the  case 
of  the  individual  members  of  the  class,  which  will  be  indicated  suf- 
lieiently  by  reference  to  the  tabular  statements.  It  is  worthy  of  note, 
however,  that  during  the  whole  of  this  series  no  sample  of  the  urine 
showed  an  alkaline  reaction. 

Series  IV. 

In  Series  IV  boric  acid  was  replaced  by  borax,  and  it  is  interesting 
to  studv  the  effect  which  this  change  had  upon  the  reaction  of  the 
urine. 

In  the  case  of  No.  8,  5.5  per. cent  of  the  samples  during  the  pre- 
servative period  were  found  to  be  alkaline.  In  the  case  of  No.  9  the 
alkalinity  did  not  appear  until  the  after  period,  during  which  12.5  per 
cent  of  the  samples  showed  an  alkaline  reaction.  The  same  is  true  of 
No.  10.  In  the  case  of  No.  11  there  was  no  alkaline  reaction,  but  the 
number  of  samples  that  were  acid  fell  from  50  per  cent  in  the  fore 
period  to  9.1  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  while  those  marked 
as  amphoteric  rose  from  25  per  cent  in  the  fore  period  to  90.9  per 
cent  in  the  after  period.  Thus  the  tendency  to  diminished  acidity  was 
^■erv  strongly  marked  in  the  case  of  No.  11,  although  no  actual  alka- 
line reactions  were  noticed.  In  the  case  of  No.  12  a  remarkable  change 
in  the  same  direction  was  also  manifested.  The  number  of  samples 
that  were  acid  in  the  fore  period  was  50  per  cent,  w^iile  in  the  pre- 
servative period  there  was  none,  whereas  the  number  marked  ampho- 
teric rose  from  37.5  per  cent  to  88.8  per  cent,  and  11.1  per  cent  of  the 
samples  in  the  preservative  period  gave  an  alkaline  reaction.  In  the 
case  of  No.  7,  who  w^ithdrew  at  the  end  of  the  preservative  period,  we 
see  also  a  marked  tendency  to  diminish  the  strongly  acid  reaction, 
although  in  no  case  was  there  an  alkaline  reaction. 

The  best  comparisons  in  this  instance  are  made  between  Nos.  8,  9, 
and  10,  who  completed  in  an  even  manner  the  whole  of  the  series.  In 
this  comparison  it  is  seen  that  during  the  fore  period  the  per  cent  of 
samples  strongl}'  acid  was  25,  during  the  preservative  period  7.4,  and 
none  during  the  after  period.  The  effect  of  the  borax,  therefore,  in 
diminishing  strong  acidity  was  ver}'  marked  and  extended  through  the 
after  period.  The  samples  acid  in  the  fore  period  included  54.1  per 
<ent,  in  the  preservative  period  64.8,  and  in  the  after  period  37.5. 
Those  that  gave  an  amphoteric  reaction  in  the  fore  period  inckided 
20.8  per  cent  of  the  samples,  during  the  preservative  period  25.9  per 
cent,  and  during  the  after  period  54.2  per  cent.  During  the  fore 
period  there;  were  no  samples  giving  an  alkaline  reaction,  during  the 
preservative  period  1.8  per  cent  gave  an  alkaline  reaction,  and  dining 
the  after  period  8.3  per  cent. 

Thes(;  data  show  the  very  marked  effects  of  the  borax  toward 
diminishing  acidity  and  would  indiciite  lluit  all,  or  at  least  a  large 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 11 


162         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

quantity,   of  the  borax  appeared  in  the  urine  in  an  undecomposed 
state — that  is,  not  as  boric  acid,  but  as  biborate  of  soda. 

It  will  be  of  interest  also  to  include  all  of  the  data  for  Series  IV  in 
one  average.  Discussing  these  data,  we  find  the  same  general  effect 
produced  by  the  borax  to  diminish  acidity  and  increase  the  amphoteric 
and  alkaline  reactions.  The  per  cent  of  samples  strongly  acid  in  the 
fore  period  is  22.9,  in  the  preservative  period  7.4,  and  none  in  the 
after  period.  The  percentage  of  samples  acid  in  the  fore  period  is 
54.1,  in  the  preservative  period  40.6,  and  in  the  after  period  32.5. 
The  percentage  giving  an  amphoteric  reaction  in  the  fore  period  is 
22.9,  in  the  preservative  period  52.9,  and  in  the  after  period  60.  There 
are  no  samples  giving  an  alkaline  reaction  in  the  fore  period,  in  the 
preservative  period  2.8  per  cent,  and  in  the  after  period  T.5  per  cent. 

Series  V. 

During  the  fifth  series  boric  acid  was  given  to  three  members  of  the 
class,  namely,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  and  borax  to  three  members,  namely, 
4,  5,  and  6.  The  individual  data  are  given  for  the  reaction  of  the  acid 
during  this  period,  which  extended  over  fifty  days,  also  the  general 
averages  for  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  who  received  boric  acid,  and  for  Nos. 
4,  6,  and  6,  who  received  borax.  In  the  averages  of  those  who 
received  boric  acid  we  see  a  marked  increase  in  the  strong  acidity 
under  the  influence  of  the  preservative.  The  per  cent  of  samples 
strongly  acid  in  the  fore  period  is  12.5,  in  the  preservative  period 
63.3,  and  in  the  after  period  51.3.  In  no  case  is  there  an  alkaline 
reaction.  The  increased  percentage  showing  a  strong  acid  reaction  was 
recruited  from  the  samples  showing  an  acid  and  an  amphoteric  reac- 
tion. The  averages  in  the  case  of  those  receiving  borax  show  a  strong 
acid  reaction  in  the  fore  period,  when  the  percentage  is  25,  in  the  pre- 
servative period  30.4,  and  in  the  after  period  49.4.  There  was  no 
alkaline  reaction  observed  in  any  case.  No  account  has  been  taken  in 
the  above  discussion  of  any  possible  effect  upon  the  reaction  which  a 
change  of  concentration  of  the  urine  due  to  the  season  of  the  year  may 
have  produced. 

We  have  here  an  apparent  contradiction  to  the  trend  of  the  testi- 
mony in  Series  IV,  in  which  the  borax  shows  a  tendency  to  produce 
diminished  acidit3^  It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  in  the 
fifth  series  the  quantity  of  boric  acid  given,  or  of  borax  equivalent 
thereto,  was  only  one-half  gram  per  day.  It  is  possible  that  this  small 
amount  may  have  suffered  decomposition  and  appeared  in  the  urine 
as  boric  acid  in  both  cases.  There  is  no  positive  proof  of  this  fact, 
however,  save  the  indication  in  regard  to  acidity  above  mentioned. 

,<3rENEEAJj   AyERAGE   OF   SeRIES   II,   III,   IV,  AND    V. 

It  will  be  of  use  now  to  gather  into  one  expression  the  general  data 
of  all  the  series  relating  to  the  administration  of  boric  acid  on  the  one 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


163 


hand  and  of  borax  on  the  other,  in  so  far  as  the  influence  of  these 
preservatives  upon  the  action  of  the  urine  depends.  These  data  show 
that  the  average  percentage  of  the  samples  strongh'  acid  during  the 
fore  periods  of  those  series  in  which  boric  acid  was  taken  was  13.9, 
during  the  preservative  period  17.1,  and  during  tlie  after  period  51.2. 
The  percentage  of  samples  returned  as  acid  during  the  fore  period  is 
66.1,  during  the  preservative  period  33.3,  and  during  the  after  period 
32.9.  The  number  of  samples  returned  as  amphoteric  in  reaction 
during  the  fore  period  is  19.9,  during  the  preservative  period  19.5, 
and  during  the  after  period  15.9.  In  no  case  was  an  alkaline  reaction 
reported.  These  data  show  that  the  increase  in  the  strongly  acid 
samples  is  generall}"  at  the  expense  of  those  marked  acid.  The  data 
further  show  that  the  tendency  to  a  strongly  acid  reaction  is  continued 
in  these  cases  during  the  after  period.     (Table  XXVII.) 

Turning  now  to  the  data  when  borax  was  administered,  we  find  that 
the  average  percentage  marked  strongly  acid  during  the  fore  period 
is  25,  during  the  preservative  period  18.9,  and  during  the  after 
period  19.8.  Of  those  marked  acid,  we  find  51.2  per  cent  in  the  fore 
period,  56.9  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period,  and  10.5  per  cent  in  the 
after  period.  The  figures  for  amphoteric  and  alkaline  reactions  were 
respectively  as  follows:  Fore  period,  20.8  and  none;  preservative 
period,  23.2  and  0.9  per  cent:  and  after  period,  34.7  and  5  per  cent. 
These  data  show  a  marked  influence  on  the  part  of  the  borax  to  dimin- 
ish the  strong  acidity  and  to  increase,  or  rather  create,  the  alkalinity. 
As  has  before  been  stated,  this  would  indicate  that  at  least  a  large  part 
of  the  borax  is  excreted  unchanged,  whereas  in  the  fifth  series,  where 
only  a  small  quantity  was  given,  the  possibility  of  its  decomposition 
and  of  its  appearance  as  boric  acid  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 


Table  XXIII. — Reaction  of  urine  in  Series  II. 
[All  members  receiving  boric  acid.] 


Member  and  period. 


No. 


Fore  perifKl 

I'rf.-servative  period. 
After  perirxl 


Fore  period 

I'reservati ve  periwl 

After  perifxl 

.Supplementary  period . 
■..  9: 

Fore  perif)d 

Pres<;rvative  period  a  .. 

Aft<;r  period 

Supplementary  period . 
No.  10: 

Fore  perii-Kl 

I'rejM.-rvatl  ve  perifxl 

Aft*:r  perirKl  h 

Supplementary  pcrif)*!  . 


Number  of  samples — 


Strongly 
acid. 


Acid. 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


Alka- 
line. 


Per  cent  of  samples — 


Strongly 
acid. 


22.2 
64.3 
20.0 

0.0 
21.4 
20.0 

0.0 

22.2 


0.0 
0.0 


22. 2 
42.9 


0.0 


Acid. 


55.5 
21.4 
40.0 

55. 5 
50.0 
20.0 
40.0 

55.5 


60.0 

GO.O 


06.  6 
50.0 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


22. 2 

14. 3 
40.0 

44.4 

21.4 
60.0 
60.0 

22.2 


40.0 
40.0 


11.1 
7.1 


a  Sick.    No  sample  and  no  i)reKervative  greater  part  of  time. 


80.0        20.0 
e>8ick. 


Alka- 
line. 


0.0 
0.0 
0.0 


7.1 
0.0 
0.0 


0.0 
0.0 


0.0 
0.0 


0.0 


164 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON"   HEALTH. 


Table  XXIII. — Reaction  of  urine  in  Series  JJ— Continued. 
[All  members  receiving  boric  acid.] 


Member  and  period. 


No.  11: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period  a  . . 

After  period 

Supplementary  period . 
No.  12: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period  b... 

After  period 

Supplementary  period . 


Average  for  Nos.  7  and  10: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 

Average  forNos.  8, 9, 10,ll,and  12: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 

Supplementary  period 


Number  of  samples^ 


Strongly 
acid. 


Acid. 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


Alka- 
line. 


Per  cent  of  samples — 


Strongly 
acid. 


11.1 

42.8 

40.0 

0.0 

22.2 

14.2 

20.0 

0.0 


22.2 

53.6 

<;  20. 0 

15.5 

^30.3 

e20.0 

0.0 


Acid. 


44.4 
28.5 
20.0 
60.0 

55.5 
50.0 
20.0 
60.0 


61.1 

35.7 

C40.0 

55.5 
d44.6 
eSO.O 

60.0 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


44.4 
28.5 
40.0 
40.0 

22.2 
35.7 
40.0 
40.0 


16.7 

10.7 

C40.0 

28.9 
d23.2 
£45.0 

40.0 


Alka- 
line. 


0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

20.0 

0.0 


0.0 

0.0 

cO.O 

0.0 
1.8 
5.0 
0.0 


a  Preservative  not  given  throughout  this  period  on  account  of  sickness.    Sample  more  strongly  acid. 
b  Preservative  not  given  throughout  this  period  on  account  of  sickness.    Amphoteric  occurs  more 
frequently  during  this  period, 
c  Average  for  No.  7  only, 
d  Average  forNos.  8,  10, 11,  and  12. 
e  Average  for  Nos.  8,  9, 11,  and  12. 

Table  XXIV. — Reaction  of  urine  in  Series  HI. 
[All  members  receiving  boric  acid.] 


Member  and  period. 


No.  1: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 

After  period 

No.  2: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 

After  period 

No.  3: 

Fore  period  a 

Preservative  period. 

After  period 

No.  4: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 

After  period  b 

No.  5: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period . 

After  period 

No.  6: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 

After  period 


Average: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 
Afterperiod 


Number  of  samples — 


Strongly 
acid. 


Acid. 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


Alka- 
line. 


Per  cent  of  samples- 


Strongly 
acid. 


11.1 

83.3 
100.0 

11.1 
80.0 
86.7 

25.0 
8.3 
62.5 

12.5 
0.0 
14.3 

0.0 
8.3 
0.0 

11.1 
41.6 
75.0 


11.9 
36.9 
56.4 


Acid. 


77.7 
16.7 
0.0 

66.7 
0.0 
13.3 

62.5 
41.7 
12.5 

50.0 
66.7 
71.4 

44.4 
25.0 
37.5 

66.6 
50.0 
25.0 


61.3 
33.4 
26.6 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


11.1 
0.0 
0.0 

22.2 

20.0 

0.0 

12.5 
50.0 
25.0 

37.5 
33.3 
14.3 

55.5 
66.6 
62.5 

22.2 
8.3 
0.0 


26.8 
29.7 
17.0 


Alka- 
line. 


a  Sample  on  21st  lost. 


b  Sample  on  16th  lost. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


165 


Table  XXV. — Reaction  of  urine  in  Series  IV. 
[AH  members  receiving  borax.] 


Member  and  period. 


No.  7: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period . 

After  period  a 

No.  8: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period . 

.-Viter  period 

No.  9: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period . 

.\fter  period 

10: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 

.A.fter  period 

No.  11: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period. 

After  period 

No.  12: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period . 

After  period 


No. 


Average: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 

Average  for  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 


Number  of  samples- 


Stronglj' 
acid. 


Acid. 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


Alka- 
line. 


Per  cent  of  samples — 


Strongly 
acid. 


25.0 
0.0 


12.5 
0.0 
0.0 

25.0 

22.2 

0.0 

37.5 
0.0 
0.0 

25.0 
0.0 
0.0 

12.5 
0.0 
0.0 


Acid. 


62.5 
40.0 


62.5 
50.0 
37.5 

37.5 
72.2 
37.5 

62.5 
72.2 
87.5 

50.0 

9.1 

37.5 

50.0 
0.0 
12.5 


22.9 
7.4 
0.0 

25.0 
7.4 
0.0 


54.1 
40.6 
32.5 

54.1 
64.8 
37.5 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


12.5 
60.0 


25.0 
44.4 
62.5 

37.5 
5.5 
50.0 

0.0 
27.7 
50.0 

2.5.0 
90.9 
62.5 


75.0 


22.9 
52. 9 
60.0 

20.8 
25.9 
54.2 


Alka- 
line. 


0.0 
0.0 


0.0 
5.5 
0.0 

0.0 
0.0 
12.5 

0.0 
0.0 
12.5 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

0.0 
11.1 
12.5 


0.0 
2.8 
7.5 

0.0 
1.8 
8.3 


a  Withdrawn. 

Table  XXVT. — Reaction  of  urine  in  Series  V. 
[No.s.  1,  2,  and  3  receiving  boric  acid  and  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6  receiving  borax.] 


Member  and  period. 


No.  1: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period . 

After  period 

No.  2: 

Fore  period 

Pre.servative  pericxl . 

After  period 

No.  3: 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period  . 

After  period 

No.  4: 

Fore  perlo<J 

Preservative  period  . 

\fter  period  f> 


N< 

Fore  period 

Preservative  perio<i 

After  perifxJ 

No.  6: 

Fore  perio<l 

Pre»ervati  ve  period 

After  peri'xl 

Average  for  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3: 

Fore  pitnii<\ 

Proservati  ve  period 

Aftt-r  oeri'Kl 

Average  for  Son.  4,  5,  ano  6: 

Fore  perifKl 

PreM.Tvatl  ve  periwl 

After  period  " 


Number  of  samples — 


Strongly 
acid. 


Acid. 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


Alka- 
line. 


Per  cent  of  samples— 


Strongly 
acid. 


12.5 
80.0 
81.8 

12.5 
73.2 
61.1 

12.5 

a  36. 7 

11.1 

12.5 
4.2 


Acid. 


87.5 
20.0 
18.2 

75.0 
21.9 
22. 2 

75.0 
53.1 
88.9 

62.6 
66.7 


37. 5 
18.0 
22.2 

25.0 
69.0 
76.5 


12.6 
63. 3 
51.3 

25.0 
30.4 
49.4 


37. 5 
52.0 
66.7 

02.5 
28.6 
23.6 


79.2 
31.4 
43.1 

54.2 
49.1 
46.1 


Am- 
pho- 
teric. 


0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

12.5 
5.0 
16.7 

12.5 
10.2 
0.0 

25.0 
29.1 


25. 0 
30.0 
11.1 

12.5 
2.4 
0.0 


8.3 
5.1 
5.6 

20.8 
20. 6 
6.6 


Alka- 
line. 


•  No  aamplc  on  May  4.       «»No  after  period  for  No.  4;  resigned.       cNos.  5  and  6  only  in  after  period. 


166         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PBESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 
Table  XXVII. — General  summary  of  reaction  of  urine  in  Series  II,  III,  IV,  and  V. 


Periods. 


Boric  acid  (Series  II  and  III,  and  Nos.  1, 2,  and  3  of  Series  V) 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 

Borax  (Nos.  8,  9,  and  10,  Series  IV,  and  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6, 
Series  V): 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 


Per  cent  of  samples- 


'S.'"      Acid.       A-P.^   Alkaline. 


13.9 
47.1 
51.2 


25.0 
18.9 
19.8 


66.1 
33.3 
32.9 


54.2 
56.9 
40.5 


19.9 
19.5 
15.9 


20.8 
23.2 
34.7 


0.0 
.0 
.0 


.0 
.9 

5.0 


VOLUME,    SPECIFIC   GKAVITY,  AND   TOTAL   SOLIDS. 

In  Tables  XXX-XL  are  given  the  volume  of  urine,  the  specific 
gravity,  and  the  grams  of  total  solids  for  each  day,  for  each  individual 
belonging  to  the  table,  with  totals  and  averages  for  each  period  of  the 
series.  Averages  of  these  data  by  periods  are  also  given,  including 
those  men  who  completed  the  series.  A  glance  at  the  individual  data 
shows  a  very  limited  variation  from  normal  conditons  in  respect  of 
specific  gravity  and  solids  eliminated. 

The  specific  gravity  of  all  the  samples  of  urine  was  taken  at  25°  C, 
compared  with  water  at  25^  C. ,  as  this  is  about  the  average  laboratory 
temperature  for  the  year.  At  first  the  determinations  were  made  with 
the  static  balance  and  corrected  to  25°  C. ,  but  later  the  Westphal  bal- 
ance was  found  more  convenient,  the  results  agreeing,  within  one  or  two 
units  in  the  third  place,  with  those  secured  by  means  of  a  piknometer. 

The  factor  of  Neubauer,"  0.233,  which  is  designed  for  specific  gravity 
at  15°  referred  to  water  at  0°,  and  that  of  Long,  0.260,*  for  specific 
gravity  at  25°  referred  to  water  at  4°,  would  therefore  not  answer  for 
calculation  of  the  solids  from  the  specific  gravity  of  urine  at  25°  com- 
pared with  water  at  25°,  as  determined  above. 

The  method  of  determining  the  factor  was  based  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple as  that  of  Neubauer  and  Long,  which  consists  of  evaporating  a 
measured  quantity  of  urine,  the  specific  gravity  being  obtained  exactly 
by  means  of  a  piknometer,  in  a  closed  tube.  The  products  are  aspi- 
rated through  decinormal  sulphuric  acid,  the  excess  of  acid  titrated  with 
approximately  twentieth  normal  sodium  hydroxid  (cochineal  being 
used  as  indicator),  the  ammonia  so  obtained  calculated  to  urea,  and 
this  amount  added  to  the  solids  obtained  by  direct  weighing.  The 
factor  is  obtained  by  dividing  the  total  solids  by  the  last  three  figures 
of  the  specific  gravity. 

The  error  in  this  method,  due  to  the  amount  of  ammonia  from  the 
ammonium  salts  present,  is  about  offset  by  the  ammonia  obtained  from 
the  breaking  down  of  organic  compounds,  so  that  the  results,  while  not 
strictly  correct,  are  about  as  close  as  can  be  obtained. 


aZeit.  anal.  Chem.  1:  166. 


6  J.  Chem.  Soc.  25:  257. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BOKAX.  167 

The  apparatus  in  which  these  determinations  were  made  consists  of  a 
tin  box  through  which  tubes  of  hard  glass  are  passed.  The  box  is  tilled 
with  sand  and  kept  at  a  temperature  of  95°  to  100°,  the  inside  temper- 
ature of  the  tubes  being  from  00°  to  95°.  The  air  is  first  led  through 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  then  through  a  tube  of  soda  lime  and  cal- 
cium chlorid,  and  finally  preheated  bjj^  passing  through  hard  glass  tubes 
heated  ])y  means  of  a  Bunsen  burner.  Small  glass  boats  which  readily 
hold  5  cc  of  urine  are  employed  for  the  drN'ing.  The  solid  residue  is 
obtained  in  about  two  and  one-half  to  three  hours  and  kept  in  a  desic- 
cator for  three  hours  before  Aveighing.  The  determinations  agreed 
closeh'  throughout,  particularly  in  the  case  of  individuals,  and  an 
average  of  a  number  of  determinations  gave  the  figure  0.245,  which  was 
adopted  and  used  in  the  calculation  of  the  solids  throughout  the  work. 
In  the  application  of  this  factor  the  last  three  figures  of  the  specific 
gravity  are  multiplied  by  0.245  which  gives  the  amount  of  total  solids 
in  one  thousand  parts  of  the  sample.  The  calculation  is  then  made  for 
the  given  volume.  In  making  these  calculations  a  "slide  rule"  was 
used,  and  therefore  the  results  are  not  exactly  accurate  in  the  third 
decimal  place. 

Series  I. 

In  the  fore  period  of  Series  I  the  highest  average  specific  gravity  for 
an}'  one  person  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  iramely,  1.0282,  and  this 
corresponds  with  next  to  the  largest  quantity  of  total  solids  eliminated, 
nameh',  G1.5G3  grams.  In  the  case  of  No.  2,  while  the  specific  gravity 
is  somewhat  lower,  the  average  quantity  of  urine  excreted  is  higher, 
and  the  total  solid  matter,  63.721  grams,  excreted  daily,  is  somewhat 
higher  than  in  the  case  of  No.  1.  The  most  notable  departure  in 
-pecific  gravity  from  the  average  is  found  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  4  and  5, 
where  the  density  of  the  urine  is  considerably  lower  than  in  the  other 
cases.  This,  however,  is  partly  at  least  accounted  for  ))y  the  greater 
volume  of  urine  voided  by  these  two  subjects.  The  average  specific 
gravity  of  the  fore  period  for  the  six  men  is  1.0251,  and  the  average 
(juantity  of  total  solids  eliminated  per  day  is  57.431  grams. 

As  would  naturally  be  supposed  in  cases  of  health  and  a  normal 
exercise  of  the  functions  of  the  kidneys,  the  density  of  the  urine 
would  be  inversely  as  the  <piantity.  The  total  solid  matter  excreted 
in  the  urine  would  also  depend  largely  on  the  degree  of  mctal)olic 
activity  as  (conditioned  by  exercise,  (quantity  of  food,  and  external 
temperature.  Th(>  greater  the  amount  of  exercise  the  more  tissue 
broken  down,  and  hence  the  greater  tendency  to  excrete  solid  matter 
in  the  urine.  The  lower  the  temperature,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
greater  the  tendency  to  inci-ea.se  the  volume  of  urine,  thus  diminishing 
its  specific  gravity,  l>iit  not  necessarily  altering  the  (quantity  of  solid 
matter  voided. 


168  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

The  quantity  of  solid  matter  voided  in  the  urine  may  also  be  com- 
pared with  the  weights  of  the  individuals.  In  Series  I,  fore  period,  the 
heaviest  man  is  No.  2,  his  average  weight  for  the  fore  period  being 
71.89  kilograms  (Table  XllI,  p.  105).  It  will  be  seen  that  No.  2  excretes 
the  largest  quantity  of  solids,  corresponding  to  heaviest  weight.  The 
next  in  weight  is  No.  1,  and  he  excretes  the  second  largest  quantity  of 
total  solids.  Next  in  order  of  weight  is  No.  6,  but  No.  6  excretes  the 
smallest  quantity  of  solids  of  any  in  the  class.  No.  4  is  fourth  in  weight 
and  third  in  the  amount  of  solid  matter  excreted.  No.  3  is  fifth  in 
weight  and  fourth  in  the  quantity  of  solid  matter  excreted.  No.  5 
is  sixth  in  weight  and  fifth  in  the  quantit}^  of  solid  matter  excreted. 
Thus  it  is  seen  that  with  the  exception  of  No.  6  the  quantity  of  solid 
matter  excreted  in  the  urine  during  the  fore  period  by  these  subjects 
is  proportional  to  their  weight. 

In  the  first  preservative  subperiod  (December  22-26)  a  marked 
increase  is  noticed,  in  the  solid  matter  excreted.  This  is  partly  due, 
though  not  entirely,  to  the  fact  that  the  boric  acid  administered  is 
excreted  chiefly  by  the  urine.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  this  could  not 
have  added  more  than  1  gram  per  day  to  the  quantity  of  solid  matter 
excreted,  it  does  not  account  for  the  total  increase,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  the  case  of  No.  2.  In  other  words,  the  administration  of 
the  boric  acid  seems  to  have  a  marked  effect  at  first  in  increasing  the 
quantity  of  solids  in  the  urine  other  than  the  additional  weight  given 
by  its  presence.  During  this  period  No.  4  excretes  the  largest  quan- 
tity of  solid  matter  per  day,  and  No.  1  the  next  largest.  No.  6  again 
occupies  the  last  place.  During  the  second  subperiod  (December 
27-30)  the  stimulating  effect  of  the  preservative  seems  to  have  been 
expended,  and  the  quantities  of  solid  matter  were  reduced  almost  to 
those  found  in  the  fore  period.  No,  1  leads  the  list  during  this 
period,  and  No.  6  is  again  at  the  foot.  During  the  third  subperiod 
(December  31  to  January  3).there  is  a  continued  marked  depression  in 
the  quantity  of  solid  matter  excreted.  No.  1  holds  again  the  first 
place,  and  No.  6  the  last. 

The  depressing  effect  of  the  added  preservative  upon  the  amount  of 
solids  excreted  continues  during  the  after  period,  though  not  uniformly 
in  all  cases.  Nos.  1,  1:,  and  5  diminish  the  excreta  during  the  after 
period,  as  compared  with  the  preservative  period,  and  Nos.  2,  3,  and 
6  increase  the  amount.  The  total  variation,  however,  is  of  a  negative 
quantity,  the  total  amount  excreted  during  the  after  period  being 
56.238  grams  daily  as  compared  with  56.973  grams  daily  during  the 
preceding  subperiod.  The  data  recorded  as  a  whole  appear  to  indi- 
cate that  the  first  result  of  the  administration  of  a  preservative  is  to 
increase  the  total  solids  eliminated  in  the  urine  and  afterwards  to 
diminish  them.  The  effect  upon  the  specific  gravity,  assuming  a 
reasonable  constancy  of  volume,  follows  the  amount  of  total  solids  in 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  169 

solution.  Thus  the  highest  specific  gravity  is  that  of  the  fore  period, 
although  the  largest  amount  of  total  solids  is  not  eliminated  during 
this  period,  and  the  lowest  specific  gravity  is  that  of  the  last  preserv- 
ative subperiod,  corresponding-  to  next  to  the  lowest  quantity  of  total 
solids  eliminated.  As  indicated  bv  the  above  data,  the  conclusion  is 
evident  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative  produces  a  consid- 
erable disturbance  in  the  total  quantity  of  solids  eliminated  in  the 
urine,  and,  consoqucntl}',  in  the  specific  gravit}'  thereof.  In  the  above 
discussion  only  the  direct  relation  of  specific  gravit}^  to  total  solids  is 
considered.  Attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact,  however,  that  the 
total  solids  are  calculated  from  the  specific  gravit}^  and  volume  of  the 
urine.  AVhen  both  these  factors  are  considered,  therefore,  the  true 
relation  of  total  solids  to  specific  gravit}'  becomes  evident. 

Series  II. 

Comparing-  the  individuals  of  this  series  in  regard  to  the  volume  of 
urine  voided,  we  note  that  during  the  fore  period  the  largest  quantity 
is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  namelj^  a  daily  average  of  1,426  cc,  and 
the  smallest  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  T,  namely,  998  cc.  No.  7  was 
ill  and  al)scnt  from  the  table  from  the  14th  of  February,  but  the  urine 
was  collected  until  the  end  of  period.  The  average  for  the  three  pre- 
servative subperiods  (January  28  to  Februarv  10)  shows  the  largest 
dailv  amount  of  urine  in  the  case  of  No.  10,  namel}^,  1,118  cc,  and  the 
smallest  in  the  case  of  No.  7,  namely,  972  cc.  No.  10,  however,  was 
ill  and  no  sample  of  urine  Avas  saved  after  Februarv  11.  During  this 
period  marked  irregularities  in  the  measurement  of  the  urine  were 
caused  b}'  sickness  in  the  case  of  No.  9,  who  received  no  preservative 
after  January  31,  and  to  a  similar  extent  in  the  case  of  No.  8  and  No. 
11.  These  men  received  no  preservative  after  the  second  preservative 
subperiod.  These  disturbances,  especially  in  the  case  of  Nos.  8  and 
11,  manifest  a  notable  decrease  of  the  amount  secreted,  due  to  the 
ff'V)rile  conditions  which  exist. 

In  the  after  period  the  largest  amount  of  urine  voided  is  found  in 
the  case  of  No.  11,  nameh%  1,242  cc,  and  the  smallest  in  the  case  of 
No.  12,  namely,  820  cc.  No.  12  received  no  preservative  after  the 
beginning  of  the  third  preservative  subperiod. 

These  individual  data  disclose  a  slight  tendency,  aj^parcntly  due  to 
the  administi-ation  of  the  preservative,  to  decrease  the  volume  of  urine 
secreted. 

The  general  condition  of  the  UKiinbei-s  of  the  class  at  tiic  end  of  the 
preservative  period  is  (juite  unfavorable  and  this  is  due  largely  to 
colds  and  otlnjr  troubles  not  connected  in  any  way  with  th(^  adminis- 
tration of  the  preseivative;  this  unfavoral)Ie  condition  continues  dur- 
ing the  short  after  period. 

The  inception  of  any  disease;  or  sickness  not  directly  traceable  to  tiie 


1?0         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

administration  of  the  preservative  introduces  into  the  observations  an 
element  of  uncertainty  wliich  must  be  taken  into  full  consideration  in 
drawing  conclusions  from  the  data  obtained.  In  the  present  case  at 
least  three  members  of  the  table  are  affected  to  such  an  extent  by 
extraneous  diseases  as  to  render  the  data  obtained  in  their  cases  of 
small  value.  It  does  not  seem  advisable,  however,  in  a  discussion  of 
this  kind,  to  omit  any  of  the  recorded  data  which  can  throw  any  light 
whatever,  either  directl}^  or  by  suggestion,  upon  the  problem  under 
consideration.  Allowing  full  weight,  therefore,  to  these  disturbing 
influences,  we  still  have  certain  modifications  of  the  urine  which  it 
seems  only  fair  to  attribute  in  part  to  the  effect  of  the  preservative 
administered.  In  the  case  of  Nos.  7  and  10,  a  more  complete  compari- 
son can  be  made,  since  these  men  received  the  same  quantity  of  pre- 
servative extending  over  the  same  periods  of  time. 

The  mean  volume  of  urine  secreted  by  Nos.  7  and  10  during  the  fore 
period  is  1,101  cc,  and  during  the  preservative  period  1,196  cc.  This 
shows  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative  did  not  tend  notably 
to  increase  the  volume  of  the  urine.  The  mean  specific  gravity  of  the 
urine  in  the  case  of  Nos.  7  and  10  during  the  fore  period  is  1.0258,  and 
during  the  preservative  period  1.0235.  This  shows  a  slight  decrease 
in  the  specific  gravity,  more  than  would  be  accounted  for  by  the 
slightly  increased  volume.  The  mean  daily  quantity  of  total  solids 
excreted  in  the  case  of  Nos.  7  and  10  during  the  fore  period  is  66.847 
grams,  and  during  the  preservative  period  66.874  grams,  showing  only 
a  very  slight  increase. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  PRESERVATIVE  PERIOD. 

For  the  purpose  of  determining  what  effect,  if  anj^,  a  daily  progress- 
ive increase  in  the  quantity  of  preservative  would  have,  the  members 
of  the  table  in  this  series,  with  the  exception  of  Nos.  7  and  10,  were 
placed  upon  a  special  period  extending  from  February  16  to  February 
21,  inclusive.  In  this  period  the  quantity  of  preservative  given  the 
first  day  was  1  gram,  and  this  was  increased  by  1  gram  daily  until  the 
20th;  on  the  20th  and  21st  5  grams  a  day  were  given.  In  the  case  of 
Nos.  8,  11,  and  12  the  quantities  of  urine  voided  during  this  period 
were  very  high,  while  with  No.  9  the  quantity  was  about  normal. 
With  the  increased  quantities  there  was  a  marked  decrease  in  specific 
gravity,  the  average  specific  gravity  falling  in  the  case  of  No.  11  to 
1.0166.  The  highest  specific  gravity  is  found  in  the  case  of  No,  9, 
namely,  1.0231.  The  quantity  of  solids  excreted  showed  an  increase 
with  the  increasing  quantity  of  preservative  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  with 
the  exception  of  the  last  day,  when  there  was  a  decrease.  In  the  case 
of  No.  9  the  quantity  of  solids  decreased,  but  not  regularly.  In  the 
case  of  No.  11  there  seemed  to  be  no  marked  relation  between  increas- 
ing preservative  and  amount  of  solids  excreted.     In  the  case  of  No.  12 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  171 

there  was  an  apparent  decrease,  but  this  practically  was  accounted  for 
by  the  verj'  great  volume  of  urine  secreted  on  the  first  day. 

In  general  it  appears  that  a  larger  quantity  of  solids  was  excreted 
during  this  period  than  normall3\  The  quantity'  of  common  salt 
excreted  of  course  is  not  signiticant  unless  compared  with  the  quantity 
administered.  It  is  largest  in  the  case  of  No.  12,  amounting  to  a  mean 
of  17.108  grams  per  da}-.  It  is  smallest  in  the  case  of  No.  11,  where 
the  average  quantity  per  da}"  is  8.730  grams. 

In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  data  are  not  decisive  in  respect  of 
any  mfluences  of  the  increasing  amount  of  preservative  on  the  char- 
acter of  the  excretion,  with  the  possible  exception  of  showing  a  tend- 
enc}-  to  increased  volume  with  corresponding  decreased  specific 
gravity.  On  the  whole,  however,  the  quantity  of  solids  excreted 
appears  to  be  larger  than  normal. 

Series  III. 

The  average  dail}'  volume  of  the  urine  of  No.  1  during  the  fore  period 
is  931  cc,  the  average  specific  gravity,  1.0287;  the  average  dail}^  amount 
of  total  solids,  C5. 121  grams,  and  the  average  daily  amount  of  common 
salt  excreted  in  the  urine,  11.133  grams.  (See  Table  XXXV,  p.  185.) 
There  is  a  slight  diminution  in  the  volume  of  the  urine  during  the 
first  preservative  subperiod  and  an  increase  in  its  volume  during  the 
second  and  third  subperiods,  the  mean  volume  for  the  tliree  subperiods 
Ijeing  ver}'  little  more  than  that  for  the  fore  period.  There  is  a  marked 
increase  in  volume  in  the  after  period. 

These  data  show  that  in  the  case  of  No.  1  the  preservative  has  no 
tendency  whatever  to  produce  diuresis,  but  is  inclined  to  produce  the 
opposite  results.  The  specific  gravit}"  rises  a  little  during  the  first 
preservative  subperiod,  but  lowers  during  the  second  and  third  su))- 
periods,  the  average  for  the  three  subperiods  showing  a  diminished 
specific  gravity  as  compared  with  the  fore  period.  There  is  a  marked 
decrease  in  the  specific  gravity  during  the  after  period,  caused  to  some 
ext(;nt,  but  not  entirely,  by  the  increased  volume.  The  total  solids 
eliminated  are  also  decreased  during  the  preservative  period,  although 
practically  all  of  the  preservative  given  is  eliminated  by  the  urine. 
This  tendency  to  decrease  is  also  continued  during  the  after  period, 
indicating  a  persistence  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  interfere 
with  thos(;  metabolic  processes  which  result  in  the  supply  of  solid 
matter  to  the  urine.  Jn  regard  to  common  salt,  it  may  be  said  that 
the,  amount  administered  is  assumed  to  be  practically  constant  through- 
out th(!  period  of  observation.  The  effect  of  the  preservative  is  noticcnl 
in  th(!  diminished  excretion  of  common  salt,  and  this  tendency  to 
diminish  excretion  is  continued  throughout  the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  2  there  is  a  slight  decrease  in  the  volume  of 
urine  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  this  decrease 


172    INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PEESEEVATtVES  ON  HEALTH. 

still  persists,  though  with  a  tendency  toward  the  restoration  of  the 
normal  state,  during-  the  after  period.  The  specific,  gravity  of  the 
urine  does  not  vary  greatly  except  in  one  instance,  namely,  the  second 
preservative  subperiod,  when  it  is  somewhat  high.  There  is  an 
inclination  in  this  case  also  toward  a  decrease  in  the  total  solids  elimi- 
nated by  the  urine  during  the  period  of  administration  of  boric  acid, 
and  indication  of  a  return  to  normal  conditions  is  manifest  during  the 
after  period.  Again,  the  common  salt  excretion  is  diminished  during 
the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  this  diminution  continues 
into  the  after  period,  though  with  a  tendency  to  return  to  the  normal 
state. 

With  No.  3  there  is  a  slight  increase  in  the  volume  of  urine  pro- 
duced during  the  administration  of  the  preservative  and  a  marked 
decrease  during  the  after  period.  The  specific  gravity  remains  fairly 
constant,  save  for  a  small  drop,  during  the  second  subperiod.  The 
total  quantity  of  solids  exuded  in  the  urine  is  diminished  during  the 
administration  of  the  preservative,  and  this  diminution  continues  with 
increased  rapidity  during  the  after  period.  The  amount  of  common 
salt  excreted  appears  to  decrease  during  the  preservative  period,  and 
this  diminution  increases  in  a  marked  degree  in  the  after  period. 

With  No.  4  there  is  a  marked  increase  in  the  volume  of  urine  during 
the  preservative  period  and  a  noticeable  decrease  during  the  after  period. 
There  appears  to  be  a  marked  depression  in  the  specific  gravity  during 
the  second  and  third  preservative  subperiods,  the  number  falling  to 
an  abnormally  low  figure,  and  there  is  a  general  decrease  of  specific 
gravity  during  the  entire  preservative  period,  due,  probably  in  a 
large  measure,  to  the  increased  volume  of  urine  excreted.  There  is  an 
increase  in  the  specific  gravit}^  during  the  after  period,  due  to  dimin 
ished  volume.  A  marked  increase  is  shown  in  the  total  quantity  of 
solids  in  the  urine  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  while  the 
total  average  quantit}^  for  the  three  subperiods  is  very  nearly  the  same 
as  that  for  the  fore  period.  There  is  a  remarkable  decrease,  however, 
in  the  total  solids  excreted  during  the  after  period.  The  average 
quantitj^  of  salt  excreted  during  the  preservative  period  is  almost  the 
same  as  in  the  fore  period,  but  the  amount  in  the  after  period  is  very 
much  less. 

In  the  case  of  No.  6  there  is  little  change  in  the  volume  of  urine 
during  the  preservative  period,  and  it  is  slightl}'  diminished  during  the 
after  period.  The  specific  gravit}^  remains  quite  constant  throughout 
the  whole  series  of  observations.  The  total  solids  excreted  show  a 
constantly  diminishing  tendency,  with  the  exception  of  the  second 
preservative  subperiod,  where  the  quantity  excreted  is  slightly  greater 
than  in  the  preceding  subperiod.  This  diminution  in  the  quantity  of 
total  solids  excreted  continues  in  a  marked  degree  during  the  after 
period.     Common  salt  eliminated  also  diminishes  during  the  preserva- 


BOEIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  173 

tive  period  to  a  quite  notable  extent,  and  this  diminution  continues  in 
the  after  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  6  there  is  a  slight  increase  in  the  volume  of  the 
urine  during*  the  preservative  period,  and  a  decrease  during  the  after 
period.  The  total  solids  excreted  remain  quite  constant  throughout 
all  the  periods.  The  quantit}' of  salt  excreted  is  diminished  during 
the  preservative  period,  with  a  slight  tendency  during  the  after  period 
to  return  to  the  normal  of  the  fore  period. 

It  is  interesting  to  compare  now  the  data  of  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  5,  the 
only  complete  data  for  the  whole  series  which  are  not  burdened  with 
complications  due  to  illness  and  other  accidents  which  render  their 
comparative  use  inadvisable. 

Summarizing  the  data  for  these  four  subjects  we  find  the  following 
results: 

The  average  daily  quantity  of  urine  during  the  fore  period  is  1,018  cc, 
during  the  j)reservative  period  1,064  cc,  and  during  the  after  period 
908  cc.  These  data  show  a  very  slight  influence  on  the  part  of  the  pre- 
servative to  increase  the  volume  of  the  urine.  In  regard  to  the  specific 
gravity,  we  find  that  of  the  fore  period  to  be  1.0266,  of  the  preservative 
period  1.0251,  and  of  the  after  period  1.0256.  These  data  show  a  very 
slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  urine,  partly  due  at  least  to  its  increased  volume.  In 
regard  to  the  quantity  of  total  solids  excreted,  we  note  that  in  the  fore 
period  it  is  65.533  grams,  during  the  preservative  period  62.990  grams, 
and  during  the  after  period  51. 561  grams.  There  appears  to  be  a  marked 
tendenc}'  here  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  total 
quantity  of  solids  excreted  in  the  urine,  and  this  tendency  persists  in 
a  noticeable  degree  during  the  after  period.  In  regard  to  the  amount 
of  common  salt  excreted,  we  find  that  it  is  12.452  grams  in  the  fore 
period,  10.279  grams  in  the  preservative  period,  and  7.957  grams  in 
the  after  period.  We  note  here  a  tendency  to  decrease  the  excretion 
of  common  salt  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  that 
this  tendency  continues  to  a  great  extent  during  the  after  period. 

In  general,  it  may  be  said  from  the  results  of  these  observations,  so 
far  as  the  third  series  is  concerned,  that  boric  acid  has  but  little,  if 
an}',  effect  in  increasing  the  volume  of  the  urine.  It  has  an  effect, 
apparently,  toward  decreasing  the  specific  gravity  of  the  urine.  It 
has  a  marked  (effect  in  decreasing  the  amount  of  solid  matters  excreted, 
and  also  the  amount  of  common  salt,  which  forms  a  considerable  part 
of  the  total  excretion  of  solid  n)atter  from  the  kidneys.  We  note  also 
that  these  d(!pressing  effects  which  have  been  mentioned  persist  to  a 
greater  or  l(;ss  extent  during  the  after  period. 

Judged  by  these  data  as  a  whole,  the  conclusion  seems  logical  that 
the  general  tendency  of  the  preservative  is  to  diminish  or  impair  those 
metabolic  processes  which   furnish  th(;  solid  matters  excreted  in  the 


174  I^'FLUEXCE    OF    FOOD    PKESERTATIVES    OX    HEALTH. 

urine,  and  that  this  impairment  persists  for  a  considerable  time  after 
the  cessation  of  the  administration. 

Series  IV. 

The  only  complete  comparisons  in  this  series  are  of  Nos.  8.  9,  and 
10.  By  reason  of  a  disturbance  on  account  of  illness  and  other  causes, 
Xos.  7.  11.  and  12  are  made  subjects  of  partial  or  fragmentary  com- 
parison. 

In  the  case  of  Xo,  S  it  is  seen  that  the  volume  of  urine  in  the  fore 
period  is  995  cc  daily,  during  the  preservative  period  958  cc,  and 
during  the  after  period  901  cc.  There  is  thus  a  progressive  decrease 
in  the  quantity  of  urine.  This  can  not.  hoAvever.  be  attributed  to  the 
preservative,  because  during  the  progress  of  this  observation  the  season 
advanced  from  early  spring,  March  20,  to  late  spring,  April  22.  The 
decrease,  therefore,  in  this  case  in  the  volume  of  the  urine  is  rather  to 
be  ascribed  to  the  progressive  increase  in  temperature  than  to  the 
effect  of  the  preservative. 

In  the  case  of  No.  9  the  volume  of  the  urine  during  the  fore  period 
is  1,238  cc,  during  the  preservative  period  1,313 cc,  and  during  the  after 
period  1,374  cc  daily.  Here  we  have  a  slight  increase  in  the  volume 
of  the  urine,  which  seems  to  depend  either  upon  the  action  of  the  pre- 
servative or  upon  the  relative  quantities  of  water  consumed. 

In  the  case  of  No.  l*'  the  volume  of  urine  during  the  fore  period  is 
971  cc  daily,  during  the  preservative  period  995  cc.  and  during  the 
after  period  864:  cc.  In  this  instance  there  is  a  very  slight  increase  in 
the  volume  of  the  urine  during  the  preservative  period  and  a  consid- 
erable decrease  in  the  volume  during  the  after  period. 

In  regard  to  the  .specific  gravity  of  the  urine,  it  is  seen  in  the  case 
of  No.  8  that  there  is  little  change  throughout  the  period. 

In  the  case  of  No.  9  the  urine  is  decidedly  lighter  than  in  the  case 
of  No.  8,  due  doubtless  to  a  larger  volume.  During  the  preservative 
period,  in  which  the  volume  is  considerably  increased,  the  specific 
gravity  is  correspondingly  lowered,  and  this  dilution  continues  also 
during  the  after  period. 

With  No.  10  the  .specific  gravity  is  high,  as  compared  with  No.  9 
and  even  with  No.  8.  There  is  a  decided  decrease  in  specific  gravity 
during  the  preservative  period,  and  this  dilution  of  the  urine  is  con- 
tinued during  the  after  period. 

In  regard  to  the  quantity  of  total  solids  eliminated,  we  find  a  con- 
siderable decrease  in  the  case  of  No.  8  in  the  preservative  period,  the 
average  daily  quantity  falling  from  59.57  grams  to  56.20  grams.  This 
decrease  in  total  solids  continues  also  during  the  after  period,  the  aver- 
age daily  quantity  exuded  during  this  period  being  51.92  grams.  In 
this  case  the  general  effect  of  the  preservative  seems  to  have  been  to 


BOBIC    ACID    A>'D    BORAX.  175 

diminish  the  amount  of  total  solids  eliminated  by  the  urine  in  spite  of 
the  fact  that  the  crreater  part  of  the  boric  acid  exhibited  passed  out 
of  the  }x)dy  through  the  kidneys.  This  inhibiting  effect,  a.s  seen,  con- 
tinues during  the  after  period,  as  might  have  been  expected  by  reason 
of  the  fact  that  it  required  practically  all  of  the  after  period  to  elimi- 
nate the  last  traces  of  boric  acid  from  the  body. 

In  Xo.  9"s  case  the  opposite  effect  is  noticed,  the  amount  of  total 
solids  eliminated  rising  from  61.16  as  the  daily  average  of  the  fore 
period  to  63.67  as  the  daily  avei-age  of  the  preservative  period.  There 
is  a  los.s,  however,  during  the  after  period  in  this  case,  the  quantit}- 
of  total  solids  eliminated  falling  to  60.72  grams  per  day. 

The  data  for  No.  1"  show  that  the  quantity  ©f  total  solids  eliminated 
during  the  fore  period  is  62.55  grams  daih',  during  the  preservative 
period  58.82  grams,  and  during  the  after  period  50.98  grams.  In  this 
ca.se.  as  with  Xo.  S.  there  is  a  progressive  decrease  in  the  quantity  of 
total  solids  excreted,  including  the  after  period. 

As  regards  the  common  salt,  in  the  case  of  No.  8  the  quantity  elimi- 
nated daily  during  the  fore  period  is  7.52  grams,  during  the  preserva- 
ive  period  6.50  grams,  and  during  the  after  period  4.83  grams,  show- 
ing a  progressive  diminution. 

The  quantity  of  common  salt  eliminated  b}-  No.  9  during  the  fore 
period  is  6,44  grams,  during  the  presen'ative  period  7.42  grams,  and 
during  the  after  period  7. 19  grams.  In  this  instance  we  see  an  increase 
in  the  common  salt  eliminated  during  the  preservative  period,  with  a 
tendency  during  the  after  period  to  restore  the  excretion  to  the  rate 
of  the  fore  period. 

No.  10  during  the  fore  period  eliminates  daily  7.65  grams  of  com- 
mon salt,  during  the  preservative  period  7.22  grams,  and  during  the 
after  period  6.48  grams.  Therefore,  in  the  case  of  No.  10  the  data 
obtained  agree  with  those  of  No.  8,  while  in  the  case  of  No.  9  the 
results  do  not  agree  with  those  of  Nos.  8  and  10. 

A  partial  comparison  mav  be  made  of  Nos.  11  and  12,  but  by  reason 
of  illness  the  administration  of  the  preservative  is  of  an  irreguhir 
character,  and  hence  the  data  are  not  strictly  coniparable. 

In  No.  ll's  ca.se  a  disturbance  of  the  bodily  functions  not  due  to  the 

! ministration  of  the  preservative  occurred   inmiediately  after   the 

•  gular  fore  period  of  Series  IV.     Therefore  No.  11  received  special 

treatment.     His  fore  period  begins  March  31,  the  preservative  period 

\l)ril  4.  and  the  after  period  April  15.     Comparing  the  fore  period 

ith  the  preservative  period  we  find  a  marked  increase  in  volume  of 
urine,  while  the  specific  gravity  is  slightly  decrea.sed.  The  total  solids, 
however,  rise  from  35.41  grams  daily  to  52.64  grams,  and  the  common 
salt  rises  from  2.18  grams  daily  to  5.13  grams.  In  the  after  period  of 
Xo.  11  the  specific  gravity  is  still  very  low,  namely,  1.020.     There  is 


176  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

also  an  additional  slight  diminution  in  the  quantity  of  total  solids 
eliminated,  while  the  quantity  of  common  salt  separated  remains  prac- 
tically the  same  as  in  the  preservative  period. 

In  cases  of  incipient  illness  there  was  often  noted  a  marked  decrease 
of  salt  in  the  urine.  The  data  of  No.  11  show  this  phenomenon  in  a 
notable  degree.  The  quantity  of  salt  excreted  on  April  1  in  this  case 
is  onl}'^  a  little  over  1  gram  and  the  mean  quantity  from  March  31  to 
April  3,  inclusive,  is  a  little  over  2  grams  daily. 

The  case  of  No.  12  is  similar  to  that  of  No.  11;  the  fore  period 
begins  April  3,  the  preservative  period  April  6,  and  the  after  period 
April  15.  There  is  here,  also,  a  low  specific  gravity  of  the  urine, 
being  practically  the  *same,  howevei",  for  all  periods,  showing  a 
remarkable  constanc}^  of  composition  in  so  far  as  specific  gravity  is 
concerned.  There  was,  however,  a  decrease  in  volume  in  the  pre- 
servative period  and  a  continued  decrease  in  the  after  period.  Of 
the  total  solids  eliminated,  we  find  in  the  fore  period  57.53  grams 
daily,  in  the  preservative  period  62.83  grams,  while  in  the  after 
period  the  amount  falls  to  51. 36  grams  daily.  Of  common  salt,  the 
quantity  eliminated  during  the  fore  period  is  11.50  grams  daily,  dur- 
ing the  preservative  period  11.31  grams,  and  during  the  after  period 
8.66  grams.  The  quantities  of  common  salt  eliminated  by  this  subject, 
it  is  seen,  are  very  much  larger  than  those  thrown  off  by  any  other 
of  the  members  of  the  class,  but  the  records  show  he  also  consumed  a 
greater  quantity. 

In  the  case  of  No.  7  the  data  are  complete  only  for  the  prelimi- 
nary period  and  the  first  preservative  subperiod.  At-  the  end  of  this 
period  No.  7,  by  reason  of  removal  from  the  city,  withdrew  from  the 
table.  The  volume  of  the  urine  during  the  fore  period  in  the  case  of 
No.  7  is  667  cc  and  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod  685  cc  daily. 
The  specific  gravity  during  the  fore  period  is  slightly  lower  than  dur- 
ing the  first  preservative  subperiod.  The  total  solids  eliminated  are 
considerably  greater  in  the  first  subperiod  than  during  the  preliminary 
period,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  quantity  of  common  salt  eliminated. 

Bringing  together  the  data  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10,  we  find 
the  total  volume  of  urine  for  the  fore  period  to  be  1,065  cc,  for  the 
preservative  period  1,099  cc,  and  for  the  after  period  1,046  cc  daily. 
There  seems,  in  this  instance,  to  be  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  increase  the  volume  of  the  urine,  but  this  increase 
is  extremely  minute.  As  regards  the  specific  gravity,  it  is  found  to 
be  1.0244  during  the  fore  period,  1.0232  as  the  average  of  the  preserv- 
ative period,  and  1.0225  during  the  after  period.  There  seems  to  be 
a  tendency  manifested  here  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  gradu- 
ally lower  the  specific  gravity  of  the  urine.  This  effect,  however,  is 
not  very  well  marked.  In  regard  to  the  total  solids  eliminated,  we 
find  that  during  the  fore  period  the  amount  is  61.095  grams,  during 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  177 

the  preservative  period,  59.579  grams,  and  during  the  after  period, 
54.541  grams  daily.  There  appears  in  this  instance  to  be  a  decided 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservatives  to  diminish  the  quantity  of 
total  solids  eliminated  by  the  kidney's,  and  this  diminution,  as  might 
well  be  expected,  continues  during  the  after  period. 

Generally  it  may  be  said  that  in  the  case  of  Series  IV  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  preservative  had  scarcelj^  any  appreciable  eflect  in 
changing  the  volume  of  the  urine,  and  the  slight  changes  noted  may 
well  have  been  due  to  changes  in  the  amount  of  liquid  ingested  rather 
than  to  the  preservative  itself.  On  the  other  hand  it  is  seen  that  in 
regard  to  the  quantity  of  total  solids  eliminated  the  general  effect  of 
the  preservative  is  restrictive.  The  influence  of  the  preservative 
upon  the  quantity  of  salt  eliminated  is  not  mai'ked,  and  a  comparison 
of  the  data  would  be  incomplete  without  an  accurate  statement  respect- 
ing the  quantity  consumed  in  the  food.  < 

Series  V. 

The  data  for  this  series  are  incomplete  by  reason  of  the  withdrawal 
of  No.  4  and  the  illness  of  Nos.  2  and  6.  A  comparison  is  best  made, 
therefore,  of  the  three  who  completed  the  period,  in  so  far  as  the  col- 
lection and  examination  of  the  urine  is  concerned.  The  data  are  given 
in  Table  XXXIX  (p.  192). 

,  The  average  quantity  of  urine  voided  by  No.  1  during  the  fore 
period  is  842  cc,  containing  an  average  of  60.83  grams  of  total  solids, 
of  which  6.89  grams  are  common  salt.  The  average  quantit}^  of  urine 
voided  by  No.  1  during  the  whole  preservative  period,  extending  from 
May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  is  804  cc,  containing  60.02  grams  of 
solids,  of  which  7.62  grams  are  common  salt.  In  the  after  period  the 
average  quantity  of  urine  voided  is  789  cc,  containing  59.64  grams 
of  total  solids,  of  which  7.73  grams  are  common  salt. 

The  data  for  No.  2  are  not  discussed,  as  no  preservative  was  given 
him  after  June  11,  on  account  of  illness. 

In  the  case  of  No.  3  the  average  volume  of  urine  excreted  in  the 
fore  period  is  785  cc,  containing  50.56  grams  of  total  solids,  of  which 
6.23  grams  are  common  salt.  During  the  preservative  period  the 
average  volume  of  urine  excreted  1)}^  No.  3  is  834  cc,  containing  52.42 
grams  of  total  solids,  of  which  6.64  grams  are  common  salt.  During 
the  after  period  the  average  volume  of  urine  secreted  by  No.  3  is 
893  cc,  containing  56.55  grams  of  total  solids,  of  which  7.21  grams 
are  common  salt. 

No  complete  data  were  obtained  for  No.  4,  who  withdrew  f i-om  the 
table  on  May  25  and  left  the  city. 

In  the  case  of  No.  5  the  average  volume  of  urine  secreted  during 
the  fore  period  Im  869  cc,  containing  64.16  grams  of  total  solids,  of 
which  5.49  grams  are  common  salt.     During  the  preservative  period 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 12  . 


178         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

the  average  quantity  of  urine  excreted  is  854:  cc,  containing  62.  Y8 
grams  of  total  solids,  of  which  7.65  grams  are  common  salt.  During 
the  after  period  the  average  volume  of  urine  excreted  is  854  cc,  con- 
taining 60.21  grams  of  total  solids,  of  which  7.66  grams  are  common 
salt. 

No  preservative  was  administered  to  No.  6  after  June  11  on  account 
of  illness. 

In  this  series  of  experiments  No.  5  received  borax  and  Nos.  1  and  3 
boric  acid.  Combining  the  three  expressions  into  one,  we  find  that 
the  average  daily  volume  of  urine  excreted  during  the  fore  period  b}'' 
Nos.  1,  3,  and  5  is  832  cc,  containing  58.52  grams  of  total  solids,  of 
which  6.2  grams  are  common  salt.  During  the  preservative  period 
the  average  quantity  of  urine  excreted  is  831  cc,  containing  58.11 
grams  of  total  solids,  of  which  7.3  grams  are  common  salt.  During 
the  after  period  the  total  amount  of  urine  excreted  is  815  cc,  contain- 
ing 58.8  grams  of  total  solids,  of  which  7.53  grams  are  common  salt. 

It  appears  from  the  above  general  averages  that  the  administration 
of  the  small  quantities  of  the  preservative  during  this  long  period  had 
scarcely  an}-  influence  whatever  upon  the  composition  of  the  urine. 
The  volume  remained  reasonably  constant  during  the  entire  time,  the 
percentage  of  total  solids  was  almost  invariable,  and  there  were  but 
slight  changes  in  the  amount  of  common  salt  eliminated.  Apparently 
the  preservative  had  a  slight  effect  in  increasing  the  amount  of  com- 
mon salt  excreted,  since  only  6.2  grams  were  obtained  in  the  fore 
period,  while  about  1  gram  more  was  secured  during  the  preservative 
period,  and  about  1.3  grams  more  during  the  after  period.  It  is  evi- 
dent, however,  from  the  above  data  that  the  administration  of  the 
small  quantities  of  the  preservative  as  practiced  did  not  tend  either  to 
increase  the  volume  of  urine  or  in  any  notable  way  to  change  its 
constitution. 

In  regard  to  the  smaller  volume  of  urine  during  the  fifth  series,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  temperature — in  other  words,  the  sea- 
son of  the  year — has  a  marked  influence  on  excretion.  With  one  or 
two  exceptions,  the  same  men  were  represented  in  the  three  series, 
1,  III,  and  V.  In  Series  I  and  Series  III,  however,  the  observations 
were  conducted  during  the  winter,  while  in  Series  V  they  were  made 
during  the  spring,  with  increasing  warm  weather.  The  total  volume 
of  urine  secreted,  as  is  seen,  is  much  larger  during  the  winter  months 
than  during  the  summer  months,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  a  much 
larger  proportion  of  the  water  in  the  bod}^  passes  off  through  the 
pores  of  the  skin  during  the  warm  weather.  This  difference  is  more 
strikingly  brought  out  by  a  direct  comparison  of  the  average  amount 
secreted  by  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  6,  who  completed  Series  I,  III,  and  V, 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 
Table  XXVIII. — Effect  of  temperature  upon  volume  of  urine 


179 


Series. 

Date. 

Average 
daily 
volume 
of  urine 
per  man. 

Beginning. 

Ending. 

I              

Dec.   16,1902 
Feb.  19,1903 
Apr.  24,1903 

Jan.   13,1903 
Mar.  19,1903 
June  29,1903 

cc. 
929 

Ill        

860 

V           

780 

To  determine  the  general  effect  of  the  preservative  upon  the  volume 
of  urine  eliminated  it  will  be  necessary  to  combine,  as  in  the  other  cases, 
the  data  for  the  different  series,  which  is  done  in  the  following  tabular 
statement,  omitting  Series  II. 

Table  XXIX. — Influence  of  the  preservative  on  volume  of  urine  secreted. 


Periods  and  series. 

Number 
of  days. 

Number 
of  men. 

Average 
daily 
volume 
of  urine 
per  man. 

Fore  periods: 

6 
9 

8 

8 

6 
4 
3 

ec. 
946 

III 

1,818 

IV                          

1.06.5 

V 

3              '832 

%9 

Preser\-ative  periods: 

13 
12 
18 
50 

6            1.046 

III                         

4 
3 
3 

1,064 

IV 

1,099 

V                    .                   

831 

960 

After  periofls: 

10 

8 
8 
9 

6                986 

III 

4                908 

IV                                        .                   

3             1,046 

V 

3                845 

Average  a. 


a  To  secure  the  average  the  number  of  days  in  each  period  is  multiplied  by  the  nnmber  of  men  in 
the  .series,  and  the  volume  is  multiplied  Ijy  the  factor  thus  obtained.  The  resulting  products  are  then 
added  and  finally  their  sum  is  divided  by  the  sum  of  the  factors. 

A  study  of  the  averages  of  the  above  data  shows  that,  compared  with 
the  fore  period,  there  is  practically  no  difference  in  the  volume  of  urine 
secreted  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  The  data  do 
not  warrant  any  definite  conclusion  except  of  a  negativ^e  nature,  with 
a  possible  exception  of  suggesting  that  there  may  be  a  very  slight 
impairment  of  the  ability  of  the  kidneys  to  secrete  the  urine  by  reason 
of  the  administration  of  borax  and  boric  acid.  This  conclusion,  how- 
ever, is  only  tentative,  and  the  data  on  which  it  is  based  do  not  warrant 
any  more  pronounced  interpretation. 


180 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


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190         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PKESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 
Table  XXXVII. —  Urine  determinations  for  Series  2  V—Contiimed. 


Nc 

.11. 

No.  12. 

Period  and  date. 

Vol- 
ume. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Total 
solids 
(factor 
0.245). 

Sodium 
chlorid. 

Vol- 
ume. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Total 
solids 
(factor 
0.245). 

Sodium 
chlorid. 

Fore  period  (excluded). 
J903 Mar  20        

cc. 
1,380 
1,310 
1,835 
1,020 
1,405 
1,420 
1,255 
1,240 

1. 0146 
1.0167 
1.0130 
1.0206 
1. 0158 
1.0173 
1.0162 
1. 0197 

Grams. 
49. 375 
63. 605 
58.440 
51.480 
54.050 
60. 198 
49. 810 
59. 858 

Grams. 
6.983 
6.628 
6.257 
6.161 
4. 651 
6.092 
5.748 
7.478 

cc. 
1,130 
1,150 
1,675 
1,140 
1,366 
990 
1,710 
1,145 

1.0213 
1. 0249 
1.0146 
1.0244 
1. 0181 
1.0239 
1.0158 
1. 0216 

Grams. 
58.963 
70.160 
59. 930 
68. 150 
60.540 
57. 980 
66.190 
60.625 

Grams. 
11. 313 

21           ^    

12.624 

22  

8.326 

23 

10.420 

24      

11.944 

25 

10.485 

26        

11.817 

27 :. 

10.638 

Total                                 

10, 865 
1,358 

436. 816 
54. 602 

48. 998 
6.125 

10,305 
1,288 

502.538 
62.817 

87. 466 

1.0167 

1.0206 

10.933 

Preservative  period  ( excluded ) . 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

1,445 

1,400 

815 

1.0158 
1.0171 
1. 0192 

55.938 
58.  650 
38.340 

7.803 
7.910 
4.401 

940 

960 

905 

a  935 

1.0256 
1.0262 
1.0261 

58. 958 

61.  630 

57. 587 

a  59.  392 

9.043 

29 

9.676 

30           

9.932 

31 

a  9. 550 

Total 

3,740 
935 

237. 567 
69.392 

38. 201 

1.0259 

9.650 

Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  31 

970 
360 
840 
925 

1.0144 
1. 0306 
1.0188 
1. 0184 

34. 220 
26.995 
38. 700 
41. 708 

2.842 
1.123 
1.932 
2.803 

Apr.    1 

2 

3 

760 
1,220 
1,890 

1.0261 
1. 0198 
1.0144 

46.735 
59. 180 
66. 679 

7.168 

4 

12  334 

5 

14. 988 

Total 

3,095 
774 

141. 623 
35.406 

8.700 
2.176 

3,870 
1,290 

172.  .594 
57.531 

34  490 

Average 

1. 0206 

1. 0198 

11  497 

Preservative  period. 
1903— Mar.  4 

1,455 
1,620 

800 
1,140 
1,120 
1,020 
1,045 
1,400 
1,610 
1,355 

920 

1.0154 
1.0144 
1. 0233 
1.0191 
1. 0172 
1.0189 
1. 0210 
1. 0160 
1.0134 
1.0177 
1.0236 

54.900 
67. 168 
45. 680 
53. 345 
47. 200 
47.230 
53. 780 
54.880 
52. 900 
58. 763 
53.202 

6.024 
6.318 
4.752 
5.438 
5.018 
4.866 
4.327 
5.726 
5.023 
4. 959 
3.956 

5 

6 

1,500 
1,210 
980 
1,070 
1,250 
1,245 
1,260 
1, 085 
1,555 

1. 0195 
1.0226 
1.0233 
1. 0249 
1. 0212 
1.0162 
1.0202 
1.0224 
1.0182 

71.670 
67. 000 
65.959 
66.280 
64. 930 
49.416 
62. 360 
69.545 
69.340 

15  160 

7 

13  287 

8 

9  663 

9 

10  093 

10 

11  300 

11 

7  991 

12 

10  232 

13  .   

9.332 
15.038 

14 

Total 

13, 485 
1,226 

579.038 
52. 640 

56.406 
5.128 

11,155 
1,239 

565.499 
62.833 

102.099 
11.344 

Average 

1.0182 

1.0209 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  15 

1,195 
1,115 
1,000 

815 
1,005 

900 
1,150 
1,200 

1.0169 
1. 0166 
1.0195 
1.0257 
1.0207 
1.0225 
1. 0195 
1. 0182 

49.485 
45. 350 
47. 775 
61. 320 
50. 960 
49. 617 
54. 948 
53. 508 

5.067 
4.182 
3.610 
4.360 
6.869 
.5.778 
5.209 
6.640 

1,046 

900 

650 

900 

1,095 

1,345 

1,670 

955 

1.0160 
1.0237 
1. 0246 
1.0248 
1.0232 
1.0168 
1. 0132 
1.0223 

40.965 
.52.263 
39. 170 
54.684 
62.240 
55.360 
64. 008 
52. 166 

7.012 
7.138 
6.564 
9.009 
13. 514 
10.854 
9.101 
7.057 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

8,380 
1,048 

402. 963 
50. 370 

40.615 
5.077 

8,560 
1,070 

410. 915 
51.364 

69.249 
8.666 

Average 

1.0200 

1. 0206 

a  Average  in  each  case,  added  to  complete  the  record. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


lyi 


Table  XXXVIII. — Summary  of  urine  determinations  for  Series  IV. 

[Averages  per  man  per  day.] 

THREE  MEN. 


Period. 


Fore  period 

Preservative  period : 

First  subperiod 

Second  .subperiod 

Third  subperiod 

Fourth  subperiod ; 

Average 

After  period  for  entire  preservative  period 

TWO  MEN. 

Fore  period 

Preservative  period 

After  period 

FIVE  MEN 

Fore  period 

First  subperiod 


Volume. 


1,065 

1,066 
1,018 
1,084 
1,205 


1,099 
1,046 


.Specific 
gravity. 


Grams. 
1.0244 

1.0238 
1.0251 
1. 0235 
1. 0206 


Total 
solids. 


Sodium 
chlorid. 


Grams. 
61.095 

60. 130 
60. 288 
60. 358 

57. 728 


1.0232 
1.0225 


59.  579 
54.541 


Grams. 
7.205 

7.269 
7.317 

7.019 
6.606 


7.026 
6.163 


1,032 
1,232 
1,059 

1.0202 
1.0196 
1.0203 

46.469 
57. 737 
50.867 

6.836 
8.236 
6.867 


1,032 
963 


1.0247 
1.0259 


58.543 
58. 657 


7.946 
7.947 


192         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKE8EEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


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4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 IS 


194  IISTFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    OlST    HEALTH. 


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INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


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BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


197 


Table  XL. — SiMnindnj  of  urine  delermhialioni^forSrru's  V for  Nus.  1,  3,  and  5. 
[Averages  per  man  per  day.] 


Period. 


Volume. 


Specific 
gravity. 


Total 
solids. 


Sodium 
chlorid. 


Fore  period 

Preservative  period: 

First  .'subperiod 

Second  subperiod 

Third  subperiod 

Fourth  subperiod 

Average  for  entire  preservative  period 

After  period 


855 
813 
833 

825 


1.0288 

1.0278 
1.0295 
1.0289 
1.0286 


Grams. 
58. 518 

59. 718 
58. 248 
58. 494 
57. 164 


831 

845 


1.0287 
1. 0286 


58. 406 
58.798 


Grams. 
6. 200 

7.781 
7.176 
7.298 
6. 951 


7.302 
7.533 


TRACES   OF   ALBUMIN. 

In  no  instance  was  the  quantitj^  of  albumin  in  the  urine  sufficient  to 
excite  suspicion  of  a  state  of  disease.  There  were,  however,  in  some 
cases  minute  traces  of  albuminous  particles,  responding  to  the  ordi- 
nary reactions,  which  should  be  noted.  For  convenience  of  illustra- 
tion the  presence  of  these  minute  quantities  is  represented  graphically. 

In  the  first  series  the  tests  for  these  traces  of  albumin  were  not 
regular!}'  made;  therefore  the  first  series  of  observations  is  excluded 
from  the  comparison.  In  the  succeeding  series  a  comparison  has  been 
made  of  all  the  members  of  each  series  who  completed  the  entire  course 
of  observation.  Those  who  went  through  partially  or  were  incapaci- 
tated by  illness  or  otherwise  from  completing  the  course  are  excluded. 
A  graphic  representation  is  made  of  these  traces  of  albumin,  based 
upon  the  strength  of  the  reaction  ascertained,  for  in  no  case  was  there 
a  quantity  sufficient  to  be  measured  with  any  accuracy  quantitatively. 
The  amount  of  albumin  present  is  expressed  according  to  the  following 
scale:  «,  Very  minute  trace;  J,  minute  trace;  c,  trace;  6?,  strong  trace; 
e,  .small  quantity;  _/,  considerable  quantit3\  (See  fig.  8.)  The  data 
represent  the  mean  for  all  men  of  each  series  completing  the  entire 
cour.se,  namely,  one  in  Series  II,  three  in  Series  JII,  two  in  Series  IV, 
and  four  in  Series  V.  The  lines  at  the  ))ottom  of  the  chart  represent 
the  mean  results  of  Series  II,  III,  IV,  and  V  combined.  The  dotted 
line  in  each  case  shows  the  daily  variations,  and  the  continuous  line 
shows  the  mean  quantity  for  the  whole  of  the  period. 

In  Series  II  a  slight  increase  in  the  quantity  of  the  albumin  in  the 
urine  under  the  influence  of  the  preservative  is  shown,  and  this  increase 
is  continued  in  a  marked  manner  in  the  after  period  until  near  its 
<lose,  when  the  quantity  returns  again  to  the  normal  or  even  below. 
In  Series  III  there  is  likewise  ;i  miirked  increase  in  the  quantity  of 
albumin  in  the  urine  during  the;  administration  of  the  preservative,  but 
a  decrease  during  the  after  period,  which  brings  the  amount  down 
almost  to  the  normal  for  the  fore  period.  The  same  j)lienomena  arc 
shown  in  Series  IV,  but  not  to  the  same  extent,  the  cpiantity  of  albu- 


198         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

min  remaining  almost  the  same  throughout  the  three  periods,  being, 
however,  slightly  greater  in  the  preservative  period  than  in  the  fore 
and  after  periods.  In  the  fifth  series  there  is  also  a  marked  increase 
in  the  quantity  of  albumin  during  the  preservative  period  and  a  very 
slight  increase  over  this  quantity  in  the  after  period.  The  broken  line 
in  this  series  represents  periods  of  five  days,  this  condensation  being 
necessary  in  order  to  bring  it  into  direct  comparison  with  other  peri- 
ods, which  extend  over  a  much  shorter  time. 


B 

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Fig.  8. — Albumin  in  urine. 


When  all  these  expressions  are  combined  into  one  it  is  shown  that 
the  general  influence  of  the  preservative  was  to  increase  the  traces  of 
albumin  in  the  urine,  and  this  increase  was  maintained  in  the  same  mag- 
nitude during  the  after  period.  These  data  are  highly  interesting, 
showing,  as  they  do  with  reasonable  certainty,  a  very  slight  tendency 
on  the  part  of  boric  acid  and  borax  to  increase  the  traces  of  albumin 
in  the  urine. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  199 

MICROSCOPICAL   EXAMINATIONS. 

Microscopical  examinations  of  the  urine  were  made  for  the  follow- 
ing substances: 

(1)  Uric  acid  crystals. 

(2)  Urates. 

(3)  Oxalate  of  lime. 

(4)  Phosphates: 

(a)  Crystalline  phosphates. 
(6)  Amorphous  phosphates. 

(5)  Epithelium  cells  of  all  kinds. 

(6)  Leucocytes. 

(7)  Red  blood  cells. 

(8)  Casts: 

(a)  Hyaline. 

(6)  Finely  granular. 

(c)  Coarsely  granular. 

(rf)  Epithelial. 

(e)  Other  forms. 

(9)  Mucous  cylindroids. 
(10)  Mucous  strands. 

The  data  relative  to  these  examinations  are  contained  in  the  tabular 
statement  given  herewith.  (Tables  XLI-XLIV,  pp.  207-211).  The 
relative  abundance  of  the  various  bodies  is  represented  as  follows: 
None,0;  very  few,  1;  few,  2;  fairly  abundant,  3;  abundant,  1;  extremely 
abundant,  5. 

Series  II. 

Uric  acid  crystals. — This  examination  was  not  instituted  until  after 
the  close  of  the  first  series,  and  the  first  test  was  made  during  the 
second  series,  three  days  after  the  close  of  the  fore  period.  The  second 
examination  was  made  on  February  20,  near  the  close  of  the  supple- 
mental preservative  period.  In  no  instance  were  uric  acid  crystals 
found. 

Urates. — A  similar  examination  was  made  for  urates,  with  the  same 
result. 

Oxalate  of  lime. — The  urine  was  also  examined  at  the  same  time  for 
crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime.  In  the  urine  of  No.  8  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  crystals  was  found  during  })oth  periods.  In  the  case  of  No.  9 
a  very  few  crystals  were  found  during  the  second  period.  In  the  case  of 
No.  11  crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime  occurred  during  the  first  period,  but 
none  during  the  second,  and  the  same  is  true  in  the  case  of  No.  12, 
only  the  crystals  were  less  abundant. 

(JryHtalllne  ])}i.ospli.atM. — No  crystalline  phosphates  were  found  in 
any  of  the  samples  at  either  period  of  examination. 

ArrtorpJums  jphosplmtes. — Amorphous  phosphates  were  found  to  be 
abundant  in  the  urine  of  No,  8  during  the  second  periofl  of  observa- 
tion, but  in  no  other  case  did  tliey  occur. 


200         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

JEpithelktm  cells.— T\iq,sq  bodies  were  found  in  all  samples  during 
both  periods  of  examination.  They  were  more  abundant  during  the 
second  period  than  the  first. 

Leucocytes. — Leucocytes  were  found  in  all  samples  during  both 
periods.  There  is  scarcely  any  difference  in  the  relative  abundance  of 
these  bodies  during  the  two  periods  of  observation  except  in  the  case 
of  No.  8,  where  there  was  an  increase  in  the  number  during  the  sec- 
ond period. 

Red  hlood  cells. — Red  blood  cells  were  absent  in  all  cases,  except  in 
the  case  of  No.  8  during  the  second  period,  when  some  of  these  bodies 
were  found. 

Hyaline  casts. — Hyaline  casts  were  found  in  two  instances  during 
the  first  examination,  namely,  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  10  and  12,  and  in 
all  of  the  samples  during  the  second  period  of  observation,  being 
fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  7.  In  the  case  of  No.  10  there  was 
a  diminution  in  the  number  found  as  compared  with  the  fi.rst  period. 

Finely  gramilar  casts. — These  were  present  in  two  instances  in  the 
first  examination,  namely,  Nos.  10  and  12,  and  also  in  two  instances  dur- 
ing the  second  period,  namely,  Nos.  9  and  12,  the  number  increasing 
in  the  case  of  No.  12. 

Coarsely  granular  casts. — These  were  found  in  only  one  instance  in 
the  first  period,  namely,  that  of  No.  12,  and  during  the  second  period 
of  examination  once  in  the  case  of  No.  9. 

Epithelial  casts. — Epithelial  casts  were  entirely  absent  in  all  cases 
during  the  first  examination  and  occurred  only  in  the  case  of  No.  12 
during  the  second. 

Other  forms  of  casts. — Forms  of  casts  which  appeared  to  be  hyaline 
pus  casts  were  found  in  the  case  of  No.  12  during  the  first  examina- 
tion, but  had  disappeared  at  the  time  of  the  second  examination. 

Mucous  cylindroids. — Mucous  cylindroids  were  present  in  all 
instances  during  both  the  first  and  second  examinations.  The}^  were 
somewhat  more  abundant  during  the  second  examination  in  the  case  of 
No.  8  and  less  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  10.  In  the  other  cases  the 
relative  abundance  during  the  two  periods  was  unchanged. 

Mucous  strands. — These  bodies  were  present  in  all  cases  during  both 
examinations.  During  the  first  examination  they  were  abundant  in 
the  case  of  No.  7  and  extremely  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  9.  Dur- 
ing the  second  examination  they  were  extremely  abundant  in  the  cases 
of  Nos.  7  and  8.  The  strands  increased  in  abundance  at  the  period  of 
the  second  examination  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  7,  8,  10,  and  12.  They 
diminished  in  abundance  in  the  second  examination  in  the  case  of  No. 
9  and  remained  unchanged  in  the  case  of  No.  11. 

The  above  data  show  that  very  little  change  in  the  relative  abun- 
dance of  the  various  bodies  mentioned  occurred  between  the  time  of  the 
first  and  second  examinations.    There  is  shown,  however,  a  slight  tend- 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  201 

ency  to  increase  in  the  number  of  these  bodies  at  the  period  of  the 
second  examination.  Disturbances  which  took  place  in  the  health  of 
the  members  of  the  series,  due  to  grippe  and  other  diseases,  render  an}^ 
discussion  of  this  relative  abundance  in  connection  with  the  administra- 
tion of  the  preservative  impracticable. 

Series  III. 

Four  examinations  were  made  for  these  bodies  in  the  urine  during 
the  third  series.  The  tirst  examination  was  made  on  February  19  and 
20,  at  the  beginning  of  the  fore  period;  the  second  examination  was 
made  on  ^Nlarch  12,  at  the  end  of  the  preservative  period;  the  third 
examination  was  made  on  March  IT,  during  the  after  period,  and  the 
final  examination  was  made  on  March  20,  at  the  end  of  the  after 
period.     (See  Table  XLIl,  p.  208.) 

Uric-acid  et'ystals. — During  the  fore  period  no  uric-acid  crystals  are 
found  in  any  instance.  The  same  is  true  of  the  preservative  period. 
In  the  after  period  uric-acid  crystals  occur  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  1  and  2, 
and  in  the  case  of  No.  2  these  crystals  are  fairly  abundant  at  the  close  of 
the  after  period. 

Urates. — No  urates  are  founH  in  any  of  the  samples  during  any  of 
the  periods. 

Oxalate  of  lime. — Crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime  are  fairly  abundant  in 
the  case  of  No.  3  in  the  fore  period,  diminishing  slightly  in  the  preserva- 
tive period.  The}'  are  again  fairly  abundant  in  the  tirst  examination  of 
the  after  period  and  extremely  abundant  in  the  final  examination  of  the 
after  period.  In  the  case  of  No.  6  no  crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime  are 
found  in  the  fore  period.  They  appear  in  the  preservative  period, 
there  are  a  few  in  the  first  examination  of  the  after  period,  and  an  abun- 
dance in  the  second  examination  of  the  after  period.  In  the  case  of 
No.  4  oxalate  of  lime  ci-ystals  are  found  only  during  the  first  exami- 
nation of  the  after  period.  In  the  case  of  No.  5  these  bodies  are  found 
only  in  the  second  examination  of  the  after  period.  In  the  cases  of 
Nos.  1  and  2  oxalate  of  lime  crystals  are  not  found  at  any  period. 

Crystalline  phosjjhates. — No  crystalline  phosphates  are  found  in  any 
instance  except  in  the  case  of  No.  .5,  where  a  very  few  occur  duriiig  the 
last  examination  of  the  after  period. 

Epithelium,  cells. — These  are  found  throughout  the  examinations 
in  all  cases.  In  the  fore  period  they  are  fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of 
No,  G.  In  th(!  preservative  period  thev  beconu;  al)un(laiit  in  the  case  of 
No.  2  and  fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of  No,  G.  In  the  first  examination 
of  the  after  period  th<'y  are  abuiuhint  in  the  cases  of  Nos,  2  and  6. 
In  the  second  examination  of  th(;  after  pei-iod  they  an;  fairly  abundant 
in  the  cases  of  Nos.  2  and  0,  No  exa'inination  was  made  in  the  cas«5  of 
No.  4  during  the  preservative  jM'riod, 

Leucocytes.-  '^Xw'ni';  bodies  appear  iti  all  instances  at  every  examina- 


202  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

tion.  They  are  fairl}^  abundant  in  the  fore  period  in  the  case  of  No.  6 
and  also  in  the  last  examination  of  the  after  period.  In  other  cases  they 
occur  in  small  numbers  or  in  the  quantity  represented  by  2.  No  exam- 
ination was  made  for  leucocytes  in  the  case  of  No.  4  during  the  pre- 
servative period. 

Red  Hood  cells. — These  are  absent  in  all  cases  during  all  the  periods. 

Hyaline  casts. — These  are  present  in  all  instances  during  the  whole 
examination  except  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  where  none  is  present  at  the 
examination  of  the  preservative  period  and  the  first  examination  of  the 
after  period.  The  casts  are  fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  5  at  the 
first  examination  of  the  after  period  and  in  the  case  of  No.  6  at  the 
last  examination  of  the  after  period.  In  most  instances  they  are  either 
few  or  fairly  abundant,  as  indicated  by  the  figures  in  the  tables. 

Finely  gramdar  casts. — These  are  present  in  all  instances  except  in 
the  case  of  No.  1  in  the  preservative  period  and  the  first  examination 
of  the  after  period,  in  the  case  of  No.  2  during  the  fore  period  and  last 
examination  of  the  after  period,  and  in  the  case  of  No.  4:  during  the  fore 
period.  No  examination  was  made  in  the  case  of  No.  4  for  the  pre- 
servative period.  These  casts  are  fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  3 
during  the  first  and  second  examinations,  in  the  case  of  No.  5  during 
the  third  examination,  and  in  the  case  of  No.  6  during  the  fourth  exam- 
ination, and  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  3  at  the  fourth  examination. 

Coarsely  gramdai'  casts. — These  are  found  to  be  present  in  about 
half  the  samples  examined.  They  are  fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of 
No.  3  at  the  first  and  fourth  examinations  and  in  No.  6  at  the  fourth 
examination. 

Epithelial  casts. — These  are  found  only  in  the  case  of  No.  3  at  the 
first  and  fourth  examinations. 

Other  forms  of  casts. — None  of  these  is  found  in  any  instance. 

Mucous  cylindroids. — These  are  present  in  nearly  all  cases.  They 
are  fairly  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  1  at  the  first  and  fourth  examina- 
tions; in  the  case  of  No.  2  in  the  first,  third,  and  fourth  examinations, 
and  abundant  in  the  second  examination  and  in  the  case  of  No.  6  at 
the  second  and  third  examinations.  They  are  extremely  abundant  in 
the  case  of  No.  6  at  the  first  and  fourth  examinations.  They  are  not 
found  in  the  case  of  No.  1  at  the  second  examination  or  in  the  case  of 
No.  5  at  the  third.  No  test  was  made  of  the  sample  from  No.  4  at  the 
second  examination. 

Mucotis  strands. — These  are  present  in  all  cases.  They  are  fairly 
abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  1  and  No.  3  at  the  third  examination.  They 
are  abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  1  at  the  second  and  fourth;  in  the 
case  of  No.  2  at  the  first,  second,  and  fourth;  in  the  case  of  No.  3  at 
the  first  and  second;  in  the  case  of  No.  4  at  the  first,  third,  and  fourth; 
in  the  case  of  No.  6  at  the  second,  third,  and  fourth,  and  in  the  case  of 
No.  6  at  the  second  and  third  examinations.      They  are  extremely 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  203 

abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  1  at  the  first,  No.  5  at  the  first,  and  No.  6 
at  the  first  and  fourth  examinations. 

A  study  of  the  data  above  given,  as  a  whole,  fails  to  reveal  an}^  dis- 
tinct connection  between  the  relative  abundance  of  the  bodies  looked 
for  and  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 

Series  IV. 

Five  examinations  were  made  during  the  fourth  series — one  during 
the  fore  period,  three  during  the  preservative  period,  and  one  for  the 
after  period.     (See  Table  XLIII,  p.  209.) 

Uric-acid  cnjstaTs. — No  crvstals  of  uric  acid  are  found  in  any  instance 
in  the  examinations  of  the  urine  during  the  fourth  series. 

Urates. — No  urates  are  found  in  an}^  of  the  examinations  of  the 
fourth  series. 

Oxalate  of  lime. — Crystals  of  oxalate  of  lime  are  found  in  numerous 
instances.  They  are  fairly  abundant  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  8,  11,  and 
12.  They  are  abundant  in  the  first  examination  of  No.  8  and  the  last 
examination  of  No.  11.  They  occur  with  more  or  less  irregularity  in 
abundance  in  the  other  instances  in  so  far  as  the  examinations  were 
completed.  In  man}^  cases  during  this  series  the  examinations  were 
not  complete  because  of  illness  or  other  irregularities  of  the  subjects. 
Where  examinations  were  not  made  the  fact  is  indicated  in  the  table 
b\'  a  blank. 

Ci^dalline  j)hosphate8. — These  are  found  only  in  two  instances,  and 
then  at  the  last  examination  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  8  and  9. 

Epithelium  celh. — These  are  found  in  all  cases,  a  few  in  most 
instances,  fairly  abundant  in  one  instance  in  No.  9  and  in  one  instance 
in  No.  12,  and  abundant  in  the  first  examination  of  No.  12. 

Leucocytes. — These  are  found  in  all  instances,  fairly  abundant  in 
three  cases  in  No.  8  and  in  two  cases  in  No.  12,  abundant  in  the  case 
of  the  first  and  last  examinations  of  No.  12,  and  extremely  abundant 
in  the  two  examinations  made  of  No.  7. 

Red  Uood  cells. — These  bodies  are  not  found  in  any  instance. 

Hyaline  casts. — These  bodies  are  found  in  most  instances,  but  are 
fairly  abundant  only  in  the  last  examination  of  No.  10. 

Finely  (jraimlar  casts. — These  also  are  found  in  most  instances,  but 
are  not  quite  so  constant  as  in  the  preceding  case.  They  are  fairly 
al)undant  only  in  one  instance,  namel}',  the  next  to  the  last  examina- 
tion of  No.  8. 

Coarnely  granular  casts. — These  are  found  in  about  one-third  of  the 
samples  exainined.  They  are  abundant  in  the  next  to  the  last  exami- 
nation of  N(j.  8,  while  in  all  othci-  cases  where  they  occur  they  are  very 
few  in  numbei'. 

Epithelial  casts.— 'V\utsi\  an-  not  found  in  any  instance. 


204         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Other  forms  of  casts. — No  other  forms  of  casts  are  found  in  any 
instance. 

Mucous  cylind/roids. — These  are  found  in  every  instance,  and  they 
are  fairly  abundant  in  the  first  examination  of  No.  8,  in  the  fourth 
examination  of  No.  9,  in  the  first,  second,  and  third  examinations  of 
No.  10,  in  the  fourth  examination  of  No.  11,  and  in  the  third  examina- 
tion of  No.  12.  They  are  abundant  in  the  second  examination  of  No. 
7,  in  the  second  and  fourth  examinations  of  No.  8,  in  the  first  and 
second  examinations  of  No.  9,  and  in  the  fifth  examination  of  No.  12. 

Mucous  strands. — These  are  found  also  in  every  instance.  They  are 
fairly  abundant  in  the  second  and  third  examinations  of  No.  ]  0,  in  the 
fourth  examination  of  No.  11,  and  in  the  second  and  fourth  examinations 
of  No.  12.  They  are  abundant  in  the  first  and  second  examinations 
of  No.  T,  in  the  first,  second,  and  fourth  examinations  of  No.  8,  in  the 
first  and  fourth  examinations  of  No.  9,  and  in  the  first  and  third  exam- 
inations of  No.  12.  They  are  extremely  abundant  in  the  second 
examination  of  No.  9  and  in  the  fifth  examination  of  No.  12. 

A  general  summary  of  the  above  data,  while  giving  interesting  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  the  occurrence  of  these  microscopical  bodies  in  the 
urine,  fails  to  reveal  an}^  definite  connection  between  the  abundance  of 
the  occurrence  and  the  influence  of  the  preservative  administered. 

Series  V. 

Ten  examinations  were  made  for  the  bodies  under  discussion  during 
the  fifth  series — one  during  the  fore  period,  eight  during  the  preserv- 
ative period,  and  one  for  the  after  period.     (See  Table  XLIV,  p.  210.) 

Uric-acid  crystals. — ^No  crystals  of  uric  acid  are  found  in  the  cases  of 
Nos.  4  and  6.  No.  4,  however,  left  the  city  before  the  end  of  the  period. 
The  crystals  are  found  only  once  in  the  cases  of  No.  3  and  No.  5,  and 
then  only  a  very  few  are  present.  They  occur  quite  frequently  in  the 
case  of  No.  1  and  at  the  last  examination  are  abundant.  The}'^  also 
appear  quite  frequently  in  the  case  of  No.  2  during  the  preservative 
period,  but  at  no  other  time.  These  data  show  a  slight  tendency  on 
the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  number  of  uric-acid  crys- 
tals, although  the  greatest  number  was  found  in  the  case  of  No.  1  in 
the  after  period. 

Urates. — Urates  are  found  only  in  the  case  of  No.  2,  and  that  about 
the  middle  of  the  preservative  period.  They  are  fairly  abundant  at  that 
time,  but  rapidly  disappear.  There  may  possibly  be  some  connection 
between  their  appearance  and  the  administration  of  the  preservative, 
but  it  is  not  ver}^  strongly  brought  out. 

Oxalate  of  lime. — Oxalate  of  lime  crystals  are  found  in  every  sam- 
ple except  one  in  the  eases  of  Nos.  1  and  3.  They  become  abundant 
in  the  case  of  No.  3  toward  the  end  of  the  preservative  period  and 
during  the  after  period.  They  occur  irregularly  in  the  case  of  No.  1. 
The  crystals  are  found  at  first  in  the  case  of  No.  2,  but  disappear  after 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  205 

the  first  examination  of  tlie  preservative  period.  In  the  case  of  No.  5 
they  occur  in  the  fore  period,  disappear  in  the  first  examination  of 
the  preservative  period,  reappear  in  the  third  and  fourth  examina- 
tions, and  then  disappear  until  the  final  examination.  They  are  fairly 
abundant  in  the  case  of  No.  6  in  the  fore  period,  disappear  at  the 
second  examination  of  the  preservative  period,  reappear  at  the  third 
and  fourth  examinations  of  the  preservative  period,  and  then  disap- 
pear until  the  after  period.  The  influence  of  the  preservative,  if  any, 
in  this  case  seems  to  be  irregular.  It  appears  to  have  some  influence 
in  increasing-  the  oxalate  of  lime  cr3-stals  in  the  case  of  No.  3  and 
decreasing  them  in  the  case  of  No.  2,  while  its  influence  is  irregular 
in  the  other  instances.  These  data  do  not  afford  any  basis  for  a  defi- 
nite conclusion. 

CrystalJhie  jyhosphates. — No  phosphates  are  found  in  the  cases  of 
Nos.  1  and  6.  In  the  case  of  No.  2  they  are  found  in  the  fore  period 
and  after  period,  but  do  not  occur  in  the  preservative  period.  In  the 
case  of  No.  3  they  are  found  irregularly  in  the  fore  and  preservative 
periods.  They  also  occur  irregularly  in  the  case  of  No.  4.  In  the 
case  of  No.  5  the  preservative  seems  to  have  had  an  influence  in  pro- 
ducing cr3'stalline  phosphates,  since  the  onl}^  occurrence  thereof  is  in 
the  preservative  period,  and  at  one  time  they  occur  in  abundance. 
They,  however,  immediately  disappear  and  are  not  found  again.  The 
data,  therefore,  are  not  conclusive  in  this  case  of  an}- definite  action  of 
the  preservative  in  influencing  the  number  of  crystalline  phosphates. 

Amorphous 2>hos]^hates. — These  are  not  found  at  all  in  the  cases  of 
Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  and  6.  They  occur  in  abundance  in  the  fore  period 
in  the  case  of  No.  3,  in  very  great  abundance  in  the  first  preserva- 
tive period,  disappear  for  a  time,  and  then  recur  in  one  instance,  after 
which  they  are  not  found  again.  The  preservative  appears  to  have 
had  an  influence  in  diminishing  the  amount  of  amorphous  phosphates 
appearing  in  the  case  of  No.  3. 

Epithelmm  cells. — These  appear  regularly  in  all  cases.  In  the  case 
of  No.  1  they  are  more  abundant  during  the  preservative  period.  In 
the  case  of  No.  2  there  seems  to  be  no  definite  relation  between  the 
administration  of  the  preservative  and  the  variations  in  the  number  of 
epithelium  cells,  and  the  same  is  true  of  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  and  6.  The  data 
therefore  show  in  the  case  of  No.  1  only,  a  definite  influence  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative,  and  this  influence  might  perhaps  be  attributed 
to  some  other  cause. 

LeticocyteH. — These  bodies  are  found  in  all  cases.  In  the  cases  of 
Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  (>  they  appear  to  be  more  numerous  during  the 
preservative  period,  while  in  the  case  of  No.  5  there  is  no  definite  basis 
for  drawing  any  conclusion.  In  general,  the  data  seem  (o  show  a  slight 
influence  of  the  pres(a*vative  in  incti-easing  the  nun)beroi'  Icuicocytes. 

Red  hhod  cells. — Red  blood  cells  are  found  in  only  two  instances,  in 
neither  ease  abundant. 


206    INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PEESERVATIVES  ON  HEALTH. 

Hyaline  msfe.— These  bodies  are  found  in  nearly  every  instance.  In 
the  cases  of  Nos.  1  and  2  they  appear  to  be  more  frequent  during  the 
preservative  period.  In  the  case  of  No.  3  there  is  no  definite  relation 
evident,  and  the  same  is  true  of  No.  5.  In  the  case  of  No.  6  there 
seems  to  be  a  diminution  in  the  number  of  hyaline  casts  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  preservative  period  and  a  considerable  increase  dur- 
ing the  after  period.  In  this  case  also  the  data  are  not  conclusive. 
The  preservative  appears  to  increase  the  number  of  casts  in  some 
instances  and  diminish  them  in  others. 

Finely  granular  casts. — These  bodies  are  also  found  in  most  cases. 
In  the  case  of  No.  1  there  is  an  apparent  increase  in  the  number  dur- 
ing the  preservative  period.  This  is  also  true  of  No.  2,  although  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  preservative  period  these  casts  disappear  alto- 
gether. 1  n  the  case  of  No.  3  the  casts  do  not  appear  to  be  influenced 
by  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  the  same  is  true  of  No. 
5,  v^^hile  in  the  case  of  No.  6  there  is  apparently  a  larger  number  dur- 
ing the  fore  and  after  periods  than  during  the  preservative  period. 
Here  again  the  data  are  not  conclusive.  Apparently  the  preservative 
tends  to  increase  the  number  of  casts  in  some  instances  and  diminish 
them  in  others  or  to  have  no  influence  at  all. 

Coarsely  granular  casts. — These  are  found  in  the  majority  of  samples 
under  examination.  In  the  case  of  No.  1  the  larger  number  was 
found  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  This  is  true 
also  in  a  marked  degree  in  the  case  of  No.  2.  In  the  case  of  No.  3 
there  seems  to  be  no  effect  produced  by  the  preservative  on  the  num- 
ber of  casts.  In  the  case  of  No.  5  none  is  found  during  the  fore  and 
after  periods,  and  in  three  instances  during  the  preservative  period 
none  is  found.  In  the  case  of  No.  6  none  is  found  during  the  fore 
period;  casts  are  found  five  times  out  of  eight  during  the  preservative 
period,  and  they  are  also  found  in  the  after  period.  Here  again  the 
data  are  not  conclusive,  the  preservative  appearing  to  increase  the 
number  of  casts  in  some  cases  and  to  have  no  effect  whatever  or  a 
tendency  to  diminish  the  number  in  other  cases. 

Epithelial  casts.— T\iqs,q,  are  not  found  in  any  case  except  that  of 
No.  6,  where  they  are  found  once  at  the  beginning  of  the  preservative 
period  and  once  in  the  after  period. 

Ot?ter  forms  of  casts. — No  other  forms  of  casts  than  those  above 
mentioned  are  found,  except  in  one  instance  in  the  after  period  in  the 
case  of  No.  6. 

Mucous  cylindroids. — These  are  found  in  all  cases,  but  the  inspec- 
tion of  the  data  does  not  reveal  any  apparent  effect  of  the  preservative 
in  either  increasing  or  decreasing  the  number  present.  They  are 
abundant  in  four  examinations  of  No.  1,  one  of  No.  4,  five  of  No.  5, 
and  two  of  No.  6.  They  are  extremely  abundant  in  three  of  the 
examinations  of  No.  6  and  one  of  No.  5.  These  variations  in  numbers 
in  the  case  of  No.  6  may  seem  to  be  connected  with  the  use  of  the 
preservative,  but  the  relation  is  not  distinctlv  marked. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


207 


Mucous  strands. — These  are  found  also  in  all  cases.  They  are 
especially  abundant  in  the  case  of  Nos.  1,  5,  and  6.  Their  relative 
abundance  does  not  appear  to  be  influenced  in  an}'  wa}'  by  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservative. 

Summary. 

Reviewing  the  data  as  a  whole  in  regard  to  the  appearance  of  these 
microscopical  bodies  in  the  urine,  the  facts  which  appear  prominentl}^ 
are  the  great  variations  in  the  number  and  character  of  these  micro- 
chemical  bodies.  They  occur  constantly  in  some  cases  in  very  much 
greater  abundance  than  in  others.  There  are  a  few  cases — in  fact, 
quite  a  number — where  the  relative  abundance  of  these  bodies  seems 
to  be  increased  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  There 
is  a  smaller  number  of  cases  in  which  the  contrary  fact  occurs.  In  the 
greater  number  of  cases,  however,  the  administration  of  the  preserva- 
tive appears  to  have  had  no  influence  upon  the  relative  abundance  of 
these  bodies.  The  data  therefore,  as  a  whole,  can  not  be  regarded  as 
conclusive  respecting  the  influence  of  the  preservative  upon  the 
number  of  microchemical  bodies  occurring  in  the  urine. 

Table  XLI. — Microscopical  examinations  of  the  urine  for  Series  II. 
[None,  0;  very  few,  1;  few,  2;  fairly  abundant,  3;  abundant,  4;  extremely  abundant,  5.] 


Data. 

No.  7. 

No.  8. 

No.  9. 

No.  10. 

No.  11. 

No.  12. 

Uric-acid  crystals: 

Jan.  30 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 
a3 

3 
3 

0 
0 

0 
3 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 
2 

4 

5 

0 
0 

0 
0 

4 
3 

0 
0 

0 
4 

2 
3 

2 
3 

0 
1 

0 

1 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 
3 

2 
5 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 

1 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 
2 

2 

2 

0 
0 

0 
1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 
2 

2 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 
2 

2 

2 

0 
0 

2 

1 

1 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

2 

1 

1 
3 

0 
0 

0 

0 

2 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

1 
1 

1 
1 

0 
0 

0 

1 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

1 
1 

1 

1 

0 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Urates: 

Jan.  30 

0 

Feb.  l»-20 

0 

Oxalate  of  lime  crystals: 

Jan.  30 

1 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Crystalline  phosphates: 

Jan  30 

0 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Amorphous  phosphates: 

Jan.  30 

0 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Epithelium  cells  (round,  flat,  and  caudate): 

Jan.  30 

2 

Feb.  19-20 

aZ 

Leucocytes: 

Jan  .30 

2 

Feb.  19-20 

2 

Red  blood  cells: 

Jan.  30 

0 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Hyaline  casts: 

Jan.  30 

2 

Feb.  19-20 

2 

Finely  granular  ca.sts: 

Jan.  no 

1 

Feb.  19-20 

2 

Coarsely  granular  casts: 

Jan.  30 

1 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Kpithelial  casts: 

Jan.  ;W 

0 

Feb.  19-20 

1 

other  forms  of  casts: 

Jan.  30 

Feb.  19-20 

b2 
0 

Mucous  cylindroids: 

Jan.  30 

2 

Feb.  19-20 

2 

Mucous  strands: 

Jan.  30 

Feb.  19-20 , 

2 
3 



a  gome  in  Mheet", 


fc  Hyaline  pus  casts. 


208  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESEKVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

Table  XLII.- — Microscopical  examinations  of  the  urine  for  Series  III. 
[None,  0;  very  few,  1;  few,  2;  fairly  abundant,  3;  abundant,  4;  extremely  abundant,  5.] 


Data. 

Ko.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  .5. 

No.  6. 

Uric-acid  crystals: 

Feb  19  20                  

0 
0 

1 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

1 
1 

2 

2 
2 
1 
2 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
0 
0 
2 

2 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

3 
0 
2 
3 

5 
4 
3 

4 

0 
0 

1 
3 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 

a3 

4 

3 

2 
2 
2 
2 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 
2 

1 

0 

\ 

0 

0 

1 

0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

3 
4 
3 
3 

4 
4 
2 
4 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

3 
2 
8 
5 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 
1 
2 

2 
2 
1 
2 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
3 
2 

4 

3 
2 
0 
3 

1 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 

2 
2 

4 
4 
3 

2 

0 

6" 

0 
0 

6" 

0 
0 

i' 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

2 

'""^2 
2 

2 

i' 

2 

0 
0 

6' 

2 

2' 

2 
0 

i" 

3 

0 

6' 

2 

0 

6' 

0 

0 

6' 

0 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4' 

4 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 

1 

1 

2 
2 
1 

1 

1 
2 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

2 
3 

1 

1 
2 
3 

1 

1 
0 
2 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

2 
0 
1 

.5 
4 
4 
4 

0 

Mar  12      

0 

17                

0 

20      

0 

Urates: 

Feb  19-20                              

0 

Mar  12               

0 

17  

0 

20                        

0 

Oxalate  of  lime  crystals: 

Feb  19  20                      

0 

Mar  12               

17 

2 

20                        

4 

Crystalline  phosphates: 

Feb  19  20                      

0 

0 

17        

0 

0 

Epithelium  cells  (round,  flat,  and  caudate): 

a3 

Mar  12             

a4 

a4 

20 

aZ 

Leucocytes: 

Feb.  19-20 

&3 

2 

17 

2 

aZ 

Red  blood  cells: 

0 

Mar.  12 

0 

0 

20 

0 

Hyaline  casts: 

Feb.  19-20 

2 

2 

17 

2 

3 

Finely  granular  casts: 

2 

Mar.  12 

2 

2 

20 

3 

Coarsely  granular  casts: 

Feb.  19-20 

2 

0 

17 

0 

3 

Epithelial  casts: 

0 

Mar.  12 

0 

0 

20 

0 

Other  forms  of  casts: 

Feb.  19-20 

0 

Mar.  12 

0 

17 

0 

0 

Mucous  cylindroids: 

Feb.  19  20 

5 

Mar.  12 

4 

17 

4 

20 

5 

Mucous  strands: 

Feb.  19-20 

5 

Mar.  12 

4 

17 

4 

20 

5 

a  Some  in  sheets. 


&  Some  in  large  clumps. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


209 


Table  XLIII. — Microftcoj)ical  examinations  of  the  urine  for  Series  IV. 
[None,  0;  very  few,  1;  few,  2;  fairly  abundant,  3;  abundant,  4;  extremely  abundant,  5.] 


Data. 

No.  7. 

No.  8. 

No.  9. 

No.  10. 

No.  11. 

No.  12. 

Uric-acid  crystals: 

Mar.  21 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 
0 

1 
1 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

2 

2 

62 

2 

2 
2 
3 
2 
2 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

1 
1 
1 
2 
3 

2 
1 

1 
1 
2 

1 
1 
0 
1 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

3 
3 
3 
2 
2 

0 
0 

6" 

0 

0 
0 

6' 

0 

1 

3 

2 

4 

0 
0 

0 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 

18 

0 

Urates: 

Mar.  21 

0 
0 

0 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

0 

0 
0 

4 
3 

0 
0 

2 
2 

0 

18 

0 

Oxalate  of  lime  crystals: 

Mar.  21 

2 
2 

1 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

3 

^       7 

3 

3 

0 
0 

1 
2 

0 
0 

1 

18 

1 

Crystalline  phosphates: 

Mar.  21 , 

0 
0 

0 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

7 

0 
2 

2 
2 

0 
1 

2 
3 

0 
0 

1 
1 

2' 

2 

1 
1 

2" 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

1 

2" 

2 

1 
0 

i' 

1 

0 
0 

6' 

0 

0 
0 

6' 

0 

0 
0 

6' 

0 

1 

2 

3' 

2 

0 

18 

0 

Epithelium  cells  (round,  flat,  and  caudate): 
Mar.  21 

"j2 
2 

4 

28 

2 

Apr.    4 

62 

2 
2 

3 
3 

2 
2 

2 

2 

63 

18 

62 

Leucocytes: 

Mar.  21 

5 
5 

4 

28 

2 

Apr.    4 

3 

7 

3 
62 

0 
0 

1 

1 

0 
0 

3 

18 

4 

Red  blood  cells: 

Mar.  21 . . . .' 

0 
0 

0 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

0 

7 : 

0 
0 

2 

i 

0 
0 

1 

0 

0 

18 

0 

Hvaline  caste: 

Mar.  21 

0 
1 

2 

28 

2 

Apr.    4 

2 

7 

2 
1 

0 
0 

1 

1 

1 

0 

1 

18 

2 

Finely  ^anular  ca.sts: 

Mar.  21 

0 
0 

I 

28 

1 

Apr.    4 

2 

^  7 ::: 



3 
1 

0 
1 

1 
1 

0 
0 

1 

18 

2 

Coarsely  granular  casts: 

Mar.  21 

0 
0 

0 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

I 

7 

4 
0 

0 
0 

0 

1 

0 
0 

0 

1 

Epithelial  casts: 

Mar.  21 

0 
0 

0 

28 

0 

Apr.    4 

0 

7 : 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 

18 

0 

f  )thiT  forms  of  casts: 

Mar.  21 

28 

0 
0 

0 

A i.r.    4 

0 

7 

0 
0 

3 

4 

0 
0 

4 
4 

0 

0 

Mucous  cylindroids: 

28 

A  pr.    4 

2 
4 

2 
2 
;{ 

7 1..  .. 

4 

2 

3 
2 

2 

18 i 

4 

"A  few  ill  sheets. 
4242— No.  H4,  |.t  1—04 14 


''Some  in  shreds. 


210         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

Table  XLIII — Microscopical  examinations  of  the  urine  for  Series  J F— Continued. 


Data. 

No.  7. 

No.  8. 

No.  9. 

No.  10. 

No.  11. 

No.  12. 

Mucous  strands: 

jjja J  21                        

4 

4 

4 
4 

4 
5 

2 
3 
3 
2 
2 

1 

1 

3' 

2 

4 

28              

3 

4 

7            

4 
2 

4 

2 

3 

18 

5 

Table  XLIV. — Microscopical  examinations  of  the  urine  for  Series  V. 
[None,  0;  very  few,  1;  few,  2;  fairly  abundant,  3;  abundant,  4;  extremely  abundant,  5.] 


Data. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  6. 

Uric-acid  crystals: 

Apr    25-27 

0 
1 
3 
2 
0 
1 
0 
0 

1 

4 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
1 
1 
1 

0 
1 
2 
2 

1 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
^0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 
1 
1 

1 

2 
"3 

0 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
3 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

'o 

0 
0 

2 
2 
3 
2 
3 
2 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 
0 
1 
3 
4 
3 
2 
3 
3 

1 
2 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 

4 
5 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 

2 

a  3 

2 
2 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 
1 
3 
0 

1 

1 
1 

0 
0 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

a  2 

a  2 

2 

2 

0 
0- 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

0 
2 

1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 

0 
2 
0 
4 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

0 

May     2 

0 

9 

0 

16-18 

0 

23-25      

0 

29 

0 

June    6 

0 

13 

0 

20        

0 

27-29  

0 

Urates: 

Apr.   25-27 

0 

May     2 

0 

9 

0 

16 

0 

23-25 

0 

29 

0 

June    6 

0 

13 

0 

20 

0 

27-29 

0 

Oxalate  of  lime  crystals: 

Apr.    25-27 

3 

May     2 

2 

9 

0 

16-18 

1 

23 

1 

29: 

0 

June    6 

0 

13 

0 

20 

0 

27 

2 

Crystalline  phosphates: 

Apr.  23,25,27 

0 

0 

9::;.::::::::::::::::::::;:::::::: 

0 

0 

23-25  

0 

0 

June  6 

0 

0 

20 

0 

27-29  

0 

Amorphous  phosphates: 

0 

May    2 

0 

9 

Q 

i6-18  

0 

23-25  

0 

29 

0 

0 

13 

0 

0 

27-29  

0 

Epithelium  cells  (round,  flat,  and  caudate): 
Apr.  23-"5 

2 

9 

2 

16-18  

2 
3 
2 

23-25  

29 

o  Some  In  slieets. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  211 

Table  XLIV — Microscopical  txainiiiatiotis  of  the  urine  for  Series  V — Continued. 


Data. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  6. 

Epithelium  cells— Continued, 

2 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 
a3 

3 
aZ 

2 
a2 

2 

0 
0 
0 

1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

2 
1 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
3 
2 

1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 

0 
0 
0 
2 
3 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0- 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

u 

0 

a2 

a2 

a3 

2 

2 
1 
2 
2 
3 

a2 
2 

a2 
2 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 

1 

3 

2 
2 
2 

1 
0 

1 

0 
0 

1 

3 

1 
1 
1 
0 
0 

1 

0 
0 

1 

3 
1 

1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 
2 
2 
2 

1 
1 
3 
2 
2 
1 
3 
2 
3 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 

2 
1 
2 
3 
2 
3 
2 
1 
2 
2 

2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
0 
2 
1 

2 

1 
0 
2 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

1 

1 
1 
2 
2 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0 

2 
1 
2 
2 

1 



1 
1 
1 
1 
0 

1 

1 
0 

1 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

3 
2 
2 
2 

1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
3 
a2 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
0 

1 
1 
0 

1 
1 

0 

1 
1 
1 

0 
0 

1 

0 

1 
1 

0 

1 
1 

0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2 

13 

"3 

20                                 

3 

27-29  

2 

Leucotytes: 

A^pr   23  25 

2 

Mav    2                                      

2 

9        

2 

16                                      

2 

23--20                  

as 

29 

3 

3 

13          

a2 

20                        

2 

27       

a2 

Red  blood  cells: 

Apr.  23-27 

0 

0 

9 

0 

0 

23                              

0 

29 

0 

0 

13            

0 

20 

0 

27-29                 

0 

Apr    23  25  27             

2 

May     2  9   11 

2 

2 

16 

2 

3 

29 

1 

June  6       .          

1 

13 

1 

20 

2 

27 

3 

Finely  granular  casts: 

Apr.  23-27 

2 

1 

^    9::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

1 

16 

1 

23 

2 

29 

0 

June  6 

0 

13 

1 

20 

1 

27 

2 

Apr.  23-27 

0 

Siay    2 

1 

9 

0 

1 

23 

2 

29 

0 

June  6 

0 

13 

1 

20 

1 

27-29 

1 

Epithelial  cast.s: 

Apr.  23, 25, 27 

0 

May    2 

1 

9 

0 

16 

0 

23 

0 

29 

0 

June  6 

0 

13 

0 

20 

0 

27 

1 

Other  forms  of  casts. 

Apr   23         

0 

May    2 

0 

9             

0 

16 

0 

23 

0 

29 

0 

June  c.  ..       .        

0 

13 

0 

20 

0 

27 

2 

"Some  in  Hheeis. 


212         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

Table  XLIV — Microscopical  examinations  of  the  urine  for  Series  F— Continued. 


Date. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  S. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

No.  6. 

Mucous  cylindroids: 

3 
4 
4 
4 
3 
4 
3 
3 
2 
2 

4 
5 
4 
4 
5 
5 
4 
3 
3 
4 

3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
3 
2 
1 

3 
2 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
3 
2 
2 

2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 

4 
1 

1 
1 
2 

5 
2 
1 
2 

4 

4 
6 
4 
4 
4 
4 
2 

2 

2 

4 
5 
4 
4 
5 
5 
6 
4 
3 
2 

2 

5 

9                       

5 

16               

5 

23                        

4 

29              

3 

3 

13                 

3 

20                              

2 

27                 

4 

Mucous  strands: 

Apr   23                

5 

May    2 

5 

9           ' 

5 

16           

5 

23                            

4 

4 

4 

4 

20            

4 

5 

METABOLIC  PROCESSES. 


NITROGEN. 


Balance. 

As  has  already  been  intimated,  the  nitrogen  balance  represents  the 
difference  between  the  total  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  foods  and  the 
quantity  secured  in  the  feces  and  urine.  In  a  perfectly  normal  state, 
where  the  body  is  neither  gaining  nor  losing  in  weight,  this  balance  is 
necessarilj^  positive,  because  all  the  nitrogen  contained  in  the  food  is 
not  found  in  the  feces  and  urine.  In  abnormal  states  the  balance  may 
become  a  negative  number  when  more  nitrogen  is  excreted  by  far 
than  should  be,  or  it  may  become  a  greater  positive  number  when  less 
nitrogen  is  excreted  than  should  be.  The  tables  illustrative  of  the 
nitrogen  balance  are  made  out  in  full,  containing  the  daily  balances. 
(See  Tables  XLV-LV,  pp.  260-306.)  The  great  variations  in  the  daily 
balance  are  largely  due  to  the  fact  that  the  quantities  of  urine  and  feces 
vary  largely  from  day  to  day,  while  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  entering 
into  the  food  remains  practically  constant.  Thus  there  may  be  very 
great  variations  in  the  daily  balance,  while  the  balance  for  the  period 
is  always  approximately  correct,  especially  if  the  period  extends  over 
a  considerable  number  of  days. 


The  largest  deficiencies  of  nitrogen  in  the  excreta  are  naturally 
found  in  those  cases  where  the  percentage  of  excretion  is  low,  and  vice 
versa.  In  the  individual  cases  of  Series  I  we  find  that  the  nitrogen 
balance  is  a  negative  number  in  every  period  with  No.  6,  except  dur- 
ing the  second  preservative  subperiod  and  the  after  period,  where  the 


BORIC    ACIU    AND    BORAX.  213 

balance  becomes  a  positive  number.  In  the  eases  of  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  ta))lo,  (hiring-  the  fore  period  the  nitrogen  balance  is  posi- 
tive. During  the  first  preservative  subperiod  it  is  negative  in  the  case 
of  No.  4.  In  the  third  .subperiod  the  ])ahince  is  positive  in  each  case 
except  No.  6,  while  in  the  after  period  the  balance  is  positive  in  all 
cases. 

The  summary  of  the  entire  preservative  period,  namely,  December 
22  to  January  3,  shows  a  positive  balance  in  all  eases  excepting  No.  6. 

Comparing  now  the  daily  average  of  the  whole  class  for  the  differ- 
ent periods,  we  find  that  during  the  fore  period  the  daily  nitrogen 
balance  is  2.12  grams,  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod  0.83,  for  the 
second  subperiod  2.21,  for  the  third  subperiod  1.20,  for  the  first, 
second,  and  third  subperiods  together  1.40,  and  for  the  after  period 
1.73.  These  data  show  a  tendency  in  this  series  toward  an  increase  in 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  excreted  during-  the  administration  of  the 
preservative. 

SERIES     II. 

During  this  series,  on  account  of  illness,  the  data  are  not  complete 
for  four  members  of  the  table,  namelj^,  Nos.  8,  9,  11,  and  12.  In  the 
case  of  the  two  remaming  members  there  were  periods  of  temporary 
illness  (grippe),  which  caused  the  loss  of  the  data  for  certain  da3^s.  As 
a  whole,  therefore,  this  period  of  observation  may  be  considered  as 
quite  unsatisfactor3\ 

In  the  fore  period,  extending  from  January  19  to  27,  inclusive,  in 
the  case  of  No.  7  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  was  0.11  gram, 
in  the  case  of  No.  10  it  was  3.66,  and  for  No.  12  it  was  5.39.  No.  12 
did  not  finish  the  period  with  the  preservative  and  is  therefore 
excluded  from  the  average.  The  mean  daily  average  of  Nos.  7  and 
10  is  1.89. 

In  the  period  from  January  28  to  31,  inclusive,  during  which  1  gram 
of  boric  acid  was  administered  dail}^,  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance 
increases  in  the  case  of  No.  7  and  remains  the  same  in  the  case  of  No, 
10,  while  the  mean  daily  balance  for  the  two  is  1.63. 

In  the  second  preservative  subperiod,  extending  from  February  1  to 
February  4,  inclusive,  in  which  2  grams  of  boric  acid  were  adminis- 
tered daily,  the  nitrogen  balance  of  No.  7  increases  as  compared  with 
the  fore  period,  that  of  No.  10  decreases,  and  the  mean  daily  balance 
is  2.. 52. 

In  the  third  subperiod,  from  February  5  to  8,  inclusive,  in  which  3 
grams  of  boric  acid  were  administered  dail}',  the  balance,  as  compared 
with  the  fore  period,  increases  in  the  case  of  No.  7  and  diminishes  in 
No.  10.  The  average  daily  balance  is  1.85.  The  digestion  in  all  cases 
after  this  pc^riod  became  so  deranged  that  the  fragmentary  data  col- 
lected thereafter  are  of  no  <*omparative  value. 


214  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


SERIES    III. 


The  data  for  this  series  are  more  satisfactory,  only  two  of  the  sub- 
jects, Nos.  2  and  6,  failing  to  complete  the  course,  they  having  suc- 
cumbed to  an  attack  of  grippe  after  the  fore  period.  No.  2  completed 
the  metabolism  of  the  series,  but  failed  to  take  the  full  amount  of  pre- 
servative. 

In  this  series  in  the  fore  period  there  was  a  notable  difference 
between  the  subjects  in  regard  to  the  daih^  nitrogen  balance,  it  being 
a  minus  quantity  of  0.43  gram  in  the  case  of  No.  1  and  a  plus  quantity 
of  1.86  in  the  case  of  No.  5.  For  the  four  who  completed  the  pre- 
servative period  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.83. 

In  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  1  gram  administered  daily, 
the  average  daily  balance  for  five  men  is  1.12  grams,  and  for  the  four 
1.01;  in  the  second,  where  2  grams  were  given,  for  the  four  it  is  1.36; 
in  the  third,  in  which  3  grams  were  administered,  the  average  daily 
balance  is  minus  0. 37.  For  the  three  periods  for  the  four  who  com- 
pleted the  test  the  daily  balance  is  0.66. 

In  the  after  period,  extending  over  eight  days,  the  average  daily 
balance  for  the  four  is  2.92. 

These  data  show  that  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid  had  very  lit- 
tle effect  upon  the  metabolism  of  the  nitrogen  during  the  period,  and 
what  effect  was  manifested  was  irregular.  The  first  and  second  pre- 
servative subperiods  showed  a  slightly  reduced  excretion  of  nitrogen, 
while  the  third  showed  an  increased  excretion  of  nitrogen  and  the 
after  period  a  diminished  excretion.  The  maximum  difference,  how- 
ever, between  any  two  of  these  periods  is  about  3  grams  of  nitrogen 
per  day. 


SERIES    IV. 


In  the  fore  period  of  Series  IV  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.98  gram 
for  Nos.  8, 9,  and  10,  the  largest  balance  being  found  in  the  case  of  No.  8, 
18.17,andthe  smallest,  a  negative quantitj^,  in  the  case  of  No.lO,  —5.61. 

In  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  where  one-half  a  gram  was  admin- 
istered, the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  is  0.93.  In  the  second  and 
third  subperiods,  in  which  1  gram  was  given,  the  average  daily  balance 
is  1.31.  The  mean  daily  balance  for  the  first,  second,  and  third  sub- 
periods,  March  28  to  April  9,  inclusive,  is  1.28.  In  the  fourth 
subperiod,  in  which  2  grams  were  given  for  four  days  and  8  for  one 
day,  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  is  2.29. 

For  the  entire  preservative  period — namely,  from  March  28  to  April 
14,  inclusive — the  mean  daily  balance  is  1.56. 

For  the  after  period,  April  15  to  22,  inclusive,  the  mean  daily  balance 
is  0.83. 

In  the  cases  of  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  of  the  fourth  series  it  is  seen  that 
the  effect  of  the  borax  upon  the  excretion  of  the  nitrogen  was  not 


BORIC    ACID    AISD    BORAX.  215 

noticeable  in  the  tii-st  preservative  subperiod.  The  second  subperiod 
shows  a  slit>hth'  decreased  nitrogen  excretion.  In  the  fourth  subperiod 
there  is  again  a  decrease  in  the  amount  of  nitrogen  excreted.  During 
the  after  period  there  is  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  nitrogen  excreted, 
the  bahince  being  restored  almost  to  the  normal  of  the  fore  period, 
namely,  to  0.83. 

A  comparison  of  Nos.  7,  8,  9,  10,  and  12  may  also  be  given  for  the 
fore  period  and  the  first  preservative  subperiod  of  one-half  gram  per 
day.  After  that  period  No.  7  was  ill  and  dropped  out  altogether,  and 
Nos.  11  and  12  received  special  treatment. 

For  the  fore  period  the  daily  nitrogen  balance  of  Nos.  7,  8,  9,  10, 
and  12  is  1.03,  and  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  one-half 
gram  daily,  0.97,  showing  a  slight  increase  in  the  percentage  of  nitro- 
gen excreted. 

Nos.  11  and  12  may  also  be  compared  for  their  special  treatment,  in 
which  for  the  fore  period  the  daily  average  balance  for  Nos.  11  and  12 
is  —0.13,  and  during  the  preserv^ative  period  the  average  daily  balance 
is  0.75,  showing  a  slighth^  decreased  excretion  of  nitrogen.  The 
nitrogen  in  these  cases  seems  to  be  retained  for  the  purpose  of 
restoring  the  tissues  broken  down  by  previous  ill  health. 

For  the  after  period  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.91. 


Only  three  out  of  the  six  members  of  this  table  completed  the  entire 
period  of  experiment,  Nos.  2  and  6  having  suffered  during  a  part  of 
the  time  from  illness  and  No.  4  having  withdrawn  from  the  table 
May  25. 

The  experience  of  the  previous  series  having  shown  that  the  admin- 
isti"ation  of  increasing  doses  of  borax  produced  feelings  of  distress, 
both  in  the  stomach  and  in  the  head,  it  was  determined  during  this 
series  to  give  a  minimum  quantity,  namel  \^,  one-half  gram  per  day,  and 
the  period  of  experiment  was  extended  to  cover  a  little  over  two 
months,  namely,  from  April  24  to  June  29. 

For  purposes  of  comparison  this  period  was  subdivided  into  several 
j>eriods,  namely,  the  fore  period  of  April  24  to  May  1,  the  preserva- 
tive period  of  four  subperiods  from  May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  and  the 
after  period  from  June  21  to  29,  inclusive.  The  average  daily  balance 
of  tlie  fore  period  is  —0.60;  of  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  1.26;  of 
the  second,  0.93;  of  the  third,  0.33;  of  the  fourth,  0.52,  and  of  the 
after  period,  1.08. 

It  is  seen  that  there  was  but  very  little  effect  produced  as  a  whole 
upon  the  nitrogen  excretion  during  these  periods.  The  individual 
variations,  however,  are  somewhat  marked,  thus  giving  additional 
evidence  of  the  danger  of  basing  (;onchisions  upon  too  few  observations. 


216  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

COMPARISON    OP   NITROGEN    BALANCES. 

In  order  to  get  a  general  statement  of  the  nitrogen  balance  during 
the  whole  period  of  observation  the  average  daily  balances  for  Series 
1,  III,  IV,  and  V  have  been  summarized  by  periods.  The  general 
summary  of  the  nitrogen  tables  arranges  the  data  of  all  the  five  series 
by  periods,  and  from  this  summary  the  following  average  daily  nitro- 
gen balances  are  obtained,  the  data  for  Series  II  being  omitted  (see 
Table  LV,  p.  306): 

Grams. 

Fore  periods 0.  964 

Preservative  periods 1.  020 

After  periods 1.  690 

We  see  from  the  above  data  that  during  the  thirty-one  days  embraced 
by  the  fore  periods  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  per  man  is  0.964: 
gram.  During  the  ninety-three  days  of  borax  treatment  the  average 
daily  nitrogen  balance  is  1.02.  During  the  thirty-five  days  of  after 
period  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  is  1.69.  The  total  effect, 
therefore,  of  the  administration  of  borax  upon  the  nitrogen  balance  has 
been  to  decrease  slightly  the  amount  of  nitrogen  excreted  in  proportion 
to  the  whole  amount  entering  into  the  food.  The  disturbance  pro- 
duced, although  slight,  is  perceptible.  The  fact  that  the  magnitude  of 
this  disturbance  is  increased  rather  than  diminished  during  the  after 
period  might  be  cited  as  evidence  that  the  preservative  is  not  the  real 
cause  of  the  phenomenon  observed.  This,  of  course,  must  receive 
due  consideration.  On  the  other  hand,  it  may  also  be  suggested  that 
the  maximum  efi^ect  produced  by  the  preservative  might  not  have 
been  felt  until  some  days  after  its  withdrawal  from  the  food,  and  this 
explanation  of  the  above  data  is  also  worthy  of  consideration. 

Percentage  Eliminated. 

The  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces  and  urine  has 
been  calculated  for  each  person  under  observation  daily  and  by 
periods.  These  data  are  complementary  to  those  showing  the  bal- 
ances by  days  and  periods,  which  have  just  been  given,  the  percent- 
ages being  perhaps  somewhat  more  convenient  for  comparison. 

series  I. 

For  the  fore  period,  December  16-21,  inclusive,  the  average  daily 
percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces  and  urine  for  the  six 
men  is  87.6.  (See  Table  XLVI.)  The  highest  percentage  eliminated 
is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  namely,  101.2,  and  the  lowest  in  the  case 
of  No.  3,  76.3. 

For  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  extending  from  December  22 
to  December  26,  inclusive,  the  average  percentage  of  nitrogen  elimi- 
nated is  95.1.  The  highest  percentage  eliminated  is  found  in  the  case 
of  No.  6,  108.5,  and  the  lowest  in  the  case  of  No.  5,  namely,  86.7. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  >  217 

In  the  second  proseivutivc  subperiod,  extending  from  December  27 
to  December  30,  iiichisive,  tlie  average  percentage  eliminated  is  87.6. 
The  highest  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  namel>%  93.9,  and  the  lowest 
in  No.  3,  SI. 9. 

In  the  third  subperiod  the  average  percentage  of  nitrogen  elimi- 
nated is  92.6.  The  highest  percentage  eliminated  is  found  in  the  case 
of  No.  6,  namely,  127.5,  and  the  lowest  in  No.  2,  81.  During  this 
period  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  by  No.  6  is  very  marked,  indeed. 

For  the  entire  preservative  period,  extending  from  December  22  to 
January  3,  inclusive,  the  average  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  is 
91.8.  The  highest  amount  is  again  found  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  namelj^, 
107.6,  and  the  lowest  in  that  of  No.  3,  88.1. 

For  the  after  period,  extending  from  Januar}^  4  to  January  13, 
inclusive,  the  average  elimination  of  nitrogen  is  89.8  per  cent.  The 
highest  percentage  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  namel}^,  93.5,  and  the 
lowest  in  No.  3,  82.7. 

The  above  data  show  a  marked  tendency  to  an  increased  elimination 
of  nitrogen  during  the  administration  of  the  })oric  acid.  This  is  mani- 
fested particularly  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  where  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
lost  is  excess! vel}'  large.  In  the  case  of  No.  2  there  is  but  little  effect 
produced,  showing  a  marked  toleration  of  the  influence  of  borax  in 
this  particular  instance.  The  same  is  true  of  No.  5,  practicall}^  no 
effect  upon  the  elimination  of  the  nitrogen  being  manifested. 

SERIES   ir. 

The  data  for  Series  II  are  extremely  imperfect  by  reason  of  the  ill- 
ness of  Nos.  8,  9,  11,  and  12  during  the  whole  period,  and  the  illness 
of  the  whole  number  under  observation  during  the  after  period.  The 
data  of  Nos.  7  and  10  are  interesting  l)ut  can  not  be  regarded  as  very 
conclusive. 

During  the  fore  period  the  average  daily  percentage  of  nitrogen  elimi- 
nated by  tlic  two  under  observation  is  89.8.  During  the  first  preserva- 
tive subpeiiod  it  rises  to  90.9,  during  the  second  to  86.7;  for  the  first 
and  second  subpei'iods  it  is  88.5;  during  the  third  subperiod  the  per- 
(;entage  rises  to  90,1,  and  for  the  entire  preservative  period  it  is  89.1. 
In  the  case  of  No.  7  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  is  dimin- 
ished, in  the  case  of  No.  10,  increased. 

SERIES   III. 

In  this  series  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  during  the  fore 
period  is  higli,  namely,  95.3.  During  the  lii'st  ])reservative  subperiod 
the  percentage  eliminated  is  slightly  decreased,  namely,  to  94.6.  Dur- 
ing the  se<;ond  subperiod  it  falls  to  91.6.  During  the  thiirl  subperiod 
there  is  a  very  decided  inr^rease  in  the  percentage  eliminated,  rising 
to  102.6,    The  average  for  tlie  three  subperiods  is  96.     During  the  after 


218         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON"    HEALTH. 

period  the  percentage  eliminated  falls  to  84.3.  This  number  is  evi- 
dently below  the  normal,  showing-  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  body 
to  restore  a  portion  of  the  loss  produced  by  the  previous  preservative 
period. 

The  data  in  this  series  as  a  whole  show  the  same  results  as  in  Series 
1.  The  variations,  however,  in  the  case  of  the  first  and  second  sub- 
periods  should  be  noted. 

The  average  data  given  are  calculated  only  for  those  members  of 
the  class  who  completed  the  whole  series.  The  data  for  the  other 
members  are  given  in  the  table,  but  not  utilized  in  the  general  average 
for  comparison. 

SERIES   IV. 

In  this  series  the  data  were  greatly  disturbed  by  the  illness  of  a 
number  of  the  members  of  the  class.  The  reports  for  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10 
are  the  only  ones  that  are  complete  for  the  whole  period.  The  average 
daily  percentage  of  elimination  during  the  fore  period  in  the  case  of 
Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  is  94.7.  This  rises  to  95.1  in  the  first  preservative 
subperiod,  falls  to  90.8  in  the  second  subperiod,  and  rises  again  to 
93.2  in  the  third  subperiod.  The  mean  for  the  three  subperiods  is 
93,  which  is  slightly  less  than  the  average  percentage  eliminated  dur- 
ing the  fore  period.  During  the  fourth  subperiod  the  average  per- 
centage excreted  is  8T.1,  and  for  the  four  subperiods  together  91.4. 
During  the  after  period  the  average  percentage  excreted  rises  to  95.1. 

The  general  results  of  these  data  are  contradictory  to  the  other 
series.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  both  Nos.  8  and  9 
had  suffered  very  seriously  from  the  grippe  during  the  period  of  the 
second  series,  when  they  were  not  under  observation  at  all,  and  there- 
fore no  comparison  can  be  made  with  any  previous  record  for  these 
two.  In  other  words,  the  data  of  this  series  must  be  regarded  not 
only  as  imperfect,  as  is  shown  by  the  table  itself,  but  also  in  some 
respects  as  abnormal.  They  are  given,  however,  in  full,  in  order  that 
no  fact  connected  with  the  observation  which  bears  at  all  upon  the 
interpretation  of  the  results  may  be  omitted  from  the  tabulation. 

Nos.  11  and  12,  who  had  a  late  start  on  account  of  illness,  may  be 
studied  together.  The  mean  percentage  eliminated  during  the  fore 
period  in  these  cases  is  101.1,  during  the  preservative  period  95.1, 
and  during  the  after  period  93.6.  These  data  must  be  interpreted 
from  the  point  of  view  that  both  subjects  had  been  ill  immediately 
preceding  the  experiment. 

SERIES  V. 

In  this  series  No.  4  left  the  city  on  May  25,  and  the  data  in  this 
case  are  incomplete.  No.  6  received  no  preservative  after  June  12  and 
No.  2  after  June  11,  both  by  reason  of  illness. 

Let  us  first  consider  the  three  subjects,  namely,  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5, 


BORIC    AOTU    AND    BORAX.  219 

who  completed  the  entire  series.  In  this  scries  of  o})servations  we  also 
have  to  deal  with  apparently  an  abnormal  state,  inasmuch  as  the  per- 
centage eliminated  during  the  fore  period  is  remarkably  high,  amount- 
ing to  103.0. 

During  the  tirst  preservative  subperiod  the  percentage  eliminated 
falls  to  93;  during  the  first  and  second  together  it  is  93.9;  during 
the  first,  second,  and  third  together  it  rises  to  95.2;  during  the  first, 
second,  third,  and  fourth  it  rises  to  95.7,  and  during  the  after  period 
it  falls  to  94.1.  Compared  with  the  fore  period  it  is  seen  that  the 
average  elimination  of  nitrogen  is  diminished  during  the  administra 
tion  of  the  borax,  and  the  diminution  continues  during  the  after 
period.  The  data,  therefore,  as  a  whole  are  not  decisive  in  respect  to 
this  point. 

COMPARISON   OF   PERCENTAGES   OF   NITROGEN   ELIMINATED. 

It  remains  now  to  combine  the  average  results  into  a  single  expres- 
sion in  order  to  study  the  five  series  together.  This  is  done  in  the  fol- 
lowing tabular  arrangement,  taken  from  the  general  nitrogen  sum- 
mary (Table  LV): 

Per  cent. 

Fore  periods 94. 5 

Preservative  periods 94.  1 

After  periods 90.  3 

We  have  in  the  above  tabulation  an  expression  of  the  average  daily 
effect  produced  over  a  period  of  seven  months  on  12  young  men  in 
classes  of  6  alternating  in  periods  of  observation.  The  total  duration  of 
the  fore  periods  is  thirt3^-one  da3's,  of  the  periods  of  the  administration 
of  borax  ninet3'-three  days,  and  of  the  after  periods  thirty-five  days. 
While  the  individual  data,  and  even  the  series  data,  are  in  some 
respects  conflicting  and  contradictor}-  in  regard  to  the  effect  of  the 
borax  upon  the  percentage  of  the  elimination,  we  must  regard  the 
expression  as  a  whole  as  of  value.  This  shows  the  tendency  of  borax 
to  slightly  decrease  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  eliminated  during  the 
preservative  period,  which  diminution  becomes  marked  in  the  after 
period,  indicating  a  cumulative  effect  in  this  direction. 

PHOSPHORIC   ACID. 

Balance. 

The  effect  of  the  administration  of  preservatives  upon  the  course  of 
the  phosphoric  acid  on  its  way  through  the  body  is  studied  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  th(!  case  of  nitrogen.  The  total  phosphoric  acid  and 
phosphorus  entering  the  body  were  determined  by  the  analyses  of  the 
foods,  and  the  phosphoric  acid  and  phosphorus  leaving  the  body 
through  the  urine  and  feces  were  also  determined.  In  the  tables 
LVl-LXVJ,  pp.  307-353)  the  excess  of  the  phosphoric  acid  in  the  food 


220  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

over  that  recovered  in  the  excreta  is  given  as  a  positive  number,  while 
any  excess  of  phosphoric  acid  and  phosphorus  in  the  excreta  over  that 
in  the  food  is  given  as  a  negative  quantity. 

In  the  daily  balances,  as  was  the  case  with  the  nitrogen,  there  was 
no  attempt  made  to  secure  an  absolute  separation  in  the  feces  of  the 
food  eaten  on  any  given  occasion  by  the  administration  of  some  color- 
ing matter  like  powdered  charcoal.  For  that  reason  the  variations  in 
the  daily  balances  are  often  exaggerated,  inasmuch  as  the  quantities 
of  excreta,  especially  of  feces,  vary  greatly  from  day  to  day.  In  pe- 
riods extending  over  four  or  five  days,  however,  these  variations  would 
be  practically  compensatory,  so  that  the  expression  of  the  total  balance 
for  each  period  is  approximately  correct.  Attention  should  be  called, 
however,  as  in  the  preceding  cases,  to  the  fact  that  owing  to  the  great 
difficulty  of  marking  with  absolute  certainty  the  excretory  processes 
some  slight  differences  or  errors  are  to  be  expected.  These,  however, 
are  again  eliminated  from  the  averages  of  the  periods  by  combining 
them  all  into  a  single  expression. 


In  the  fore  period  the  average  daily  balance  per  man  is  found  to 
be  0.081  gram.  The  largest  positive  balance  for  the  fore  period  is 
2.14,  and  the  largest  negative  balance  for  the  period  0.768. 

In  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  extending  from  December  22  to 
December  26,  inclusive,  the  average  dail}^  balance  for  the  whole  period 
is  —0.182.  The  only  positive  balances  during  this  whole  period  are 
found  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  namely,  0.438  and  0.258,  respec- 
tively, and  the  largest  negative  balance  is  found  for  No.  4,  namely, 
2.407. 

In  the  second  subperiod^  extending  from  December  27  to  December 
30,  inclusive,  the  average  daily  balance  for  the  period  is  0.289.  The 
largest  positive  balance  for  the  period  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  5, 
namel}^,  1.968,  and  there  is  no  negative  balance. 

In  the  third  subperiod,  extending  from  December  31  to  January  3, 
inclusive,  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.031.  The  largest  positive 
balance  for  the  period  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  5,  1.786,  and  the 
largest  negative  balance  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  2.989. 

For  the  entire  preservative  period,  from  December  22  to  January 
3,  inclusive,  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.029.  The  largest  positive 
balance  for  this  period  in  any  case  is  found  in  No.  5,  namel}^,  3.255, 
and  the  largest  negative  balance  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  0.873. 

In  the  after  period,  extending  from  January  4  to  January  13,  inclu- 
sive, the  average  daily  balance  is  0.029.  The  largest  positive  balance 
during  this  period  is  found  ,in  the  case  of  No.  5,  namely,  3.494,  and 
the  largest  negative  balance  in  the  case  of  No.  6,  2.124. 

In  this  series  as  a  whole  it  is  seen  that  the  administration  of  the 


BORIC    ACID    ATSTD    BORAX.  221 

preserv^ative  caused  only  a  small  disturbance  in  the  phosphoric  acid 
balance — a  disturbance  of  such  a  magnitude  as  to  be  readily  accounted 
for  by  the  ordinary'  and  necessar^^  variations  in  the  sampling  and  col- 
lection of  samples  for  analysis.  Interpreted  literally,  it  is  seen  that 
in  the  iirst  preservative  subperiod  the  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid 
excreted  is  increased.  In  the  second  subperiod  the  quantity  is  dimin- 
ished. In  the  third  subperiod  thei'e  was  a  slight  increase  in  the 
(juantity  of  phosphoric  acid  excreted  over  the  fore  period.  The  after 
period  compared  with  the  fore  period  shows  a  slight  increase  in  the 
amount  of  phosphoric  acid  excreted,  while  it  is  the  same  as  the  entire 
preservative  period. 

SERIES   II. 

The  value  of  the  data  obtained  during  the  second  series  of  experi- 
ments, as  was  the  case  with  the  nitrogen  balance,  is  almost  completely 
vitiated  b}'  the  illness  of  the  members  of  the  table.  Nos.  8,  9,  and  11 
were  out  of  the  experiment  altogether  on  account  of  an  attack  of 
grippe.  Nos.  7,  10,  and  12  tinished  the  fore  period  and  two  preserva- 
tive subperiods,  Nos.  7  and  10  the  three  preservative  subperiods,  but 
all  were  so  ill  at  the  end  of  the  final  subperiod  that  the  after  period 
had  to  be  discarded  Avith  Nos.  10  and  12,  and  was  extremely  incom- 
plete for  No.  7.  The  fore  period  is  also  incomplete  in  this  respect 
on  account  of  the  failure  to  get  all  the  data  for  the  excreta  for  Janu- 
ary 19  and  20.  For  the  rest  of  the  fore  period,  considering  Nos.  7, 10, 
and  12,  it  is  seen  that  the  average  daily  balance  per  man  for  phosphoric 
acid  is  0.26  gram.  The  largest  positive  balance  for  the  whole  period  is 
found  in  the  case  of  No.  12,  namely,  5.16,  and  the  only  negative  bal- 
ance in  the  case  of  No.  1,  1.58. 

In  the  tirst  preservative  subperiod  the  data  for  No.  10  were  irregu- 
lar by  reason  of  illness  for  two  days,  during  which  time  the  excreta 
were  not  collected  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  of  any  value,  and  the  data 
were  discarded.  The  average  daily  balance  for  this  period  is  0.20. 
The  largest  positive  balance  for  the  period  is  in  the  case  of  No.  12, 
namely,  2.17,  and  the  only  negative  balance  in  the  case  of  No.  7,  1.03. 

For  the  s<;cond  subperiod  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.01.  The 
largest  positive  balance  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  12,  namely,  0.92, 
and  tht!  only  negative  balance  in  the  case  of  No.  10,  2.13. 

For  the  two  subperiods  of  January  28  to  February  4,  inclusive,  the 
average  daily  balance  is  0.07. 

TIk;  data  for  tlie  rcmaindi'i-  of  the  s(!ries  include  only  Nos.  7  and  10. 
For  the;  third  subperiod  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.06.  The  balance 
of  No.  10  is  positive,  namely,  1.45,  and  of  No.  7  negative,  0.97. 

For  t\\('  entire  pi'cscrvativc  period  from  January  28  to  February  8, 
inclusive,  the  average  daily  balance  is  —0.05.  Th(!re  is  a  j)ositive 
l)alarice  in  the  case  of  No.  lo,  namely,  0.17,  and  a  negatives  balance  in 
J  Ik,'  ease  of  No.  7,  1.30. 


222         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PKESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

As  has  been  before  intimated,  there  were  no  comparable  data  obtained 
for  the  after  period  on  account  of  the  illness  of  all  the  members  of  the 
class. 

SERIES  III. 

For  the  fore  period  the  average  daily  balance  for  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  5 
is  0.31  gram.  The  largest  positive  balance  for  the  period  is  found  in 
the  case  of  No.  4,  namely,  5.56,  and  the  only  negative  balance  in  the 
case  of  No.  1,  1.30. 

The  data  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod  are  incomplete  by 
reason  of  the  loss  of  all  the  samples  of  urine  for  March  2.  For  the 
other  three  days  the  average  daily  balance  is  —0.26.  The  largest  posi- 
tive balance  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  3,  namely,  0.77,  and  the  largest 
negative  balance  in  the  case  of  No.  5,  2.60.  No.  6,  by  reason  of  illness, 
took  no  part  in  this  and  the  subsequent  periods  of  this  series. 

For  the  second  subperiod,  March  4  to  7,  inclusive,  the  average  daily 
balance  is  0.08.  The  largest  positive  balance  for  the  period  is  found 
in  the  case  of  No.  3,  namely,  1.60,  and  the  only  negative  balance  in 
No.  4,  0.97. 

For  the  third  subperiod,  extending  from  March  8  to  11,  inclusive, 
the  average  daily  balance  is  0.08.  The  largest  positive  balance  for 
this  period  is  in  the  case  of  No.  1,  namely,  1.59,  and  the  only  negative 
balance  in  the  case  of  No.  4,  1 .56. 

For  the  three  subperiods,  extending  from  February  28  to  March  11, 
inclusive,  the  average  daily  balance  is  —0.02.  The  largest  positive 
balance  for  the  period  is  found  in  the  case  of  No.  3,  namel}^,  2.88,  and 
the  largest  negative  balance  in  No.  4,  3.87. 

For  the  after  period,  extending  from  March  12  to  March  19,  the 
average  daily  balance  is  0.65.  The  largest  positive  balance  is  found  in 
the  case  of  No.  5,  namely,  6.08,  and  the  smallest  positive  balance  in  No. 
1,  1.60.     There  were  no  negative  balances  during  this  period. 

In  studying  the  data  as  a  whole  it  is  seen,  as  in  the  case  of  the  first 
series,  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative  did  not  exert  any 
very  marked  effect  upon  the  excretion  of  phosphorus.  The  same 
tendency,  however,  which  is  manifested  in  the  first  series  is  maintained 
in  the  third,  i.  e.,  an  increase  during  the  preservative  period  in  the 
amount  of  phosphorus  excreted.  Unlike  the  first  series,  however, 
the  quantity  of  phosphorus  excreted  diminished  considerably  during 
the  after  period  of  the  third  series. 

SERIES   IV. 

During  the  fourth  series,  extending  from  March  20  to  April  22, 
inclusive,  there  was  a  considerable  derangement  of  the  comparative 
work  by  reason  of  illness  of  some  of  the  members  of  the  experimental 
table. 

Only  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  completed  the  entire  fourth  series.     No.  7 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  223 

completed  the  fore  period  and  the  iirst  preservative  subperiod;  No.  11 
completed  all  the  periods,  but  received  a  different  amount  of  preserv- 
ative from  that  given  to  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10.  In  the  table,  therefore, 
there  is  a  summary  of  the  data  for  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  for  the  entire 
period;  for  Nos.  7,  8,  9,  10,  and  12  for  the  fore  period  and  the  first 
preservative  subperiod,  and  for  Nos.  11  and  12  for  the  whole  period. 

In  the  case  of  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  it  is  seen  that  the  average  daily  bal- 
ance for  the  fore  period  is  0.51  gram.  The  highest  positive  balance 
for  the  period  is  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  namely,  6,  and  the  smallest 
positive  balance  is  in  No.  4,  1.95. 

For  the  first  preservative  subperiod  the  average  daily  balance  per  man 
is  —0.21:.  The  largest  negative  balance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  10,  namely, 
1.54,  and  the  smallest  in  No.  9,  0.01.     There  are  no  positive  balances. 

For  the  second  subperiod  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.54.  The 
largest  positive  balance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  9,  namelj^,  3.12,  and  the 
smallest  in  the  case  of  No.  10,  1.65.     There  are  no  negative  balances. 

For  the  two  subperiods  March  28^ to  April  4,  inclusive,  the  average 
daily  balance  is  0.15.  The  largest  positive  balance  is  in  the  case  of 
No.  9,  namely,  3.11,  and  the  smallest  in  No.  10,  0.11.  There  are  no 
negative  balances. 

For  the  third  subperiod  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.00.  The 
largest  positive  balance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  namely,  1.33,  and  the 
onh"  negative  balance  in  No.  9,  1.35. 

For  the  three  subperiods,  March  28  to  April  9,  inclusive,  the  aver- 
age daily  balance  is  0.09.  The  largest  positive  balance  is  in  the  case 
of  No.  9,  namely,  1.76,  and  the  smallest  in  No.  10,  0.14.  There  are 
no  negative  balances. 

For  the  fourth  subperiod  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.15.  The 
largest  positive  balance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  namely,  2.38,  and  the 
largest  negative  balance  is  in  the  ease  of  No.  9,  0.12. 

For  the  four  subperiods  from  March  28  to  April  14,  inclusive,  the 
average  daily  balance  is  0.11.  The  largest  positive  balance  is  in  the 
case  of  No.  8,  namely,  4.10  for  the  whole  period,  and  the  smallest  is 
in  No.  10,  0.12.     There  are  no  negative  balances. 

For  the  after  period  the  average  daily  balance  is  0.24.  The  largest 
positive  balance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  8,  namely,  2.98,  and  the  only 
negative  balance  is  in  the  case  of  No.  10,  0.30. 

(Considering  Nos.  7,  8,  9,  10,  and  12,  for  the  fore  period  the  average 
dail3'})alanceis0.28,  and  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod  it  is  —0.31. 

In  the  case  of  Nos.  11  and  12  there  were  some  irregularities  in  the 
conduct  of  the  experiment.  No.  11  was  not  under  observation  at 
all  from  ^fan-h  27  until  March  81,  and  No.  12  was  not  under  ol)serva- 
tion  until  A[)iil  3.  From  Maich  31  to  April  3  in  the  case  of  No.  11, 
and  from  April  3  lo  Ajxii  T.  in  llic  case  of  No.  12  constituted  the  fore 
periofl,  no  preservative;  being  given.     The  avcirage  daily  balance  for 


224       iisrFLUBJTCE  of  food  preservatives  on  health. 

this  period  for  the  two  members  is  0.Y3.  No.  11  from  April  4=  to  11, 
inclusive,  and  No.  12  from  April  6  to  11,  inclusive,  received  1  gram 
of  borax  per  day,  except  on  April  4,  when  No.  11  received  only  half 
a  gram.  On  April  12  and  13  each  received  2  grams,  and  on  April  14, 
3  grams.  The  average  daily  balance  for  this  period  (April  4-14)  is 
0.12.  During  the  after  period  the  average  daily  balance  for  the  two 
is  -0.01. 

The  value  of  the  data  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  11  and  12  is,  of  course, 
greatly  vitiated  by  reason  of  the  illness  of  these  two  members  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  experiment.  In  so  far  as  it  extends,  however,  they 
show  again  a  marked  increase  in  the  amount  of  phosphorus  excreted 
under  the  influence  of  the  borax  administered.  During  the  after 
period  this  increase  was  also  continued,  but  in  a  very  moderate  degree. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  data  of  Series  IV  for  comparison  with 
the  other  series  it  is  advisable  to  eliminate  all  except  the  complete  data 
for  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10,  Considering  these  data,  we  find  again  the  same 
tendency  as  in  Series  I  and  III  to  increase  the  quantity  of  phosphoric 
acid  excreted  under  the  influence  of  the  borax.  There  is  a  marked 
increase  in  excretion  during  the  administration  of  borax,  and  there  is 
a  tendency  shown  to  return  to  the  normal  state  by  decreasing  the 
phosphoric  acid  excreted  during  the  after  period. 


In  Series  V  the  data  are  complete  for  only  three  members,  namely, 
Nos.  1,  3,  and  5.  •  The  continued  illness  of  No.  6,  or,  rather,  his  failure 
to  regain  a  perfectly  normal  state,  excluded  the  data  in  his  case  from 
consideration.  No.  2  did  not  finish  the  fourth  preservative  subperiod, 
while  No.  4  did  not  finish  the  third  subperiod. 

In  the  fore  period,  extending  from  April  24  to  May  1,  the  average 
daily  balance  for  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5  is  —0.53.  There  are  no  positive 
balances  for  the  period.     The  largest  negative  balance  is  for  No.  5, 3. 96. 

During  the  whole  of  the  preservative  period,  extending  from  May 
2  to  June  20,  the  uniform  quantity  of  one-half  gram  of  boric  acid  was 
given  daily.  The  data  are  so  nearly  the  same  that  it  is  not  neces- 
sary to  enter  into  any  detailed  discussion.  The  period  was  divided 
into  four  subperiods  for  comparison.  During  the  first  and  second 
preservative  subperiods,  from  May  2  to  May  25,  inclusive,  the  aver- 
age daily  balance  for  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5  is  —0.30.  During  the  first, 
second,  and  third  subperiods,  from  May  2  to  June  6,  inclusive,  the 
mean  daily  balance  is  —0.35.  During  the  first,  second,  third,  and 
fourth  subperiods.  May  2  to  June  20,  the  average  daily  balance  is 
-0.34. 

During  the  after  period,  from  June  21  to  June  29,  inclusive,  the 
average  daily  balance  is  —0.30. 

The  data  show  practically  no  change  in  the  phosphoric -acid  balance 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  225 

botwoen  the  preservativo  find  aft(M"  periods,  while  in  each  case  the 
negative  number  is  smaller  than  for  the  fore  period.  The  explanation 
of  the  fact  that  in  this  series  the  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated 
is  greater  than  that  found  in  the  food,  is  not  evident.  It  may  have 
some  connection  with  the  advent  of  warm  weather,  but  this  is  only  a 
suggestion  and  not  in  any  sense  an  explanation  of  this  anomaly. 

COMPARISON   OF   PHOSPHORIC-ACID    BALANCES. 

These  data  show  notable  variations  in  the  quantity  of  phosphoric 
acid  excreted  during  the  period  of  the  observation.  In  order  to  bring 
together  the  whole  of  the  data  for  comparison,  as  was  done  in  the  case 
of  the  nitrogen  balance,  there  are  collected  in  the  following  tabular 
statement  the  mean  values  obtained  from  the  phosphoric-acid  balance 
during  the  several  series  and  periods  of  the  series  just  mentioned. 

Gram. 

Fore  periods -fO.  119 

Preservative  periods —  .  133 

After  iieriods +  .127 

These  collective  data  show  that,  while  the  influence  of  the  preserva- 
tive is  not  very  marked  on  the  metabolism  of  phosphorus  and  phos- 
phoric acid,  there  is  a  distinct  tendency  to  increase  the  quantity  of 
phosphoric  acid  excreted  during  the  period  of  the  administration  of 
the  preservative. 

Percentage  Eliminated. 

The  marked  differences  in  the  daily  percentages  of  phosphoric  acid 
eliminated  are  chiefly  explicable,  as  has  been  alread}^  intimated,  bj^  the 
fact  that  no  attempt  was  made  to  separate  the  feces  corresponding  to 
a  given  quantity  of  food  for  twent3'-four  hours  by  the  use  of  powdered 
charcoal  or  otherwise.  The  result  is,  therefore,  that,  by  reason  of  the 
great  daily  differences  in  the  quantit}^  of  urine  and  feces  excreted,  the 
daily  percentages  of  phosphoric  acid  excreted  vary  much  more  widely 
than  would  be  the  case  if  the  total  quantity  of  feces  and  urine  from 
the  food  for  the  period  of  twenty-four  hours  were  examined  as  a  whole. 
The  average  percentage  excreted  for  the  periods  in  each  case  is  deter- 
mined b}^  dividing  the  total  weight  of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  by 
the  total  weight  contained  in  the  food.  The  mathematical  average  of 
th(!  s('[)arate  averages  of  the  individual  cases  would  be  slightly  diff'cr- 
<'tit  fi-om  this  iigure.  It  may  be  added  also  in  this  connection  that  the 
phosphoric  acid,  that  is,  P^O;,,  which  is  considered  includes  not  only 
the  total  phosphorus  in  the  food  and  in  the  excreta  in  the  form  of 
])hospliorit;  acid,  but  also  the  organic  phosphorus  calculated  to  that 
form  of  combination. 

herih:h  I. 

During  the  fore  pericxl  the  average  daily  percentage  of  phosphoric 
acid  excreted  p(M-  man  is  UH;  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod, 

4242— No.  H4,  pt  1—04 15 


226        .INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

104.7-,  during-  the  second  subperiod,  92.9;  daring  the  third  subperiod, 
99.2;  during-  the  first,  second,  and  third  subperiods  together,  99.3,  and 
during  the  after  period,  99.2. 

In  these  data  it  is  seen  that  the  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  elimi- 
nated is  greater  during  the  preservative  period  than  during  the  fore 
period  and  almost  the  same  as  during  the  after  period.  In  this  connec- 
tion it  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  effect  of  the  boric  acid 
must  extend  to  a  considerable  part  of  the  after  period,  inasmuch  as  it 
requires  a  number  of  days  after  the  administration  of  t'he  preservative 
is  discontinued  before  the  accumulated  stock  in  the  body  is  completely 
eliminated. 

SERIES    II. 

In  this  series,  as  has  already  been  intimated,  the  data  are  incomplete 
by  reason  of  the  illness  of  Nos.  8,  9,  and  11  for  the  whole  period,  of 
No.  12  during  a  portion  of  the  preservative  period,  and  of  all  the 
members  of  the  class  during  the  after  period.  The  fragmentary  data 
may  be  of  some  value  and  are  given  complete  in  so  far  as  they  could 
be  determined. 

The  mean  daily  percentage  of  elimination  during  the  fore  period  of 
Nos.  7,  10,  and  12  in  Series  II  is  9-1.1;  during  the  first  preservative 
subperiod,  95.6;  during  the  second  subperiod,  lUl;  during  the  two  sub- 
periods  together,  98.4.  As  already  stated,  by  reason  of  the  illness  of 
the  entire  class  there  is  no  after  period. 

In  these  data,  fragmentary  though  they  are,  we  notice  a  marked 
increase  in  the  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  excreted  during  the  pre- 
servative period.  The  above  summary  stops  with  the  second  subpe- 
riod, as  No.  12  received  no  preservative  after  that  time.  Nos.  7  and 
10,  however,  continued  through  the  third  subperiod,  and  the  summar}^ 
for  these  two  men  shows  the  following  data: 

During  the  fore  period  the  average  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid- 
eliminated  is  99.4;  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  100.7;  for  the 
second  subperiod,  104.2;  for  the  two  subperiods  together,  102.7;  for 
the  third  subperiod,  98.6;  for  the  three  subperiods,  101.2. 

The  conclusion  based  on  the  data  for  the  three  subjects  above  men- 
tioned are  confirmed  by  the  data  for  the  two,  viz,  Nos.  7  and  10. 


SERIES    III. 


This  series  of  observations,  showing  the  percentage  of  phosphoric 
acid  eliminated,  is  also  incomplete  by  reason  of  the  illness  of  No.  6 
after  the  fore  period  and  No.  2  after  the  first  preservative  subperiod. 
The  other  data  are  complete.  The  mean  daily  percentage  of  elimina- 
tion of  phosphoric  acid  during  the  fore  period  is  93.6;  during  the  first 
preservative  subperiod,  105.6;  during  the  second,  98.2;  during  the 
third  subperiod,  97.7;  during  the  first,  second,  and  third  subperiods 
together,  100.4;  and  during  the  after  period,  86. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  227 

These  data  .show  a  marked  iiu-rease  in  the  percentage  of  phosphoric 
acid  eliminated  during  the  administration  of  the  boric  acid  and  a  very 
marked  decrease  during  the  after  period. 

The  summary  for  tire  men  shows  the  same  tendency  to  increase  the 
eUminatiou  of  phosphoric  acid  during  the  preservative  period. 


Attention  has  already  been  called  to  the  fragmentary  nature  of  the 
data  of  the  fourth  series,  and  this  fact  must  be  considered  in  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  data  in  so  far  as  they  have  been  obtained.  Only  in 
the  cases  of  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  are  complete  data  available.  In  these 
cases  it  is  seen  that  the  percentage  of  elimination  during  the  fore 
l)eriod  is  SJ>.C);  during  the  lirst  preservative  subperiod,  104.9;  during 
the  second,  S9.1;  during  the  first  and  second  subperiods  together,  96.9; 
during  the  third  subperiod,  100;  during  the  first,  second,  and  third 
together.  9S.  1 ;  during  the  fourth  subperiod,  96.9;  and  during  the  first, 
second,  third,  and  fourth  subperiods  together,  97.8;  during  the  after 
period,  i)4.6. 

In  this  series  we  again  see  a  marked  influence  exerted  to  increase 
the  excretion  of  the  phosphoric  acid  during  the  administration  of  the 
borax. 

In  the  c.ises  of  Nos.  11  and  12  illness  required  the  interruption  of 
the  o])s(M-vations  for  a  time.  They  were  subjected  to  renewed  observa- 
tions on  ^Nlarch  31  and  April  3,  respectively.  During  the  fore  period, 
which  lasted  to  April  3  and  April  5,  inclusive,  respectively,  the  per- 
centage of  phosphoric  acid  eliminated  is  79.  During  the  preservative 
period,  April  J-  to  April  14,  inclusive,  the  percentage  eliminated  is 
103.  During  the  after  period,  April  15  to  April  22,  inclusive,  the 
percentage  is  100.3.  These  data  show  the  same  tendency  as  those  for 
the  three  n)en,  l)ut  they  are  not  conclusive  by  reason  of  the  fact  that 
the  observations  began  innnediately  after  illness. 

SERIKS    V. 

In  this  period  we  hav(»  a  peculiar  condition  confronting  us.  It  nuist 
have  been  an  abnoiinal  period,  in  so  far  as  the  excretion  of  phosphoric 
acjfl  is  concerned,  throughout  the  wlioh^  of  its  duration  of  more  than 
two  months.  At  the  very  beginning  it  is  seen  that  the  amount  of  phos- 
l»lioric  acid  eliminated  during  the  fore  period  is  abnormal,  amounting 
lo  112.4  i)i'i-  cent  for  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5,  who  completed  the  entire  course. 
This  falls  during  the  first  ])reservative  subperiod  to  105.9.  It  rises 
during  the  first  and  s(!con(l  subperiods  together  to  106.8.  There  is 
again  a  slight  incrc^ase  in  the  lirst,  second,  and  third  sub|)eriods,  taken 
togeth(!r,  to  107.9  per  (-(Mit,  and  duiing  tln^  lirst,  sec(Mid,  third,'  and 
fourth  subperiods  the  percentage  is  aliout  the  same,  107.8.  During  the 
after  period  it  falls  to  106.3  per  cent.      It  is  thus  seen  that  the  data  for 


228  INFLUEINCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

the  entire  preservative  period,  namely,  107.8,  «liow  a  slight  decrease 
from  the  fore  period,  and  the  decrease  continues  during  the  after 
period. 

As  has  been  the  case  with  all  the  calculations,  the  individual  data  have 
been  carefully  checked  and  found  to  be  correct.  If  any  error,  there- 
fore, has  crept  into  the  observations  it  has  been  in  the  imperfect  col- 
lection of  samples,  or  other  errors  in  analysis  which  could  not  now  be 
corrected.  As  the  analytical  data,  however,  were  compiled  by  the 
same  experts  throughout  the  entire  course,  it  is  hardly  likely  that  they 
would  have  been  influenced  by  a  systematic  error  running  through  the 
whole  series.  It  is  true  that  four  of  the  subjects  experimented  upon 
during  the  fifth  series  had  already  passed  through  two  periods  of  borax 
administration  previous  to  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  series.  They 
were  members  of  the  first  and  third  classes.  It  is  hardly  probable, 
however,  that  there  would  have  been  any  continued  influence  relating 
to  the  excretion  of  phosphorus  remaining  from  the  experimental 
work  of  the  first  and  third  series.  It  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of  regret 
that  data  of  this  kind  should  show  apparent  contradictions,  but  prob- 
ably it  is  unavoidable  when  the  experiment  is  conducted,  as  in  this 
case,  with  so  many  individuals,  extending  over  so  long  a  period,  and 
without  that  absolute  control  which  would  be  desirable  if  practicable. 

COMPARISON    OF   PERCENTAGES    OF   PHOSPHORIC   ACID    ELIMINATED. 

In  order  to  bring  together  as  a  whole  the  results  of  the  experimental 
work,  the  mean  data  obtained  are  compared  in  the  following  tabular 
statement: 

Per  cent. 

Fore  periods 97.  3 

Preservative  periods _ 103. 1 

After  periods 97. 0 

The  above  summary  shows  a  marked  influence  exerted  by  the  admin- 
istration of  borax  upon  the  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid.  While  it  is 
true  that  there  are  man}'-  contradictory  data,  yet  it  must  be  admitted 
that  when  the  whole  work  is  compared  the  influence  mentioned  above 
is  clearl}"  brought  out. 

Another  point  to  be  considered  is  that  this  influence  is  manifested 
even  in  the  first  periods  of  the  administration  of  borax,  when  the  quan- 
tities are  extremely  small  as  compared  with  those  subsequently  given. 
It  is  thus  fair  to  conclude  that  even  small  quantities  of  borax  have  a 
tendency  to  influence  in  a  marked  degree  the  excretion  of  phosphorus. 
The  question  of  whether  or  not  such  an  increase  is  useful  or  deleteri- 
ous may  be  difficult  to  decide  definitely.  One  point,  however,  is 
brought  out  in  a  vivid  light,  namely,  that  as  a  whole  the  normal  con- 
ditions attending  the  digestion  of  ordinary  food  are  decidedly  dis- 
turbed by  the  addition  of  this  preservative.     It  is  necessary,  therefore, 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  229 

in  order  to  justify  its  use,  that  some  positive  evidence  be  produced  to 
show  that  this  disturbance  of  a  normal  condition  is  of  a  beneficial 
nature. 

FAT. 
Balanxe. 

This  balance  has  been  calculated  for  Series  II  to  V,  inclusive,  no  data 
having  been  obtained  in  Series  1.  (See  Tables  LXVII-LXXV.)  The 
fat  balance,  of  course,  is  unsatisfactory  because  of  the  inability  to  get 
meat  with  a  constant  percentage  of  fat.  The  amount  of  fat  exhibited 
in  the  dailv  rations,  therefore,  varied  considerably,  and  likewise  in 
the  periodic  rations.  For  this  reason  the  expression  of  the  fat  balance 
for  each  period  may  not  always  coincide  with  the  percentage  of  fat 
eliminated. 

SERIES   II. 

For  the  fore  period,  January  19-27,  inclusive,  the  average  daily  fat 
balance  per  man  for  Nos.  7,  10,  and  12  is  138.34  grams;  for  the  first 
preservative  subperiod,  -Fanuary  29-31,  inclusive,  134.88;  for  the  sec- 
ond subperiod,  February  1-4,  inclusive,  126.63;  for  the  first  and  second 
subperiods  together,  January  28  to  February  4,  inclusive,  130.38. 
The  balance  for  the  third  preservative  subperiod  is,  in  the  case  of 
No.  12,  subject  to  the  same  criticism  as  has  already  been  made, 
namely,  that  during  this  period  No.  12  was  almost  ill  and  not  able 
to  eat  full  rations.  This  accounts  especially  for  the  abnormal  balances 
of  Februar}'  6,  7,  and  8.  No.  12  is  no  longer  under  observation  after 
this  time.  It  is  necessary,  therefore,  to  confine  the  comparison  of 
datii  to  those  for  Nos.  7  and  10.  For  the  fore  period  the  balance  for 
these  two  is  141.77;  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  136.85;  for 
the  second  subperiod,  134.76;  for  the  third  subperiod,  122.29;  and  for 
the  first,  second,  and  third  together,  130.80.  Thei'e  was  no  after 
period  in  Series  II. 

The  data  of  this  table  show  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserva- 
tive during  the  time  it  was  administered  to  decrease  the  absorption 
of  fat. 

SERIES   III. 

F'our  members  of  the  class  were  present  and  under  observation  dur- 
ing the  entire  series.  For  th(^m  the  daily  average  fat  balance  for  the 
fore  period,  February  19-27,  inclusive,  is  106.93.  For  the  first  pre- 
servative Kub[)eriod,  February  28  to  March  3,  inclusive,  the  daily  fat 
balaricj;  is  117.74;  the  second  sub])(;riod,  March  4-7,  inclusive,  115. .54; 
for  the  third  subperiod,  March  8-11,  inclusive,  96.78;  for  the  first, 
second,  and  third  subperiods  togeth(;r,  F(!f)i-uary  '2S  to  March  11,  inclu- 
sive, it  is  109.85;  and  for  the  after  period,  March  12-19,  inclusive, 
100.64. 


230         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

There  seems  to  be  no  regularity  in  this  case  regarding  the  influence 
of  the  preservative  upon  the  fat  balance.  There  is  a  decided  increase 
in  the  fat  balance  during  the  first  and  second  subperiods,  and  a  marked 
decrease  during  the  third  subperiod.  AVhen  the  three  subperiods  are 
taken  together  they  show  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  fat  absorbed. 
During  the  after  period  the  fat  balance  is  considerably  increased  over 
that  of  the  last  preservative  subperiod. 

SERIES    IV. 

Only  three  members  of  the  class  completed  the  fourth  series  of 
observations,  namely,  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10.  The  average  fat  balance  for 
the  fore  period,  March  20-27,  inclusive,  is  1M.32;  for  the  first  pre- 
servative subperiod,  March  28-31,  inclusive,  107.85;  for  the  second 
subperiod,  April  1-4,  inclusive,  114.32;  for  the  first  and  second  sub- 
periods  together,  March  28  to  April  4,  inclusive,  111.08;  for  the  third 
subperiod,  April  5-9,  inclusive,  112.34;  for  the  first,  second,  and 
third  subperiods  taken  together,  March  28  to  April  9,  inclusive, 
111.56;  for  the  fourth  subperiod,  April  10-14,  inclusive,  110.05;  for 
the  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  together,  March  28  to  April  14, 
inclusive,  111.15;  and  for  the  after  period,  April  15-22,  inclusive, 
105.40. 

These  data  show  that  during  the  four  preservative  subperiods  the 
amount  of  fat  consumed  in  the  body  is  somewhat  less  than  during  the 
fore  period.  During  the  after  period  the  amount  of  fat  consumed  is 
considerably  diminished. 

Nos.  11  and  12  were  ill  at  the  beginning  of  the  series  and  were  not 
placed  under  observation  until  March  31  and  Api'il  3,  respectively, 
and  the  fore  period  was  only  four  days  for  No.  11  and  three  days  for 
No.  12.  The  fat  balance  for  the  fore  period  is  62.69;  for  the  preser- 
vative period  84.44;  for  the  after  period  79.38.  In  this  case  it  is  not 
advisable  to  make  any  comparison  with  the  fore  period,  by  reason  of 
its  extreme  shortness  and  the  preceding  bad  condition  of  both  subjects. 


Onl}^  three  members  of  the  class,  viz,  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5,  completed  the 
entire  series.  During  the  fore  period,  April  24  to  May  1,  inclusive, 
the  fat  balance  is  99.32;  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod.  May 
2-13,  inclusive,  it  is  101.45;  for  the  second  subperiod,  May  14-25,  inclu- 
sive, 92.33;  for  the  first  and  second  subperiods  together,  Ma}^  2-25,  inclu- 
sive, 96.96;  for  the  first,  second,  and  third  subperiods.  May  2  to  June 
6,  inclusive,  it  is  94.22;  and  during  the  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth 
subperiods  taken  together.  May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  93.38.  The 
fat  balance  during  the  after  period,  June  21-29,  inclusive,  is  100.17. 

These  data  show  that  there  is  a  slight  increase  in  the  amount  of  fat 
absorbed  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod  as  compared  with  the 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  231 

fore  period.  During  the  first  and  second  subperiods  there  is  a  decrease. 
During  the  first,  second,  and  third  and  also  during  the  first,  second, 
third,  and  fourth  subperiods  the  amount  of  fat  absorbed  in  the  body  is 
very  much  less  than  during  the  fore  period.  During  the  after  period 
the  fat  balance  is  slightly  increased. 

COMPARISON    OF   FAT   BALANCES. 

Bringing  together  the  data  for  Series  III,  IV,  and  V,  for  the  sake  of 
a  general  comparison,  we  have  the  following  tabular  statement,  taken 
from  Taljle  LXXV : 

Grams. 

Fore  periods 106.  96 

Preservative  periods 100.  37 

After  periods 101.  86 

The  data  indicate,  when  the  averages  for  the  fore  periods  and  pre- 
servative periods  are  compared,  a  considerabl}'^  decreased  combustion 
of  the  fat,  with  a  tendency  to  return  during  the  after  period  to  the 
normal  for  the  fore  period. 

Percentage  Eliminated, 
series  ii. 

The  expres.sion  of  the  relation  between  the  fat  consumed  and  the  fat 
eliminated  is,  as  has  been  already  intimated,  more  conveniently  given 
in  th(?  form  of  percentages.  If  the  quantities  of  fat  consumed  in  the 
various  periods  of  each  .series  had  been  absolutely  the  same,  then  the 
expression  of  percentages  of  fat  eliminated  would  have  had  the  same 
relative  increase  or  decrease  in  magnitude  as  the  expression  for  the 
fat  balances.     This,  however,  has  not  always  been  the  case. 

The  expression  for  the  percentage  of  fat  eliminated  l)y  Nos.  7,  10, 
and  12  for  the  fore  period  of  Series  II,  January  19-27,  inclusive,  is 
4.2;  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  January  28-31,  inclusive, 
5.0;  for  the  second  subperiod,  February  1-4,  inclusive,  5.4;  for  the 
fir.st  and  second  sul^pcriods  together,  January  28  to  February  4,  inclu- 
sive, 5.5;  for  the  third  subpcn-iod,  February  5-8,  inclusive,  6;  for  the 
entire  preservative  period,  January  28  to  Februar^^  8,  inclusiv^e,  5.6. 

Th(!  percentages  for  Nos.  7  and  10  are  as  follows:  For  the  fore  period, 
4.*;;  first  preservative  su>)period,  0.1;  second  subperiod,  5.8;  third  sub- 
period,  6;  entire  pieservativc;  period,  6. 

rii(!re  was  no  after  period,  on  account  of  the  illness  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  th(;  class. 

Thes(r  data  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the;  inllucncc  of  the  borax 
upon  th(;  combustion  of  the  fat  is  slightly  restrictive,  the  percentage 
of  fat  eliminated  having  iiicreas(;d  during  the  administration  of  the 
preservative.  Tin;  data,  liowevc^',  ai'e  not  <'onchisive,  on  account  of 
tli(!  lack  of  the  after  period.  At  any  rate  the  influence,  even  if  it 
exists,  is  not  signilieanl. 


232  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


During  the  fore  period,  February  19-27,  inclusive,  for  the  four  men, 
viz,  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  6,  who  completed  the  entire  course,  the  percent- 
age of  fat  eliminated  is  6,1;  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod, 
February  28  to  March  3,  inclusive,  4.9;  during  the  second  subperiod, 
March  4-7,  inclusive,  4.7;  for  the  third  subperibd,  March  8-11,  inclu- 
sive, 2.8;  for  the  first,  second,  and  third,  taken  together,  February 
28  to  March  11,  inclusive,  4.2;  and  for  the  after  period,  March  12-19, 
inclusive,  3.7. 

These  data  show  an  indication  conflicting  with  those  of  Series  II, 
since  they  seem  to  show  that  the  percentage  of  fat  absorbed  in  the 
body  is  increased  under  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  This 
influence,  also,  does  not  seem  to  pass  away  entirely  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  after  period. 

SERIES   IV. 

In  the  case  of  the  three  members  of  the  table  who  completed  the 
entire  course  (Nos.  8,  9,  and  10)  it  is  seen  that  the  percentage  of  fat 
eliminated  during  the  fore  period,  from  March  20  to  27,  inclusive,  is  3,3; 
during  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  March  28-31,  inclusive,  5; 
during  the  second  subperiod,  April  1-4,  inclusive,  3.2;  during  the  first 
and  second  together,  March  28  to  April  4,  inclusive,  4.1;  during  the 
third  subperiod,  April  5-9,  inclusive,  3,6;  during  the  first,  second, 
and  third  subperiods  together,  March  28  to  April  9,  inclusive,  3.9; 
during  the  fourth  subperiod,  April  10-14,  inclusive,  3.7;  for  the  four 
subperiods,  March  28  to  April  14,  inclusive,  3.8;  and  for  the  after 
period,  April  15-22,  inclusive,  3.6. 

These  data  show  a  very  slight  influence,  if  any,  exerted  by  the  pre- 
servative on  the  percentage  of  fat  eliminated.  There  must  have  been 
a  considerable  increase  in  the  case  of  the  first  preservative  subperiod, 
but  no  marked  differences  thereafter. 


Only  three  members  of  this  class  completed  the  entire  series,  viz, 
Nos.  1,  3,  and  5.  During  the  fore  period,  April  24  to  May  1,  inclusive, 
the  percentage  of  fat  eliminated  is  3.4;  during-  the  first  preservative 
subperiod,  May  2-13,  inclusive,  it  is  3.7;  during  the  first  and  second 
subperiods,  May  2-25,  inclusive,  3.8;  during  the  first,  second,  and 
third  subperiods,  May  2  to  June  6,  inclusive,  3.8;  during  the  first, 
second,  third,  and  fourth  together.  May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  4; 
during  the  after  period,  June  21-29,  inclusive,  5.4. 

These  data  show  a  progressive  increase  in  the  percentage  of  fat 
eliminated  up  to  and  including  the  after  period.  They  do  not  indicate 
any  marked  influence  of  the  preservative  in  its  relation  to  the  con- 
sumption-of  fat. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  233 

COMPARISON    OF    PERCENTAriES   OF    FAT    ELIMINATED. 

For  ii  general  view  of  the  influence  of  the  preservative  upon  the 
percentage  of  the  fat  eliminated  it  is  desirable  to  review  the  data  as  a 
whole.  For  this  purpose  the}'  are  collected  into  the  following  tabular 
statement,  taken  from  Table  LXXV  (p.  886): 

Per  cent. 

Fore  periods 4. 1 

Preservative  periods 4.0 

After  periods _ 4.2 

The  data  as  a  whole  seem  to  indicate  a  very  slight  influence  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  in  increasing  the  percentage  of  fat  consumed 
in  the  body.  This  action  nmst  be  of  \'erv  small  magnitude,  and  the 
data  are  so  contradictory  in  regard  to  it  individually  that  the  evidence 
as  a  whole  nmst  be  construed  with  this  fact  kept  in  view. 

CALORIES. 
Balance. 

It  was  considered  that  it  would  be  of  interest  to  study  the  efi:'ect  of 
the  added  preservative  upon  the  oxidation  of  the  carbohydrates,  fats, 
and  other  oxidizable  substances  in  the  foods  during  their  passage 
through  the  bod3^  To  this  end  the  heat-producing  power  of  the  foods 
was  determined  by  a  combustion  in  an  atmosphere  of  oxidation  in  the 
usual  way,  and  this  was  compared  with  the  amount  of  heat-producing 
materials^  left  in  the  excreta.  (See  Tables  LXXVI-LXXXIV.)  In 
the  latter  case  a  partial  determination  of  the  heat  value  was  made  by 
direct  combustion  in  the  bomb  for  Series  II,  while  in  the  case  of 
Series  III,  IV,  and  V  the  heat  value  of  the  urine  was  calculated  from 
its  anah'sis.  Numerous  comparisons,  however,  of  direct  determina- 
tion of  heat  value  and  calculation  from  analysis  indicate  that  the  results 
of  the  two  methods  are  suflSciently  near  together  to  serve  for  purposes 
of  comparison  wluni  large  numbers  of  samples  arc  considered. 

It  is  evident  that  where  the  body  is  neither  gaining  nor  losing  in 
weight  the  calories  balance  represents  the  actual  quantity  of  heat  pro- 
duced during  the  passage  of  the  food  through  the  bod3^ 

No  calories  were  determined  in  Series  I. 


In  Series  II  the  calories  were  studied  in  the  case  of  only  three  of  the 
mr;mbers  of  the  class,  and  at  the  end  of  the  preservative  period  these 
three  were  also  ill,  so  that  the  con)plction  of  the  series  by  a  study  of 
the  aft(!r  p(!iiod  could  not  be  accomplished.  The  summary'  for  Nos, 
7  and  10  is  disfnjs.sed,  as  No.  12  did  not  take  tlu^  ])reservative  through- 
out the  third  subperiod. 

Duringthi'fon^  period  in  this  case,  January  '21-27,  in(;lu8ive,  the  aver- 
age daily  balanc^e  for  Nos.  7  and   lo  for  the  (;aloiies  is  ;'.,-l:l.S.3;  for  t\u\ 


234  INB^LUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

first  preservative  subperiod,  January  28-31,  inclusive,  it  is  3,253.8;  for 
the  second  subperiod,  February  1-4,  inclusive,  3,411;  for  the  two  sub- 
periods,  January  28  to  February  4,  inclusive,  3,343.6;  for  the  third 
subperiod,  February  5-8,  inclusive,  it  is  3,439.1.  For  the  three  sub- 
periods,  January  28  to  February  8,  inclusive,  it  is  3,378.3. 

A  study  of  this  balance  sheet,  although  the  data  are  imperfect, 
shows  that  by  the  administration  of  boric  acid  no  considerable  change 
in  the  amount  of  food  burned  in  the  body  was  produced. 


In  this  series  the  data  are  also  incomplete,  by  reason  of  the  illness  of 
Nos.  2  and  6  after  the  completion  of  the  fore  period,  from  February 
19  to  27,  inclusive.  The  average  daily  balance  of  the  calories  for  this 
period  for  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  5  is  2,858;  for  the  first  preservative  sub- 
period,  extending  from  February  28  to  March  3,  inclusive,  it  is  2,949; 
for  the  second  subperiod,  March  4-7,  inclusive,  it  is  2,788.27;  for  the 
third  subperiod,  March  8-11,  inclusive,  it  is  2,233.11.  For  the  three 
subperiods,  February  28  to  March  11,  inclusive,  the  average  dailj'' 
balance  of  the  calories  is  2,650.19;  and  for  the  after  period,  March 
12-19,  inclusive,  it  is  2,728.07. 

The  data  on  this  sheet  show  a  slight  increase  in  the  combustion  of 
the  food  during  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  a  slight  decrease 
during  the  second  subperiod,  a  decided  decrease  during  the  third  sub- 
period,  and  a  slight  decrease  in  the  three  subperiods  taken  together, 
with  a  tendency  in  the  after  period  to  return  to  the  normal  of  the  fore 
period. 

SERIES    IV. 

Only  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  were  able  to  complete  the  whole  of  Series  IV, 
and  while  the  data  are  given  for  the  other  members  of  the  class,  in  so 
far  as  the  observation  extends,  the  comparison  is  necessaril}'  based  only 
upon  those  who  completed  the  series. 

The  average  daily  balance  during  the  fore  period,  March  20-27, 
inclusive,  for  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  is  3,440.76;  for  the  first  preservative 
subperiod,  March  28-31,  inclusive,  3,377,85;  for  the  second  subperiod, 
April  1-4,  inclusive,  3,365.34;  for  the  two  subperiods  March  28  to 
April  4,  inclusive,  3,371.60;  forthe  third  subperiod,  April  5-9,  inclusive, 
it  is  3,465.80;  for  the  three  subperiods  from  March  28  to  April  9,  inclu- 
sive, 3,407.83;  for  the  fourth  subperiod,  April  10-14,  .inclusive,  it  is 
3,388.86;  for  the  four  subperiods  March  28  to  April  14,  inclusive,  it  is 
3,402.28;  for  the  after  period,  April  15-22,  inclusive,  it  is  3,051.94. 

The  data  on  this  balance  sheet  show  but  little  variation  in  the  balance 
for  the  calories  during  the  fore  period  and  the  four  preservative  sub- 
periods.  Yet  they  indicate  a  restraining  influence  of  the  preservative 
on  the  combustion  of  the  food.  These  data,  however,  must  first  be 
compared  with  the  actual  amounts  of  calories  in  the  ingested  food,  as  is 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  285 

done  in  otik-ulations  of  t  he  porcentag-es  of  the  calories  eliminated.  Dur- 
in<i'  the  after  period  the  data  show  a  very  largely  decreased  combustion 
of  the  food. 

SEKIES    V. 

The  data  for  Series  V  are  based  on  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5  onh'.  During 
the  fore  period,  from  April  2-1  to  May  1,  the  average  dailj^  balance  is 
3,153;  during  the  tirst  preservative  subperiod,  May  2-13,  inclusive,  it 
is  3,396.71;  during  the  first  and  second  subperiods,  Ma}^  2-25,  inclu- 
sive, it  is  3,241.04;  during  the  tirst,  second,  and  third  subperiods.  May 
2  to  June  6,  inclusive,  it  is  3,112.32;  during  the  tirst,  second,  third, 
and  fourth  .sul)periods,  Ma3"  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  it  is  3,087.05; 
during  the  after  period,  June  21-29,  inclusive,  it  is  3,096.18. 

The  data  on  this  balance  sheet  show  an  increased  combustion  during 
the  tirst  and  second  preservative  subperiods.  The  other  subperiods 
show,  however,  a  diminished  combustion  of  the  food  quite  marked  in 
character,  while  the  after  period  shows  the  same  tendency. 

COMPARISON   f)F   CALORIES   BALANCES. 

In  order  to  secure  a  general  expression  of  the  effect  of  the  added 
preservative  upon  the  processes  of  combustion,  as  in  the  other  cases, 
it  is  desiral)le  to  ])ring  together  all  the  data  into  one  expression,  show- 
ing the  average  daily  balances  of  calories  per  man  throughout  the 
entire  experiment,  In'  pei'iods.  This  is  done  in  the  following  tal)ular 
statement,  taken  from  Table  LXXXIV  (p.  422): 

Calories. 

Fore  perivds -  - .  -i,  113.  58 

Preservative  jieriods ■'),  078.  28 

After  periods 2,  950.  75 

The  combination  of  the  data  as  shown  above  indicates  that  the  total 
influence  of  the  borax  upon  the  combu.stion  of  the  food  is  not  very 
marked.  There  is.  however,  a  tendency  to  a  less  complete  combustion, 
since  the  average  balance  for  the  preservative  periods  is  slightly  less 
than  that  for  the  fore  periods  and  still  less  for  the  after  periods.  Too 
nmch  stress,  however,  can  not  be  laid  upon  this  point,  by  reason  of 
the  ccmtradictory  natures  of  the  data  in  the  several  series,  and  from 
the  further-  fact  that  variations  in  the  temperature,  due  to  seasonal 
or  other  influences  and  other  factors  beyond  control,  have  a  decided 
influence  on  the  total  amount  of  h(;at  i)roduced.  It  is  cxident  that 
w  h(!n  exposed  to  a  low  temp<'ratur(!  the  amount  of  heat  developed  in 
th(!  body  nuist  neces.sarily  be  greater  and  the  amount  of  the  consumj)- 
tion  (jf  combustible  matters  in  the  food  be  thus  inci-eased.  No  definite; 
conclusion,  I  ln!i-(;fore,  can  be  safely  drawn  from  the;  data  collected. 

l*Ki{ri:.vr \ok  IOiiminated. 

A  difliTCMt  (!xpr(!Ssion  of  the  ciianges  which  fhe  combustible  matter 
in  the   food  undergoes   in   the   body,  and   one   perhaps  which   is  more 


236  IlSrFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH.' 

valuable  than  the  expression  of  the  calories  balance,  is  the  statement 
of  the  percentage  eliminated.  This  percentage  subtracted  from  100 
will  give  in  each  case  the  proportion  of  the  total  combustible  matter 
consumed. 

The  data  are  given  only  from  Series  II  to  V,  inclusive,  as  they  were 
not  collected  for  the  first  series. 


This  imperfect  series  is  given  simply  for  the  sake  of  record,  and  not 
because  the  data  in  their  incomplete  state  are  of  an}^  particular  signifi- 
cance. The  percentage  of  the  calories  eliminated  for  Nos.  Y  and  10  in 
the  fore  period,  January  19-27,  inclusive,  is  ^.6;  in  the  first  preserva- 
tive subperiod,  January  28-31,  inclusive,  7.7;  in  the  second  subperiod, 
February  1-4,  inclusive,  7.2;  in  the  two  subperiods  from  January  28 
to  February  4,  inclusive,  7.4;  for  the  third  subperiod,  February  6-8, 
inclusive,  6.6;  for  the  three  subperiods,  January  28  to  February  8, 
inclusive,  7.1.  No  complete  data  were  obtained  in  any  case  for  the 
after  period  on  account  of  the  illness  of  all  the  members  of  the  table. 

It  is  seen  that  but  little  influence  was  produced  on  the  percentage  of 
calories  eliminated  by  the  administration  of  boric  acid.  What  little 
influence  was  exerted,  however,  seems  to  show  a  tendency  to  prevent 
the  consumption  of  combustible  matter  in  the  food  when  this  pre- 
servative is  administered. 

SEEIES   III. 

In  this  series  the  data  are  complete  for  four  members — viz,  Nos,  1, 
3,  4,  and  5 — the  other  two  having  been  ill  during  a  part  of  the  period 
of  observation. 

For  the  fore  period,  February  19-27,  inclusive,  the  percentage  of 
calories  eliminated  is  7.1;  for  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  Feb- 
ruary 28  to  March  3,  inclusive,  it  is  7.4;  for  the  second  subperiod, 
March  4-7,  inclusive,  it  is  6.8;  for  the  third  subperiod,  March  8-11, 
inclusive,  6.8;  for  the  three  subperiods  February  28  to  March  U, 
inclusive,  7,  and  for  the  after  period,  March  12-19,  inclusive,  6.8. 

The  data  of  this  table  show  but  little  influence  exerted  by  the  borax 
upon  the  percentage  of  calories  eliminated  except  in  the  first  preserva- 
tive subperiod,  which  shows  a  slight  retarding  effect  on  combustion. 

SERIES    IV. 

In  Series  IV  the  data  are  complete  for  only  Nos.  8,  9,  and  10.  For 
these  three  in  the  fore  period,  extending  from  March  20  to  March  27, 
inclusive,  the  percentage  of  calories  eliminated  is  5.7;  in  the  first  pre- 
servative subperiod,  March  28-31,. inclusive,  7.2;  in  the  second  sub- 
period,  April  1-4,  inclusive,  5.8;  for  the  first  and  second  subperiods 
together,  March  28  to  April  4,  inclusive,  6.5;  in  the  third  subperiod. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  237 

April  5-0,  inclusive,  5.9;  for  the  tir.st,  second,  and  third  subperiods, 
March  i!S  to  April  9,  inclusive,  6.3;  for  the  fourth  subperiod,  April 
10-14,  inclusive,  5.9,  and  for  the  first,  second,  third,  and  fourth  sub- 
periods,  ]\Iai'ch  28  to  April  14,  6.2.  The  percentage  eliminated  during- 
the  after  period  is  6.2. 

Here  again  we  find  but  little  disturbance  in  the  percentage  of  calo- 
ries eliminated  by  reason  of  the  administration  of  the  borax. 

In  the  cases  of  Nos,  11  and  12  the  observations  were  irregular  in 
time  by  reason  of  their  illness  during  the  fore  period.  They  were  first 
placed  under  observation  March  31  and  April  3,  respectively,  for  a 
fore  period  which  lasted  only  four  and  three  days,  respectively.  The 
percentage  of  calories  eliminated  in  the  fore  period  is  6.3;  in  the  pre- 
servative period,  6;  in  the  after  period,  6.3.  These  data  show  but 
little  efl'ect  produced  on  food  combustion,  but  that  little  is  to  increase 
it  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 

SERIES    V. 

Only  three  members  of  the  class,  viz,  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5,  completed 
the  entire  series,  and  the  following  data  refer  to  them  alone. 

During  the  fore  period,  extending  from  April  24  to  May  1,  inclu- 
sive, the  percentage  of  calories  eliminated  is  6.3;  during  the  first  pre- 
servative subperiod,  May  2  to  13,  it  is  6.1;  during  the  first  and  second 
subperiods,  May  2  to  25,  inclusive,  6.2;  during  the  first,  second,  and 
thii-d  subperiods.  May  2  to  June  6,  inclusive,  6.5,  and  during  the  first, 
second,  third,  and  fourth  subperiods.  May  2  to  June  20,  inclusive,  6.7. 
During  the  after  period  the  percentage  of  calories  eliminated  is  7.7. 
These  data  show  a  growing  tendency  to  diminish  the  combustion  of 
the  foods  under  the  administration  of  the  preservative,  and  this  tend- 
ency is  greatly  increased  during  the  after  period.  If  the  decrease  in 
the  calories  balance  during  the  preservative  period  is  due  to  the  efi'ect 
of  the  borax,  it  should  have  ceased  with  the  withdrawal  of  the  preserv- 
ative, unless  digestion  was  so  impaired  as  to  result  in  a  continuing 
effect. 

COMPARlScm    OF    PERCENTAGES   OF   CALORIES    ELIMINATED. 

Collecting  the  average  data  showing  the  percentage  of  calories 
eliminated  for  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  series  of  observations  by 
peiiods,  w(!  have  the  following  statement,  taken  from  Talkie  LXXXIV: 

Per  cent. 

Fore  periods 6.  4 

Prenervative  periods 6.  6 

A  fter  fHiriods 7.0 

These  data  show  a  slight  tendency  on  the;  i)art  of  the  borax  to 
diminish  the  pen^'ntage  of  combustion  of  the  foods.  On  the  removal 
of  th(;  pre.servativr;  from  the;  food  the  decrease  in  combustion  continues 
and  in  a  more  marked  manner.     The  data  are  not  wholly  decisive,  but 


238  INFLUEISrCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

very  suggestive.  Whether  this  influence  is  due  to  an  actual  inhibitory 
efi'ect  of  the  borax  upon  the  combustion  of  the  food,  or  whether  it  is 
due  to  a  diminution  in  the  activity  of  the  first  processes  of  digestion, 
whereby  less  of  the  combustible  material  is  made  available  for  absorp- 
tion and  assimilation,  can  be  determined  only  by  a  more  intimate  com- 
parative study  of  the  composition  of  the  feces  and  urine. 

SOLIDS   BALANCE. 

The  object  of  this  study  is  to  ascertain  the  total  dry  matter  in  the 
food  and  its  fate  in  the  alimentary  canal  and  in  metabolism.  The 
moisture-free  matters  ingested  are  compared  with  the  total  solids 
recovered  in  the  feces  and  urine.  This  has  been  done  for  each  indi- 
vidual member  of  the  class  for  each  series  and  for  the  periods  and 
subperiods  of  the  investigation.  Tables  LXXXV-XCV  (pp.  423-461) 
contain  the  daily  data  for  each  case. 


In  Series  I  the  part  of  the  fore  period  covered  is  December  16-21 
only.  It  will  be  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  the  discussion  to  call 
attention  to  the  summaries  rather  than  to  the  individual  data.  The 
latter  are  found  in  the  tables,  and  if  a  more  detailed  study  of  indi- 
viduals is  desired  these  can  be  utilized. 

Of  20,603.9  grams  of  solids  ingested  in  the  food  in  the  period  men- 
tioned, 865.6  grams,  or  4.2  per  cent,  are  found  in  the  feces  and  9.T  per 
cent  in  the  urine.  The  total  percentage  recovered  in  the  feces  and 
urine  is  13.9,  and  the  balance  is  17,731.432  grams.  The  average  daily 
quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  of  each  person  is  589  grams,  of  which 
24.7  appear  in  the  feces  and  82.04  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  daily 
balance  is  506.958.  In  the  first  preservative  subperiod,  extending 
from  December  22  to  December  26,  it  is  seen  that  4.4  per  cent  of  the 
ingested  solids  appear  in  the  feces  and  14.5  in  the  feces  and  urine. 
The  average  dail}^  quantity  of  solids  in  the  foods  for  this  period  is 
605  grams,  of  which  26.4  grams  appear  in  the  feces  and  87.59  grams 
in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  average  daily  balance  during  this  period 
is  517.408  grams.  During  the  second  subperiod  the  average  daily 
solids  in  the  food  are  635  grams,  of  which  28.3  grams  appear  in  the 
feces  and  86.221  in  the  feces  and  urine,  leaving  a  balance  of  548.779 
grams.  The  percentage  of  total  solids  excreted  in  the  feces  during 
this  period  is  4.5  and  in  the  urine  9.1.  During  the  third  subperiod 
the  average  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  569  grams,  of  which  28.5 
appear  in  the  feces  and  56.97  in  the  urine.  There  is  an  elimination 
of  5  per  cent  in  the  feces  and  10  per  cent  in  the  urine.  The  balance 
is  483.503  grams.  In  the  three  preservative  subperiods  taken  together 
the  average  daily  quantity  of  dry  food  ingested  is  602.5  grams,  of 
which  27.6  appear  in  the  feces  and  86.516  in  the  feces  and  urine.    The 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  239 

rtverao"e  percentage  of  excretion  of  .solids  in  the  feces  is  i.t)  and  in  the 
feces  and  urine  14.4,  and  the  average  balance  is  515. 9S4;  grams.  During 
the  after  period,  extending  from  Januar}'  4  to  13,  inclusive,  the  aver- 
age quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  616  grams,  of  which  28.3  appear 
in  the  feces  and  S4.42l>  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  percentage  of 
solids  excreted  in  the  feces  is  4.6  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  13.7,  and 
the  average  daily  balance  is  531.571  grams. 

It  is  interesting  in  this  case  to  see  what  etiect  the  administration  of 
the  preservative  had  upon  the  total  solids  in  the  feces,  and  this  is  best 
given  by  percentages  rather  than  by  actual  quantities  because  of  the 
variation  which  takes  place  in  the  quantity  of  solids  ingested.  We  see 
in  this  instance  that  daring  the  fore  period  the  quantity  of  solids 
eliminated  by  the  feces  is  4.2  per  cent.  During  the  three  preservative 
periods  it  is  4.6  per  cent  and  during  the  after  period  4.6  per  cent. 
These  data  show  that  there  is  possibly  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of 
the  preservative  to  increase  the  solids  in  the  feces.  In  the  case  of  the 
urine  we  tind  the  average  percentage  of  solids  excreted  during  the  fore 
period  is  9.7;  during  the  three  preservative  periods,  Q.S,  and  during 
the  after  period,  9.1.  In  this  connection  it  must  be  remembered  that 
practically  all  of  the  preservative  administered  appeared  in  the  urine, 
thus  slighth'  increasing  the  solids  therein.  In  general  it  may  be  said 
that  the  preservative  has  an  apparent  tendency  in  this  series  to 
increase  the  solids  excreted  in  the  feces. 


The  data  relating  to  this  series  are  incomplete  and  highlj'  unsatis- 
factory for  reasons  alread}'  set  forth,  namely,  on  account  of  the 
ravages  of  the  grippe.  All  the  members  of  the  class  during  the  lat- 
ter part  of  this  series  were  afflicted  with  more  or  less  severe  attacks 
of  influenza.  Solids  determinations  were  made  for  Nos.  7,  10,  and  12 
onh\  The  data  are  interesting  and  valuable  in  individual  cases,  but 
have  been  excluded  from  the  general  summary  of  the  results.  Never- 
theless, it  has  been  deemed  advisable  not  to  exclude  these  data  from  the 
text  and  from  discussion.  As  in  the  case  of  Series  I,  the  individual 
data  will  not  be  discussed  in  detail  here,  but  only  the  summary  in  so 
fai-  as  a  comparison  is  possible.  Two  summaries  are  made  of  the  com- 
l)aral»l('  data  in  Series  II,  namel}'',  a  comparison  of  Nos.  7  and  10,  and 
.second  a  comparison  of  Nos.  7,  10,  and  12.  In  the  case  of  Nos.  7  and 
10  the,  mean  quantity  of  solids  ingested  daily  in  tiie  fore  pei'iod  is  673 
gi-ams,  of  which  31. H  grams  arc;  recov^ered  in' the  feces  and  99.339  grams 
in  1  Ik-  feces  and  urine.  These  data  represent  4.7  per  cent  of  the  total 
>olids  in  the  foofi  i-(!co\'er(!d  in  the  feces  and  14.8  per  cent  in  the  feces 
and  ui'ine.  The  mean  daily  balance  is  573.6«)1  giams,  this  representing 
I  Ik;  total  solids  utilized  by  the  body.  Without  discussing  thesubperiods 
separately,  it  will  be  sullicient  to  call  attention  U)  the  sununary  of  the 


240  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

preservative  period,  extending  from  January  28  to  February  8,  inclu- 
sive. The  mean  quantity  of  solids  ingested  in  the  food  during  this 
period  is  668  grams,  as  compared  with  673  in  the  fore  period.  Of  this 
quantity  the  mean  amount  recovered  in  the  feces  is  M.7  grams,  and  in 
the  feces  and  urine  102.262  grams.  The  mean  percentage  of  solids  re- 
covered in  the  feces  is  5.2  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  15.3.  The  mean 
daily  balance  is  565.738  grams.  The  above  data  show  a  slight  tendency 
on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  solids  in  the  feces, 
whereas  the  quantity  of  solids  appearing  in  the  urine  is  not  changed. 
This  is  an  indication  of  the  exercise  of  a  slight  degree  of  inhibition  on 
the  part  of  the  preservative  in  the  digestion  and  assimilation  of  the 
food.  In  the  second  summary  of  Series  11,  namely,  a  comparison  of 
the  data  of  Nos.  7,  10,  and  12,  it  is  found  that  the  mean  quantity  of 
solids  ingested  daily  in  the  food,  during  the  fore  period,  is  694  grams, 
of  which  30.2  grams  are  recovered  in  the  feces  and  64.092  grams  in 
the  urine.  The  percentage  of  total  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  is 
4.4  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  13.6.  Without  discussing  the  details  of 
the  various  subperiods  it  will  be  sufficient  to  call  attention  to  the  data 
of  the  preservative  period  as  a  whole,  extending  from  January  28  to 
February  8,  inclusive.  During  this  period  the  average  daily  quantity 
of  solids  in  the  food  is  627  grams,  of  which  31.3  grams  occur  in  the 
feces  and  97.471  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  percentage  of 
total  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  5  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  15.5. 
In  this  summary,  as  in  the  preceding  one,  it  is  shown  that  the  preserv- 
ative has  a  slight  tendency  to  increase  the  solids  in  the  feces.  There 
is  also  noticed  a  slight  tendency  to  increase  the  solids  in  the  urine. 
A  conclusion  similar  to  that  stated  in  the  first  summaiy  seems  to  be 
also  justified  in  this  case. 

SERIES   III. 

As  in  the  preceding  series  the  individual  data  for  each  member  of 
the  class  during  Series  III  are  found  in  the  tables,  and  discussion  of 
the  data  will  be  confined  to  the  summaries.  Four  men  only  completed 
all  the  periods  of  Series  III,  namely,  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  5.  The  sum- 
mary, therefore,  is  confined  to  the  data  of  these  four  men.  During 
the  fore  period,  extending  from  February  19  to  27,  inclusive,  the  aver- 
age quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  691  grams.  Of  this  amount  26.2 
grams  are  recovered  in  the  feces  and  92.5  grams  in  the  feces  and 
urine.  The  percentage  of  total  solids  recovered  in  the  feces  is  3.8  and 
in  the  urine  11.4.  The  average  daily  balance  during  the  fore  period 
is  598.5.  Without  discussing  the  data  for  the  various  subperiods, 
attention  will  be  directed  to  the  summary  of  the  whole  preservative 
period,  extending  from  February  28  to  March  11,  inclusive.  The 
mean  daily  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  during  this  period  is  627 
grams,  of  which  24.8  are  recovered  in  the  feces  and  87.8  in  the  feceti 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  241 

and  urine.  The  average  percentage  of  total  solids  eliminated  in  the 
feces  during  this  period  is  4,  and  in  the  urine  10.1.  The  average 
daily  balance  is  539.2  grams.  During  the  after -period,  extending 
from  March  12  to  19,  inclusive,  the  average  quantity  of  solids  in  the 
food  is  621  grams,  of  which  23.8  grams  are  recovered  in  the  feces  and 
79.4  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  average  percentage  of  solids  recov- 
ered in  the  feces  is  3.9,  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  12.8.  The  average 
daih"  balance  is  541.6  grams.  These  data  show  a  slight  tendency  on 
the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  amount  of  solids  appear- 
ing in  the  feces.  The  total  effect,  however,  is  not  very  great;  yet 
when  taken  in  connection  with  the  preceding  data  it  is  evidence  of  a 
slight  tendency  to  restrict  the  activity  of  the  digestive  ferments.  A 
second  summarj^  has  also  been  obtained  with  Series  III,  in  which  five 
members  of  the  table  are  included,  namely,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5.  This 
summary  includes  only  the  fore  period  and  the  first  subperiod,  extend- 
ing over  six  days.  The  average  daily  quantity-  of  solids  in  the  food 
during  the  fore  period  is  694.2,  of  which  26.5  grams  are  recovered  in 
the  feces  and  91.6  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  average  per- 
centage of  solids  recovered  in  the  feces  is  3.8  and  in  the  urine  9.4. 
The  average  dail}"  balance  is  602.6  grams.  During  the  first  subperiod 
the  average  quantity  of  solids  in  the  foods  is  687  grams,  of  which  there 
is  recovered  in  the  feces  29  grams,  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  94.1 
grams.  The  average  percentage  of  total  solids  recovered  in  the  feces 
during  this  period  is  4.2  and  in  the  urine  9.5,  and  the  average  daily 
balance  is  592.9  grams.  These  data  also  show,  as  in  the  preceding 
case,  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the 
percentage  of  solids  in  the  feces,  and  to  this  extent  to  restrict  or  limit 
the  activity  of  the  digestive  ferments. 


The  individual  data  in  this  case  are  given  in  full  in  the  balance  sheets, 
but  only  the  summaries  will  be  discussed.  In  Series  IV  the  summarj' 
includes  the  data  for  only  three  of  the  individuals,  namely,  Nos.  8,  9, 
and  10.  During  the  fore  period,  extending  from  March  20  to  27,  the 
average  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  636  grams.  Of  this  amount  25.3 
grams  appear  in  the  feces  and  86.888  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine. 
The  average  percentage  of  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  4  and  in  the 
feces  and  urine  13.6.  Th«;  average  daily  balance  of  solids  is  549.112 
grams.  The  data  for  the  vai-ious  sul)periods,  extending  from  March  28 
to  April  14,  are  given  s(!parately,  Ijiit  the  data  for  the  entire  preservativ^e 
|)!;riodonly  will  be  considered  in  this  comparison.  During  this  period 
th(!  average  daily  (|uantity  of  solids  in  th(!  food  is  646  grams,  of  which 
30.2  grams  api)ear  in  the  feces  and  89.803  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine. 
The  percentage  of  solids  (iliminatcd  in  the  feces  is  4.7  and  in  the  feces 
and  urine  13.9.  The  average-  daily  balance  is  556.197  grams.  Durinq" 
4242— No.  H4,  pt  1  — (W 16 


242  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

the  after  period,  extending  from  April  16  to  22,  inclusive,  the  average 
quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  547  grams,  of  which  there  were  recov- 
ered in  the  feces  24.6  grams  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  79.287  grams. 
The  percentage  of  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  4.5  and  in  the  urine 
10.  The  average  daily  balance  is  467.713.  The  data  indicate,  as  in 
the  preceding  instances,  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserva- 
tive to  increase  the  quantity  of  solids  in  the  feces,  thus  indicating  a 
slight  tendency  to  restrict  or  limit  the  activity  of  the  digestive 
ferments. 

SEKIES   V. 

The  individual  data  are  given  in  full  in  the  tables.  Three  different 
summaries  are  given  for  this  series.  First,  for  three  men,  Nos.  1,  3, 
and  5,  who  completed  the  entire  series  of  observations;  the  second  and 
third  for  five  and  six  men,  respectively,  who  completed  the  greater  part 
but  not  all  of  the  periods  of  observation.  In  the  summary  of  the  three 
men  for  whom  complete  data  are  found,  in  the  fore  period,  extending 
from  April  24  to  May  1,  the  avei*age  daily  quantity  of  solids  in  the 
food  is  606  grams,  of  which  26.6  appear  in  the  feces  and  85.27  in  the 
feces  and  urine;  4.4  per  cent  of  the  total  solids  in  the  food  are  elimin- 
ated in  the  feces  and  14.1  per  cent  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  aver- 
age daily  balance  is  519.73  grams.  The  summaries  for  the  various 
subperiods  are  given  separately.  The  discussion,  however,  will  be 
confined  to  the  general  summary,  extending  from  May  2  to  June  20, 
inclusive.  The  average  daily  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  during  this 
period  is  636  grams,  of  which  29.8  grams  are  recovered  in  the  feces 
and  88.202  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  percentage  of  total 
solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  during  this  period  is  4.7  and  in  the  feces 
and  urine  13.9.  The  average  daily  balance  is  646.798  grams.  During 
the  after  period  the  mean  daily  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  665 
grams,  of  which  37  aie  recovered  in  the  feces  and  95.747  in  the  feces 
and  urine.  The  percentage  of  solids  recovered  in  the  feces  is  5.6  and 
in  the  feces  and  urine  14.4.  The  average  daily  balance  is  569.253 
grams.  These  data,  extending  over  a  long  period,  show  a  slight  tend- 
ency on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  quantity  of  solids 
eliminated  in  the  feces,  and  this  tendency  becomes  much  more  marked 
during  the  after  period.  In  this  respect  the  data  of  this  series  differ 
from  those  of  all  the  preceding  series.  It  is  noticed,  however,  that 
in  the  last  subperiod,  extending  from  June  7  to  20,  there  is  a  marked 
tendency  to  increase  the  percentage  of  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces, 
the  percentage  eliminated  during  this  period  being  5.2.  This  seems 
to  indicate  that  the  long-continued  use  of  the  preservative  had  a  tendency 
to  intensify  the  restricting  influence  thereof  upon  the  digestive  fer- 
ments, and  this  tendency  is  continued  during  the  after  period. 

In  the  second  summary  of  Series  V,  including  the  data  for  five  men, 
we  find  the  following  facts:  The  total  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  243 

during  the  fore  period,  extending  from  April  24  to  Ma>'  1,  is  590  grams, 
of  wliioh  ^jJ)  grams  appear  in  the  feces  and  80.814  in  the  feces  and  urine. 
The  percentage  of  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  4.3  and  in  the  feces 
and  urine  13.7.  The  average  dail}-  balance  is  509.186  grams.  During 
the  tirst  subperiod,  extending  from  May  2  to  13,  the  percentage  of 
solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  increased  from  4.3  in  the  fore  period 
to  4.(3.  During  the  second  subperiod,  extending  from  May  14  to  25, 
inclusive,  the  percentage  of  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces  remains  the 
same  as  in  the  first  subperiod,  namelv,  4.6.  During  the  third  sub- 
period,  extending  from  May  26  to  June  6,  the  percentage  of  solids 
eliminated  in  the  feces  rises  to  4.9.  During  the  three  subperiods, 
from  ]May  2  to  June  6,  the  percentage  of  solids  eliminated  in  the  feces 
is  4.  T.  These  data,  although  they  do  not  include  the  latter  part  of  the 
preservative  period  nor  any  of  the  after  period,  show,  as  in  the  other 
cases,  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  restrict  or 
limit  the  activity  of  the  digestive  ferments. 

The  third  suumiar}"  includes  six  men  and  the  period  of  observation 
extends  from  April  24  to  May  25,  inclusive.  During  the  fore  period, 
extending  from  April  24  to  May  1,  the  average  quantity  of  solids  in 
the  foods  is  578  grams,  of  which  25.1  grams  are  recovered  in  the  feces 
and  79.t>(i6  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  percentage  of  solids  in 
the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  is  4.3  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  13.8. 
The  average  daily  balance  is  498.094  grams.  In  the  first  preservative 
subperiod.  extending  from  ^Nlav  2  to  13,  inclusive,  the  percentage  of 
solids  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  feces  rises  to  4.6.  It  remains  the 
same  during  the  second  subperiod,  at  which  time  the  comparison  of 
tlie  six  men  ceases.  These  data  again  show  a  slight  tendencv  on  the 
part  of  the  preservative  to  increase  the  percentage  of  the  solids  in  the 
food  eliminated  in  the  feces. 

COMPARISON    OF   SOLIDS    BALANCES. 

In  the  general  summaries  it  is  indicated  that  the  total  solids  excreted 
during  the  pres(»rvative  periods  are  somewhat  higher  than  during  either 
the  fore  periods  or  the  after  periods.  The  efi'cct  on  the  total  solids 
is  similar  to  that  on  the  phosphoric  acid.  The  increase  in  total  solids 
excreted  is  due  chiefly  to  their  excess  in  the  feces. 

1'he  total  number  of  complete  individual  ol)servations  included  in 
each  series  is  as  follows:  Series  I,  6  men;  Series  III,  4  men;  Series 
I\',  3  men;  Series  V,  3  men. 

These  men  completed  all  the  periods  of  the  different  series.  The 
average  daily  quantit}'  of  solids  in  the  foods  during  the  fore  periods 
in  th(!se  cases  is  631.5  grams.  The  average  quantity  appearing  in  the 
feces  is  25.6  grams,  and  in  the  feces  and  urine  86.699  grams.  'I'he 
average  percentage;  of  the  total  solids  in  the  food  appearing  in  the 
feces  is  4.1,  and  in  t\u'  feces  and  urine  13.7.     The  average  daily  bal- 


244  IISTFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

ance  is  644.701  grams.  During  the  preservative  periods  the  average 
daily  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  627.6,  of  which  28.6  grams 
appear  in  the  feces  and  88.025  grams  in  the  feces  and  urine;  4.6  per 
cent  of  the  total  solids  in  the  food  appear  in  the  feces  and  14  per  cent 
in  the  feces  and  urine.  The  average  daily  balance  is  639.875  grams. 
In  the  summary  of  the  after  periods  it  is  seen  that  the  average  daily 
quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  is  614.1  grams,  of  which  28.3  grams 
appear  in  the  feces  and  84.677  in  the  feces  and  urine;  4.6  per  cent  of 
the  total  solids  in  the  foods  appear  in  the  feces  and  13.8  per  cent  in 
the  feces  and  urine.     The  average  daily  balance  is  630,123  grams. 

This  general  summary  confirms  the  conclusion  based  upon  the  indi- 
vidual series.  It  shows  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preserv- 
ative to  increase  the  percentage  of  solids  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the 
feces,  and  this  increase  continues  in  the  same  magnitude  during  the 
after  period.  This  continued  effect  is  easily  explained  by  the  tendency 
established  in  the  long  exhibition  of  the  preservative  to  slightly  derange 
the  digestive  functions.  It  requires  at  least  half  of  the  after  period 
to  secure  the  elimination  of  the  preservative  from  the  digestive  sys- 
tem, and  the  other  half  of  the  after  period  is  evidently  too  short  a 
time  to  secure  in  every  case  the  reestablishment  of  normal  conditions. 

SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS. 
EXCRETION   OF   ADDED    PRESERVATIVES. 

The  boric  acid  and  borax  taken  into  the  stomach  daring  the  progress 
of  these  experiments  were  excreted  almost  entirely  by  the  kidneys. 
(See  Tables  III- VIII.)  In  the  first  series  of  experiments  83.05  per 
cent  was  thus  excreted,  in  the  second  series  82.85  per  cent,  in  the 
third  series  63.87  per  cent,  in  the  fourth  series  82.96  per  cent,  and  in 
the  fifth  series  75.17  per  cent.  During  the  course  of  observation 
607.4  grams  of  preservative  were  given,  either  in  the  form  of  boric 
acid  or  the  equivalent  in  borax,  of  which  468.69  grams  were  excreted 
in  the  urine,  or  77.16  per  cent  of  the  whole.  (See  Table  VIII.) 
These  numbers  include  the  data  for  Series  III,  where  the  quantity  of 
the  preservative  recovered  in  the  urine  appears  to  be  abnormally  low. 
In  round  numbers  it  may  be  said  that  80  per  cent  of  the  boric  acid 
and  borax  taken  into  the  sj'^stem  in  foods  is  excreted  in  the  urine.  It 
is  probable  that  the  rest  is  chiefly  excreted  with  the  perspiration. 
Only  small  quantities  are  found  in  the  feces. 

INFLUENCE  OF  THE  PRESERVATIVE  UPON  THE  WEIGHT  OF  THE  BODY. 

In  every  series  there  was  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  boric 
acid  and  borax  to  diminish  slightly  the  weight  of  the  body,  although 
this  tendency  was  in  some  instances  checked  during  the  after  periods 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  245 

and  a  portion  of  the  loss  of  weight  was  regained.  In  general,  how- 
ever, there  was  a  tendency  to  continue  the  loss  of  weight  during  the 
after  periods.  These  facts  are  more  strongly  brought  out  by  the 
graphic  representations  of  bodj^  weight  which  are  given  in  this  report. 

RATIO   OF    FOOD   CONSUMED   TO   BODY   WEIGHT. 

Of  interest  in  connection  with  the  other  purposes  of  this  investiga- 
tion is  a  study  of  the  relation  of  the  weight  of  food  consumed  to  the 
bod}'  weight,  which  was  made  in  detail  during  the  tii'st  series  of  obser- 
vations. This  study  was  made  of  each  individual  article  of  diet,  and 
inckided  a  statement  of  the  ratio  of  the  weight  of  food,  including  the 
water  consumed,  and  the  ratio  of  tlie  weight  of  the  dry  matter  in  the 
food  to  the  body  weight.  During  the  fore  period,  first  series  of 
ol)servations,  the  average  daily  weight  of  the  moist  food,  including 
water  drunk,  was  4.20  per  cent  of  the  total  weight  of  the  body,  during 
the  preservative  period  4.22  per  cent,  and  for  the  after  period  4.21 
per  cent. 

It  is  seen  bj^  the  above  that  the  administration  of  the  preservative 
caused  very  little  variation  in  the  weight  of  food  consumed  compared 
with  the  weight  of  the  body. 

Reduced  to  water-free  basis  the  quantit}"  of  food  consumed  in  rela- 
tion to  the  weight  of  the  body  is  as  follows: 

Per  cunt. 

Fore  period 0.  96 

Preservative  period 99 

After  period 1.  01 

These  data  show  that  there  is  veiy  little  difference  in  the  total 
(juantity  of  dr}-  matter  in  the  food  during  the  three  periods. 

From  the  above  data  it  is  seen  that  the  total  quantity  of  drj^  matter 
in  the  food  consumed  daily  is,  in  round  numbers,  1  per  cent  of  the 
weight  of  the  bod}-.  For  a  man  weighing  150  pounds,  therefore,  the 
(quantity  of  dry  matter  daily  consumed  in  the  food  is,  in  round  num- 
bers, 1..5  pounds. 

TUK  EFFECT  OF   THE    PRESERVATIVE    UPON  THE  NUMBER  OF  CORPUSCLES 
AS])   THE    QUANTITY  OF   HEMOGLOBIN    IN   THE    BLOOD. 

Then;  was  no  rcguhir  influence  esta))]ished  relating  to  the  effect  of 
the  preservative  in  increasing  or  decreasing  the  number  of  corpuscles 
in  the  blood.  The  data  in  individual  cases  are  often  contradictory,  and 
a  general  summary  of  them  leads  to  no  conclusive  result.  The  final 
deduetion  can  only  f)e  drawn  that  if  the  preservative  affects  the  num- 
l)(;i-  of  (;orpuHcles  and  tin;  amount  of  hemoglobin  at  all  it  does  so  in  a 
veiv  irregular  niarin<!r,  difl'eiitig  in  dillerent  irulividuals,  and  in  a  way 
which  can  not  be;  used  as  a  hasis  of  any  definite  coindusion. 


246  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

THE   EFFECT   OF    THE   PRESERVATIVE   UPON    THE    COMPOSITION 
OF    THE    FECES. 

A  careful  stud}^  of  the  effect  of  the  preservative  administered  upon 
the  composition  of  the  feces  shows  a  slight  tendencj^  to  increase  the 
amount  of  water  therein.  There  is,  however,  no  tendency  of  any 
marked  nature,  even  when  the  preservatives  are  given  in  large  quan- 
tities, to  excite  diarrhea.  The  administration  of  the  preservative 
produces  but  little  change  in  the  weight  of  dry  matter  in  the  feces. 

EFFECT  OF  BORIC  ACID  AND  BORAX  UPON  THE  URINE. 

ELIMINATION    OP   NITROGEN. 

The  combined  data  of  the  four  series  (excluding  Series  II)  show 
that  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  ingested  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the 
urine  during  the  fore  periods  is  86,  during  the  preservative  periods 
85.5,  and  during  the  after  periods  81.4.  This  shows  a  tendency  on 
the  part  of  the  preservative  to  diminish  the  percentage  of  nitrogen 
excreted  in  the  urine,  and  this  tendency  is  continued  in  a  very  marked 
manner  in  the  after  periods. 


The  data  of  Series  II,  III,  and  V  show  a  marked  tendency  on  the 
part  of  boric  acid  to  increase  the  acidit}^  of  the  urine.  In  no  case 
during  the  administration  of  boric  acid  was  an  alkaline  reaction 
observed.  In  the  case  of  the  urine  the  marked  acidit}^  imparted  to  it 
by  boric  acid  is  continued  in  most  cases  throughout  the  after  periods. 
The  data  of  Series  IV  and  V,  on  the  contrary,  show  a  marked  tendency 
on  the  part  of  borax  to  diminish  the  acidity  of  the  urine,  and  in  several 
instances  this  substance  imparted  to  the  urine  an  alkaline  reaction. 
These  facts  indicate  that  a  large  part  of  the  borax  and  boric  acid 
administered  is  excreted  unchanged  in  chemical  composition. 

QUANTITY. 

Very  little  effect  is  produced  by  these  preservatives  upon  the  volume 
of  urine,  although  there  is  a  slight  tendenc}^  manifest  to  decrease  the 
amount.  There  is  a  slight  tendency  also  manifested  during  the  admin- 
istration of  the  preservatives  to  decrease  the  total  solids  in  the  urine. 
In  this  connection,  however,  it  must  be  considered  that  the  season  of 
the  year  has  a  marked  effect  upon  the  amount  of  urine  secreted,  the 
tendency  being  to  secrete  larger  quantities  in  cold  weather  than  in 
warm.  Combining  the  data  of  Series  I,  III,  IV,  and  V  for  those 
members  completing  the  series,  we  find  that  the  average  daily  amount 
of  urine  secreted  during  the  fore  periods,  per  individual,  is  969  cc; 
during  the  preservative  periods,  960  cc,  and  during  the  after  periods, 
952  cc.     These  data  show  almost  no  effect  of  the  preservatives  on  the 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  247 

quantity  of  iirine  secreted,  but  there  seems  to  be  a  slight  tendenc}'  to 
decrease  the  amount  secreted  in  the  preservative  and  after  periods. 

ALBUMIN. 

In  those  few  cases  where  there  was  normally  a  mere  trace  of  albu- 
min in  the  urine  it  is  shown  by  the  data  that  the  general  tendency  of 
the  preservative  used  is  to  increase  the  trace  of  albumin  in  the  urine, 
and  this  increase  is  manifested  also  during  the  after  periods.  This 
etfect  of  the  administration  of  the  preserv^ative  is  best  shown  in  the 
graphic  representation  of  traces  of  albumin  in  the  urine. 

MICROSCOPIC    HODIES. 

Microscopic  examinations  of  the  urine  were  made  for  the  follow- 
ing substances:  Uric-acid  crystals;  urates;  oxalate  of  lime;  phos- 
phates— crj'stalline  and  amorphous;  epithelium  cells  of  all  kinds; 
leucocytes;  red  blood  cells;  casts — h\'aline,  finely  granular,  coarsely 
granular,  epithelial,  and  other  forms;  mucous  cylindroids;  and  mucous 
strands. 

The  microscopic  examinations  w^ere  made  at  three  periods  during 
each  series,  except  in  Series  1,  during  which  time  the  microscopic 
supervision  of  the  urine  had  not  been  instituted.  The  examinations 
wore  made  once  during  the  fore  period,  once  or  more  during  the  pre- 
servative period,  and  once  near  the  close  of  the  after  period. 

Reviewing  the  data  as  a  w  hole  in  regard  to  the  appearance  of  these 
microscopic  bodies  in  the  urine,  the  fact  which  appears  prominent^ 
is  the  great  variation  in  the  number  and  character  of  these  micro- 
chemical  bodies.  They  occur  constantly  in  some  cases  in  very  much 
greater  abundance  than  in  others.  There  are  a  few  cases— in  fact, 
quite  a  numl)er— where  the  relative  abundance  of  these  bodies  seems 
t(j  be  increased  during  the  administration  of  the  preservative.  There 
is  a  smaller  numl)er  of  cases  in  which  the  contrary  fact  occurs.  In 
the  greater  nuniln'r  of  cases,  however,  the  administration  of  the  pre- 
servative appears  to  have  had  no  influence  upon  the  relative  abundance 
of  these  bodies.  The  data,  therefore,  as  a  whole,  can  not  be  regarded 
as  conclusive  respecting  the  influence  of  the  preservative  upon  the 
muiibci-  or  kind  of  micro-chemical  bodies  occuring  in  the  urine. 

INKLUEXCK  OK  TMK   I'WKSKItVATIVK  UPON  THE  METABOIJSM  OK  NITROGEN. 

There  is  only  a  slight  eflc'ct  produced  as  a  whole,  as  determined  by 
the  data  of  experiment,  upon  the  excretion  of  nitrogen.  Tl)(>  indi- 
vidual variations  arc  somewhat  niarkcid,  showing  the  danger  of  depend- 
ing too  positively  upon  data  from  only  one  or  two  peisons.  A  slight 
tenderK;y  is  shown,  however,  on  the  part  of  the  preservativ<'  to  dcM-i-ease 
the  excretion  of  nitrogen,  which  tendency  becomes  luoiv.  marked  after 


248    INFLUENCE  OF  FOOD  PEESERV ATIVES  ON  HEALTH. 

the  withdrawal  of  the  preservative.  For  instance,  the  average  nitrogen 
balance  of  the  four  series  of  observation  (excluding  Series  II),  during 
the  fore  periods  is  0.964,  during  the  preservative  periods  1.02,  and  dur- 
ing the  after  periods,  1.69  grams  per  day.  Expressed  as  a  percentage, 
the  combined  data  show  an  excretion  of  94. 5  per  cent  of  nitrogen  taken 
in  the  food  during  the  fore  periods,  94.1  per  cent  in  the  preservative 
periods,  and  90.3  in  the  after  periods. 

The  general  summary  of  all  the  experiments  with  borax  and  boric 
acid  indicates  the  largest  elimination  of  nitrogen  in  the  fore  periods, 
an  intermediate  amount  in  the  preservative  periods,  and  the  smallest 
elimination  in  the  after  periods. 

This  relation  is  either  produced  by  causes  other  than  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  preservative  or  the  effect  of  the  preservative  continues 
after  its  administration  has  ceased  and  even  after  the  preservative 
itself  has  ceased  to  be  excreted  from  the  bod3^  It  is  not  impossible 
that  such  an  influence  may  be  exerted.  The  retarding  influence  of  the 
preservative  probably  increases  with  the  length  of  the  experiment, 
especially  in  those  cases  in  which  the  amount  of  preservative  admin- 
istered is  progressive!}^  increased.  When  the  administration  of  the 
preservative  is  discontinued  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  is  probably  at 
the  lowest  point  (if  depressed  by  the  preservative),  and  yet  during  the 
first  days  of  the  after  period  (at  least  while  the  preservative  is  still  in 
the  system)  the  amount  of  nitrogen  eliminated  is  probably  as  low  as 
on  the  preceding  days.  There  may  be  a  tendency  of  the  preservative 
in  the  large  amounts  in  which  it  is  administered  to  increase  the  forma- 
tion of  difficultly  soluble  compounds  of  nitrogen,  and  by  that  means,  if 
no  other,  retard  its  elimination  from  the  body. 

THE    EFFECT    OF    THE    PRESERVATIVE    UPON    THE    METABOLISM    OF 

PHOSPHORIC   ACID. 

A  study  of  the  data  relative  to  the  influence  of  boric  acid  and  borax 
upon  the  metabolism  of  phosphorus  reveals  many  contradictory  results. 
When,  however,  all  the  data  are  collected  into  one  expression  it  is 
found  that  the  influence  of  these  bodies  added  to  the  food  is  distinctly 
marked  on  the  metabolism  of  phosphorus  and  phosphoric  acid.  There 
is  a  distinct  tendency  shown  by  them  to  increase  the  quantity  of  phos- 
phoric acid  excreted  during  the  period  of  the  administration  of  the 
preservative.  In  the  combined  data  of  Series  I,  III,  IV,  and  V  the 
average  per  cent  of  phosphoric  acid  taken  in  the  food  eliminafed 
during  the  fore  periods  of  observation  is  97.3,  during  the  preservative 
periods  103.1,  and  during  the  after  periods  97. 

INFLUENCE  OF   THE    PRESERVATIVE  UPON   THE    ELIMINATION   OF    FAT. 

The  influence  of  boric  acid  and  borax  upon  the  metabolism  of  fat 
is  not  very  marked.     There  is  a  slight  tendency  shown  to  decrease  the 


BORIC    AOIC    AND    BORAX.  249 

elimination  of  fat  in  the  feces  diirino-  the  achniiiistration  of  the  preserv- 
ative, and  a  tendencv  to  recover  is  shown  during  the  after  periods. 
The  percentage  of  fat  ingested  in  the  food  eliminated  during  the  fore 
periods  is  -t.!,  during  the  preservative  periods  4,  and  during  the  after 
periods  4.2.  Tliese  data  show  that  ahiiost  no  disturbance  in  the  metab- 
olism of  fat  is  caused  b}"  the  administration  of  the  preservative. 

INFLUENCE    OF   BORIC   ACID   AND   BORAX  UPON   THE   OXIDATION   OF   THE 
COMBUSTIBLE    MATTER   IN   THE    FOOD. 

The  collected  data  of  all  the  series,  except  Series  11,  show  that  6.4 
per  cent  of  the  combustible  matter  in  the  food  is  eliminated,  unburned, 
during  the  fore  periods,  6.6  per  cent  during  the  preservative  periods, 
and  7  per  cent  during  the  after  periods.  These  data  show  a  slight 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to  interfere  with  the  com- 
bustion of  the  food  in  the  body,  and  this  tendency  is  continued  in  even 
a  more  marked  manner  during  the  after  periods. 

INFLUENCE   OF   THE    PRESERVATIVE    UPON   THE    SOLIDS   EXCRETED. 

The  solids  summary  for  all  of  the  series,  except  Series  II,  shows 
that  the  average  quantity  of  solids  in  the  food  during  the  fore  periods 
is  031. .5  grams,  during  the  preservative  periods  627.6  grams,  and  dur- 
ing the  after  periods  614.1  grams.  The  average  daily  quantit}^  of 
solids  appearing  in  the  feces  in  the  fore  periods  is  25.6  grams,  in  the 
preservative  periods  28.6  grams,  and  in  the  after  periods  28.3  grams. 
The  average  quantity  appearing  in  the  urine  during  the  fore  periods 
is  64.48  grams,  during  the  preservative  periods  59.37  grams,  and  in 
the  after  periods  56.20  grams.  The  average  balance  of  total  solids 
during  the  fore  periods  is  544.701  grams,  during  the  preservative 
periods  539.875  grams,  and  during  the  after  periods  530.123  grams. 
These  data  show  a  slight  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  preservative  to 
increase  the  total  solids  excreted  in  the  feces  and  to  decrease  the  tottil 
solids  excreted  by  the  urine.  There  is  a  distinct  tendency  manifested 
b\-  the  i)reservative  to  interfere  with  the  processes  of  digestion  and 
absorption.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  total  quantity  of  solids  admin- 
istered in  th(!  food  varied  slightly  in  the  diflerent  periods,  a  fairer 
int('r})i('tution  is  obtained  by  comparing  the  percentages  of  the  total 
solids  exhibited  in  the  food  eliminated  by  the  feces  and  urine,  respec- 
tively. In  this  comparison  it  is  foiuid  that  the  total  i)ercentago  of 
solids  in  the  food  (eliminated  in  the  feces  during  the  fore  periods  is  4.1, 
during  the  preservative  periods  4.6,  and  during  the  after  periods 
4.6.  The  pei-contagcof  solids  in  the  food  eliminated  in  the  urine  dur- 
ing the  forte  [H-riods  is  10.2,  during  the  preservativ(;  periods  9.5,  and 
during  the  afU;r  periods  9.1.  These  percentages  indicate  also  very 
strongly  the  influenc<!  exert(!d  by  the  preservative  mentioned  above. 


250         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

It  must  be  remembered  also  in  this  connection  that  practicall}'^  80  per 
cent  of  the  preservative  administered  is  recovered  in  the  urine,  increas- 
ing- to  that  extent  the  total  solids  thus  eliminated.  In  spite  of  this, 
however,  there  is  a  marked  decrease  in  the  total  solids  in  the  urine 
and  a  marked  increase  in  the  total  solids  in  the  feces. 

GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS. 

NECESSITY    OF    MINERAL    SUBSTANCES   IN    THE    BLOOD. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  action  of  preservatives  of  a  mineral  nature, 
such  as  borax  and  boric  acid,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  animal 
as  well  as  the  plant  possesses  a  certain  mineral  hunger.  In  other 
words,  mineral  substances  pla}^  a  double  role  in  animal  and  plant  nutri- 
tion: First,  they  may  serve  as  real  foods,  necessarj^  to  the  formation 
and  nutrition  of  the  tissues.  In  the  animal  economy  this  is  especially 
true  of  phosphoric  acid  and  lime.  In  the  second  place,  they  are  neces- 
sary to  the  functional  activity  of  the  various  organs  of  the  body,  irre- 
spective of  any  part  they  may  take  in  dij'ect  nutrition. 

The  necessity  of  saline  solutions  in  the  blood  is  known  to  every 
physician  and  physiologist.  If  the  blood  were  deprived  of  all  of  its 
saline  constituents  the  circulation  would  be  impeded,  restricted,  or 
stopped,  and  death  would  result.  In  cases  of  collapse  in  disease  saline 
injections  in  the  blood  are  often  used  as  a  restorative  measure.  These 
salts  in  solution  stimulate  the  heart's  action  and  undoubtedly  are  active 
in  the  osmotic  operations  of  the  cells.  This  is  one  of  the  facts  which 
show  the  intimate  relation  existing  l^etween  physical  chemistry  and 
physiology. 

Common  salt  is  the  most  frequent  and  most  abundant  of  the  saline 
constituents  of  the  blood,  but  the  alkalinity  of  the  blood  is  not  due  of 
course  to  common  salt,  which  is  a  neutral  substance.  The  existence 
of  alkaline  carbonates  or  other  alkaline  salts  is  necessary  to  the  vital 
functions.  While  it  is  true  that  the  digestion  in  the  stomach  takes 
place  in  an  acid  solution,  it  is  likewise  true  that  any  excessive  acid 
must  be  neutralized  and  enough  of  alkali  added  in  the  small  intestine 
in  order  that  the  further  digestion  of  the  food  may  properly  take  place. 
That  saline  bodies  other  than  common  salt  or  the  alkaline  carbonates 
may  be  useful,  however,  in  the  performance  of  the  vital  functions 
can  not  be  denied,  though  it  might  be  difficult  to  demonstrate  their 
absolute  necessity.  Hence  the  introduction  of  saline  bodies,  which 
may  or  may  not  be  of  an  antiseptic  character,  may,  within  certain 
limits,  have  a  favorable  influence  upon  health  and  digestion.  At  the 
same  time  it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  all  excess  of  such  bodies 
imposes  upon  the  excretory  organs  an  additional  burden,  which,  while 
it  might  not  impair  their  efficiency  even  for  a  number  of  years,  might 
finally  produce  a  condition  of  exhaustion  which  would  be  followed  by 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  251 

serious  consequences.  Especially  is  this  remark  true  of  the  kidneys, 
which  appear  to  be  a  general  clearing-  house  for  all  the  surplus  of  saline 
matters  ingested  in  the  foods. 

THE    ARGUMENT    DE    MINIMIS. 

It  is  admitted  by  all  who  have  examined  the  subject  in  a  critical 
way,  even  by  the  users  of  preservatives,  that  in  certain  maximum 
({uantities  the  limit  of  toleration  is  reached  in  each  individual  and 
positive  injury  is  done,  but  it  is  also  well  recognized  that  many,  if 
not  all,  of  the  usual  foods  when  used  in  large  excess  produce  injuri- 
ous results.  The  man}-  cases  of  disease  produced  by  overeating,  or  by 
eating  improperly  prepared  or  poorly  cooked  foods,  or  b}^  eating  at 
unusual  times  are  illustrations  of  this  fact.  Upon  this  basis  and  upon 
the  further  statement  that  when  used  in  extremely  small  quantities 
the  preservatives  in  question  can  not  be  regarded  as  harmful  is  founded 
the  principal  argument  in  favor  of  the  use  of  the  preservatives,  aside 
from  the  fact  that  the  foods  themselves  are  kept  in  a  better  and  more 
wholesome  state. 

It  is  only  proper  to  give  to  this  argument  full  consideration  and  not 
to  brush  it  aside  as  illogical  and  irrelevant.  It  is  evident  that  any 
attempt  to  determine  experimentally  the  effect  of  extremely  minute 
({uantities  of  any  preservative,  even  when  used  continuousl3%  would 
not  be  likeh'  to  lead  to  any  definite  result.  In  the  foregoing  data  we 
ha\e  illustrations  of  the  fact  that  even  large  quantities  of  the  preserv- 
atives emplo3'ed — larger  by  far  than  would  probably  ever  ])e  found  in 
an\'  food  product — do  not  always  act  in  such  a  way  as  to  permit  of 
detinite  interpretation.  The  claim,  therefore,  that  the  use  of  such 
preservatives  is  justified  when  the  amount  is  extremely  small,  and 
when  e\'en  these  small  amounts  are  used  only  at  intervals  and  not  con- 
tinuously, is  woithy  of  careful  consideration. 

An  illustration  which  is  pertinent  may  be  taken  from  the  particular 
preservatives  with  which  the  foregoing  experiments  have  been  made, 
namely,  boric  acid  and  borax.  One  of  the  food  products  to  which 
these  ])reseivatives  are  very  connnonh'  added  is  butter.  This  state- 
ment should  not  be  taken  to  imply  that  in  ])utter  prepared  for  domes- 
tic use  in  this  country  borax  is  found  to  any  considerable  extent. 
When  butt<'r,  however,  is  to  be  transported  over  long  distances  and 
necessarily  kept  a  long  while,  the  addition  of  borax  is  very  frequently 
j)ra(;ticed. 

The  dietetic  data  which  have  been  accnnudated  in  the  course  of  this 
ex{)eriment  show  that  the  (juantity  of  buttei'  consumed  daily  vari(!s 
from  80  to  70  giams.  Sui)pose,  as  a  maxinnin),  we  say  that  the  (juan- 
lity  of  butter  consuuKHl  in  any  one  case;  daily  is  100  grams,  and  that 
it  cf>ntains  1  gram  of  boi-ic  arid  or  an  amount  of  borax  e(juival(Mit 
thereto.     The  maxiniuni  (|uanti(y  of   boric  acid   used  in  a  day  in  this 


252  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

case  would  be  1  gram.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  it  would  rarely  if 
ever  reach  this  amount,  but  even  in  those  cases  where  butter  is  eaten 
freely  probably  half  a  gram  would  be  about  the  maximum  quantity 
consumed.  Further  than  this,  1  per  cent  of  boric  acid  or  its  equiva- 
lent of  borax  in  butter  is  a  very  large  quantity.  Probabl}'^  as  a  rule 
not  more  than  one-half  of  1  per  cent  is  employed.  In  this  case  the 
quantity  of  boric  acid  likely  to  be  consumed  by  an}'  one  individual  in 
a  day  would  be  reduced  to  one-quarter  of  a  gram. 

In  the  case  of  meats  preserved  by  borax,  although  larger  quantities 
are  eaten  than  of  butter,  it  is  not  likel}^  that  a.nj  larger  quantities  of 
borax  would  be  consumed.  Thus  it  appears  that  those  who  habituallj'^ 
eat  butter  and  meat  preserved  with  borax  might  be  consuming  a  half 
a  gram  or  a  little  more  of  boric  acid  per  da3^  But  preserved  meats 
are  not  regularly  eaten,  and  hence  the  quantity  mentioned  is  likely  to 
be  overestimated.  It  would  be  unwise  to  affirm  in  a  case  of  this  kind, 
in  the  light  of  the  data  obtained  by  the  experiments,  that  such  a  mini- 
mum consumption  of  borax,  especially  when  not  continuous,  would 
prove  deleterious  within  any  reasonable  time  of  observation.  The 
question  then  arises:  Does  the  absence  of  such  proof  or  the  impracti- 
cability of  obtaining  it  serve  as  a  justifiable  excuse  for  the  use  of  this 
preservative? 

This  question  ought  not  to  be  decided  alone,  because  the  principle, 
of  the  decision  must  stand,  not  only  for  boric  acid  and  borax,  but  for 
every  preservative  used  in  foods.  In  other  words,  whatever  principle 
is  established  for  judgment  as  to  the  use  of  boric  acid  in  small  portions 
must  also  be  applied  to  the  use  of  every  other  preservative  used  in 
foods.  The  principle  must  also  be  still  further  extended,  so  that  what- 
ever may  be  established  as  regards  butter  or  meat  must  be  admitted  in 
respect  of  every  other  substance  used  as  food.  Hence  before  admitting 
the  full  force  of  the  argument  de  minimis  the  full  significance  of  such 
an  admission  must  be  considered  and  the  practically  unlimited  extent 
of  its  application  acknowledged. 

This  leads  to  the  discussion  of  the  fact  that  in  the  majority  of  cases 
the  labor  of  freeing  the  system  from  added  preservatives  falls  princi- 
pally upon  the  kidneys.  In  the  method  of  life  in  vogue  in  this  country 
the  kidneys  are  alreadj^  hard-worked  organs.  Americans  probably  eat 
more  freely  than  the  citizens  of  almost  any  other  country,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  England.  Large  quantities  of  nitrogenous  foods 
are  consumed.  In  the  breaking  down  of  the  nitrogenous  tissues  the 
kidneys  are  the  chief  organs  for  the  excretion  of  the  debris.  The 
addition  of  any  further  burden,  therefore,  no  matter  how  minute,  is 
to  be  deplored.  If,  however,  the  principle  be  admitted  that  injurious 
substances  may  be  used  in  such  small  quantities  as  to  be  practically 
harmless,  then  we  find  the  way  open  for  loading  upon  the  kidneys 
many  different  functions  in  addition  to  those  which  they  now  discharge. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  253 

If  they  may  be  justly  called  upon  to  eliminate  the  small  ([uantities  of 
boric  acid  added  in  food,  they  can  not  logically  be  freed  from  the 
necessit}'  of  eliminating-  ulso  minute  quantities  of  salicylic  acid,  sac- 
charin, sulphurous  acid,  and  sulphites,  together  with  the  whole  list  of 
the  remaining  preservatives,  which  are  eliminated  principally  through 
the  kidnej's.  It  would  be  useless  to  contend  that  the  occasional  con- 
sumption of  small  quantities  of  boric  acid  in  a  sausag-e,  in  butter,  or 
in  preserved  meat  would  produce  even  upon  delicate  stomachs  any 
continuing"  deleterious  efi'ect  which  could  be  detected  l)y  any  of  the 
means  at  our  disposal;  })ut  natural!}^  it  seems  that  this  admission  does 
not  ill  any  way  justify  the  indiscriminate  use  of  this  preservative  in 
food  products,  implying,  as  it  would,  the  equal  right  of  all  other 
preservatives  of  a  like  character  to  exist  in  food  products  without 
restriction. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  there  is  no  convincing  force  in  the  argu- 
ment de  III  In  ill)  Is  unless  it  can  be  established  that  there  is  only  a  single 
preservative  used  in  foods,  that  this  preservative  is  used  in  only  a  few 
foods,  that  it  will  be  consumed  in  extremely  minute  quantities,  and 
that  the  foods  in  which  it  is  found  are  consumed  at  irregular  intervals 
and  in  small  amounts.  On  the  other  hand,  the  logical  conclusion 
which  seems  to  follow  from  the  data  at  our  disposal  is  that  the  use 
of  boric  acid  and  equivalent  amounts  of  borax  should  be  restricted 
to  those  cases  where  the  necessity  therefor  is  clearly  manifest,  and 
where  it  is  demonstrable  that  other  methods  of  food  preservation 
are  not  applicable  and  that  without  the  use  of  such  a  preservative 
the  deleterious  etiects  produced  by  the  foods  themselves,  by  reason 
of  decomposition,  would  be  far  greater  than  could  possibly  come  from 
the  use  of  the  preservative  in  minimum  quantities.  In  these  cases  it 
would  also  follow,  apparently,  as  a  matter  of  public  information,  and 
especial h'  for  the  protection  of  the  young,  the  debilitated,  and  the 
sick,  that  each  article  of  food  should  be  plainly  labeled  and  branded  in 
n^gard  to  the  character  and  quantitj'^  of  the  preservative  employed. 

iJe  minim  is  mm  curat  lex  is  a  legal  phrase  which  may  be  capable 
of  more  than  one  construction.  In  the  light  of  the  above  discussion  it 
may  bo  said  that  its  proper  interpretation  would  be  by  the  phrase, 
■■The  law  does  not  excuse  the  use  of  injurious  substances  because  they 
may  be  present  in  small  quantities." 

EFFECT   OF    HOlUC    ACID    AND    HOKAX    UPON    OENEUAL    HEALTH. 

The  most  interesting  of  the  observations  which  were  made  during 
the  progress  of  the  experiments  was  in  the  study  of  the  direct  effect  of 
boric  acid  atifl  borax,  when  administered  in  food,  upon  the  health  and 
digestion.  When  bcH'ic  acid,  oi'  its  equivalent  in  borax,  is  taken  into 
the  food  in  small  (quantities,  not  exceeding  half  a  gram  (7^  grains)  a 


254  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

day,  no  notable  effects  are  immediatel}^  produced.  The  medical  symp- 
toms of  the  cases,  in  long-continued  exhibitions  of  small  doses  or  in 
large  doses  extending  over  a  shorter  period,  show  in  many  instances  a 
manifest  tendency  to  diminish  the  appetite  and  to  produce  a  feeling  of 
fullness  and  uneasiness  in  the  stomach,  which  in  some  cases  results  in 
nausea,  with  a  very  general  tendency  to  produce  a  sense  of  fullness  in 
the  head,  which  is  often  manifested  as  a  dull  and  persistent  headache. 
In  addition  to  the  uneasiness  produced  in  the  region  of  the  stomach 
there  appear  in  some  instances  sharp  and  well-located  pains,  which, 
however,  are  not  persistent.  Although  the  depression  in  the  weight 
of  the  body  and  some  of  the  other  symptoms  produced  persist  in  the 
after  periods,  there  is  a  uniform  tendency  manifested  after  the  with- 
drawal of  the  preservative  toward  the  removal  of  the  unpleasant  sen- 
sations in  the  stomach  and  head  above  mentioned. 

The  administration  of  boric  acid  to  the  amount  of  -i  or  5  grams  per 
day  or  borax  equivalent  thereto  continued  for  some  time  results  in 
most  cases  in  loss  of  appetite  and  inability  to  perform  work  of  any 
kind.  In  many  cases  the  person  becomes  ill  and  unfit  for  duty.  Four 
grams  per  day  may  be  regarded,  then,  as  the  limit  of  exhibition  beyond 
which  the  normal  man  may  not  go.  The  administration  of  3  grams 
per  day  produced  the  same  symptoms  in  many  cases,  although  it 
appeared  that  a  majority  of  the  men  under  observation  were  able  to 
take  3  grams  a  day  for  a  somewhat  protracted  period  and  still  perform 
their  duties.  They  commonly  felt  injurious  effects  from  the  dose, 
however,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  normal  man  could  not  long  continue 
to  receive  3  grams  per  day. 

In  many  cases  the  same  results,  though  less  marked,  follow  the 
administration  of  borax  to  the  extent  of  2  grams  and  even  of  1  gram 
per  day,  although  the  illness  following  the  administration  of  borax 
and  boric  acid  in  those  proportions  ma}^  be  explained  in  some  cases 
by  other  causes,  chiefly  grippe. 

The  administration  of  borax  and  boric  acid  to  the  extent  of  one-half 
gram  per  day  yielded  results  markedly  different  from  those  obtained 
with  larger  quantities  of  the  preservatives.  This  experiment,  Series 
V,  conducted  as  it  was  for  a  period  of  fift}^  days,  was  a  rather  severe 
test,  and  it  appeared  that  in  some  instances  a  somewhat  unfavorable 
result  attended  it.  On  the  whole,  the  results  show  that  one-half  gram 
per  day  is  too  much  for  the  normal  man  to  receive  regularly.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  evident  that  the  normal  man  can  receive  one-half 
gram  per  day  of  boric  acid,  or  of  borax  expressed  in  terms  of  boric 
acid,  for  a  limited  period  of  time  without  much  danger  of  impairment 
of  health. 

It  is,  of  course,  not  to  be  denied  that  both  borax  and  boric  acid  are 
recognized  as  valuable  remedies  in  medicine.     There  are  certain  dis- 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  255 

eases  in  which  these  remedies  are  regularly'  preseri})ed  for  both  internal 
and  external  use.  The  value  which  they  possess  in  these  cases  does 
not  seem  to  have  any  relation  to  their  use  in  the  healthy  organism 
except  when  properly  prescribed  as  prophylactics.  The  fact  that  any 
remedy  is  useful  in  disease  does  not  appear  to  logically  warrant  its 
use  at  any  other  time. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  both  boric  acid  and  borax,  when  contin- 
uously administered  in  small  doses  for  a  long  period  or  when  given 
in  large  quantities  for  a  short  period,  create  disturbances  of  appetite, 
of  digestion,  and  of  health. 


APPENDIX. 
TABLES  SHOWING  BALANCES  OF  FOOD  ELEMENTS. 

EXPLANATION. 

The  sheets  on  which  the  balances  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  fat,  calories,  and 
solids  were  calculated  are  printed  in  full.  The  nitrogen  sheets,  for  example,  include 
the  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  per  day  in  the  food  consumed  and  the  number  of 
grams  eliminated  in  the  feces  and  in  the  urine,  the  figures  being  taken  from  sheets 
on  which  they  have  been  previously  calculated  from  the  weights  and  the  percentage 
composition.  From  these  figures  data  are  calculated  for  the  succeeding  columns, 
which  show  the  percentages  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces,  in  the  urine,  and 
in  both,  and  also  the  balance  between  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  ingested  and  the 
quantity  excreted.  For  the  convenience  of  calculators  the  columns  are  numbered 
at  the  top,  and  just  below  the  heading  the  necessary  calculation  is  indicated  in 
parentheses.  For  instance,  column  4  is  calculated  by  adding  together  the  corre- 
sponding figures  of  columns  2  and  3;  column  5  by  dividing  the  figures  in  column  2. 
by  those  in  column  1;  while  the  balances  in  column  8  are  obtained  by  subtracting 
the  results  in  column  4  from  those  in  column  1.  Exceptions  to  the  general  method 
of  calculation  are  the  total  and  the  average  in  column  4,  which  are  not  obtained 
by  adding  together  the  totals  and  averages  respectively  in  columns  2  and  3.  The 
total  in  column  4  is  obtained  by  adding  together  the  various  individual  figures  in 
the  same  column,  and  the  average  by  dividing  the  total  by  the  corresponding  num- 
ber of  days.  The  sheets  for  phosphoric  acid,  fat,  calories,  and  solids  are  similarly 
arranged. 

For  various  reasons  it  sometimes  happened  that  a  sample  of  urine  or  feces  of  an 
individual  for  a  single  day  was  lost.  This  was  sometimes  occasioned  by  the  break- 
age of  a  receptacle,  sometimes  by  sickness  of  a  member  of  the  table,  sometimes  by 
accident  in  the  analytical  work.  As  the  work  progressed  and  was  better  systema- 
tized these  losses  of  samples  became  less  frequent. 

In  order  to  secure  all  possible  data  the  analysis  of  the  food  and  feces  is  given,  even 
for  those  days  for  which  the  sample  of  urine  was  lost,  and  the  analysis  of  food  and 
urine  for  those  days  on  which  the  sample  of  feces  was  lost.  In  the  first  case,  how- 
ever, the  amount  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  fat,  calories  of  combustion,  or 
solids  of  the  food  and  of  the  feces  is  placed  in  brackets.  In  the  second  case,  in 
which  the  sample  of  feces  was  lost,  the  grams  of  nitrogen,  etc.,  in  the  food  and  in  the 
urine  are  placed  in  parentheses.  The  figures  given  without  either  brackets  or  paren- 
theses therefore  represent  those  days  for  which  the  analysis  of  food,  feces,  and  urine 
was  complete. 

In  the  totals  of  each  period  and  subperiod  it  was  desired  to  have  as  full  informa- 
tion as  possible.  In  determining  the  amount  of  nitrogen,  etc.,  eliminated  in  both 
feces  and  urine  of  course  only  those  figures  could  be  employed  which  were  not 
inclosed  in  either  brackets  or  parentheses;  that  is,  for  those  days  for  which  both 
feces  and  urine  were  entirely  saved  and  examined.  For  the  total  amount  of  nitrogen, 
etc.,  in  the  feces  alone  for  a  given  period  or  subperiod,  however,  not  only  are  the 
uninclosed  figures  added  together,  but  also  those  inclosed  in  brackets  are  included, 
and  for  comparison  with  them  the  amount  of  nitrogen,  etc.,  in  food  for  the  same 
256 


BORIC    ACID   AND    BORAX.  257 

dayn  is  determined;  that  is-,  the  figures  in  the  first  column  which  are  neither  in 
brackets  nor  in  parentheses  are  added  to  the  figures  in  brackets.  In  order  to  deter- 
mine the  total  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  urine  the  figures  for  those  days  for  which 
both  the  feces  and  urine  were  all  saved  and  examined  are  added  to  tliose  in  which  the 
urine  was  saved  but  the  feces  lost;  that  is,  the  figures  which  are  neither  in  brackets 
nor  i)arentheses  are  added  to  the  figures  in  parentheses.  For  comparison  with  them 
the  amount  of  nitrogen,  etc.,  in  food  for  the  corresponding  days  was  also  deter- 
mined; that  is,  the  figures  in  column  1  which  are  neither  in  brackets  nor  in  paren- 
theses are  added  to  the  figures  in  parentheses. 

In  Table  XLV,  for  instance  (subject  Xo.  1,  Series  I),  the  number  of  grams  of  nitro- 
gen in  the  food  for  the  fore  period  (December  16-21,  1902),  was  113.226.  This 
figure  includes  the  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  December  16,  when  the  sample  of  urine 
was  lost.  The  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  December  16  is  therefore  inclosed  in 
brackets,  and  the  sum  of  the  nitrogen  for  all  the  days  on  which  the  feces  were 
saved,  in  this  case  for  all  days  of  the  period,  is  also  inclosed  in  brackets.  The  same 
is  true  of  column  2,  in  which  the  nitrogen  of  the  feces  is  given.  The  urine  and  feces 
were  both  saved  for  all  days  of  the  period  excepting  December  16,  and  the  sum  of 
the  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  those  days  is  given,  and  the  result  expressed  in  figures 
that  are  not  inclosed  in  either  brackets  or  2)arentheses. 

The  average  amount  of  nitrogen,  etc.,  in  the  food  for  each  day  on  which  both  feces 
and  urine  were  analyzed  is. determined  by  dividing  the  number  which  is  not  in 
parentheses,  9-1.948,  by  the  number  of  days  represented  in  this  sum;  that  is,  from 
December  17  to  December  21,  inclusive.  The  figure  so  obtained  represents  the  aver- 
age amount  of  nitrogen  for  one  day  of  the  period  when  both  urine  and  feces  were 
examined  and  is  not  placed  in  either  brackets  or  parentheses.  The  average  amount 
of  nitrogen  in  tiie  urine  is  of  course  obtained  by  dividing  the  total  number  of  grams 
for  the  period  by  the  same  number  of  days. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  average  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  each 
day  on  which  the  feces  were  collected  and  examined  is  obtained  by  dividing  the  sum 
in  brackets,  113.226,  by  the  total  number  of  days  on  which  the  feces  were  saved,  that 
is,  from  December  16  to  December  21,  inclusive,  and  the  result  so  obtained  is  placed 
in  brackets.  The  average  number  of  grams  per  day  of  nitrogen  in  the  feces  is  also 
obtained  by  dividing  the  number  in  brackets  in  the  second  column,  8.735,  by  the 
total  number  of  days  on  which  the  feces  were  obtained;  that  is,  from  December  16  to 
Deceniljer  21,  inclusive. 

The  amount  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  both  feces  and  urine  is  obtained,  as  directed 
in  the  table,  by  adding  together  the  amount  eliminated  each  day  in  the  feces  to 
the  amount  eliminated  in  the  urine.  To  obtain  this  result  the  figures  inclosed  in 
parentheses  and  brackets  are  omitted.  The  amount  eliminated  in  both  feces  and 
urine  for  a  period  or  subperiod  is  determined  by  adding  together  the  amount  elim- 
inated in  both  feces  and  urine  for  all  individual  days  in  that  period  or  subperiod. 
This  figure  of  course  does  not  include  any  of  the  figures  expressed  in  brackets  and 
parentheses  in  columns  2  and  3.  It  is  therefore  not  equal  to  the  sum  which  includes 
those  results;  for  instance,  in  the  table  referred  to  above  (Table  XLV)  the  total 
nitrogen  eliminated  in  both  feces  and  urine  during  the  fore  period  refers  only  to  the 
time  from  December  17  to  December  21,  inctlusive,  and  is  not  equal  to  the  sum  of 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  feces  (8.735  grams,  which  includes  also 
the  data  for  December  16)  and  the  amount  of  the  nitrogen  in  the  urine  for  Decem- 
ber 17  to  21  (76.880  grams).  This  ai)plies  also  to  the  other  case  mentioned;  that  is, 
where  the  sample  of  feces  is  lost  and  the  results  on  food  and  urine  for  the  corre- 
sponding days  are  inclosed  in  parentheses. 

The  averages  that  would  have  been  obtained  by  excluding  all  results  for  those  days 
on  whif,h  either  feces  or  urine  were  lost  would  not  have  differed  greatly  from  those 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 17 


258  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

here  given,  but  it  was  desired  to  make  the  report  as  full  as  possible  and  include  as 
far  as  practicable  all  of  the  results  obtained. 

Great  care  must  be  taken  to  distinguish  days  on  which  the  sample  of  feces  was 
lost  and  days  on  which  no  movement  of  the  bowels  occurred.  In  the  latter  case  no 
substance  was  lost,  as  the  excrement  would  naturally  be  collected  on  a  later  date. 
An  illustration  of  this  is  given  under  No.  2,  for  December  18,  page  261.  On  this  date 
no  movement  occurred,  and  yet  it  was  included  in  the  number  of  days  on  which 
feces  are  collected  and  analyzed;  that  is,. the  sum  of  the  nitrogen  in  the  feces 
for  No.  2  during  the  fore  period  from  December  16  to  December  21,  inclusive, 
was  8.080  grams.  Since  no  sample  was  lost,  the  number  of  grams  given  is  divided 
by  6  to  obtain  the  average  weight  of  nitrogen  per  day  eliminated  in  the  feces. 

In  order  to  bring  together  and  average  the  results  for  all  the  men  for  each  series 
and  express  them  as  a  unit  they  were  collected  in  summaries.  The  summary  of  the 
nitrogen  data  obtained  in  Series  I  is  given  on  page  266.  Here  under  each  man  the 
sums  of  each  period  are  given,  first,  for  the  daj's  on  which  both  urine  and  feces  were 
collected  and  analyzed  (figures  not  inclosed  either  in  brackets  or  in  parentheses); 
second,  for  the  days  on  which  feces  were  lost,  but  urine  was  analyzed  (figures  inclosed 
in  parentheses) ;  and  third,  for  the  days  on  which  urine  was  lost,  but  the  feces  were 
analyzed  (figures  inclosed  in  brackets). 

The  totals  for  all  men  for  each  period  were  obtained  by  adding  together,  first,  the 
figures  not  inclosed  in  either  brackets  or  parentheses;  second,  the  figures  inclosed  in 
parentheses,  and  adding  to  them  the  figures  not  inclosed  in  either  brackets  or  paren- 
theses for  those  men  for  whom  no  figures  in  parentheses  are  given;  third,  by  adding 
together  all  figures  inclosed  in  brackets  and  adding  to  them  all  figures  not  inclosed 
in  either  brackets  or  parentheses  for  those  men  for  whom  no  figures  in  brackets  are 
given.  To  illustrate,  in  the  summary  for  the  fore  period  for  Series  I  (p.  266),  the 
number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  of  all  men  for  all  days  on  which  both  feces 
and  urine  were  saved  and  examined  amounted  to  566.765  grams.  This  sum  was 
obtained  by  adding  the  following  figures:  94.948,  89.778,  115.501,  84.465,  101.744, 
80.329. 

The  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  those  days  on  which  feces  were 
all  recovered  and  analyzed  was  found  by  adding  together  all  of  the  figures  given 
above  with  the  exception  of  94.948  and  89.778  and  adding  to  this  result  the  figures 
expressed  in  brackets,  that  is,  113.226  and  105.085. 

The  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  all  days  on  which  the  urine  was 
recovered  and  analyzed  was  found  bj^  adding  together  the  figures  given  above  for 
those  days  on  which  both  urine  and  feces  were  recovered,  with  the  exception  of 
84.465,  and  adding  to  that  sum  the  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  of  No.  4 
for  all  days  on  which  the  urine  alone  was  saved  and  analyzed,  that  is,  101.641. 

In  order  to  determine  the  average  amount  of  nitrogen  per  day  in  the  food  for  all  days 
on  which  both  urine  and  feces  were  recovered  and  analyzed  it  is  necessary  to  turn 
to  the  individual  balance  sheets  and  count  the  days  and  use  the  number  thus 
obtained  to  divide  into  the  total  number  of  grams  in  the  food  for  those  days.  Bj 
referring  to  the  individual  balance  sheets  we  note  that  both  urine  and  feces  were 
recovered  and  analyzed  in  the  fore  period  for  the  following  number  of  days:  No.  1, 
five  days;  No.  2,  five  days;  No.  3,  six  days;  No.  4,  five  days;  No.  5,  six  days;  No.  6, 
six  days,  making  a  total  of  thirty-three  days.  Now,  dividing  566.765  grams  (that  is, 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  all  days  on  which  the  urine  and  feces  were 
entirely  recovered  and  analyzed)  by  this  number  of  days,  we  have  the  result  17.17; 
■that  is,  the  average  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  for  each  man  for  each 
day  of  this  period. 

In  the  same  way  the  number  of  days  in  the  fore  period  on  which  the  feces  were 
collected  and  analyzed  was:  No.  1,  six  days;  No.  2,  six  days;  No.  3,  six  days;  No.  4, 


BOEIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  259 

five  days;  Xo.  5,  six  days;  No.  6,  six  days — in  all  thirty-five  days.  Bj^  referring  to 
the  total,  it  was  seen  that  the  nitrogen  in  the  food  consumed  during  the  same  time — 
that  is,  the  figure  in  brackets — amounted  to  600.350  grams.  This  divided  by  35  gives 
17.15  grams,  or  the  average  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  consumed  by  each  person 
for  each  day  on  which  the  feces  were  collected  and  analyzed. 

Applying  the  same  jirinciple  to  urine,  the  number  of  days  on  which  the  urine  was 
saved  in  the  fore  period  of  the  first  series  was:  No.  1,  five  days;  No.  2,  five  days; 
No.  3,  six  days;  No.  4,  six  days;  No.  5,  six  da5's;  No.  6,  six  days,  making  in  all 
thirty-four  days.  The  number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  consumed  during  the  same  time 
amounted  to  583.941  (the  figure  given  in  parentheses).  This  divided  by  34  gives 
17.17  grams  as  the  average  amount  of  nitrogen  consumed  by  each  man  for  each  day 
on  which  the  urine  was  collected  and  analyzed. 

In  column  2  the  numbers  given  for  each  man  represent  the  nitrogen  eliminated 
for  all  days  on  which  the  feces  were  analyzed,  while  the  total  and  average  are  obtained 
jiLSt  as  in  column  1,  using  the  same  number  of  days  used  in  obtaining  the  bracketed 
average  in  the  food  column.  Similarly,  in  colunm  3,  the  individual  data  represent 
all  days  on  which  the  urine  was  analyzed,  and  the  average  is  obtained  by  using  the 
number  of  days  used  in  obtaining  the  average  in  parentheses  in  the  food  column. 
The  same  principle  applies  to  column  4,  where  the  average  is  obtained  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  uninclosed  average  in  column  1.  In  the  percentage  and  balance 
columns  the  total  and  average  results  ai'e  obtained  as  indicated  in  the  heading,  using 
in  each  case  the  numbers  on  the  same  line  in  the  corresponding  columns. 

This  same  princiijle  applies  to  the  statements  regarding  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid, 
fat,  calories,  and  solids  for  all  experiments  conducted.     The  same  method  of  record-" 
ing,  collecting,  and  averaging  was  employed  in  all  periods. 

Now,  still  further  to  simplity  the  data  and  reduce  not  merely  the  results  of  one 
series  to  a  single  statement,  but  to  reduce  all  the  series  to  the  same  basis,  tables  com- 
bining the  various  summaries  for  the  several  series  have  been  prepared.  As  an 
illustration  of  this.  Table  LV,  on  page  306,  general  summary  of  nitrogen  balances,  is 
cited.  During  the  fore  period  of  Series  I,  566.765  grams  of  nitrogen  were  consumed 
on  the  days  when  the  feces  and  urine  were  collected  and  analyzed,  600.350  grams 
were  consumed  on  all  days  for  which  feces  were  collected  and  analyzed,  and  583.941 
grams  of  nitrogen  were  consumed  on  the  days  on  wliich  urine  was  collected  and 
analyzed.  Durintr  the  fore  periods  of  all  series,  1,937.485  grams  of  nitrogen  were 
consumed  during  the  days  on  which  both  feces  and  urine  were  collected  and 
analyzed.  The  coiTesponding  numV)er  of  days  for  all  fore  periods,  obtained  as 
indicated  above,  was  111.  Dividing  1,937.485  by  111  gives  17.455  as  the  average 
number  of  grams  of  nitrogen  consumed  by  each  man  during  the  fore  periods  of 
all  series  for  each  day  on  which  both  feces  and  urine  were  collected  and  analyzed. 
The  corresponding  results  for  all  days  on  which  feces  were  examined  and  for  all  days 
on  which  urine  was  examined  are  obtained  in  the  same  manner,  using  for  the  former 
the  figures  in  V)rackets  and  for  the  latter  the  figures  in  ])arentheses. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  the  general  sununaries  Series  II  lias  been  omitted  from 
the  averages  owing  to  the  fact  that  all  of  the  men  were  ill  at  the  close  of  the  ])reserv- 
ative  [M-riod  and  no  after  period  was  ran.  It  was  not  desired  to  compare  the  averages 
of  the  fore  perif)ds  and  preservative  i)eriods  of  five  series  with  the  after  periods  of 
four  series,  and  for  that  feason  the  results  on  Series  II  are  omitted  in  the  averages. 
At  the  same  time  the  figures  are  given  for  the  sake  of  comparison. 


260 


USTFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


NITROGEN  TABIjES. 

Table  XLV. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  I. 


JSTo.  T. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1). 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1902 — Dec  16 

Grams. 
[18. 278] 
17. 194 
19. 291 
18. 964 
19. 704 
19. 795 

Grams. 
[1.878] 
1.091 
1.020 
1.590 
1.754 
1.402 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

[10.3] 

6.3 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

17 

14. 514 
15. 036 
14. 960 

1  32. 370 

15.60 
16.06 
16.  .55 

35.53 

84.4 

90.7 
83.2 
87.3 

90. 0 

+  1.59 
+  3.23 
+  2.41 

+  3.97 

IS 

5.3  77.9 

8.4  78.9 

8.0         82.0 

19 

20 

21 

f 

94  94S 

76.880 

83.74 

i       81  _0 

88.2 

+11.20 

^'^^^^ \   [113.226] 

rs.  73.51 

[7.7] 

(1      18.990  1...' \ 

15. 376 

16.75 

1 

+  2.24 

Average |     n8.S7n!     n.4561 

*■                     ■* 

' 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

19. 213 
17.  710 
16. 430 
19. 030 
20. 030 

1.486 
1.105 
1.361 
1.366 
1. 042 

16.00 
14.52 
16.51 
15.73 
15.11 

17.49 
15. 62 
17.87 
17.10 
16.15 

7.7 
6.2 
8.3 
7.2 
5.2 

83.2 
82.0 
100.5 
82.7 
75.4 

91.0 
88.2 
108.8 
89.9 
80.6 

+  1.72 
+  2.09 
-  1.44 
+  1.93 
+  3.88 

1.0 
1  0 

24 

"1  0 

25 

1.0 

26 

1  0 

Total 

92. 413 
18. 483 

6.360 
1.272 

77.87 
15.67 

84.23 
16. 85 

6.8 

84.3 

91.1 

+  8.18 
+  1.63 

5  0 

Average 

Second  subper'od: 
1902— Dec.  27 

19.77 
19.97 
19.79 
(20.  71) 

2.145 
1.860 
1.118 
Lost. 

18.04 
15. 12 
17.30 
(17.36) 

20.18 
16.98 
18.42 

10.8 
9.3 
5.6 

91.2 

75.7 
87.4 
(S3. 8) 

102.0 
85.0 
93.0 

-  0.41 

+  2.99 
+  1.37 

2  0 

28 

2  0 

29... 

2  0 

30 

2.0 

Total 1 

Average | 

59.  53 
(80.24) 

19.84 
(20.06) 

5.123 

55.58 

8.6 

■"(84.'5) 

93.4 

+  3.95 

}     .8.0 

(67. 82) 

1.708 

18. 53 

+  1.31 

(16. 96) 

1 

1 

Third  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  31 

19.29 
19.01 
15.19 

15.28 

1. 305 

.628 

1.224 

1.058 

14.28 
16.52 
15.05 
17.86 

15. 58 
17. 15 
16.27 
18.92 

6.8 
3.3 
8.1 
6.9 

74.0 

86.9 

99.0 

116.9 

80.8 

90.2 

107.1 

123. 8 

+  3.71 
+  1.86 

-  1.08 

-  3.64 

3  0 

1903— Jan.   1 

3  0 

<> 

3  0 

3 

3  0 

Total 

68.77 
17.19 

4.215 
1.054 

63.71 
15.  93 

67.92 
,  16.  98 

6.1 

92.6 

98.7 

+     .85 
+     .21 

19  0 

Average 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

220. 713 

(241. 423 1 

16. 978 

(18. 571) 

15. 698 

207.  73 

7.1 

■■(86.'7J 

94.1 

+12. 98 

1      25.0 

(209. 40) 

Average J 

1.308 

17.81 

-     .33 

(16. ii) 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.  4 

21.47 
21.54 
20.77 
22.38 
18.92 

(19. 90) 
18.86 

"  16. 86 
19.02 
18.79 

1.296 
1.208 
1.878 
1.736 
2.374 
Broken. 
1. 143 
1.379 
1.506 
2.210 

14.98 
17.37 
17.54 
15.79 
18.19 
(15.68) 
18.04 
14.78 
19.27 
10.69 

16.28 
18.58 
19.42 
17.53 
20.56 

6.0 
5.6 
9.0 
7.8 
12.5 

69.8 
80.6 
84.5 
70.5 
96.1 

^78. 8) 
95.6 
87.7 

101.3- 
56.9 

7.5.8 
86.2 
93.5 
78.3 
108.6 

+  5.19 
+  2.95 
+  1.35 
+  4.85 
-  1.64 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

19.18 
16.16 
20.78 
12.90 

6.1 

8.2 

7.9 

11.8 

101.7 
95.9 

102.2 
68.7 

-  .32 
+     .70 

-  1.76 
+  5.89 

11 

12 

13 

Total 1 

178. 61 

(198.51) 

■17. 86 

(19.85) 

14.730 

161.39 

8.2 

"(si.'s) 

90.3 

+17. 22 

(162.33) 

Average \ 

1.473 

16.14 

+  1.91 

(16.23) 

1 

1 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


261 


Table  XLX .^Xitrogen  balances  for  Scrie>t  /^Continued. 
No.  :^. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3       1 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 

7 

[n  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-M) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

Crrams. 

[15. 307] 
16. 666 
16.765 
18.963 
19. 147 
18.237 

Grams. 
[1.399] 
1.566 

C) 
2.169 
1.524 
1. 422 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Perct. 

[9.1] 
9.4 

"'ii.'-i' 

7.9 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

* 
Grams. 

Grams. 

17 

14.57 
14.49 
14.98 

1    30.95 

16.14 
14.49 
17.15 

33.90 

87.4 
86.4 
79.0 

82.8 

96.8 
86.4 
90.4 

90.7 

+  0.53 
+  2.28 
+  1.81 

+  3.48 

18 

19 

20 

21 

rw              ,                                                f 

89.  778 

[105.085] 

17. 95(i 

[17. 514] 

74.99 

81.68 

■■"■[7.' 7] 

83.5 

91.0 

+  8.10 

Total 

[8.080] 

Average < 

15.00 

16.34 

+  1.62 

[1.347] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

20.049 

16.77 

17.51 

15.95 

18.93 

2.305 
1.635 
1.553 
1.717 
1.777 

12.58 
16.17 
16.38 
14.28 
14.84 

14.88 
17.80 
17. 93 
16.00 
16. 62 

11.5 
9.7 
8.9 

10.8 
9.4 

62.7 

.   96.4 

93.5 

89.5 

78.4 

74.2 
106.1 
102.4 
100.3 

87.8 

+  5.169 

-  1.03 

-  .42 

-  .05 
+  2.31 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total         

89.21 
17.84 

8.987 
1.797 

74.25 
14.85 

83.23 
16.65 

10.1 

83.2 

93.3 

+  5.98 
+  1.20 

5.0 



Second  subperiod: 
190^^    Dec.  27 

18.55 
18.34 
19.74 
18.55 

1.886 
2.767 
1.743 
1.374 

15.82 
13.20 
15. 56 
15.01 

17.71 
15.97 
17.30 
16.38 

10.2 
15.1 
8.8 
7.4 

85.3 
72.0 
78.8 
80.9 

95.5 
87.1 
87.6 
88.3 

+  0.84 
+  2.37 
+  2.44 
+  2.17 

2.0 

28 

29 

30 

2,0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total        

75. 18 
18.80 

7.770 
1.942 

59.59 
14.90 

67.36 
16.84 

10.3 

79.3 

89.6 

+  7.82 
+  1.96 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  31 

19.27 
19.92 
19.  C7 
18.48 

2.140 
2.025 
1.134 
1.886 

15.28 
11.62 
16.35 
12.22 

17.42 
13.65 
17.48 
14.11 

11.1 
10.2 
5.8 
10.2 

79.3 
58.  3 
83.1 
66.2 

90.4 

68.5 
88.9 
70.4 

+  1.85 
+  6.27 
+  2.19 
+  4.37 

3.0 

1903 — Jan.  1      

3.0 

9 

3.0 

3    

3.0 

Total 

77.34 
19.34 

7. 185 
1.796 

55.47 
13.87 

62.66 
15.66 

9.3 

71.7 

81.0 

+  14.68 
+  3.68 

12.0 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

Total 

.\verage 

241.73 
18.59 

23.942 
1.842 

189. 31 
14.56 

213.25 
16.40 

9.9 

78.3 

88.2 

+28. 48 
+  2.19 

25.0 


1 

After  period . 

190:$— .Ian.4 

5 

15.43 

18.76 

17. 62 

19. 30 

16. 56 

18. 45 

j      19.44 

!      17.82 

1      19.50 

18.55 

0.836 
1.438 
1.674 
.904 
1.738 
1..556 
1.846 
2.963 
1.431 
1.437 

11.66 
13.78 
15.77 
14.48 
14.09 
14.80 
15.84 
14. 25 
13.70 
18.  72 

12.60 
15. 22 
17.44 
15.44 
15.83 
10.36 
17.69 
17.21 
15.13 
20.16 

5.4 
7.6 
9.5 
5.0 

10.5 
8.4 
9.5 

10.6 
7.3 
7.7 

75.0 
73.5 
89.5 
74.8 
8.5.1 
80.3 
81.5 
80.0 
70.3 
100.9 

81.0 
81.1 
99.0 
79.8 
95.6 
88.7 
91.0 
96.6 
77.6 
108.6 

+  2.93 
+  3.54 
+  ■    .18 
+  3.92 
+     .73 
.+  2.09 
+  1.75 
+     .61 
+  4.37 
-  1.61 

C. 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

Average 

1     181.49 
1      18. 15 

15.883 
1.588 

147.09 
14.71 

l(i2. 98 
16.30 

8.8 

81.0 

89.8 

+18.51 
+  1.85 

.    1 

a  Ko  movement. 


262  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XLV. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  /^Continued. 
ISTo.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

Gh-ams. 
1.599 
2.667 
1.263 

.789 
1.913 

.556 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1). 

7      - 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1902    Dec  16 

Grams. 
18. 176 
17.557 
19. 660 
19.  731 
22. 741 
17.  636 

Gravis. 

14.75 

9.27 

11.74 

16.57 

\    27.06 

Grams. 
16.35 
11.94 
13.00 
17.36 

29. 53 

Per  ct. 

8.8 

15.2 

6.4 

4.0 

6.1 

Perct. 
81.2 
52.8 
59.7 
84.0 

67.0 

Per  ct. 
90.0 
68.0 
66.1 
88.0 

73.0 

Grams. 
+  1.83 
+  5.62 
+  6.66 
+  2.37 

+10. 85 

Grams. 

17 

18             

19 

20 

21 

Total            

115. 501 
19. 250 

8.787 
1.464 

79.39 
13.23 

88.18 
14.70 

7.6 

68.7 

76.3 

+27.33 
+  4.55 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  22 

19.68 
16.64 
15.81 
15.  59 

[15. 98] 

2.617 
1.547 
1.256 
.719 
[1.541] 

15.05 
9.68 
14.28 
17.08 
Lost. 

17.67 
11.23 
15.54 
17.80 

13.3 
9.3 
7.9 
4.6 

[9.6] 

76.5 

58.2 

90.3 

109.6 

89.8 

67.5 

98.3 

114.2 

+  2.01 
+  5.41 
+     .27 
-  2.21 

1.0 

23      

1.0 

24 

1.0 

25 

1.0 

1.0 

Total 1 

Average -j 

67.  72 
[83.  70] 

16.93 
[16.74] 

56.09 

62.24 

"""■[9."  2] 

82.8 

91.9 

+  5.48 

\        6.0 

[7. 680] 

14.02 

15.56 

+  1.37 

[15. 360] 

Second  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  27 

18.56 
16.24 
19.35 
16.76 

1.867 

1.881 

1.653 

.595 

13.88 
13.52 
12. 78 
11.93 

15.75 
15.40 
14.43 
12. 52 

10.1 

11.6 

8.5 

3.6 

74.8 
83.3 
66.0 
71.2 

84.9 
94.8 
74.6 

74.7 

+  2.81 
+     .84 
+  4.92 
+  4.24 

2.0 

28 

2.0 

29 

2.0 

30 

2.0 

Total 

70.91 
17.73 

5.996 
1.499 

52.11 
13.03 

58.10 
14. 52 

8.5 

73.5 

81.9 

+12  81 
+  3.21 

8.0 

Tliird  subperiod; 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— Jan.    1 

2 

3 

19.47 
12. 85 
12.63 
16.54 

2.733 

1.425 

.872 

1.305 

11.09 
15.08 
11.40 
12.01 

13.82 
16.50 
12.27 
13.32 

14.0 
11.1 
6.9 

7.9 

57.0 

117.4 

90.3 

72.6 

71.0 

128.4 
97.1 
80.5 

+  5.65 
-  3.66 
+     .36 
+  3.22 

3.0 
■7.0 
2.0 
2.5 

Total 

61.49 
15.37 

6.335 
1.584 

49.58 
12.40 

65.91 
13.98 

10.3 

80.6 

90.9 

+  5.68 
+  1.39 

14.5 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total -j 

Average I 

200. 12 

[216. 10] 

15.39 

[16. 62] 

157. 78 

176. 25 

■■■■[g.'s] 

78.8 

88.1 

+23. 87 

27.6 

[20.  Oil] 

12.14 

13.56 

+  1.83 

[1. 539] 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.    4 

15. 14 
18.51 
17.95 
19.49 
16.99 
17.33 
18.16 
14.43 
19.13 
17.62 

1.775 

.594 

.806 

2.271 

1.343 

1.049 

2. 225 

1.053 

1.720 

.437 

11.66 
12.88 
13.49 
14.14 
12.48 
13.68 
13.89 
11.32 
13.11 
14.62 

13.44 
13.47 
14.30 
16.41 
13.82 
14.73 
16.12 
12.37 
14.83 
15.06 

11.7 
3.2 
4.5 

11.7 
7.9 
6.1 

12.3 
7.3 
9.0 
2.5 

77.0 
69.6 
75.2 
72.6 
73.5 
78.9 
76.5 
78.4 
68.5 
83.0 

88.8 
72.8 
79.7 
84.2 
81.3 
85.0 
88.8 
86.7 
77.6 
85.5 

+  1.70 
+  5.04 
+  3.65 
+  3.08 
+  3.17 
+  2.60 
+  2.04 
+  2.06 
+  4.30 
+  2.56 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10    . 

11 

12. 

13 

Total 

174. 75 
17.48 

13.273 
1.327 

131.27 
13.13 

144. 55 
14.46 

7.6 

75.1 

82.7 

+30. 20 
+  3.02 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


263 


Table  XLV. — Xitrogen  balances  for  Series  J— Continued. 
ISTo.  -A. 


Pt-riod  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3       j      4 

In  feces 
In          and 
urine.  .  urine. 
(2+3) 

6 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6            7             8 

1        In  feces 
nriiip       *"*1     Balance. 
y™f-     urine.      (1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

J-ore  period. 

1902— Dec.  16 ' 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Gramg. 
17. 139 

(17.176) 
19.439 
17.970 
17. 303 
12. 614 

Grams. 
0.942 
Lost: 
1.353 
1.453 
1.280 
2.045 

Grams. 
13.62 
(13.22) 
13.14 
14.06 

\    25.49 

Grams. 
14.56 

Per  ct. 
5.5 

Per  ct. 
79.5 
(77.0) 
67.6 
78.2 

8.5.2 

Per  ct. 
85.0 

Grams. 
+  2.58 

Grams. 

14.49- 
15.51 

28.82 

7.0 
8.1 

11.1 

74.5 
86.3 

96.3 

+  4.95 
+  2.46 

+  1.10 

84.465 

(101.641) 

16.893 

(16.940) 

7.073 

73.38 

8.4 

■■(78.'2J 

86.9 

+  11  08 

Total 

(79.53) 



1.415 

14.68 

+  2.21 

Average 

(13.26) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

18. 237 

15.38 

16.29 

15.69 

18.64 

0.996 
1.652 
1.021 
1.369 
2. 156 

16.72 
15.26 
14. 53 
16. 24 
15. 12 

17.72 
16.91 
15.55 
17.61 
17. 28 

5.5 
10.7 
6.3 
8.7 
11.6 

91.7 
99.2 
89.2 
103.5 
81.1 

97.2 
109.9 

95.5 
112.2 

92.7 

+  0.52 

-  1.53 
+     .74 

-  1.92 
+  1.36 

1.0 
1.0 

24       

1.0 

1.0 

26 

1.0 

Total 

84.237 
16.847 

7.194 
1.439 

77.87 
15.57 

85.07 
17.01 

8.5 

92.4 

101.0 

-  .833 

-  .163 

.5.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1902 — Dec.  27 

19.01 
17.31 
19.45 
18.73 

1.476 
1.763 
1.560 
1.481 

14. 54 
14.47 
15.  36 
14.04 

16.02 
16.23 
16.92 
15.52 

7.8 

10.2 

8.0 

7.9 

76.5 
83.6 
79.0 
75.0 

84.3 
93.8 
87.0 
82.9 

+  2.99 
+  1.08 
+  2.53 
+  3.21 

2.0 

28 

29 

30 

2.0 

_    2.0 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

74.50 
18.62 

6.280 
1.570 

.58.41 
14.60 

64.69 
16.17 

8.4 

78.4 

86.8 

+  9.81 
+  2.45 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1902-Dec.  31 

1903-Jan.    1 

2 

3 

30.03 
10.31 
17.23 
14.09 

1.710 
.932 

1.234 
.902 

15.78 
12. 18 
15.52 
12.00 

17.49 
13.11 
16. 75 
12.90 

5.7 
9.0 
7.2 
6.4 

52.6 

118.1 

90.1 

85.2 

58.3 
127.2 
97.2 
91.6 

+12.51 
-  2.80 
+     .48 
+  1.19 

3.0 
1.0 
3.0 
2.5 

Total 

Average 

71.63 
17.91 

4.778 
1.194 

55.48 
13.87 

60.25 
15. 06 

6.7 

77.5 

84.1 

+  11.38 

+  2.85 

9.5 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

230. 367 
17. 721 

18. 252 
1.404 

191.76 
14.75 

210.01 
16.15 

i 

1        7.9 

83.2 

91.2 

+20. 36 
+  1.57 

22.5 



. 

After  perio'l. 

1903— Jan.  4 

5 

6 

11.29 
15. 10 
13. 90 
15. 42 
11.32 
13.49 
13. 65 
14.61 
16.21 
15.99 

1.  326 
1.016 
1.330 
1.244 
1.411 
2. 092 
.9.54 
1.29H 
2. 249 
2.332 

10.21 
12.28 
12. 34 
12.21 
11.54 
11.59 
11.83 
11.86 
13.70 
11.63 

11.54 
13. 30 
13.67 
13.45 
12.95 
13.68 
12.78 
13.16 
15.  95 
13. 96 

11.7 

6.7 

9.6 

8.1 

.    9.9 

15. 5 
7.0 
8.9 

13.9 

14.6 

90.4 
81.0 
88.8 
79.2 
80.6 
85.9 
87.3 
81.2 
84.5 
72.7 

i 

102.2 
87.7 
98.3 
87.2 
90.4 

101.4 
94.3 
90.1 
98.4 
87.3 

-  0.25 
+  1.86 
+     .23 
+  1.97 
+  1.37 

-  .19 
+     .77 
+  1.45 
+     .26 
+  2.03 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

143.94 
14.39 

15. 252 
1.52 

119.19 
11.92 

134.44 
13.14 

10.6 

82.8 

93.4  1+  9.50 

+     .95 

a 

264 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XLV. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  J— Continued. 
N'o.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

in 
urine. 

(3-1) 

T 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1902— Dec  16 

Ch'ams. 
15. 443 
14. 391 
17. 831 
17. 167 
17. 421 
19. 491 

Grains. 
0.948 
1.496 
1.643 
2.038 
2.435 
2.573 

Orams. 
12.642 
11.64 
12.80 
13.06 

1  28. 10 

Grams. 
13.59 
13.14 

14.44 
15.10 

32. 11 

Per  ct. 

6.1 
10.4 

9.2 
11.9 

10.9 

Per  ct. 
81.9 
80.9 
71.8 
76.1 

76.1 

Per  ct. 
88.0 
91.3 
81.0 

88.0 

87.0 

Grams. 
+  1.85 
+  1.25 
+  3.39 
+  2.07 

+  4.80 

Gravis. 

17 

18 

19 

20.            

21 

Total 

101. 744 
16. 957 

10. 133 
1.689 

78. 242 
13.  040 

88.38 
14. 73 

10.0 

76.9 

86.9 

+13.36 
+  2.22 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  22 

(15. 79) 
17.71 

(16.59) 
16.90 
18.49 

Broken. 
1.953 
Lost. 
2.074 
1.325 

(13.20) 
13.95 

(13.35) 
13.42 
13.31 

(83.6) 
78.8 

(80.5) 
79.4 
72.0 

1.0 

23 

15.90 

ii.6 

89.8 

+  1.81 

1.0 

24 

1.0 

25 

is.  49 
14.64 

12.3 

7.2 

91.. 7 
79.2 

+  i.4i 

+  3.85 

1.0 

26 

1.0 

Total.. 1 

f 

53. 10 
(85.48) 

17.70 
(17.10) 

5.352 

46.03 

10.1 

■■(78.'6) 

86.7 

+  7.07 

1        5.0 

(67.23) 

1.784 

15.34 

+  2.36 

Average ■ 

(13.45) 

Second  subperiod: 
■  1902— Dec.  27 

18.13 
18.96 
19.28 
20.48 

1.989 
2.358 
1.753 
2.001 

13.36 
12.77 
16.24 
12.88 

15.35 
15.13 
17.99 

14.88 

11.0 
12.4 
9.1 
9.8 

73.7 
67.4 
84.2 
62.9 

84.7 
79.8 
93.3 
72.7 

+  2.78 
+  3.83 
+  1.29 
+  5.60 

2.0 

28 

29 

2.0 
2.0 

30.. 

2.0 

Total 

76.85 
19.21 

8.101 
2.025 

55.25 
13.81 

63.35 
15.84 

10.5 

71.9 

82.4 

+13.50 
+  3.37 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  31 

18.33 
22.59 
16.88 
16.52 

2.962 
2.264 
2.009 
1.804 

17.96 
12.96 
13.66 
13.79 

20.92 
15.  22* 
15.67 
15.59 

16.2 
10.0 
11.9 
10.9 

98.0 
57.4 
80.9 
83.5 

114.1 
67.4 
92.8 
94.4 

-  2.59 
+  7.37 
+  1.21 
+     .93 

3.0 

3.0 

2  . 

3.0 

3 

3.0 

Total 

74.32 
18.58 

9.039 
2.260 

58.37 
14.59 

67.40 
16.85 

12.2 

78.5 

90.7 

+  6.92 
+  1.73 

12.0 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

Average | 



204. 27 

(236. 65) 

18.57 

(18.20) 

22. 492 

176. 49 

11.0 

■■(76.'4) 

86.4 

+27. 49 

}•      25.0 

(180.85) 

2.04 

16.04 

+  2.53 

'(13.91) 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.  4 

19.04 
18.16 
19.34 
19.88 
17. 05 
17.69 
[17.52] 
16.80 
16.38 
16.58 

1. 421 
3.062 
3.248 
1.472 
2.302 
1.316 
[1. 647] 
1.903 
1.422 
1.252 

13.46 
19.26 
13.45 
13.11 
13.52 
13.73 

(°) 
13.54 
12. 53 
15.55 

14.88 
22.32 
16.70 
14.58 
15. 82 
15.05 

""i5.'44" 
13.95 
16.80 

7.5 
16.9 
16.8 

7.4 
13.5 

7.4 
[9.4] 
11.3 

8.7 

7.6 

70.7 
106.1 
69.5 
65.9 
79.3 
77.6 

78.2 
122.  9 
86.3 
73.3 
92.8 
85.1 

+  4.16 
-  4.16 
+  2.64 
+  5.80 
+  1.23 
+  2.64 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

80.6 
76.5 
93.8 

91.9 

85.2 
101.3 

+  1.36 
+  2.43 
-     .22 

12 

13 

Total 1 

160.92 

[178.44] 

17.88 

[17.84] 

128. 16 

145. 54 

■"■[io:6i 

79.6 

90.4 

+15. 38 

[19.045] 

Average | 

14.24 

16.17 

+  1.71 

[1. 904] 

1 

a  Not  complete. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


265 


Table  XLV .—Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  7— Contiuued. 
No.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3              4 

jjj       In  feces 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6             7             8 

f        In  feces 
„ri^«       and     Balance. 
y"ne-    urine.      (1-4) 
(3-1)     (4^1) 

9 

Boric 

acid 

admin- 

stered. 

Fore  period. 

1902— Dec.  16 i 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Grams. 
12. 442 
14.  .521 
14.349 
14. 167 
10.217 
14. 633 

Grams. 
2.933 

(") 

1.209 

2.101 

2.116 

2.030 

Grams. 
12. 2400 
12. 3200 
11.9350 
12. 5400 

[21. 9240 

Grams. 
15. 173 
12. 320 
13. 144 
14. 641 

26.070 

Per  ct. 
23.6 

"'s.l' 

14.8 
16.7 

Per  ct. 
98.3 

84.8 
83. 2 
88.5 

88.2 

Per  ct. 

121.9 

84.8 

91.6 

103.3 

104.9 

Grams. 

-  2.731 
+  2.201 
+  1.201 

-  .474 

-  1.220 

Grams. 

Total 80.329  '    10.389 

70. 9590 
11. 8265 

81. 348 
13. 558 

12.9 

83.3 

101.2 

-  1.019 

-  .170 

i.  (D^ 



Preservative  period. 
First  subperiod: 

14.73 
12.61 
9.90 
13.71 

3.018 

(") 
1.572 
1.978 
Lost. 

12.  70 
12. 48 
11.36 
12.16 
Lost. 

15. 72 
12. 48 
12. 93 
14.14 

20.5 

'"15.9 
14.4 

86.2 
99.0 
114.7 

88.7 

106.7 
99.0 
130.6 

-0.99 
+     .13 
-  3.03 

1.0 

23......... 

24 

1.0 
1.0 

■>a          

103.1    -     .43 

1.0 

26 

1.0 

Total 

.50. 95 
12. 74 

6.568 
1.642 

48.70 

55.27 

12. 9         95. 6 

108.5 

-  4.32 

-  1.08   . 

5.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

29 

30 

15.46           (") 
13.93          2.299 
16.53          2.678 
13.87          1.271 

9.46 
15.80 
12. 48 
12.17 

9.46 
18.10 
1.5. 16 
13.44 

'"ih'.b 

16.2 
9.2 

61.2 
113.4 
75.5 

87.7 

61.2 

129.9 

91.7 

96.9 

+  6.00 
-  4.17 
+  1.37 
+     .43 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total 

59.79          6.2J8 
14.95           1.562 

49.91 
12. 48 

56.16 
14.04 

10.4 

83.5 

93.9 

+  3.63 
+     .91 

H.O 



Third  subperiod: 

1902— iK-e  31 

jyog.— .Ian     1       

9. 84  2. 064 
10.74     1      2.5.51 

9.85  !      1.913 
8.10     I      1.544 

12. 42 

10.99 

10. 92 

1    6.73 

14.48 
13.54 

12. 83 

8.27 

21.0 
23.8 
19.4 
19.1 

126.2 

102.3 

110.9 

83.0 

147. 2 
126. 1 
130.3 
102.1 

-  4.64 
-r  2.80 

-  2.98 

-  .17 

3.0 
3.0 

2 

3 

3.0 

T.»Uil 

38.  53           «.  072 
9.63           2.018 

41.06 
10.26 

49.12 
12.28 

160. 55 

20.9 

106.6 

127.5 

-10.59 
-  2.65 

12.0 

.\verage 

JCiilire    preservative 
period: 

Total        

1-19.27     ,    20.876   139.67 

13. 9 

93.6 

107.6 

-11.28 

25.0 

12.44     '       1.740     11.64       I  13.38 

AJUr  period. 
1903 — jiin.    4 

1:}.X0    \      1.012  1  16.52 
1.5.34           1.866     11.48 
12.45          2.047     12.01 
16.  K9           1.863     14.51 
12. -16          3.247      10.20 
16.34            (")          12.65 
16.22           2.281      10.60 
13.73           1.240     13.44 
11.28    i      1.304       9.08 
15.44           1.534       9.80 

18.16 
13.35 
14.05 
16.40 
13.45 
12. 65 
12.88 
14.69 
10.38 
11.33 

1 

11.9 
12. 2 
16.4 
11.0 
26.1 

""i4.'i 

9.1 
9.1 
9.9 

119.7 
74.8 
96.5 
86.1 
81.8 
77.4 
65.3 
97.9 
63.5 
63.5 

131.6 
87.0 

112. 9 
97.1 

107.9 
77.4 
79.4 

107.0 
72.6 
73.4 

-  4.36 
+  1.99 

-  1.60 
+     .49 

-  .99 
+  3.69 
+  3.34 

-  .96 
+  3.90 
+  4.11 

r,        

6 

7       

8 

9      

10 

11   

12 

13 

Total 

146.95    1    17.030   120.32 

137.34 
13.73 

11.6 

81.9 

93.5 

+  9.61 
+     .97 

Average 

1      '■•"" 

' 

«  No  iiiovi'liiclit. 


266  INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  XLVI. — Summary  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  I. 
Six  ixien. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2-h3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.l { 

No.2 ■{ 

Orams. 

94. 948 
[113. 226] 

89. 778 
[105. 085] 
115. 501 

Grams. 

Grams. 
76.880 

Grams. 
83.74 

Per  ct. 

"[i'.i] 

"u'n 

7.6 
8.4 

Per  ct. 
81.0 

Per  ct. 

88.2 

Grams. 
+  11.20 

Grams. 

[8. 735] 

74.99 

81.68 

83.5 

91.0 

+    8.10 

[8. 080] 
8.787 
7.073 

No.  3 

79.39 

88.18 
73.38 

68.7 

■(78:2) 
76.9 
88.3 

76.3 
86.9 

+  27.33 
-t-  11.08 

No.4 1 

84. 465 

(101.641) 

101. 744 

80. 829 

(79.53) 
78. 242 
70.  959 

No.  5 

10. 133 
10. 389 

88.  38 
81. 348 

10.0 
12.9 

■  86.9 
101.2 

-h  13.36 
-     1.019 

No.  6 

j 

566. 765 

(583.941) 

[600. 350] 

17.17 

(17.17) 

[17.15] 

496. 708 

87.6 

-1-  70.057 

Total               I 

(459.991) 

(78.8) 

[53. 197] 

_   [8.9] 

< 

.   15.05 

-1-    2.12 

Average ._ i 

(13. 53) 

[1. 520] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.2..'. 

No.3 1 

No.4 

92. 413 

89.21 
67.72 

[83.  70] 
84. 237 
53.10 

(85. 48) 
50.95 

6.360 

8.987 

77.87 
74.25 
56.09 

84.23 
83.23 
62.24 

6.8 
10.1 

"is.' 2] 
8.5 
10.1 

84.3 
83.2 
82.8 

91.1 
93.3 
91.9 

+    8.18 
+     5.98 
+    5.48 

5.0 
5.0 

1      5.0 

5.0 

[7. 680] 
7.194 
5. 352 

77.87 

85.07 
46.03 

92.4 

■(78:6) 
95.6 

101.0 

86.7 

-      .833 
+     7.07 

No.5 1 

1       r  „ 

(67.23) 
48.70 

y     5.0 

5.0 

No.  6 

6.568 

55.27 

12.9 

108.5 

-     4.32 

437. 630 

(470.010) 

[453. 610] 

16.83 

416.07 

95.1 

4-  21.66 

Total               \ 

(402.01) 

(85  5) 

>    30  0 

[42. 141] 

[9.3] 

16.00 

-t-       .83 

Average 1       (16.79) 

n6.801 

(14.36) 

[1. 561] 

■-                    -* 

No.l 1 

59.53 
(80.24) 
75.18 
70.91 
74.50 
76. 85 
59.79 

5.123 

55.58 

•8.6 

■■(84:5) 
79.3 
73.5 
78.4 
71.9 
83.5 

93.4 

-1-     3.95 

1      8.0 

(67.82) 
59.59 
52.11 
58.41 
55.25 
49.91 

No.2 

No.3 

7.770 
5.996 
6.280 
8.101 
6.248 

67.36 
58.10 
64.69 
63. 35 
56.16 

10.3 
8.5 
8.4 
10.5 
10.4 

89.6 
81.9 
86.8 
82.4 
93.9 

+    7.82 
+  12.81 
+     9.81 
■j-  13.50 
+    3.63 

8.0 
8.0 

No.4 

8.0 

No.5..     . 

8  0 

No.  6 

8.0 

Total ...| 

416. 76 

(437.47) 

18. 12 

(18.23) 

39. 518 

365. 24 

9.5 

"(78:4) 

87.  6 

+  51.52 

1 

(343.09) 

Average i 

1.718 

15. 88 

-1-     2.24 

(14.30) 

Third  subperiod: 
No.l 

68.77 
77.34 
61.49 
71.63 
74.32 
38.53 

4.215 
7.185 
6. 335 
4.778 
9.039 
8.072 

63.71 
55.47 
49.58 
55.48 
58.37 
41.06 

67.92 
62. 66 
55. 91 
60. 25 
67.40 
49. 12 

6.1 
9.3 
10.3 
6.7 
12.2 
20.9 

92.6 
71.7 
80.6 
77.5 
78.5 
106.6 

98.7 
81.0 
90.9 
84.1 
90.7 
127.5 

H-     0.85 
•f  14.68 
H-     5.58 
-t-  11.38 
+    6.92 
-  10.59 

12  0 

No.2 

12  0 

No.3 

14.5 

No.4 

9.5 

No.5 

12.0 

No.  6.. 

1''  0 

Total 

Average 

392. 08 
16.34 

39. 624 
1.651 

323. 67 
13.49 

363. 26 
15.14 

10.1 

82.5 

92.6 

-t-  28.82 
-1-     1.20 

72.0 

BORIC    ACID    AKD    BORAX. 


267 


Tablk  XLVI.— ,S'((»iHiar(/  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  I — Continued. 
Six  men— Continued. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

3        I         3 

In  feces.  :  In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

/ 

Grams. 
■>'>n.7is 

Grams. 
15  608 

Grams. 

Grams. 
207.65 

Per  ct. 
7.1 

Per  ct. 

■(86."7) 
78.3 
78.8 

Per  ct. 
94.1 

Grams. 
+  13.06 

Grams. 
\    25.0 

25.0 
}    27.5 

22.6 
}    25.0 

25.0 

^'^■^ \      (241.423) 

No.  2 1      241.73 

^,     ,,                         (       200.12 

(209.40) 
189. 31 
157. 78 

23. 942 

213. 25 
176. 25 

9.9 

"'if 
11.0 

88.2 
88.1 

+  28.48 
+  23.87 

^^■■^ 1      [216.10] 

No.  4 230.367 

^-     -                         1       204.27 

'[•io.oii] 

18. 252 
22.492 

191. 76 

210. 01 
176.79 

83.2 

■(76:4) 
93.6 

91.2 
86.4 

+  20.36 

+  27.48 

^'^■^ 1      ^2.36.  a=>) 

(180.85) 
139.67 

Xo.  6... 

149. 27 

20. 876 

160.55 

13.9 

107.6 

-  11.28 

( 

1,246.470 

(1,299.560) 

[1, 262. 450] 

17.08 

(17.10) 

[17.06] 

1     

1,144.50 

91.8 

-t-101.97 

) 

Total  ...          ] 

"[i'ii.'isi] 

(1,068.77) 

(82.2) 

\  150.0 

j 

[9.6] 

15.68 

+     1.40 

Average i 

(14.06) 

■[1.64]" 

■After  period. 

1 

1 

178.61 

14.  730 

161.39 

8.2 

90. 3 

+  17.22 

^"■1 i     nQH.'in 

(162.33) 
147.09 
131.27 
119. 19 
128.15 

(81.8) 
81.0 
75.1 
82.8 
79.6 

Xo.  J 

181.49 
174.75 
143. 94 
160.92 

15. 883 
13.273 
15.252 

162.98 
144. 55 
134. 44 
145.54 

8.8 

7.6 

10.6 

"■[io.'ei 

11.6 

89.8 
•  82. 7 
93.4 
90.4 

+  18.51 
+  30.20 
+    9.50 
+  15.38 

No.;5 

No.  4 

^"■'^ (       ri7S.441 

[19.045] 
17.030 

No.  6 

1 

146. 95 

120. 32 

137. 34 

81.9 

93.5 

4-    9.61 

Q86  66 

886. 24 

89.8 

100. 42 

Total                 '  fl  006  56) 

(808.35) 

(80.3) 

1  [1,004.18] 

1         17.01 

AveruK*-          {        (17.06) 

[95.213] 

[9.5] 



15.28 

+     1.73 

(13.70) 

ri7  091 

[1.61] 

268  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    OK    HEALTH. 


Table  XLVII.- 


-Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  II. 
ISTo.  V. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In 

feces. 

3 

In 
.  urine^. 

4 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Orams. 
(19. 43) 
18.13) 
15.24 
16.12 
18.46 
16.02 
17.46 
17.82 
16.63 

Orams. 

\'] 

2.41 

1.77 
2.13 
1.27 
2.89 
1.76 
2.08 

Orams. 
(16. 82) 
(12. 92) 
15.32 
12.96 
17.39 
15.28 
15.86 
12.30 
13.62 

Orams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(86. 6) 
(71.3) 
100.5 
80.4 
.      94.2 
95.4 
90.8 
69.0 
81.3 

Per  ct. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

■    20 

21 

17.73 
14.73 
19.52 
16.66 
18.76 
14.06 
15.60 

is.  8 

11.0 
11.6 

7.9 
16.6 

9.9 
12.6 

116.3 

91.4 

105.7 

103.3 

107.4 

78.9 

93.8 

-  2.49 
+  1.39 

-  1.06 

-  .53 

-  1.29 
+  3.76 
+  1.03 

22               

23       

24 

25            

26 

27              

Total 1 

Average ■! 

117. 75 

(165.31) 

16. 82 

(17.26) 

14.31 

116. 94 

12.2 

■■(85;2) 

99.3 

+     .81 

(132. 37) 

2.04 

16.71 

+     .11 

(14.71) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903_jan.28. 

19.62 
16.31 
14.99 
16.10 

4.36 
1.08 
2.21 
4.69 

14.68 
10.61 
12.32 
14. 72 

18.94 
11.69 
14.53 
19.41 

22.2 

6.6 

14.7 

29.1 

74.3 
65.1 
82.2 
91.4 

96.5 
71.7 
96.9 
120.6 

+  0.68 
+  4.62 
+     .46 
-  .3.31 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

31  

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

67.02 
16.76 

12.34 
3.08 

62.23 
13.06 

64.67 
16.14 

18.4 

77.9 

96.3 

+  2.46 
+     .62 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

19.26 
16.77 
17.15 
17.49 

3.70 
1.78 
1.75 

12.06 
13.89 
11.56 
13.06 

12.06 
17.59 
13.34 
14.81 

'"'22."i" 
10.4 
10.0 

62.6 

82.8 
67.4 
74.7 

62.6 
104.9 

77.8 
84.7 

+  7.20 
-     .82 
+  3.81 
+  2.68 

2.0 

2 

3 

4 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total -■.... 

Average 

70.67 
17.67 

7.23 
1.81 

50.57 
12.64 

57.80 
14.45 

10.2 

71.6 

81.8 

+  12.87 
+  3.22 

8.0 

Third  subperiod; 
1903_Feb.5.. 

16.88 
16.19 
17.80 
17.67 

2.07 
2.10 
2.59 
2.03 

11.99 
13.19 
15.73 
13.46 

14.06 
15.29 
18.32 
15.49 

12.3 
13.0 
14.6 
11.5 

71.0 
81.5 
88.4 
76.2 

83.3 
94.4 
102.9 

87.7 

+  2.82 
+     .90 
-     .S2 
+  2.18 

3.0 

6 

7 

8 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

Total 

68.54 
17.14 

8.79 
2.20 

54.37 
13.59 

63.16 
15.79 

12.8 

79.3 

92.2 

+  6.38 
+  1.35 

12.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3; 
Total .... 

206. 23 
17.19 

28.36 
2.36 

157. 17 
13.10 

186.53 
15.46 

13.8 

76.2 

90.0 

+20. 70 
+  1.73 

24.0 

Fourth  subperiod:  <• 
1903— Feb.  9. 

14.83 
16.22 

1.35 
1.89 

11.04 
14. 62 

12.39 
16,51 

9.1 
11.7 

74.4 
90.1 

83.5 
101.8 

+  2.44 
-     .29 

4.0 

10 

4.0 

nNot  collected.  6No  movement, 

c  Excluded  from  average;  data  not  obtained  lor  all  members. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


269 


Table  XLVII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 


No.  8. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

S 

In 
feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 

feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

.(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19 

Grams. 
(21.71) 
(19.65) 
21.51 
20.40 
18.74 
17. 92 
17.77 
20.25 
18.83 

Grams. 

(«) 

(°) 
2.01 
1.29 

C*) 

2.02 
2.84 
1.83 
C) 

Grams. 
(18.54) 
(14.41) 
17.82 
13.14 
14.39 
15.51 
13.45 
14.64 
14.42 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(86.4) 
(73.3) 
82.9 
64.4 
76.8 
86.5 
75.7 
72.3 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

19.83 
14.43 
14.39 
17.53 
16.29 
16.47 
14.42 

9.3 
6.3 

"ii.'s 

16.0 
9.0 

.92.2 
70.7 
76.8 
97.8 
91.7 
81.3 
76.6 

+  1.68 
+  5.97 
+  4.35 
.+     .39 
+  1.48 
+  3.78 
+  4.41 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

j 

135. 42 

(176.78) 

19. 35 

(19.64) 

9.99 

113.36 

7.4 

"■(77."i) 

83.7 

+22.06 

Total • 

(136.32) 

Average < 

1.43 

16.19 

+  3.16 

(15.15) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903_jan.  2H  . 

19.94 
17.48 
17.46 
19.28 

2.03 
3.09 
(») 
1.96 

14.11 
13.05 
12.19 
16.96 

16.14 
16.14 
12.19 
18.92 

10.2 
17.7 

"'i6.'2' 

70.8 
74.6 
69.8 
87.9 

81.0 
92.3 
69.8 
98.1 

+  3.80 
+  1.34 
+  5.27 
+     .36 

1  0 

29 

1  0 

30 

1  0 

31 

1  0 

Total    

74.16 
18.54 

7.08 
1.77 

56.31 
14.08 

63.39 
15.85 

9.6 

75.9 

85.5 

+10.77 
+  2.69 

4  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

18.% 
17.48 
(3. 06) 

2.36 
1.78 

(«) 

14.26 
13.15 
(7.13) 
Lost. 

16.62 
14.93 

12.5 
10.2 

75.2 

7.5.2 

(233.0) 

87.7 
85.4 

+  2.34 
+  2.55 

2  0 

2 

2  0 

3 

0.0 

4 

'   0  0 



ToUil 1 

36.44 
(39.50) 

18.22 
(13.17) 

4.14 

31.. 55 

11.4 

■■(87;4) 

86.6 

+  4.89 

4  0 

(34.54) 

Average | 

2.07 

15.  77 

+  2.45 

(11.51) 



Third  subperiod: 
190:j_Feb.o 

( 15. 06) 
(17.74) 
(17.79) 
(18.90) 

(«) 
(«) 

k 

(13.67) 
(14.72) 
(14.60 
(12.62) 

(87.9) 
(83.0) 
(82.1 
(66.7) 

0  0 

6 

0.0 

j 

0  0 

8 

0.0 

Total 

(69.99) 
(17.  .50) 

(.5.5.61) 
(13.90) 

(79.5) 

0.0 

Average 

■ 

1 

i^iibperiods  1,  2,  and  3. 
Total 1 

110.60 

(183. 65) 

18.43 

(36.73) 

11.22 

94.94 

10.1 

■■(79.'7) 

85.8 

+15.66 

1        8.0 

(146.46) 

Average | 

1.87 

15.82 

+  2  61 

(29.29) 

a  Discarded. 


b  No  movement. 


270         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XL VII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  //^Continued. 

ISTo.    9. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In 
feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903 Jan  19 

Grams. 
,(20.41) 
(19.20) 
19.97 
19.94 
16.09 
19.38 
19.35 
20.33 
(19. 24) 

Grams, 
(a) 
\a) 

1.42 
.44 

1.67 
C) 

2.30 

2.08 
(a) 

Grams. 
(17.71) 
(14.50) 
17.02 
15.63 
14.90 
16.74 
15.75 
12.69 
(14. 64) 

Gi-ams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

(86.8) 
(76.5) 
86.2 
78.4 
92.6 
86.4 
81.4 
62.5 
(76.1) 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20. 

21 

18.44 
16.07 
16.57 
16.74 
18.05 

7.1 

2.2 

10.4 

"'ii."9' 

10.2 

92.3 

80.6 
103.0 
86.4 
93.3 
72.7 

+  1.63 
+  3.87 
-     .48 
+  2.64 
+  1.30 
+  5.56 

22 

23.            

24 

25. 

26 

27 

Total 1 

Average | 

115. 06 

(173.91) 

19.18 

(19. 32) 

7.91 

100. 64 

6.9 

"(80.' 3) 

87.5 

+  14.42 

(139.58) 

1.32 

16.78 

+  2.40 

(15.51) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

6.31 
15.84 
15.58 

2.00 

1.62 

1.67 

Lost. 

14.88 

11.96 

14.54 

Not  run. 

16.88 
16.58 
16.21 

31.7 
10.2 
.10.7 

235.8 
94.5 
93.3 

267.5 
104.7 
104.0 

-10.67 

-  .74 

-  .63 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

1.0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

37.73 
12.58 

5.29 
1.76 

44.38 
14.79 

49.67 
16.56 

14.0 

117.6 

131.6 

-11.94 
-  3.98 

4  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod:  c 
1903— Feb.  6 

(16.44) 
(14.61) 
(16.60) 
(18.17) 

(a) 
(a) 
a) 
(«) 

(13.63) 

(12.07) 

(8.89) 

(12.30) 

(83.1) 
(82.6) 
(53.9) 
(67.7) 

0.0 

6 

0.0 

7 

0.0 

8 

0.0 

Total 

(65. 72) 
(16.43) 

(46.89) 
(11.72) 

(71.3) 

0.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  3: 

Total 1 

37.73 

(103. 45) 

12.58 

(14.78) 

5.29 

49.67 

14.0 

"'(88.'2) 

131.6 

-11. 94 

\        4.0 

(91.27) 

Average | 

1.76 

16.56 

-  3.98 

(13.04) 

a  Discarded. 

&No  movement. 

"Data  for  second  subperiod  discarded. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


271 


Table  XLVII. — Xitrocfen  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
lS"o.  lO. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In 
feces. 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19 

Grams. 

(18.48) 
(20. 33) 
21.64 
19.90 
20.45 
19.94 
21.17 
21. 47 
17.31 

Grams. 
(«) 
") 

1.10 
1..54 
1.88 
1.78 
2.13 
2.92 
1.62 

Grams. 
(18.45) 
(14.92) 
15. 46 
16. 38 
12.69 
17. 29 
12. 41 
13.73 
15.20 

Grams. 

Per  a. 

Perd. 
(99.8) 
(73.4) 
71.8 
82.3 
62.1 
86.7 
58.6 
64.0 
87.8 

Peret. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22... 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

16.56 
17. 92 
14.57 
19.07 
14.  .54 
16.65 
16.82 

5.1 
7.7 
9.2 
8.9 
10.1 
13.6 
9.4 

76.9 
90.0 
71.2 
95.6 
68.7 
77.6 
97.2 

+  4.98 
+  1.98 
+  5.88 
+     .87 
+  6.63 
+  4.82 
+     .48 

1 

141.78 

(180. 59) 

20. 25 

(20.07) 

12.97 
""i.'8.5' 

116.13 

9.1 

■■(75.'6) 

82.0 

+25.65 

Total I 

Average I 

(136.53) 
"(ib'.il) 

16.  .59 

+  3.66 



1                                 1 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

29 

21.58 
(19.60) 

18.78 
(19.56) 

1.68 
(«) 

1.45 
(«) 

16.05 
(13. 92) 

13.87 
(19.30) 

17.73 

7.8 

74.4 
(71.0) 
73.9 

(98.7) 

82.2 

+  3.85 

1.0 
1.0 

30 

31 

15.32 

7.7 

81.6 

+  3.46 

1.0 
1.0 

Total { 

Average 1 

40.36 
(79.  .52) 
20.18 

(19.88) 

3.13 

33.05 

7.8 

"(79.'4) 

81.9 

+  7.31 

}       .0 

(63.14) 

1..56 

16.52 

+  3.66 

(i5.78) 

i 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.l 

0 

22.61 
19.91 
18.77 
20. 45 

3.58 
1  22 
I'.ll 
2.65 

15.20 
15. 05 
18.91 
15.68 

18.78 
16.27 
21.02 
18.33 

15.8 
6.1 
11.2 
13.0 

67.2 

75.6 

100.8 

76.7 

83.1 
81.7 
112.0 
89.6 

+  3.83            2.0 
+  3.64            2.0 

3 

4 

-  2.25  '          2.0 
+  2.12  !          2.0 

Total 

Average 

81.74 
20.44 

9.  .56 
2.39 

64.84 
16.21 

74.40 
18.60 

11.7 

79.3 

91.0 

+  7.34 
+  1.84 

8.0 



Third  subperiod: 
1903_Feb  5 

20.36 
19.49 
20.12 
21.50 

2.98 
3.12 

17.82 
15. 56 
16.70 
1.3.88 

20.80 

14.7 

87.5 
79.8 
83.0 

102.2 

■■■gs.'s' 

73.9 

-  0.44 
+  3.93 
+     .30 
+  5.62 

3.0 

6. 

3.0 

7 

8 

19.82 
15.88 

15.5 

3.0 
3.0 

Total 

Average 

81.47 
20.37 

6.10 
1.52 

65. 96 
16.49 

72.06 
18.02 

7.5 

81.0 

88.5 

+  9.41 
+  2.35 

12.0 

Subperiods  1,2,  and  3: 
Total I 

Average | 

203.57 

(242.73) 
20.36 
(20.23) 

18.79 

179. 51 

9.2 

■■(79:9) 

88.2 

+24.06   1       „.  « 

(193.94) 

/      •^^•" 

1.88 

17.95 

+  2.41 

(ie.ie) 

j 

* 

Fourth  subperifKl:'-  . 
1903— Feb.  9 

20.  .50 
(20.70) 

2.70 

i") 

16.51 
(15.65) 

19.21 

13.2 

80.5 
(75.6) 

93.7 

+  1.29            4.0 

10 

4.0 

n  Discarded. 

bNo  movement. 

oExcluded  from  average;  data  not  obtained  for  all  members. 


272  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XLVII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  J/— Continued. 
ISTo.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In 
feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3+1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-M) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Jan  19 

Grams. 
(19.84) 
(17. 83) 
20.26 
19.36 
19.46 
18.01 
20.49 
19.28 
19.87 

Grams. 
(a) 

(°) 
1.42 
2.44 
3.05 
3.05 
1.01 
1.54 
2.14 

Grams. 
(15. 34) 
(13.46 
13.83 
15.23 
14.61 
11.21 
16.54 
14.77 
15.93 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(77.3) 
(75.3) 
68.3 
78.7 
75.1 
62.3 
80.7 
76.6 
80.1 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

15.25 
17.67 
17.66 
14.26 
17.55 
16.31 
18.07 

7.0 
12.6 
15.7 
16.9 
6.0 
8.0 
10.8 

75.3 
91.3 

90.8 
79.2 
85.7 
84.6 
90.9 

+  5.01 
+  1.69 
+  1.80 
+  3.75 
+  2.94 
+  2.97 
+  1.80 

22 

23 

24 

25          

26 

27 

r„     .     1                                          f 

136. 73 

(174.40) 

19.53 

(19. 38) 

14.65 

116. 77 

10.7 

"(75."  5) 

85.4 

+19.96 

Total ^ 

Average | 

(130.92) 

2.09 

16.68 

+  2.85 

(14.55) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Jan.  28 

20.02 
18.07 
17.87 
17.43 

1.10 
1.60 
1.37 
2.05 

15.77 
14.65 
15. 13 
14.52 

16.87 
16.25 
16.60 
16.57 

5.5 

8.9 
7.7 
11.8 

78.8 
81.0 
84.6 
83.3 

84.3 
89.9 
92.3 
96.1 

+  3.15 
+  1. 82 
+  1.37 
+     .86 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30          .     . 

1.0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

73.39 
18.35 

6.12 
1.53 

60.07 
15.02 

66.19 
16.55 

8.3 

81.9 

90.2 

+  7.20 
+  1.80 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1  .-. 

18.45 
17.73 

1.01 

.25 
(«) 

r.  701 

14.49 
14.01 

('') 
(b\ 

15.50 
14.26 

5.5 
1.4 

78.5 
79.0 

84.0 
80.4 

+  2.96 
+  3.47 

2.0 

2  . 

2.0 

3 

0.0 

4 

[4.73] 

[14.8] 

0  0 

Total 1 

Average | 

36.18 
[40. 91] 

18.09 
[13.64] 

28.50 

29.76 

■■■"[4."8i 

78.8 

•82.3 

+  6.42 

\        4.0 

[1.96] 

14.25 

14.88 

+  3.21 

[.65] 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  5 

(11.47) 
(14.92) 
(14.42) 
(17.40) 

(a) 

(«) 
(a) 
(a) 

(12.71) 
(11.58) 
(14.27) 
(11.46) 

(110.8) 
(77.6) 
(99.0) 
(66.9) 

0.0 

6 

0  0 

7  .-. 

0.0 

8 

0.0 

Total 

(58.21) 
(14. 55) 

(50.02) 
(12.60) 

(85.9) 

0.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
f 

109.57 

(167. 78) 

[114. 30] 

18.26 

(16.78) 

[16. 33] 

95.95 

87.6 

+13. 62 

1 

Total \ 

""""[8.' 08] 

(138.59) 

(82.6) 

\        8.0 

1 

[7.1] 

1 

( 

15.99 

+  2.27 

Average { 

(13.86) 

1 

[1.15] 

a  Discarded. 


&Not  run. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


278 


Table  XLVII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Serii'n  II — Continued. 
N"o.  IS. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

In 
feces. 

3 

III 
urine. 

4 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 

feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Grams. 
(20. 37) 
(18.07) 
20.13 
19.11 
18.29 
18.78 
20.77 
20. 27 
18.34 

Grams. 

(«) 

(") 
1.36 
1.91 
1.90 

(") 
1.66 
3.44 
.97 

Grams. 
(15.15) 
(13.70) 
15.05 
11.68 
11.40 
13.39 
12.62 
12.86 
9.72 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(74.4) 
(75.8) 
74.8 
61.1 
62.3 
71.3 
60.8 
63.4 
53.0 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

'^0 

21 

22..: 

23 

24 

25- 

26 

27 

16.41 
13.59 
13.30 
13.39 
14. 28 
16.30 
10.69 

6.8 
10.0 
10.4 

'""ao' 

17.0 
5.3 

81.5 
71.1 

72.7 
71.3 
68.8 
80.4 
58.3 

+  3.72 
+  5.52 
+  4.99 
+  5.39 
+  6.49 
+  3.97 
+  7.65 

r„             ,                                               ( 

135. 69 

(174. 13) 
19.38 
(19.35) 

11.24 

97.96 

8.3 

"(60.'6) 

72.2 

+37. 73 

Total 

(115.57) 

Average | 

1.61 

13.99 

+  5.39 

(12.84) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Jan.  28 

29 

30 

31 

20.74 
18.06 
17.55 
18.86 

1.62 
1.60 
1.57 
2.63 

13.43 
14.31 
12.60 
12.87 

16.05 
15.91 
14.17 
15.50 

7.8 
8.9 
8.9 
13.9 

64.8 
79.2 
71.8 
68.2 

72.6 
88.1 
80.7 
82.2 

+  5.69 
+  2.15 
+  3.38 
+  3.36 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

75.21 
18.80 

7.42 
1.86 

63.21 
13.30 

60.63 
15.15 

9.9 

70.7 

80.6 

+  14.58 
+  3.65 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Feb.  1 

21.19 
17. 53 
13.90 
16.32 

1.84 

2.06 

.58 

1.10 

13.41 
15.46 
13.69 
13.34 

15.25 
17.51 
14.17 
14.44 

8.7 
11.8 
4.2 
6.7 

63.3 

88.1 
97.8 
81.7 

72.0 
99.9 
101.9 

88.5 

+  6.94 
+     .02 
-     .27 
+  1.88 

2.0 

2 

2.0 

3 

2.0 

4 

2.0 

Total              

68.94 
17.24 

.5.  .58 
1.40 

55.79 
13. 95 

61.37 
15.34 

8.1 

80.9 

89.0 

+  7.67 
+  1.90 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  5           

16.97 
10.88 
6.61 
4.64 

1.61 
.67 
1.34 
1.40 

14.77 
13.90 
10.  65 
10. 32 

16.38 
14.57 
11.99 
11.72 

9.6 
6.2 
20.3 
30.2 

87.0 
127.8 
161.1 
222. 4 

96.5 
133.9 
181.4 
252. 6 

+     .59 

-  3.69 

-  5.38 

-  7.08 

3.0 

6 

7 

8 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

Total 

39.10 
9.78 

5.02 
1.26 

49.64 
12.41 

54. 66 
13.66 

12.8 

127.0 

139.8 

-16.  .56 

-  3.88 

3.0 

1 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

183.25 
15.27 

18.02 
1..50 

158.64 
13.22 

176.66 
14.72 

9.8 

86.6 

96.4 

+  6.59 
+     .55 

15.0 

1 

"Discarded. 
424^— No.  84,  pt  1—04 18 


b  No  movement. 


274         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    OJST   HEALTH. 


Table  XL VIII. — Summary  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  II. 
Two  meia. 


Period. 

1 

lu  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 
In 
feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.7 1 

No.  10 1 

Grams. 

117. 75 
(155.31) 

141.  78 
(180.59) 

Gi'ams. 
14.31 

Grams. 

Gi'ams. 
116. 94 

Per  ct. 
12.2 

Per  ct. 

■(85.'2) 
■(75:6) 

Per  ct. 
99.3 

Gi-ams. 
+  0.81 

Grams. 

-     (132. 37) 

12.97 

116. 13 

9.1 

82.0 

+25. 65 

(136.53) 

Total 1 

259.  53 

(335. 90) 

18.54 

(18.66) 

27.28 

233.  07 

10.5 

"(SO.'l) 

89.8 

+26. 46 

(268. 90) 

Average | 

1.95 

16.65 

+  1.89 

(14. 94) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  7 

67.02 
40.36 
(79. 52) 

.12. 34 
3.13 

52.23 

64.67 
33.05 

18.4 
7.8 

77.9 
"(79."4) 

96.3 
81.9 

+  2.45 
+  7.31 

4  0 

No.  10 1 

1      4.0 

(63. 14) 

Total 1 

107. 38 

(146. 54) 

17.90 

(18. 32) 

15.47 

97.62 

14.4 

'(78.'7) 

90.9 

+  9.  76 

8  0 

(115. 37) 

Average -j 

2.58 

16.27 

+  1.63 

(14. 42) 

Second  subperiod: 
No  7           

70.67 
81.74 

7.23 
9.56 

50.57 
64. 84 

57.80 
74.40 

10.2 
11.7 

71.6 
79.3 

81.8 
91.0 

+12.  87 
+  7.34 

8  0 

No.  10 

8  0 

Total      

152. 41 
19.05 

16.79 
2.10 

115.  41 
14.43 

132. 20 
16.53 

11.0 

75.7 

86.7 

+20.21 
+  2.52 

16  0 

Average  . .  .^ . . 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

259. 79 

(298. 95) 

18.56 

(18.68) 

■     32. 26 

229. 82 

12.4+ 

'(77  ."'2; 

88.5 

+29.  97 

\    24.0 

(230. 78) 

Average ■! 

2.30 

16.41 

+  2.14 

(14.42) 

Third  subperiod: 
No.7 

68.54 
81.47 

8.79 
6.10 

54.37 
65.96 

63.16 
72.06 

12.8 
7.5 

79.3 
81.0 

92.2 
88.5 

+  5.38 
+  9.41 

12  0 

No.  10 

12.0 

Total 

150.01 
18.78 

14.89 
1.86 

120. 33 
15.04 

135.22 
16.90 

9.9 

80.2 

90.1 

+14  79 

9A  n 

Average 

+  1.85    

Subperiods  1,  2, 
and  3: 

Total i 

409. 80 
(448. 96) 
.    18.63 

(18.71) 

47.15 

365. 04 

11.5 

■(78."2) 

89.1 

+44.  76 

\    48.0 

(351. 11) 

Average | 

2.14 

16.59 

+  2.03 

(14.63) 

BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


275 


Table  XLVIII. — StDiimary  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  J/— Continued. 
iriiree  inen. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4= 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

r 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 

(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
■..    -                           f 

Grams. 

117. 75 
(15.5.31) 

141. 78 
(180.59) 

135.69 
(174.13) 

Grams. 
14.31 

Gram.'). 

Grams. 
116.94 

Per  ct. 
12.2 

Per  ct. 

"{Sb.i) 
"{ih'.h) 

"(60.6) 

Per  ct. 
99.3 

Grains. 
+  0.81 

Grams. 

(132.37) 

\ 

Xu.  10 i 

12.97 

116.13 

9.1 

82.0 

+25. 65 

'(i36.53) 

11.24 

97.96 

8.3 

72.2 

+37. 73 

^o.l2 1 

(115.57) 

^  ^  ,           1 

395.22 

(510. 03) 

18.82 

(18.89) 

38. 52 

331.03  1     9.7 

"{ih'.i) 

83.7 

+64. 19 

Total i 

Average | 

(384.47) 
"'""(i4.'24) 

1.83 

15.76 

+  3.06 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
Xo.7 

67.02 
40.36 

(79.52) 
75.21 

12. 34 
3.13 

52. 23 

64.57 
33.05 

18.4 

7.8 

77.9 

■(79.'4) 
70.7 

96.3 
81.9 

+  2.45 
+  7.31 

4.0 

No.  10 1 

No.  12 

1      4.0 
4.0 

(63.14) 
53.21 

7.42 

60. 63 

9.9 

80.6 

.  +14. 58 

Total 1 

f 

182. 59 

(221.75) 

18.26 

(18.48) 

22. 89 
2.29" 

158.25 

12.5 

■(76."6) 

86.7 

+24.34 

1    12.0 

(168.  .58) 

15.83 

+  2.43 

Average -j 

(14.05) 

Second  subperiod: 

No.7 . 

No.  10  

70.67 
81.74 
68.94 

7.23 
9.56 
5.58 

50.57 
64.84 
55. 79 

.57.80 
74.40 
01. 37 

10.2 
11.7 
8.1 

71.6 
79.3 
80.9 

81.8 
91.0 
89.0 

+12. 87 
+  7.34 
+  7.57 

8.0 
8.0 

No.  12  

8.0 

Total 

221.35 
18.45 

22.37 
1.86 

171.20 
14.27 

193. 57 
16.13 

10.1 

77.3 

87.4 

+27. 78 
-t-  2.32 

24.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

.\vcrago 1 

403.94 

45. 26 

351.82 

11.2 

■■(76.' 7) 

87.1 

+52. 12 

1    36.0 

(443.10) 
18.36 
(18.46) 

(339.78) 

2.06 

15.99 

+  2.37 

(14.16) 

1 

1 

1 

276 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XLIX. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  III. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In 

urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7- 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grains. 
18.39 
19.50 
16.63 
19.92 
18.22 
17.96 
17.65 
17.59 
17.85 

Grams. 
2.13 
1.72 
1.16 
1.46 
1.13 
1.34 
.822 
1.32 
2.30 

Gra??is. 
16.59 
18.78 
16. 29 
16.24 
16.28 
17.66 
16.97 
17.89 
17.51 

Grams. 
18.72 
20.  .50 
17.45 
17.70 
17.41 
19. 00 
17.79 
19.21 
19.81 

Per  ct. 
11. 58 
8.82 
6.98 
7.33 
6.20 
7.46 
4.66 
7.51 
12.89 

Per  ct. 
90.21 
96.31 
97.96 
81.53 
89.35 
98.33 
96.15 

101. 71 
98.10 

Per  ct. 
101.8 
105.1 
104.9 
88.9 
95.6 
105. 8 
100.8 
109.2 
111.0 

Grams. 

-  0.33 

-  1.00 

-  .82 
+  2.22 
+     .81 

-  1.04 

-  .14 

-  1.62 

-  1.96 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22  .     . 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total ' 

163. 71 
18.19 

13.38 
1.49 

154.21 
17.13 

167. 59 
18.62 

8.20 

94.20 

102. 4 

-  3.88 

-  .43 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  28 

18.36 
20.29 
18.48 
19.27 

0.673 
2.66 
1.67 
1.28 

18.22 
18.42 
17.14 
17.20 

18.89 
21.08 
18.81 
18.48 

3.67 

13.11 

9.04 

6.64 

99.24 
90.  78 
92.75 
89.26 

102.9 

103.9 

101.8 

95.9 

-  0.53 

-  .79 

-  .33 
+     .79 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Mar.  1. 

2 

3 

Total 

76.40 
19.10 

6.28 
1.57 

70.98 
17.75 

77.26 
19.32 

8.20 

92.90 

101.1 

-  .86 

-  .22 

4.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.4 

17.78 
16.32 
16.55 
17.79 

0.968 
1.52 
1.44 
.798 

17.95 
16.13 
16.11 
15.46 

18.92 
17.  65 
17.65 
16.26 

5.44 
9.31 
8.70 
4.49 

100. 96 

98.84 
97.34 
86.90 

106.4 

108.1 

106.0 

91.4 

-  1.14 

-  1.33 

-  1.00 
+  1.53 

4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 

5 

6     

Total 

68.44 
17.11 

4.73 
1.18 

65.65 
16.41 

70.38 

17. 59 

6.90 

95.90 

102.8 

-  1.94 

-  .48 

12.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  8 

15.61 
18.48 
19.98 
13.36 

1.16 

1.01 

1.55 

.421 

16.04 

15.33 

'  15.91 

15.90 

17. 20 
16.34 
17.46 
16.32 

7.43 
5.47 
7.76 
3.15 

102.  75 
82.95 
79.63 

119. 01 

110.2 
88.4 
87.4 

122.2 

-  1.59 
+  2.14 
+  2.52 

-  2.96 

3.0 
2.0 
3.0 
2.0 

9 

10  

11 

Total 

67.43 
16.86 

4.14 
1.03 

63.18 
15.80 

67.32 
16.83 

6.10 

93.70 

99.8 

+     .11 
+     .03 

10.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total     

212. 27 
17.69 

15.15 
1.26 

199. 81 
16. 65 

214. 96 
17.91 

7.20 

94.10 

101.3 

-  2.69 

-  .22 

26.0 

Average 

After,  period. 
1903— Mar.  12... 

15. 48 
21. 39 
21.21 
19.05 
19.34 
21.09 
19.58 
18.89 

1.10 
1.21 
1.63 
1.15 

.841 
1.47 
1.64 
1.18 

16.46 
17.20 
18.47 
17.11 
16. 22 
16.64 
15.99 
14.59 

17.56 
18.41 
20.10 
18.26 
17.06 
18.11 
17.63 
15.77 

7.11 
5.66 
7.69 
6.04 
4.35 
6.97 
8.38 
6.25 

106.33 
80.41 
87. 08 
89.82 
83.87 
78.90 
81.66 
77.24 

113.4 
86.1 
94.8 
95.9 
88.2 
85.9 
90.0 
83.5 

-  2.08 
+  2.98 
-r  1.11 
+     .79 
+  2.28 
+  2.98 
+  1.95 
+  3.12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17  ... 

18 

19 

Total 

156.03 
19.50 

10.22 
1.28 

132. 68 

•     16. 58 

142. 90 

17.86 

6.60 

85.00 

91.6 

+13.13 
+  1.64 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


277 


Table  XLIX. — Xltrogen  balances  for  Series  J/i^— Continued. 
No.  S. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

o 

In  feces. 

3 

I 
In 
urine. 

4 

n  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

(> 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb.  19 

G-rams. 
15.69 
18.28 
17.38 
18.57 
18.56 
17. 52 
16.49 
16.63 
17.33 

Gi-ams. 
1.98 
1.53 
1.18 
1.69 
1.31 
.722 
1.14 
1.73 
1.59 

Grams. 
14.59 
14.79 
14.38 
14.83 
15.51 
16.02 
15.37 
15.66 
16.16 

Grams. 
16.57 
16.32 
15.56 
16.52 
16.82 
16.74 
16.51 
17.39 
17.75 

Per  ci. 

12.6 
8.4 
6.8 
9.1 
7.0 
4.1 
6.9 

10.4 
9.2 

Per  ct. 
93.0 
80.9 
82.7 
79.9 
83.6 
91.4 
93.2 
94.2 
93.2 

Per  ct. 
105.6 
89.3 
89.5 
89.0 
90.6 
95.5 
100.1 
104.6 
102.4 

Grams. 

-  0.88 
+  1.96 
+  1.82 
+  2.05 
+  1.74 
+     .78 

-  .02 

-  .76 

-  .42 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

1.56. 45 
17.38 

12. 872 
1.43 

437.31 
1.5.26 

150. 18 
16.69 

8.2 

87.8 

%.0 

+  6.27 
+     .69 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.   1 

2 

3 

19.30 
17.99 

18.84 
19.00 

1.69 
1.47 
1.28 
1.24 

15.91 
16.13 
16.65 
14.79 

17.60 
17.60 
17.93 
16.03 

8.8 
8.2 
6.8 
6.5 

82.4 
89.6 
88.4 
77.9 

91.2 
97.8 
95.2 

84.4 

+  1.70 
+     .39 
+     .91 
+  2.97 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

75. 13 
18.78 

5.68 
1.42 

63.48 

15.87 

69.16 
17.29 

7.6 

84.5 

92.1 

+  5.97 
+  1.49 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

17.95 
9.37 
9.16 

11. 59 

1.12 
.425 

(") 
(«) 

15.81 
13.39 
12.28 
14.14 

16.93 
13.82 
12.28 
14.14 

6.2 

4.5 

88.1 
142.9 
134.1 
122. 0 

94.3 
147.4 
134.1 
122.0 

+  1.02 

-  4.45 

-  3. 12 

-  2.55 

4.0 
2.0 
0.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

48.07 
12. 02 

1.  M5 
.77 

55. 62 
13.90 

57. 17 
14.29 

3.2 

115.7 

118.9 

-  9.10 

-  2. 27 

7.0 

Third  subperiod: 

190:i— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

5.02 
8.15 
13.18 
19.27 

1.10 
1.13 
.862 
1.01 

13.97 
14.21 
14.53 
14.75 

15.07 
15.34 
15.39 
15.76 

21.9 
13.9 
6.5 
.5.2 

278.3 

174.3 

110.3 

76.6 

300.2 

188.2 
116.8 
81.8 

-10.05 

-  7.19 

-  2.21 
+  3.51 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

Total 

Average 

45. 62 
11.40 

4. 102 
1.026 

57.46 
14.36 

61.56 
15.39 

9.0 

125.9 

134.9 

-15.94 
-  3.99 

0.0 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

168. 82 
14.07 

11.327 
.941 

176.56 
14.71 

187. 89 
15.66 

6.7 

104.6 

111.3 

-19.07 
-  1.59 

11.0 

i                                1 

After  period. 

19(j:{— Mar.  12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

19.30 
19.22 
20.13 
19.62 
19.98 
21.36 
19.41 
18.21 

1.72 
1.21 
1.57 
1.19 

1.78 

2.49 

1.49 

.784 

15.39 
14.79 
15.37 
13.05 
14. 31 
14.20 
12. 60 
12.79 

17.11 
16.00 
16.94 
14.24 
16.09 
16.69 
14.09 
13.57 

8.9 
6.3 
7.8 
6.1 
8.9 
11.6 
7.7 
4.3 

1 

! 

79.8 
.  76.9 
76.4 
66.5 
71.6 
66.5 
64.9 
70.2 

88.7 
83.2 
84.2 
72.6 
80.5 
78.1 
72.6 
74.5 

+  2.19 
+  3.22 
+  3.19 

+  5.38 
+  3.89 
+  4.67 
+  5.32 
+  4.64 

1 

Total 

1.57.23 
19.65 

12.2:i4 
1.529 

112.50 
14.06 

124.73 
15.59 

7.8 

71.6 

79.3 

+32. 50 
+  4.06 

:::::::: 

' 

a  No  movement. 


278 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH, 


Table  XLIX. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  J/J^Continued. 
IvTo.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 

urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb.  19 

Grams-. 
14.41 
13.31 
[14. 16] 
16.63 
16.22 
15.20 
15.00 
15.66 
13.91 

Orams. 
2. 26 

.878 
[1.45] 
1.64 
2.35 

.703 
1.32 
1.62 
1.23 

Grams. 
11.36 
12.91 
Lost. 
14.66 
16.70 
13.34 
14.66 
14.10 
11.99 

Grams. 
13.62 
13.79 

"ih'.so 

19.05 
14.04 
15.98 
15.72 
13. 22 

Per  ct. 
15.7 

6.6 
[10.2] 

9.8 
14.4 

4.6 

8.8 
10.4 

8.8 

Per  ct. 
78.8 
97.0 

Per  ct. 
94.5 
103.6 

Grains. 
+  0.79 
-     .48 

Grams. 

20      

21 

22          ... 

88.2 
103.0 
87.8 
97.7 
90.0 
86.2 

98.0 
117.4 

92.4 

106.  5 

'100.4 

95.0 

+     .33 

-  2.83 
+  1.16 

-  .98 

-  .06 
+     .69 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

Average | 

120. 34 

[134.  50] 

15. 04 

[14. 94] 

109.72 

121. 72 

"""[io.'o] 

91.1 

101.1 

-  1.38 

[13. 451] 

13.72 

15.22 

-     .18 

[1. 495] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  28 

15.35 
16.27 
(15.72) 
16.17 

1.01 
1.36 
Lost. 
1.24 

12. 46 
13.59 
(11. 92) 
13.02 

13.47 
14.95 

6.6 
8.4 

81.2 
83.6 
(75.8) 
80.5 

87.8 
91.9 

+  1.88 
+  1.32 

1.0 

Mar.  1 

1.0 

9 

1.0 

3 

14.26 

7.7 

88.2 

+  1.91 

1.0 

Total 1 

Average | 

47.79 
(63.51) 

15.93 
(15. 88) 

3.61 

42. 68 

7.6 

"(SO.'S) 

89.3 

+  5.11 

4.0 

(50. 99) 

1.20 

14.23 

+  1.72 

(12.75) 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4. 

15.39 
16.21 
12.38 
13.53 

1.64 
.410 
1.83 
1.34 

12. 82 

5.41 

11.45 

10.41 

14.46 

5.82 

13.28 

11. 75 

10.7 
2.5 

14.8 
9.9 

S3. 3 
33.4 
92.5 
76.9 

94.0 

35.9 

107.3 

86.8 

+  0. 93 
-10.  39 
-     .90 
+  1.78 

4.0 

4.0 

6 

2.0 

7 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

57.51 
14.38 

5.22 
1.30 

40.09 
10. 02 

45.  31 
11.33 

9.0 

69.8 

78.8 

+12.20 
+  3.05 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  8 

13.76 
13.41 

12.77 
11.68 

.735 
2.24 
.923 

.574 

16.54 

10.75 

,11.47 

10.20 

17.28 
12.99 
12. 39 
10.77 

5.3 
16.7 
7.2 
4.9 

120.3 
80.2 
89.8 
87.3 

125.6 
96.9 
97.0 
92.2 

-  3.52 
+     .42 
+     .38 
+     .91 

3.0 

9 

3.0 

10 

2.0 

11 

3.0 

Total 

51. 62 
12.90 

4.472 
1.118 

48.96 
12.24 

53.43 
13.36 

8.7 

94.8 

103.5 

-  1.81 

11.0 

Average 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

156. 92 

(172.64) 

14.27 

(14.39) 

13. 302 

141.42 

8.5 

"(si.'i) 

90.1 

+15. 50 

1      27.0 

(140. 04) 

\ 

1.209 

12. 86 

+  1.41 

Average i. 

(11.67) 

^ 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  12 

14.34 
18.15 
14.76 
15.42 
17.38 
(17.98) 
15.29 
15.12 

1.83 
.674 
1.66 
.743 
1.01 
Lost. 
1.78 
1.84 

9.45 
12.85 
12.50 
13.14 
11.76 
(10. 14) 
11.09 
10.92 

11.28 
13. 52 
14.16 
13.88 
12.77 

12.8 
3.7 
11.2 

4.8 
5.8 

65.9 
70.8 
84.7 
■    85.2 
67.7 
(56.4) 
72.6 
72.2 

78.7 
74.5 
95.9 
90.0 
73.5 

+  3.06 
+  4.63 
+     .60 
+  1.54 
+  4.61 

13 -. 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18... 

12.87 
12. 76 

11.6 
12.2 

84.2 
84.4 

+  2.42 
+  2.36 

19 

Total 1 

110. 46 

(128.44) 

15.78 

(16.06) 

9.637 

91.24 

8.6 

■■(7i:5) 

82.6 

+19. 22 

(91. 85) 

Average | 

L362 

13.03 

+  2.75 

(n.48) 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


279 


Table  XLIX. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  JJJ— Continued. 
^iTo.  4. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

&rams. 

Absent. 
17.46 
16.37 
(16.77) 
19.31 
18.91 
19. 24 
17.87 
16.24 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20. 

1.59 

.82 

(«) 
.882 
1.70 
1.68 
1.85 
1.43 

11.84 
11.50 

15. 22 
13.68 
16.80 
12.65 

13.43 
12.32 

9.1 
5.0 

67.8 
70.3 
(71.0) 
91.7 
80.5 
71.1 
94.0 
77.9 

76.9 
75.3 

+  4.03 
+  4.05 

21 

22. 

23 

IS.  60 
16.92 
15. 30 
18.65 
14.08 

4.6 
9.0 

8.7 
10.4 

8.8 

96.3 
89.5 
79.8 
104.4 
86.7 

+    .71 
+  1.99 
+  3.88 
-     .78 
+  2.16 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

Average | 

12.5. 40 

(142. 17) 

17.91 

(17.77) 

9.95   , 

109. 36 

7.9 

■■(78."3) 

87.2 

+16.04 

(111.31) 

1.42 

15.62 

+  2.29 

(13.91) 

-  1.35 
+  1.15 

-  .78 
+  1.73 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

16.16 
18.12 
17.43 
19.74 

1.54 
2.77 
1.37 

1.78 

15.97 
14.20 
16.84 
16. 23 

17.51 
16.97 
18. 21 
18.01 

9.6 
15.3 
7.9 
9.0 

98.8 
78.4 
96.6 
82.2 

108.4 
93.7 

104.5 
91.2 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

71.45 
17.86 

7.46 
1.86 

63.24 
15.81 

70.70 
17.67 

10.5 

88.5 

99.0 

+     .75 
+     .19 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

16.79 
16.78 
12.78 
12. 59 

1.31 
1.86 
1.04 
1.65 

14.34 
6.75 
12.85 
12.29 

15.65 
8.61 
13.89 
13.94 

7.8 
11.1 

8.1 
13.1 

85.4 
40.2 
100.6 
97.6 

93.2 
51:3 
108.7 
110.7 

+  1.14 
+  8.17 

-  1.11 

-  1.35 

4.0 

5 

4.0 

6 

2.0 

2.0 

Total 

58.94 
14.74 

5.86 
1.46 

46.23 
11.56 

52.09 
13.02 

9.9 

78.5 

88.4 

+  6.85 
+  1.72 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.    8 

9 

10 

11 

13.28 

13.14 

14.20 

7.73 

1.34 
1.07 
1.82 
1.74 

11.24 
11.56 
12. 85 
10.66 

12.58 
12.63 
14.67 
12.40 

10.1 

8.1 
12.8 
22.5 

84.6 
88.0 
90.5 
137.9 

94.7 

96.1 

103.3 

160.4 

+  0.70 
+     .51 

-  .47 

-  4.67 

3.0 
L7 
3.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average 

48. 35 
12.09 

5.97 
1.49 

46. 31 

11.. 58 

.52. 28 
13  07 

12.3 

95.8 

108.1 

-  3.93 

-  .98 

9.7 

Entire  pre-servative 
period: 

Total 

178.74       19.29 
14.90  '      1.61 

155.78 
12.98 

175. 07 
14.59 

10.8 

87.1 

97.9 

+  3.67 
+    .31 

25.7 

After  pmod. 
1903 — Mar  12 

(12.10)       Lost. 
(15.63)       T-ost. 

(9.86) 
(10.11) 
9.98 
10.56 
Lost. 
11.18 
12.  48 
(12.93) 

(81.5) 
64.7) 
57.1 
71.5 

13 

14 

17.47 
14.78 

[17. 35] 
17.08 
16.22 

(17.00) 

C) 
1.94 
[1.89] 
.994 
1.39 
(") 

9.98 
12.50 

"i'i.'ii' 

13.87 

'"'is.'i' 

8.6 

57.1 
84.6 

+  7.49 
+  2.28 

1.5 

16 

17 

65.5 
76.9 
(76.1) 

71.3 

8.5.5 

+  4.91 
+  2.35 

18 

19 

1 

65. 55 

(110.28) 

[82. 90] 

16.39 
(15.75) 
[16.68] 

48.52 

74.0 

+17.03 

(77. 10) 

(69. 9) 

[6.21]- 

[7.6] 

12. 13 

+  4.26  j 

Average \ 

(11.01) 

[1.24] 

1 

oDiHcarded. 


OSo  uiovcmeut. 


280 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XLIX. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  JJJ— Continued. 
ISTo.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

■3 
In  feces 

3 

In 

urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

6 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb  19 

Grams. 
20.84 
19.91 
19.34 
21.74 
20.16 
19.72 
19.51 
20.34 
18.73 

Cframs. 
1.09 

.517 

.973 
3.62 
1.90 

.677 
1.24 
2.71 

.510 

Grams. 
14.23 
16.24 
17.74 
15.73 
15.41 
18.06 
17.25 
18.47 
17.15 

&rams. 
15. 32 
16.76 
18.71 
J19. 35 
17.31 
18.74 
18.49 
21.18 
17.66 

Per  ct. 
5.2 
2.6 
5.0 

16.6 
9.4 
3.4 
6.4 

IS.  3 
2.7 

Per  ct. 
68.3 
81.6 
91.7 
72.4 
96.5 
91.6 
88.4 
90.8 
91.6 

Per  ct. 
73.5 

84.2 
96.7 
•    89.0 
8.5.9 
95.0 
94.8 
104.1 
94.3 

Grams. 
+  5.52 
+  3.15 
+     .63 
+  2.39 
-f  2.85 
+     .98 
+  1.02 
-     .84 
+  1.07 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22          ...     . 

23 

24 

25          

26 

27 

Total 

180. 29 
20.03 

13. 237 

1.47 

150. 28 
16.70 

163. 52 
18.17 

7.3 

83.4 

90.7 

+16.  77 
+  1.86 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  28. 

20.78 
22.71 
21.26 
21.26 

2.61 
.186 
1.91 
2.50 

16. 6S 
17.08 
16.80 
18.08 

19.29 
17.27 
18.71 
20.58 

12.6 

.8 

9.0 

11.8 

80.2 
75.2 
79.0 
85.0 

92.8 
76.0 
88.0 
96.8 

+  1.49 
+  6.44 
+  2.55 

+     .68 

1  0 

Mar.  1 

1  0 

2 

1  0 

3 

1  0 

Total 

86.01 
21.50 

7.206 
1.80 

68.64 
17.16 

75.85 
18.96 

8.4 

79.8 

88.2 

+10. 16 
+  2.54 

4  0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4..  . 

20.29 
20.64 
17.71 
17.29 

1.37 
1.02 
2.70 
1.60 

17.86 
16.64 
14.85 
15.22 

19.23 

17.66 

.  17.  55 

16.  82 

6.8 
5.0 
15.2 
9.3 

88.0 
80.6 
83.9 
88.0 

94.8 
85.6 
99.1 
97.3 

+  1.06 
+  2.98 
+     .16 

+     .47 

4  0 

,5 

4  0 

6 

2  0 

7 

2  0 

Total 

Average 

75.93 
18.98 

6.69 
1.67 

64.57 
16.14 

71.26 
17.82 

8.8 

,  86.0 

'   93.8 

+  4.67 
+  1.17 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903_Mar.8  .... 

16.78 
17.31 
14.76 
10.61 

1.52 
.382 
.721 
.269 

14.34 
14.52 
14.24 
13.79 

15.86 
14.90 
14.96 
14.06 

9.0 

2.2 
4.9 
2.5 

85.5 
83.9 
96.5 
130.0 

94.5 
86.1 
101.4 
132.5 

+  0.92 
+  2.41 

-  .20 

-  3.46 

3  0 

9 

3  0 

10 

2  2 

11 

3  0 

Total 

59.46 
14.86 

2.892 

.723 

66.89 
14.22 

59.78 
14.94 

4.9 

95.6 

100.5 

-  .32 

-  .08 

11  2 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

221. 40 
18.45 

16.79 
1.40 

190.10 
15.84 

206. 89 
17.24 

7.6 

85.8 

93.4 

+14. 51 
+  1.21 

27.2 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  12 

14.38 
20.08 
22.91 
22.01 
22.81 
22.34 
22.63 
22.11 

2.33 
1.65 
2.19 

(«) 
1.45 
2.14 
.417 
1.57 

15.48 
15.01 
17.36 
16.10 
15.69 
16.60 
15.98 
15.90 

17.81 
16.66 
19.56 
16.10 
17.14 
18.74 
16.40 
17.47 

16.2 
8.2 
9.5 

'""e.'s" 

9.6 
1.9 

7.1 

107.7 
74.8 
75.8 
73.1 
68.8 
74.3 
70.6 
71.9 

123.9 
83.0 
85.3 
73.1 
75.1 
83.9 
72.5 
79.0 

-  3.43 
+  3.42 
+  3.36 
+  5.91 
4-  5.67 
+  3.60 
+  6.23 
+  4.64 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

169. 27 
21.16 

11. 747 
1.68 

128. 12 
16.02 

139. 87 
17.48 

6.9 

75.7 

82.6 

+29. 4a 
+  8-.  68 

Average 

"No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


281 


Table  XLIX. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  ///^Continued. 
No.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

o 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 

urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Feb.  19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Grams. 
13.34 
12. 74 
12. 82 
13.20 
15.35 
16.64 
15.32 
13.71 
14.05 

Grams. 

C) 
.707 
3.78 
1.79 
(«) 
1.11 
1.32 
l.5y 
(«) 

Grams. 

8.69 
11.02 
11.03 

9.94 
12.24 
12.54 
13.84 
13.62 
13.60 

Grams. 
8.69 
11.73 
14.81 
11.73 
12. 24 
13.65 
15.16 
15.21 
13.60 

Per  ct. 

'""'S.'e' 

29.5 
13.6 

""&.Y 
8.6 
11.6 

Per  ct. 
65.1 
86.5 
86.0 
75.3 
79.7 
75.3 
90.4 
99.3 
96.8 

Per  ct. 
65.1 
92.1 

115.  5 
88.9 
79.7 
82.0 
99.0 

110.9 
96.8 

Grams. 
+  4.65 
+  1.01 

-  1.99 
+  1.47 
+  3.11 
+  2.99 
+     .16 

-  1.50 
+     .45 

Grams. 

Total 

127. 17 
14  13 

10.297 
1.144 

106.  .52 

11.84 

116.82 
12.98 

8.1 

83.8 

91.9 

+10.35    

+  1.15    

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.   1 

2 

3 

10.32 
9.39 
11.24 
16.60 

2.11 
2.51 
1.91 
.927 

13.65 
13.18 
11.40 
15.31 

15.76 
15.69 
13.31 
16.24 

20.4 

26.7 

17.0 

5.6 

132.3 

140.4 

101.4 

92.2 

152.7 

167.1 

118.4 

97.8 

-  5.44 

-  6.30 

-  2.07 
+     .36 

1.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

Total 

47.55 
11.89 

7.457 
1.864 

53.54 
13.38 

61.00 
15. 25 

15.7 

112.6 

128.3 

-13.45 
-  3.36 

1.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903 — Mar.  4 

1 
13.75  '      1.55 

15.49 
14.22 
12.38 
15.09 

17.04 
17.05 
14.71 
17.29 

11.3 
19.2 
17.2 
13.5 

112.6 
96.7 
91.4 
92.7 

123.9 
115.9 
108.6 
106.2 

-  3.29 

-  2.34 

-  1.17 

-  1.01 

.0 

5 

14.71 
13.54 
16.28 

2.83 
2.33 
2.20 

.0 

6 

1.0 

7 

2.0 

Total 

58.28 
14. 57 

8.91 
2.23 

57.18 
14.30 

66.09 
16. 52 

1.5.3 

98.1 

113.4 

-  7.81 

-  1.95 

3.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  8 

15.59 
14.11 
16.36 
16.33 

2.55 
1.66 
(«) 
2.04 

10.46 
12.45 
12. 47 
12.25 

13.01 
14.11 
12.47 
14.29 

16.4  67.1 
11.8         88.2 

76.2 

12.5  75.0 

83.5 
100.0 
76.2 
87.5 

+  2.58 

0.0 

+  3.89 

+  2.04 

3.0 

9 

3.0 

10 

3.0 

11 

3.0 

Total 

62.39 
15.60 

6.25 
1.56 

47.63 
11.91 

53.88 
13.47 

10. 0  1      76. 3 

86.3 

+  8.61 
+  2.13 

12.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

168.22 
14.02 

22.617 
1.885 

158.35 
13.20 

180.97 
15.08 

13.5 

94.1 

107.6 

-12.75 
-  1.06 

16.0 

Average 

After  period. 
1903_Mar  12           

16.27 
16.42 
18.08 
18.20 
16.87 
19.34 
15.51 
(17.07) 

2.16 
2.05 
.771 
1.62 
1.88 
1.93 
3.00 
Lost. 

14.45 
13.39 
14.40 
15.09 
11.84 
12.99 
12.67 
(12.78) 

16. 61 
15. 44 
15. 17 
16.71 
13.72 
14.92 
15. 67 

13.3 
12.5 
4.3 
8.9 
11.1 
10.0 
19.3 

88.8 
81.5 
79.6 
82.9 
70.2 
67.1 
81.7 
(74.9) 

102.1 
94.0 
83.9 
91.8 
81.3 
77.1 

101.0 

-  0.34 
+     .98 
+  2.91 

-  1.49 
+  3.15 
+  4.42 

-  .16 

13 

14       

15 

16             

17 

18 



Total -[ 

120.69 

(137.76) 

17.24 

(17.22) 

13.411 

108. 24 

11.1 

■■(78.'i 

89.7 


+12.46 

(107.61) 

1 

1.916 

15.46 

+  1.78 

Average < 

(13.46) 

a  No  movement. 


282 


INFLUJENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  L. — Summary  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  III. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.l 

Gh-ams. 

163. 71 

120. 34 
[134.50] 

125. 40 
(142.17) 

180. 29 

Grams. 
13.38 

Grams. 
154. 21 
109. 72 

Grams. 
167. 59 
121.  72 

P.ct. 
8.2 

■"[io.'o]" 

7.9 

P.ct. 
94.2 
91.1 

P.ct. 
102.4 
101.1 

Gh'ams. 

-  3.88 

-  1.38 

Grams. 

No.3 1 

No.  4 1 

No.  5 

[13.451] 
9.95 

109.  36 

■(78:3) 
83.4 

.87.2 

+16.04 

(111.31) 
160.28 

18. 237 

163. 52 

7.3 

90.7 

+16. 77 

1 

589. 74 
(606.51) 
[603.  90] 
17.87 
(17.84) 
[17.76] 

562. 19 

95.3 

+27.55 

Total               < 

(525.52) 

(86.6) 

[50.018] 

[8.3] 

[ 

17.04 

+     .83 

Average -j 

(15.46) 

[1.471] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.l 

76.40 
47.79 
(63. 51) 
71.45 
86.01 

6.28 
3.61 

70.98 

77.26 
42.68 

8.2 
7.6 

92.9 

"(SO.'S) 
88.5 
79.8 

101.1 
89.3 

-  0.86 
+  5.11 

4.0 

No.3 1 

No.4. 

1      4.0 

(50. 99) 
63.24 
68.64 

7.46 
7.206 

70.70 
75.85 

10.5 
8.4 

99.0 

88.2 

+     .75 
+10.16 

'       40 

No.5 

4.0 

Total 1 

Average -j 

281. 65 

(297.37) 

18.78 

(18. 59) 

24. 556 

266. 49 

8.7 

■(85.' 4) 

94.6 

+15.16 

1    16.0 

(253. 85) 

1.637 

17.77 

+  1.01 

, 

(15. 87) 

Second  subperiod: 
No.l 

68.44 
57.51 
58.94 
75.93 

4.73 

5.22 
5.86 
6.69 

65.65 
40.09 
46.23 
64.57 

70.38 
45.31 
52.09 
71.26 

6.9 
9.0 
9.9 

8.8 

95.9 
69.8 
78.5 
85.0 

102.8 
78.8 
88.4 
93.8 

-  1.94 
+12. 20 
+  6.85 
+  4.67 

12.0 

No.3 

12.0 

No.4 

12.0 

No.5 

12.0 

Total 

Average 

260.  82 
16.30 

22.50 
1.41 

216. 54 
13.53 

239. 04 
14.94 

8.6 

83.0 

91.6 

+21. 78 
+  1.36 

48.0 

Third  subperiod: 
No.l 

67.43 
51.62 
48.35 
59.46 

4.14 
4.472 
5.97 
2.892 

63.18 

48.96 
46.31 
56.89 

67.32 
53.43 
52.28 
59.78 

6.1 

8.7 
12.3 
4.9 

93.7 
94.8 
95.8 
95.6 

99.8 
103.5 
108.1 
100.5 

+  0.11 

-  1.81 

-  3.93 

-  .32 

10.0 

No.3        

11.0 

No.4 

9.7 

No.5 

11.2 

Total 

226.86 
14.18 

17. 474 
1.092 

215. 34 
13.46 

232. 81 
14.55 

7.7 

94.9 

102.6 

-  5.95 

-  .37 

41.9 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 
No.l 

212. 27 
156. 92 
(172. 64) 
178. 74 . 
221. 40 

15.15 
13.302 

199.81 

214.96 
141.42 

7.2 
8.5 

94.1 

"(si.'i) 

87.1 
85.8 

101.3 
90.1 

-  2.69 
+15. 50 

26.0 

No.3 1 

No.4 

1    27.0 

(140.04) 
155. 78 
190. 10 

19.29 
.   16.79 

175.07 
206.89 

16.8 
•7.6 

97.9 
93.4 

+  3.67 
+14. 51 

25.7 

No.5 

27.2 

Total \ 

Average | 

769.  33 

(785. 05) 

16.37 

(16.36) 

64.532 

738. 34 

8.4 

'(87.'3) 

96.0 

+30.99 

1  105. 9 

(685. 73) 

1.373 

15.71 

+     .66 

(14.29) 

After  period. 
No.l 

156.03 
110. 46 

(128.44) 
65.55 

(110. 28) 
[82. 90] 
169.27 

10.22 
9.537 

132. 68 

142. 90 
91.24 

6.6 
8.6 

85.0 

■(7i."5) 

91.6 
82.6 

+13. 13 
+19.22 

No.3 J 

1 

(91. 85) 

48.52 

74.0 

+17.03 

No.4 \ 

(77. 10) 

(69.9) 

[6.21] 
11. 747 

6.9 

No.5 

128.12 

139. 87 

75.7 

82.6 

+29.40 

501. 31 
(564. 02) 
[518. 66] 
■    18.57 
(18. 19) 
[18. 52] 

422.  53 

84.3 

+78. 78 

Total \ 

(429. 75) 

(76. 2) 

[37.714] 

[7.3] 

15. 65 

+  2.92 

Average \ 

(13.86) 

[1.347] 

BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX, 


283 


Table  L. — Surnmary  of  nitrogen  hakuices  for  Seriex  III — Continued. 
Five  inen. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 
(4^1) 

8            9 

Boric 

Balance.    ^^^^ 

(1-^)    [minis- 
:  tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.l 

No.2 

No.3 

Orams. 
163.71 
1.56. 45 
120. 34 
[134.  .50] 
125. 40 
(142.17) 
180.29 

Grams. 
13.38 
12. 872 

Grams. 
154.21 
137. 31 
109. 72 

Grams. 
167.59 
150.18 
121. 72 

Per  ct. 
8.2 
8.2 

7.9 

.Per  ct. 
94.2 
87.8 
91.1 

Per  ct. 
102.4 
96.0 
101.1 

Grams. 

-  3.88 
+    6.27 

-  1.38 

Grams. 

[13.451] 
9.95 

No.4 

109.36 

■(78.'3) 
83.4 

87.2 

+  16.04 

(111.31) 
150.28 

No.  5 

13. 237 

163. 52 

7.3 

90.7 

+  16.77 

( 

746. 19 

(762. 96) 

[760.3.5] 

17.76 

(17.74) 
[17. 68] 

712.37 

9.5.5 

+  33.82 

Total I 

(662. 83) 

(86. 9) 

1 

[62.890] 

[8.3] 

• 

1 

16.96 

+      .80 

Average ■! 

(15.41) 

1 

[1. 463] 

Prexervat  ive  period. 

First  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.2 

XT         O                                                    ( 

76.40 
75.13 
47.79 
(63.51) 
71.45 
S6.01 

6.28 
.5.68 
3.61 

70.98 
63.48 

77.26 
69.16 
42. 68 

8.2 
7.6 
7.6 

92.9 
84.5 

'(80.' 3) 
88.5 
79.8 

101.1 
92.1 
89.3 

-    0.86 
+    5.97 
+    5.11 

4.0 
4.0 

\      4.0 

4  0 

No.  3 • 

(50. 99) 
63.24 
68.64 

No.4  . 

7.46 
7.206 

70.70 

75. 85 

10.5 
8.4 

99.0 
88.2 

+      .75 
+  10.16 

No  .=) 

4  0 

Total 1 

366.78 
(372.  .50) 

18.78 
(18.63) 

30.236 

335. 65 

8.5 

■(85.' 2) 

94.1 

+  21. 13 

}    20.0 

(317. 33) 

1 

1.591 


17.66 

+     1.12 

Average • 

(15.87) 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  1 

68.44 
48.07 
.57. 51 
.58.94 
75. 93 

4.73 

1.545 

.5.22 

5.86 

6.69 

65.65 
.55.62 
40.09 
46.23 
64.57 

70.38 
57.17 
45. 31 
52.09 
71.26 

6.9 
3.2 
9.0 
9.9 

8.8 

96.9 
11.5. 7 
69.8 

78.6 
85.0 

102.8 
118.9 
78.8 
88.4 
93.8 

-  1.94 

-  9.10 
+  12.20 
+    6.86 
+    4.67 

12.0 

No.2 

No.3 

No.4 

N0..5 

7.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 

Total 

Average 

308.89 
15.44 

24. 045 
1  202 

272. 16 
13.61 

296. 21 
14.81 

7.8 

88.1 

95.9 

+  12.68 
+      .63 

65.0 

Third  subperiod: 

No.  1 

No.  2 

67.43 
45.62 
51.62 
48.35 
.59.46 

4.14 
4.102 
4.  472 
.5.97 
2. 892 

63.18 
57.46 
48.96 
46.31 
.56.89 

67.32 
61.56 
53.  43 
52. 28 
59.78 

6.1 
9.0 

8.7 
12.3 
4.9 

93.7 
125. 9 
94.8 
9.5.8 
95. 6 

99.8 
134.9 
103.5 
108.1 
100.5 

-h  0.11 
—15.94 

—  1.81 

—  3.93 

—  .32 

10.0 
.0 

No.  3 

11.0 

No.  4 

9.7 

No.  b 

11.2 

Total 

272. 48 
13.62 

21. 576 
1.078 

272. 80 
13.64 

294.37 
14.72 

7.9 

100.1 

108.0 

—21.89 
—  1.10 

41.9 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
perirKl: 

N<i.  1  

No.  2 

No.3 1 

No.4 

No.  .5 

212. 27         1.5. 15 
168.82         11.327 
1.56.92         13.302 

199.81 
176.  .50 

214.96 
187.  89 
141. 42 

7.2 
6.7 
8.5 

94.1 
104.6 

■(si.'i) 

87.1 
85.8 

101.3 
111.3 
90.1 

—  2.69 
—19.07 
+15. 50 

26.0 
11.0 

1    27.0 

25. 7 
27.2 

(172.64) 
178. 74 
221.40 

(140.04) 
1.5.5.78 
190.10 

19.29 
16.79 

17.5.07 
206.89 

10.8 
7.6 

97.9 
93.4 

+  3.67 
+  14.61 

Total 1 

938. 15 

(953.87) 

15.90 

(15.90) 

76. 859 

920. 23 

8.1 

■(96."4) 

98.7 

+  11.92 

\  116.9 

(862.29) 

Average | 

1.285 

15.70 

+     .20 

(14.37) 

284    '     INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LI. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  IV.*^ 
N"o.    V. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-1) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21         

Orams. 
11.77 
16.39 
14.53 
14.54 
13.23 
14.25 
14.70 
16.05 

Grams. 
2.01 
2.36 
2.07 
1.51 
1.97 
1.22 
3.29 
1.23 

Grams. 
6.43 
12.56 
10.89 
12.30 
8.31 
9.88 
11.47 
10.44 

Grams. 
8.44 
14.92 
12.96 
13.81 
10.28 
11.10 
14.76 
11.67 

Per  ct. 
17.1 
14.4 
14.2 
10.4 
14.9 

8.6 
22.4 

7.  7 

Per  ct. 
54.6 
76.6 
75.0 
84.6 
62.8 
69.3 
78.0 
65.0 

Per  ct. 
71.7 
91.0 
89.2 
95.0 
77.7 
77.9 
100.4 
72.7 

Grams. 
+  3.33 
.+  1.47 
+  1.57 
+     .73 
+  2.95 
+  3.15 
-     .06 
+  4.38 

Grams. 

22 

23 

24      

25 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

115. 46 
14.43 

15.66 
1.96 

82.28 
10.28 

97.94 
12. 24 

13.6 

71.2 

84.8 

+17.52 
+  2.19 

Preservative  period. 

First  sub  period: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

80 

31 

15.31 
14.82 
15.05 
15.09 

2.34 
3.33 
2.92 
2.05 

12.95 
10.21 
11.75 
11.52 

15.29 
13.54 
14.67 
13.57 

15.3 
22.6 
19.4 
13.6 

84.6 
68.9 
78.1 
76.3 

99.9 
91.4 
97.5 
89.9 

+  0.02 
+  1.28 
+     .38 
+  1. 52 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

60. 27         10. 64 
15.07  :        2.66 

46.43 
11.61 

57.07 
14.27 

17.7 

77.0 

94.7 

+  3.20 
+     .80 

2  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod : 
1903— Apr.  1 

13.87         (b\ 

8.64 

8.64 

62.3 

62.3 

+  5.23 

1  0 

2 

Dropped. 

a  The  use  of  the  capsule  for  administering  the  preservative  was  experimental  in  this  series,  occur- 
ring only  from  April  4  to  14,  and  the  entry  of  0.024  gram  of  nitrogen  credited  to  capsule  was  not  made 
under  nitrogen  ingested  until  Series  V.    The  omission  has  no  appreciable  effect  on  the  results. 

6  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


285 


Table  LI. — Xitrogen  balances  for  Scries  /T'^Continued. 
No.  8. 


Period  and  date. 

1               3 

In  food.    In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  20 

Grams.      Grams. 
18.13        0.396 
20.34        1.69 
19.87         1.07 
UtJ.  71'       Lost. 
16. 80          (a) 
17.  24         2. 2fi 

Grams. 
13.00 
14.86 
14.41 
(12.03) 
13. 20 
17.61 
14.84 
16.99 

Grams. 
13.40 
16.55 
15.48 

Per  ct. 
2.2 
8.3 
5.4 

Pm-  'ct. 
71.7 
73.1 
72.5 
(72.0) 
78.3 
102.2 
78.2' 
88.3 

Per  ct. 
73.9 
81.4 
77.9 

G^-ams. 
+  4.73 
+  3.79 
+  4.39 

Grams. 

21 

22 

23 

24 

13.20  ! 

19.87         l.'i  1 

78.3 
115.3 
89.6 
88.3 

+  3.66 
-  2.63 
+  1.98 
+  2.25 

25 

26 

18.98 
19.24 

2.16 
(«) 

17.00 
16.99 

11.4 

27 

( 

l.S0.6fi 

7.58 

112.49 

5.8 

■■(79."4) 

86.1 

+18. 17 

To«*l 1     ("147:37^ 

(116.94) 

Average | 

18.67 

(18.42) 

LOS 

16.07 

+  2.60 

(14.62) 



Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

18.91 
18. 20 
19.37 
17. 72 

1.40 
2.31 

2.78 
1.78 

11.86 
15.26 
16.24 
15.47 

13.26 
17.57 
19.02 
17.25 

7.4 
12.7 
14.4 
10.0 

62.7 
83.8 
83.8 
87.3 

70.1 
96.5 
98.2 
97.3 

+  5.65 
+     .63 
+     .35 
+     .47 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  1 

2 

3 

4 

Total 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  5 

6 

7 

8 

74.20 
18.  .55 

8.27 
2.07 

58.83 
14.71 

67.10 
16.78 

ILl 

79.3 

90.4 

+  7.10 
+  1.77 

2.0 

17.99 
18.03 
18.33 
18.25 

(«) 
2.45 
1.11 
2.19 

15.19 
14.20 
14.61 
14.28 

15.19 
16.65 
15.72 
16.47 

""'is.' 6' 

6.1 
12.0 

84.4 
78.7 
79.7 
78.2 

84.4 
92.3 
85.8 
90.2 

+  2.80 
+  1.38 
+  2.61 

+  1.78 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

72.  60 
18.15 

5.75 
1.44 

■58. 28 
14.57 

64.03 
16.01 

7.9 

80.3 

88.2 

+  8.57 
+  2.14 

4.0 

146.80 
18.35 

14.02 
1.75 

117.11 
14.64 

131. 13 
16. 39 

9.5 

79.8 

89.3 

+  15.67 

6.0 

17.32 
19.14 
18.15 
17.48 
18. 95 

(<«)             13.03 
1. 20          17. 30 
1.87          15.93 
1.69           14.20 

13.03 
18.50 
17.80 
15.89 
15.63 

'"'e.'s' 

10.3 
9.7 
7.2 

75.2 
90.4 
87.8 
81.2 
75.3 

75.2 
96.7 
98.1 
90.9 
82.5 

+  4.29 
+     .64 
+     .35 
+  1.59 
+  3.32 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

9 

1.36 

14.27 

1.0 

Total 

91.04 
18.21 

6.12 
1.22 

74.73 
14.95 

80.85 
16.17 

6.7 

82.1 

88.8 

+  10.19 
+  2.04 

5.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903-Apr.lO 

11 

12 

13 

237.84 
18.30 

20.14    1     191.84 
1-.55    '      14.76 

211.98 
16.31 

8.5 

80.  6         89. 1 

+25. 86 
+  1.99 

11.0 



18.68 
17.10 
16.  52 
17.41 
17.04 

1.40 
1.32 
2.04 
L35 
1.43 

12. 72 
14.37 
12.51 
9.77 
11.92 

14. 12 
15.69 
14.55 
11. 12 
13.35 

7.5 
7.7 
12.4 
7.8 
8.4 

(iH.  1          75.  6 
84. U         91. 7 
75. 7         H8. 1 
56  1         i''A  Q 

+  4.66 
+  1.41 
+  1.97 
+  6.29 
+  3.69 

2.0 
2.0 
2..0 
2  0 

14 

09.9 

78.3 

3.0 

Total 

86. 75 
17.35 

7.54 
L51 

61.29 
12.26 

68.83 
13.77 

8.7 

70.6 

79.3 

+  17.92 
+  3.58 

11.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

324.59 

27.68 

Ifa.VA 

280  81 

8.5 

78.0 

86.5 

+43. 78          22. 0 

Average 

18.03 

1.54           14.06  1     15.60 

After  period. 

1903— Apr.  15 

10 

16.70 
17.50 
18.97 
17.67 
Ifi.  71 
16. 72 

1 
1.13          13.67       14.70 
1.34           12.30       13.64 
1.89           V2.m       14.  K5 

6.8 

7.6 

81.2 
70  .1 

88.0 
77.9 
78.3 
79.2 
103.8 
104.8 
103. 2 
96.2 

+  2.00 
+  3.86 
+  4.12 
+  3.67 

-  .65 
~     .80 

-  .60 
+     .60 

17 

10.0  1      68.3 
0.0         T.i.2 
13.3  !      90.5 

18 

1.07 
2.23 
2.02 

a 

12.  V.i       14. 00 
15.13       17.36 
15.50       17.52 
10. 06       10. 06 
12.29       15.14 

19 

20 

12.1 
JK.i 

92.  7 
103.2 
78.1 

21 

15. 56 

22 

15. 74 

Total 

135. 57 
10.95 

12.58 
L57 

110.74     123.27 
18.81       15.41 

9.2  !      81.7 

90.9 

+12.80 

+  1.54    

1 

a  No  movement. 


286 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LI. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
]sro.  9. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Mar.  20 

Ch'ams. 
17.13 
20.81 
19.58 
19.04 
16.86 
18.09 
18.32 
20.03 

Orams. 
1.83 

.983 
1.94 
1.66 
1.35 
1.26 
1.60 

.857 

Grams. 
14.28 
16.74 
15.51 
14.85 
16.12 
17.94 
16.07 
16.97 

Grains. 
16.11 
17.72 
17.45 
16.61 
17.47 
19.20 
17.67 
17.83 

Per  ct. 
10.7 
4.7 
9.9 
8.7 
8.0 
6.9 
8.8 
4.3 

Per  ct. 
83.3 
80.4 
79.2 
78.0 
96.6 
99.2 
87.7 
84.7 

Per  ct. 
94.0 
85.1 
89.1 
86.7 
103.6 
106.1 
96.5 
89.0 

Grams. 
+  1.02 
+  3.09 
+  2.13 
+  2.53 

-  .61 

-  1.11 
+     .66 
+  2.20 

Grams. 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25       

26 

27 

Total 

149. 86 
18.73 

11.48 
1.43 

128.48 
16.06 

139.96 
17.49 

7.6 

86.8 

93.4 

+  9.90 
+  1.24 

Preservative  period. 

Krst  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

-18.63 
19.39 
19.35 
19.03 

1.56 
1.65 
1.48 
1.54 

16.40 
17.13 
17.22 
15.94 

17.96 
18.68 
18.70 
17.48 

8.4 
7.9 
7.6 
8.1 

88.0 
88.4 
89.0 
83.8 

96.4 
96.3 
96.6 
91.9 

+  0.67 
+    .71 
+    .65 
+  L55 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

76.40 
19.10 

6.13 
1.53 

66.69 
16.67 

72.82 
18.20 

8.0 

87.3 

95.3 

+  3.58 
+     .90 

2.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Apr.  1 

18.32 
18.07 
20.05 
18.63 

1.64 
(a) 
2.44 
(a) 

15.54 
15.73 
16.30 
17.39 

17.18 

15.73 
18.74 
17.39 

9.0 

'"'ii'o' 

84.8 
87.1 
81.6 
93.8 

98.8 

87.1 
93.5 
93.8 

+  1. 14 
+  2.34 
+  1.31 
+  1.14 

1.0 

2            

1.0 

3  

1.0 

4 

1.0 

Total 

74.97 
18.74 

4.08 
1.02 

64.96 
16.24 

69.04 
17.26 

5.4 

86.7 

92.1 

+  5.93 
+  1.48 

4.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total     

151.37 
18.92 

10.21 
1.28 

131. 65 
16.46 

141. 86 
17.73 

6.7 

87.0 

93.7 

+  9.51 
+     .19 

6.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903 — Apr  5 

17.80 
18.09 
'      17.83 
17.78 
18.83 

1.2^ 
1.73 
1.13 

1.86 
.603 

15.60 
17.51 
17.46 
16.28 
17.41 

16.85 
19.24 
18.  .59 
18.13 
18.01 

7.1 
9.6 
6.4 
10.4 
3.2 

87.6 
96.8 
97.9 
91.6 
92.4 

94.7 
106.4 
104.3 
102.0 

95.6 

+  0.96 

-  1.15 

-  .76 

-  .35 

+    .82 

1.0 

6 

1.0 

7 

LO 

8  . 

1.0 

9 

1.0 

Total    

90.33 
18.07 

6.56 
1.31 

84.26 
16. 85 

90.82 
18.16 

7.2 

93.3 

100.6 

-  .49 

-  .90 

5.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

241. 70 
18.59 

16.77 
1.29 

215. 91 
16.61 

232. 68 
17.90 

6.9 

89.3 

96.2 

+  9.02 
+     .69 

11.0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

19.17 
17.26 
17.83 
17.57 
17.68 

1.08 
1.86 
1.59 
.942 
1.11 

17.03 
16.86 
16.10 
14.48 
15.42 

18.11 
18.72 
17.69 
15.42 
16.53 

5.6 
10.8 
8.9 
5.4 
6.3 

88.8 
97.7 
90.3 
82.4 
87.2 

94.4 
108.6 
99.2 
87.8 
93.5 

+  1.06 
-  1.46 
+     .14 
+  2.15 
+  1.16 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

89.51 
17.90 

6.58 
1.32 

79.89 
15.98 

86.47 
17.29 

7.4 

89.2 

96.6 

+  3.04 
+     .61 

11  0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

331.21 
18.40 

23.36 
1.29 

295. 80 
16.43 

319. 15 
17.73 

7.1 

89.3 

96.4 

+12. 06 
+     .67 

22  0 

Average 

After  period. 

1903— Apr.  15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

17.12 
17.64 
18.80 
18.37 
20.01 
19.27 
16.84 
15.43 

0.952 
1.36 
1.60 
1.61 
1.54 
1.59 
.472 
.860 

15.13 
14.66 
16.98 
20.33 
14.36 
17.94 
16.80 
15. 93 

16.08 
16.01 
17.58 
21.94 
15.90 
19.53 
17.27 
16.79 

5.5 

7.7 
8.5 
8.7 
7.7 
8.2 
2.8 
6.6 

88.4 
83.1 
86.0 

110.7 
71.8 
93.1 
99.8 

103.2 

93.9 

90.8 

93.5 

119.4 

79.5 

101.3 

102.6 

108. 8 

+  1.04 
+  1.63 
+  1.22 

-  3.57 
+  4.11 

-  .26 

-  .43 

-  L36 

Total 

143.48 
17.93 

9.98 
1.25 

131.12 
16.39 

141. 10 
17.64 

6.9 

91.4 

98.3 

+  2.38 
+     .29 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


287 


x'ABLE  LI. — Xitrogen  balarices  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
No.  lO. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

[n  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6     ! 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

[n  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

24 1 

25 ..' 

26 ' 

27 

Grams. 
17.81 
20. 70 
17. 55 
14.13 
13. 15 
17.14 
18.82 
19.83 

Grams. 
1.64 
1.65 
1.29 
1.27 
1.46 
1.58 
1.61 
1.78 

Grams. 
1.5.07 
16.63 
16.39 
15.46 
15.55 
19.25 
18.01 
16.40 

Grams. 
16.71 
18. 28 
17.68 
16.73 
17.01 
20.83 
19. 62 
18.18 

Perct. 
9.2 
8.0' 
7.3 
9.0 
11.1 
9.0 
8.6 
9.0 

Per  ct. 
84.6 
80.3 
93.4 
109.4 
118.  3 
110.4 
9.5.7 
82.7 

Per  ct. 
93.8 
88.3 
100.7 
118.4 
129.4 
119.4 
104.3 
91.7 

Grams. 
+  1.10 
+  2.42 

-  .13 

-  2.60 

-  3.86 
~   3.39 

-  .80 
+  1.65 

Grains. 

Total 

Average 

ri9. 43 
17.43 

12.28 
1.54 

1:52.76  ,  145.04 
16.59       18.13 

8.8 

95.2 

104.0 

-  5.61 

-  .70 

Preserrative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

18.94 
18. 75 
18.64 
18.15 

2.41 
2.32 
1.43 
2.98 

17.30       19.71 
16.28       18.60 
15.83       17.26 
15. 52       18. 50 

12.7 
12.4 
7.7 
16.4 

91.3 
86.8 
84.9 

85.5 

104.0 
99.2 
92.6 

101.9 

-  0.77 
+     .15 
+  1.38 

-  .35 

0.5 
.5 
.5 

.5 

Total 

Average 

74.48         9.14 
18.62         2.29 

64.93       74.07 
16. 23       18. 52 

12.2 

87.2 

99.4 

+     .41 
+     .10 

2.0 

econd  subperiod: 
190.3— Apr.  1 

0 

17.94 
18.11 
19.21 
18. 29 

1.30 
2.17 
1.54 
1.21 

15.63 
11.89 
19.10 
14.78 

16. 93 
14. 06 
20. 64 
15.  99 

7.3 
12.0 
8.0 
6.6 

87.1 
65.6 
99.4 

80.8 

94.4 

77.6 

107.4 

87.4 

+  1.01 
+  4.05 
-  1.43 
+  2.30 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

73. 55 
18  39 

6. 22 
1  .Sfi 

61.40 
15. 35 

67.62 
16.91 

8.4 

83.5 

91.9 

+  5.93 

+  1.48 

4.0 

fsubperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 

148.  03 
18.  50 

15. 36 
1.92 

126.33  1  141.69 
1.5.79  1     17.71 

10.4 

85.3 

95.7 

+  6.34 
+     .79 

6.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903^  \pr  .5 

17.77  '      1.51 
18.25         1.43 
18.01         1.60 
16.91         1.70 
18.  Ho         1.60 

15.35 
12.80 
17.34 
14.30 
13.37 

16.86 
14.23 
18.94 
16.00 
14.97 

8.5 
7.8 
8.9 
10.0 
8.5 

86.4 
70.2 
96.3 
84.6 
70.9 

94.9 
78.0 
10.5.2 
94.6 
79.4 

+  0.91 
+  4.02 
-     .93 
+     .91 
+  3.88 

1.0 

6 

1.0 
1.0 

8 

9 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

89.79         7.84 
17.96         1.57 

73.16 
14.63 

81.00 
16. 20 

8.7 

81.5 

90.2 

+  8.79 
+  1.76 

5.0 



Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

237.82       23.20 
18.29  !      1.78 

199.49 
15.35 

222.69 
17  13 

9.8 

83.8 

93.6 

+16. 13 
+  1.16 

11.0 

1 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

19.01 
18.  oi; 
17. 45 
17. 05 
18.06 

,      0.464 
2.91 
1.60 
.695 
2.66 

12.72 
16.54 
15.25 
1      13.45 
10.08 

13.18 
19.45 
16.85 
14.14 
12.74 

2.4 
16.1 
9.2 
4.0 
14.7 

66.9 
91.6 
87.4 
78.9 
55.8 

69. 3 
107.7 
96.6 
82.9 
70.5 

+  5.83 
-  1.39 
+     .60 
+  2.91 
+  5.32 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

Average 

89.  (;:{ 
17.93 

8.329 
16.66 

1      68.04 
1      13.61 

76.36 
15.27 

9.3 

75.9 

85.2 

+13.27 
+  2.66 

11.0 

Entire   presenat i ve 
I>eriod: 

Total 

Average 

327. 45 
18.19 

31.52 
1.75 

267.  .53 
14.86 

299.05 
16.61 

9.6 

81.7 

91.3 

+28.40 
+  1.58 

22.0 

1 

A/ler  period. 
I'XCi^Apr  15 

16 

1 

17 

9.71 
13.49 
10.08 
18.84 
17.02 
16.56 

0.770 

2. 16 
1.74 
2.62 

12.79 
10.37 
14.17 
12.85 
1      19. 22 
11.. 55 

13.  .56 
10.37 
14.17 
1.5.01 
20. 96 
14.07 

7.9 

"'ii.'.5 

10.2 
15.2 

131.7 
76.9 
88.1 
()8. 2 

112.9 
69.8 

139.6 
76.9 
8H.  1 
79.7 

123. 1 
85.0 

-  3.85 
+  3.12 
+  1.91 
+  3.83 
-  3.94 
•)-  2.49 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

91.70 
15  28 

7.19 
1  20 

80.95       88.14 
i:{  4<i      ^d  M> 

1        7.8 

88.3 

96.1 

+  3.56 
+    .59 

Average ..,-. 

1 

1 

II  .No  movement. 


288 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LI. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
No.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Forejieriod  (excluded). 
1903 — Mar.  20 

Orams. 
17.86 
16.90 
17.90 
(14.85) 
15.02 
13.98 
17.13 
18.47 

Grams. 
1.44 

.954 
1.42 
Lost. 

.569 
1.77 

.796 
1.32 

Orams. 
12.42 
13.50 
16.33 
(13.06) 
18.69 
15.48 
13.43 
15.01 

Grams. 
13.86 
14.45 
17. 75 

Per  ct. 
8.1 
5.6 
8.0 

Per  ct. 
69.5 
79.9 
91.2 
(87.9). 
124.4 
110.7 
78.4 
81.3 

Per  ct. 

77.6 
85.5 
99.2 

Grams. 
+  4.00 

+  2.45 
+  -.lb 

Grams. 

21.          

22 

23 

24        

19.26 
17.25 
14.23 
16.33 

3.8 

12.7 

4.7 

7.1 

128.2 

123.4 

83.1 

88.4 

-  4.24 

-  3.27 
-1-  2.90 
+  2.14 

25 

26 

27  

Total 1 

Average ■! 

117.26 

(132. 11) 

16.75 

(16.51) 

8.27 

113. 13 

7.1 

"'(89.'3) 

96.5 

-1-  4.13 

(117.92) 

1.18 

16.16 

+     .59 

(14.74) 

Preservative  period. 

First   subperiod    (ex- 
cluded): 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

15. 92 
17.10 
2.59 

1.51 
1.13 
2.85 

14.45 
15.96 
10. 35 

15.96 
17.09 
13.20 

9.5 

6.6 

110.1 

90.8 

93.3 

399.6 

100.3 
99.9 
509.7 

-  0.04 
+     .01 
-10.61 

0.5 
.5 
.0 

Total 

35.61 
11.87 

5.49 
1.83 

40.76 
13.59 

46.25 
15.42 

15.4 

114.5 

129.9 

-10.64 
-  3.55 

1.0 

Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  31 

4.33 
8.52 
10.63 
16.53 

(a) 
1.22 
.508 
.952 

11.25 

8.17 

11.93 

11.56 

11.25 

9.39 

12.44 

12.51 

'"'ii's' 

4.8 
5.8 

259.8 

«    95.9 

112.2 

69.9 

259. 8 
110.2 
117.0 

75.7 

-  6.92 

-  .87 

-  1.81 
+  4.02 

0.0 

Apr.     1 

.0 

2 

.0 

3 

.0 

Total         

40.01 
10.00 

2.68 
.67 

42.91 
10.73 

45. 59 
11.40 

6.7 

107.2 

113.9 

-  5.58 

-  1.40 

.0 

Preservative  period. 
1903— Apr.  4 

14.20 
16.64 
13.67 
16.55 
13.92 
14.78 
17.56 
14.07 
15.88 
14.03 
14.90 

1.76 
1.19 
1.29 
1.99 
1.06 
1.49 
.894 
1.57 
1.72 
1.52 
1.08 

14.11 
14.58 
11.44 
14.36 
12.66 
12.04 
14.00 
13.86 
13.85 
13.88 
12.97 

15.87 
15.77 
12.73 
16.35 
13.72 
13.63 
14.89 
15.43 
15.57 
15.40 
14.05 

12.4 
7.2 
9.4 
12.0 
7.6 
10.0 
5.1 
11.2 
10.8 
10.9 
7.2 

99.4 
87.6 
83.7 
86.8 
91.0 
81.5 
79.7 
98.5 
87.2 
98.9 
87.0 

111.8 
94.8 
93.1 
98.8 
98.6 
91.5 
■    84.8 

109.7 
98.0 

109.8 
94.2 

-  1.67 
+     .87 
+     .94 
+     .20 
+     .20 
+  1.25 
-f-  2.67 

-  1.36 
-h     .31 

-  1.37 
-1-   ".85 

0.5 

1.0 

6 

1.0 

7 

1.0 

8 

1.0 

9 

1.0 

]0 

1.0 

11 

1.0 

12 

2.0 

13 

2.0 

14 

3.0 

Total 

166. 20 
15.11 

15.56 
1.42 

147. 75 
13.43 

163.31 
14.85 

9.4 

88.9 

98.3 

+  2.89 
-1-     .26 

14.5 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

14.20 
13.41 
16.14 
18.09 
14.44 
14.53 
15.70 
13.85 

0.584 
.588 

(«) 

3.52 
.518 

1.53 
.437 

1.20 

i2.07 
11.93 
13.10 
14.34 
12.76 
12.33 
14.61 
12.96 

12. 65 
12.52 
13.10 
17.86 
13.28 
13.86 
15.05 
14.16 

4.1 
4.4 

""ig.T 

3.6 
10.5 
2.8 
8.6 

85.0 
89.0 
81.2 
79.3 
88.4 
84.9 
93.1 
93.6 

89.1 
93.4 
81.2 
98.7 

.92.0 
95.4 
95.9 

102.2 

+  L55 
+    .89 
+  3.04 
+     .23 
-t-  1.16 
-f     .67 
-1-     .65 
-     .31 

16 

17 

18 

19.. 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

120. 36 

15.04 

8.38 
1.05 

104. 10 
13.01 

112.48 
14.06 

7.0 

86.5 

93.5 

+  7.88 
+     .98 

Average 

i 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


289 


Tablk  LI. — Xitroym  hdhuices  for  Series  71'— Continued. 


Period  iiiid  date 


1 

III  food. 


Fore  jieriod  {ejccludcil  \. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

•2.1 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 


First   subperiod    (ex- 
cluded): 
1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 


Trams. 
13.68 
16.72 
18.37 
n.78 
14.31 
16.63 
16.90 
17.93 


129. 32 
16.16 


Total 

Average 

Fore  period. 


17.06 
If).  .50 
17.33 

w 

50. 89 
16.96 


a 

In  feces. 


In 
urine. 


4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 


190:i— Apr.3. 
4. 


12.52 
16.39 
17.05 


Total  .... 
Average . 


45. 96 
15. 32 


J'refervative  period. 
1903— Apr.  <; 


Ifi.  38 
16. 06 
16. 35 
16.83 
13.73 
13.88 
15.35 
15. 21 
15.38 


Total 

Average 

After  period. 


139.17 
15.46 


1903— Apr.  15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 


4.74 
6. 55 
15.  «1 
17.  .55 
16.76 
17.06 
14. 05 
13.31 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


105.83 
13.23 


Grams. 

Grams. 

1.76 

12.21 

2.97 

15.30 

.773 

14.74 

2  36 

15.73 

1.79 

12. 42 

2.01 

13. 27 

1.65 

15.56 

2.40 

13.86 

Grams. 
13.97 
18.27 
15.51 
18.09 
14. 21 
15. 28 
17.21 
16.26 


15.71 
19.6 


113.09  128.80 
14. 14   16. 10 


1.35 
1.86 
3.18 


13.63 
14.30 
12. 31 


14.98 
16.16 
15.49 


6.39 
2.13 


40.24 
13.41 


1.37 
1.32 
1.72 


4.41 
1.47 


1.66 
1.87 
.434 
.  528 
l.IO 
C) 
2.14 
2.02 
1.37 


11.70 
11.96 
13. 23 


46.63 
15.54 


13.07 
13.28 
14.95 


36.89 
12.30 


14.25 
13.79 
12. 05 
14.02 
13.25 
10. 21 
13. 23 
12.04 
13.22 


41.30 
13.77 


15.91 
15.66 
12. 48 
14. 55 
14.35 
10. 21 
15.37 
14.06 
14.59 


11.12 
1.24 


116.06 
12.89 


1.67 
.943 
2.82 
1.79 
2.74 
.905 
1.20 


7.63 
12.24 

9.49 
12.60 
11.39 
10.89 
10.86 
12. 03 


12.  Ofi 
1.51 


87.13 
10.89 


127. 18 
14.13 


In 
feces. 

(2-1) 


In 
urine. 
(3-^1) 


Per  ct. 
12.9 
17.8 

4.2 
16.1 
12.5 
12.1 

9.7 
13.5 


Per  ct. 
89.2 
91.5 
80.2 
106.3 
86.8 
79.8 
92.1 
77.2 


7 

In  fece.s 
and 
urine. 
(4^1) 


12.1 


7.9 
11.3 
18.4 


12.5 


87.5 


80.0 
86.6 
71.0 


10.9 
8.1 
10.1 


9.6 


10.1 
11.6 
2.6 
3.2 
8.0 


13.9 


7.(3 
13.91 
10. 43 
15.42 
13.18 
13.  C3 
11.76 
13. 23 


99.19 
12. 39 


25.5 
6.0 
16.1 
10.6 
16.1 
6.4 
9.0 


11.4 


93.4 
72.9 
77.6 


80.3 


87.0 
85.9 
73.7 
83.3 
96.5 
73.6 
86.2 


86.9 


161. 0 
186. 9 
60.0 
71.8 
68. 0 
63.8 
77.3 
90.4 


82.3 


Per  ct. 
102. 1 
109.3 

84.4 
122. 4 

99.3 

91.9 
101.8 

90.7 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


99.6 


87.9 
97.9 
89.4 


Grams. 

-  0.29 

-  1.55 
+  2.86 

-  3.31 
+  .10 
+  1.35 

-  .31 
+  1.67 


+  2.08 
+  .34 
+  1.84 


104.3 
81.0 

87.7 


97.1 
97.5 
76.3 
86.5 

104.5 
73.6 

100.1 
92.4 
94.9 


91.4 


161.0 
212. 4 
66.0 
87.9 
78.6 
79.9 
83.7 
99.4 


93.7 


+  4.26 
+  1.42 


-  0.55 
+  3.11 
+  2.10 


+  4.66 
+  1.55 


4-  0.47 
+  .40 
+  3.87 
+  2.28 

-  .62 
+  3.67 

-  .02 
+  1.15 
+     .79 


+  11.99 
+  1.33 


Borax 
admin- 
istered. 


Gram.'i. 


0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


2.0 


0.0 
.0 
.0 


1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 


-  2.89 

-  7.36 
+  5.38 
+  2.13 
+  3.  .58 
+  3.43 
-t-  2.29 
-t-  .08 


-I-  6.64 

+     .84 


o  Discarded. 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 19 


bNo  movement. 


290  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LII. — Summary  of  nitrogen  halances  for  Series  IV. 
Three  men. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.  8 { 

No.  9      

Grams. 
130.66 
(147.37) 
149. 86 
139. 43 

Crrams. 

7.58 

Gh-ams. 

Grams. 
112.49 

Per  ct. 

5.8 

Per  ct. 

■(79:4) 
85.8 
95.2 

Per  ct. 
86.1 

Grams. 
+18.17 

Grams. 

(116. 94) 
128. 48 
132. 76 

11.48 
12.28 

139.96 
145. 04 

7.6 

8.8 

93.4 
104.0 

+  9.90 
-  5.61 

No.  10 

Total 1 

Average \ 

419. 95 

(436.  66) 

18.26 

(18.19) 

31.34 

397.49 

7.5 

'  (86."6) 

94.7 

+22.46 

(378. 18) 

1.36 

17.28 

+     .98 

(15. 76) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  8 

74.20 
76.40 

74.48 

8.27 
6.13 
9.14 

58.83 
66.69 
64.93 

67.10 
72.82 
74.07 

11.1 
8.0 
12.2 

79.3 
87.3 
87.2 

90.4 
95.3 
99.4 

+  7.10 
+  3.58 
+     .41 

2.0 

No.  9 

2.0 

No.  10 

2.0 

Total 

22.5. 08 
18.76 

23.54 
1.96 

190. 45 

15.87 

213. 99 
17.83 

10.5 

84.6 

95.1 

+  11.09 
+     .93 

6  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  8      

72. 60 
74.97 
73.55 

5.  75 

4.08 
6.22 

58.28 
64.96 
61.40 

64.03 
69.04 
67.62 

7.9 
5.4 

8.4 

80.3 

86.7 
83.5 

88.2 
92.1 
91.9 

+  8.57 
+  .5.93 
+  5.93 

4  0 

No.  9 

4  0 

No.  10 

4  0 

Total 

221.12 
18.43 

16.05 
1.34 

184. 64 
15.38 

200.69 
16.  72 

7.3 

83.5 

90.8 

+20.43 
+  1.71 

12  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
No.  8  

146.80 
151. 37 
148. 03 

14.02 
10.21 
15.36 

117. 11 
131.65 
126. 33 

131. 13 
141. 86 
141.  69 

9.5 
6.7 
10.4 

79.8 
87.0 
85.3 

89.3 
93.7 
95.7 

+15. 67 
+  9.51 
+  6.34 

6  0 

No.  9 

6  0 

No.  10 

6  0 

Total 

446. 20 
18.59 

39.59 
1.65 

375.09 
15.63 

414. 68 

17.28 

8.9 

84.0 

92.9 

+31. 52 
+  1.31 

18  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.  8 

91.04 
90.33 
89.79 

6.12 
6.56 

7.84 

74.73 
84.26 
73.16 

80.85 
90.82 
81.00 

6.7 
7.2 

8.7 

82.1 
93.3 
81.5 

88.8 

100.5 

90.2 

+10.19 
-     .49 
f  8.79 

5  0 

No.  9 

5  0 

No.  10 

5  0 

Total 

271. 16 
18.08 

20.52 
1.37 

232. 15 
15.47 

252. 67 
16.84 

7.6 

85.6 

93.2 

+18.49 
+  1.24 

15.0 

Average 

Subperiodsl,2,and  3: 
No.  8 

237.84 
241. 70 
237. 82 

20.14 
16.77 
23.20 

191. 84. 
215.91 
199. 49 

211.98 

232. 68 

222. 69 

8.5 
6.9 
9.8 

80.6 
89.3 
83.8 

89.1 
96.2 
93.6 

+25. 86 
+  9.02 
+15. 13 

11  0 

No.9 

No.  10 

11.0 
11  0 

Total 

717. 36 
18.39 

60.11 
1.54 

607.24 
15.57 

667.35 
17.11 

8.4 

84.6 

93.0 

+50.01 
+  1.28 

33.0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 
No.8 

86.75 
89.51 
89.63 

7.54 
6.58 
8.32 

61.29 
79.89 
68.04 

68.83 
86.47 
76.36 

8.7 
7.4 
9.3 

70.6 
89.2 
75.9 

79.3 
96.6 
85.2 

+  17.92 
+  3.04 
+13. 27 

11.0 
11.0 
11.0 

No.9 

No.  10 

Total 

265.  89 
17.73 

22.44 
1.49 

209. 22 
13.95 

231.  66 
15.44 

8.4 

78.7 

87.1 

+34.23 
+  2.29 

33.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 
No.8 

324.59 
331. 21 
327. 45 

27.68 
23.35 
31.52 

253.13 
295.80 
267. 53 

280.81 
319. 15 
299. 05 

8.5 
7.1 
9.6 

78.0 
89.3 
81.7 

86.5 
96.4 
91.3 

+43. 78 
+12. 06 
+28. 40 

22.0 
22.0 
22.0 

No.9 

No.  10 

Total 

983.25 
18.21 

82.55 
1..53 

816. 46 
15.12 

899.01 
16.65 

8.4 

83.0 

91.4 

+84.24 
+  1.56 

66.0 

Average 

After  period. 
No.8 

135.57 
143.48 
91.70 

12.  ,53 
9.98 
7.19 

110. 74 
131. 12 
80.95 

123. 27 
141. 10 

88.14 

9.2 
6.9 

7.8 

81.7 
91.4 

88.3 

90.9 
98.3 
96.1 

+12.30 
+  2.38 
+  3.56 

No.9 

No.  10 

Total 

370. 75 
16.85 

29.70 
1.35 

322. 81 
14.67 

352. 51 
16.02 

8.0 

87.1 

95.1 

+18.24 
+    .83 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


291 


Table  LII. — Summary  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
Two  men. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

o 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

o 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-Hl) 

7 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-M) 

8             9 

Borax 
Balance.  I    ad- 
(1—4)     1  minis- 
,  tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.  11 

No.  12 

Grams. 
40.01 
45.% 

Grams. 
2.68 
4.41 

f 
Grams.    ' 
42.91 
36.89 

Grams. 
45.59 
41.30 

Pei-  ct. 
6.7 
9.6 

Perct. 
107.2 
80.3 

Per  ct. 
113.9 
89.9 

Grams. 
-  5.58 
+  4.66 

Grams. 

Total 

Average 

85.97 
12.28 

7.09 
1.01 

79.80 
11.40 

86. 89 
12.41 

8.2 

92.8 

101.1 

-  .92 

—  .13 



Preservative  period. 
No.  11 

166. 20 
139. 17 

15.56 
11.12 

147. 75 
116.06 

163.31 
127. 18 

9.4 
8.0 

88.9 
83.4 

98.3 
91.4 

-r  2.89         14.5 

No.  12 

+11.99 

13.0 

Total 

305.37 
15.27 

26.68 
1.33 

263.81 
13.19 

290. 49 
14.52 

8.7 

86.4 

95.1 

+14.88 
+     .75 

27.5 

Average 

After  period. 

No.  11 

No.  12 

120.36 
105.83 

8.38 
12. 06 

104.10 
87.13 

112.48 
99.19 

7.0 
11.4 

86.5 
82.3 

93.5 
93.7 

+  7.88 
+  6.64 

Total 

Average 

226. 19 
14.14 

20.44 
1.28 

191.23 
11.95 

211. 67 
13.23 

9.0 

84.5 

93.6 

+14.52 
+     .91 

Five  n 

len. 

Fore  period. 

No.7 

No.8 { 

No.  9 

No.  10 

No.  12 

115. 46 
130. 66 
(147.37) 
149.86 
139. 43 
129. 32 

15.  66 
7.  .58 

82.28 

'"(iie'di) 

128.48 
132. 76 
113.09 

97.94 
112.49 

13.6 
5.8 

71.2 

"(79:4) 
85.8 
95.2 
87.5 

S4.S 
86.1 

+17. 52 
+18. 17 

11.48 
12. 28 
15. 71 

139.96 
145. 04 
128.80 

7.6 
8.8 
12.1 

93.4 
104.0 
99.6 

+  9.90 
+  5.61 
+     .52 

Total 1 

Average | 

664.73 

(681.44) 

17.04 

(17.04) 

62.71 

624. 23 

9.4 

"(84:2) 

93.9 

+40.50    

(573.55) 

1.61 

16.01 

+  1.03    

(14.34) 

Preservative  period. 

First  .subperiod: 

No.7 

No. « 

60.27 
74.20 
76.40 
74.48 
.tO.89 

10.64 
8.27 
6.13 
9.14 
6.39 

46.43 
58.83 
66.69 
64.93 
40.24 

57.07 
67.10 
72.82 
74.07 
46.63 

17.7 
11.1 
8.0 
'     12.2 
12. 5 

77.0 
79.3 
87.3 
87.2 
79.2 

94.7 
90.4 
95.3 
99.4 
91.7 

+  3.20           2.0 
+  7.10           2.0 

No.9 

No.  10 

+  3.58          2.0 
+     .41           2.0 

No.12 

+  4.26           2.0 

Total 

336.24 
17.70 

40.57 
2.14 

277. 12 
14.59 

317.69 
16.73 

12.1 

82.4 

94.5 

+18.55  1      10.0 

.\verage 

+     .97' 

292 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V. 
No.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Foreperiod. 

Chrams. 

Ch-ams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Per  at. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25 

18.03 
17.65 
17.66 
16.63 
17.60 
17.57 
17.00 

1.18 
.969 
1.12 
1.21 
1.15 
.989 
2.07 

17.07 
17.20 
16.91 
16.51 
16.38 
17.60 
17.10 

18.25 

18. 169 

18.03 

17.72 

17.53 

18.589 

19.17 

6.5 
5.5 
6.3 
7.3 
6.5 
5.6 
12.2 

94.7 
98.0 
95.8 
99.3 
93.1 
100.2 
100.6 

101.2 
103.5 
102.1 

-  0.22 

-  .619 
~     .37 

26 

27 

28 

29              .   . 

106.6    -  1.09 
99.6  :+     .07 
105.8  :-  1.019 
112.8  ;-  2.17 

30 

Total 

122. 04 
17.43 

8.688 
1.24 

118.  77 
16.97 

127.46 
18.21 

7.1 

97.3 

104.4    -  5.42 

-     .78 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

18.22 
19.03 
20.11 
17.84 
17.20 
19.91 
17.61 
17.74 
19.60 
18.34 
19.15 
17.43 

2.17 
.620 
1.69 
1.12 
1.55 
2.19 
.993 
1.75 
2.00 
1.29 
1.57 
1.18 

17.25 
18.09 
16.72 
16. 65 
17.36 
17.24 
IB.  49 
16.24 
16.64 
16.27 
17.46 

19.42 

18. 710 

18.41 

17.77 

18.91 

19.43 

17. 483 

17.99 

18.64 

17.56 

19.03 

11.9 
3.3 
8.4 
6.3 
9.0 

11.0 
5.6 
9.9 

10.2 
7.0 
8.2 
6.8 

94.7 
95.1 
83.1 
93.3 
100.9 
86.6 
93.6 
91.6 
84.9 
88.7 
91.2 
91.3 

106.6 
98.3 
91.5 
99.6 

109.9 
97.6 
99.3 

101.4 
96.1 
95.7 
99.4 
98.0 

-  1.20 
+     .32 
+  1.70 
+     .07 

-  1.71 
+    .48 
+    .127 

-  .25 
+     .96 
+    .78 
+     .12 
+     .34 

0.6 

3 

4 

.6 
.5 

5 

.5 

6 

.5 

7 

.5 

8 

.5 

9 

.5 

10 

.6 

11 

.5 

12 

13 

16. 91     17. 09 

.5 

Total 

222.18 
18.52 

18.12 
1.51 

202. 32 
16.86 

220.44 
18.37 

8.2 

91.1 

99.2 

+  1.74 
+     .15 

6.0 

107.2 

105.4 

104.4 

89.2 

98.4 

100.7 

85.3 

93.6 

107.0 

101.8 

99.9 

103.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

18.00 
17.02 
18.07 
18.90 
17.96 
18.08 
20.50 
19.57 
18.19 
18.55 
18.52 
18.31 

1.28 
1.94 
1.80 
.505 
1.10 
1.28 
1.72 
1.18 
1.20 
1.18 
1.41 
1.14 

18.01 
16.00 
17.06 
16.35 
16.57 
16.93 
15.77 
17.14 
17.18 
17.71 
17.09 
17.72 

19.29 

17.94 

18.86 

16.855 

17.67 

18.21 

17.49 

18.  32 

18.38 

18.89 

18.50 

18.86 

7.1 

11.4 

10.0 

■      2.7 

6.1 

7.1 

8.4 

6.0 

6.6 

6.4 

7.6 

6.2 

100.1 
94.0 
94.4 
86.5 
92.3 
93.6 
76.9 
87.6 
94.4 
95.5 
92.3 
96.8 

-  1.29 

-  .92 

-  .79 
+  2.045 
+     .29 

-  .13 
+  3.01 
+  1.25 

-  .19 

-  .34 
+     .02 

-  .55 

0.5 

15... 

.5 

16 

.6 

17 

.5 

18 

.5 

19 

.6 

20 

.5 

21 

5 

22 

.6 

28 

.5 

24 

.5 

25 

.5 

Total 

221. 67 
18.46 

15.73 
1.31 

203. 53 
16.96 

219.26 
18.27 

7.1 

91.8 

98.9 

+  2.41 
+     .19 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

443.85 
18.49 

35.85 
1.41 

405.85 
16.91 

439. 70 
18.32 

7.6 

91.4 

99.1 

+  4.15 
+     .17 

12.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— May  26 

19.48 
17.93 
17.98 
19.05 
20.03 
(18.46) 
19.65 
18.47 
18.78 
20.73 
19.98 
19.05 

1.73 
1.00 
1.58 
1.27 
1.21 
Lost. 
2.38 
.348 
1.53 
1.35 
1.63 
1.44 

16.95 
18.20 
17.44 
17.12 
17.43 
(16.21) 
17.44 
17.74 
17.47 
19.06 
17.20 
18.29 

18.68 
19.20 
19.02 
18.39 
18.64 

8.9 
.5.6 
8.8 
6.7 
6.0 

87.0 
101.5 
97.0 
89.9 
87.0 
(87. 8) 
88.8 
96.0 
93.0 
91.9 
86.1 
96.0 

95.9 

107.1 

105.8 

96.5 

93.1 

+  0.80 

-  1.27 

-  1.04 
+     .66 
+  1.39 

0.5 

27 

.5 

28 

5 

29 

.6 

30 

5 

31 

.5 

June  1  

19.82 

18.088 

19.00 

20.41 

18.83 

19.73 

12.1 
1.9 

8.1 
6.5 

8.2 
7.6 

100.9 
97.9 

101.2 
98.6 
94.2 

103.6 

-  .17 
+  3.82 

-  .22 
+     .32 
+  1.15 

-  .68 

5 

2 

5 

3 

5 

4 

6 

5 

.5 

6 

5 

Total i 

211. 13 

(229. 59) 

19.19 

(19.13) 

15.47 

209. 81 

7.3 

"(9i."7) 

99.4 

+  1.32 

}        6.0 

(210.55) 

Average J 

1.41 

19.07 

+     .12 

(17. 55) 

1 

BORIC    ACIB    AND    BORAX. 
Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 


293 


No.  1— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 


In  food. 


I'reservative  period —   | 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1.  2.  and  3: 
Total I 


.\veragc  . 


Grains. 

654.98 

(673.44) 

18.71 

(18.71) 


In  feces. 


In 


Grams. 
49.32 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 


1.41 


Grams.    Grams. 

649.51 

(616.40) 

18. 56 

(17.12) 


In 
feces. 

(2-1) 


Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June  7..... 


9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 


18.84 
18.18 
18.40 
18.99 
18.88 
18.86 
18.44 
18.07 
19.19 
17.95 
18.37 
19.14 
20. 35 
17.29 


1.18 
1.38 
1.67 
1.64 
1.78 
2.18 
1.72 
.994 
.875 
1.98 
1.57 
2.00 
2.  .53 
1..55 


17.36 
16.52 
15. 51 
16.40 
17.17 
17.18 
17.87 
17.74 
17.93 
17.57 
16. 43 
17. 20 
16.  r)9 
15. 94 


Total  . . . . 
Average. 


260. 95 
18.64 


23.019 
1.646 


237.  51 
16.97 


Entire    preservative 
jieriod: 


(17.08) 


After  jtcriod. 


1903— June  21 . 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


Total 


Average 


18.78 
18.48 
18.79 
17.47 
18.76 
17.62 
(17.44) 
20.61 
18. 15 


2.32 

1.05 

2.17 

2.02 

1.61 

2.58 

Lost. 

1.63 

1.49 


148.66       14.87 

(160.10) 

18.58         1.8() 
(18.46)  


17.54 
15.58 
16.37 
17.  hh 
17. 12 
15.91 
(17.02) 
17.22 
18.00 


(152.31) 


(16.92) 


18.54 
17.90 
17.18 
18.04 
18.95 
19. 36 
19.  .59 
18.73 
18.80 
19.55 
18.00 
19.20 
19.22 
17.49 


Per  ct. 
7.5 


6  7  8  9 

,„  In  feces  Boric 

yj^i^g       and    JBalance.  ^fi^ 

"")  ^4^7)      (l--*) 


Pei-  ct. 


(91.5)1 


Per  ct. 
99.2 


Grams. 
+  5.47 


ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Grams. 
!■      18.0 


+    .15 


6.3 
7.6 
9.1 
8.6 
9.4 

11.6 
9.3 
5.5 
4.6 

11.0 
8.5 

10.4 

12.4 
9.0 


92.1 
90.9 
84.3 
86.4 
90.9 
91.1 
%.9 
98.2 
93.4 
97.9 
89.4 
89.9 
82.0 
92.2 


98.4 

98.5 

93.4 

95.0 

100.4 

102.7 

106.2 

103.7 

98.0 

108.9 

98.0 

100.3 

94.4 

101.2 


+  0.30 


28 
+  1.22 
+     .95 

-  .07 

-  .50 

-  1.15 

-  .66 
+     .39 

-  1.60 
+     .37 

-  .06 
+  1.13 

-  .20 


260. 55 
18.61 


91.0 


.46 
.03 


910.06 


7.9 


18.57 


(91.4) 


99.4    +  5.87 


+     -12 


19.86 
16.63 
18.54 
19. 57 
18.73 
18.49 


18.85 
19.49 


150.16 


12.4 
5.7 

11.5 

11.6 
8.6 

14.7 


7.9 

8.2 


93.4 
84.3 
87.1 

100.5 
91.3 
90.4 

(97.6)' 
83.6  i 
99.2 


105.8 
90.0 
98.7 

112.0 
99.8 

105.1 


91.5 
107.4 


10.0  , 101.0 


(91.7) 


-  1.08 
+  1.85 
+     .25 

-  2.10 
+     .03 

-  .87 


+  1.76 
-  1.34 


0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


7.0 


25.0 


294 


INFLUENCE    OP    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  F— Continued. 
ISTo.  2. 


Period  and  date  . 

1 
In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.  24 

Grams. 
16.33 
18.44 
16.47 
17.14 

Grams. 
1.51 
1.53 
1.37 

(a) 

Oi-ams. 
14.11 
15.58 
14.06 
15.13 
(15. 04) 
15.03 
14.40 
14.38 

Grams. 
15.62 
17.11 
15.43 
15.13 

Per  ct. 
9.2 
8.3 
8.3 

Per  ct. 
86.4 
84.5 
85.4 
88.3 
94.1 
87.3 
90.6 
87.6 

Per  ct. 
95.6 
92.8 
93.7 

88.3 

Grams. 
+  0.71 
+  1.33 
+  1.04 
+  2.01 

Grams. 

25 

26 

27 

28 

(15.99)i      Lost. 

29 

17.21 
15. 89 
16.42 

.773 

.907 

1.15 

15.80 
15.31 
15.53 

4.6 
5.7 
7.0 

91.8 
96.3 
94.6 

+  1.41 
+     .58 
+     .89 

30 

May  1 

Total 1 

Average | 

117. 90         7. 240 

109. 93 

6.1 

'"(87.'9J 

93.2 

+  7.97 

(133. 89) 
16.84 
(16. 74) 

(117.73) 

1.03 

15.70 

+  1.14 

(14.72) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

16.28 
17.15 
20.39 
16.27 
18.25 
18.79 
14.36 
16.52 
17.16 
16.93 
18.24 
15.26 

1.43 
1.51 

.926 
1.03 
1.23 
1.65 
1.35 

.982 
1.24 
1.57 
1.30 
1.14 

15.09 
14.71 
16.62 
14.70 
16. 29 
13.34 
13.94 
13.92 
12.31 
12.94 
14.79 
12.99 

16.62 
16.22 
17. 55 
15.73 
17.52 
14.99 
15.29 
14.90 
13.55 
14.51 
16.09 
14.13 

8.8 
8.8 
4.5 
6.3 
6.7 
8.8 
9.4 
6.9 
7.2 
9.3 
7.1 
7.5 

92.7 
85.8 
81.5 
90.3 
89.3 
71.0 
97.1 
84.3 
71.7 
76.4 
81.1 
85.1 

101.5 
94.6 
86.1 
96.7 
96.0 
79.8 

106.6 
90.2 
79.0 
85.7 
88.2 
92.6 

-  0.24 
+     .93 
+  2.84 
+     .54 
+     .73 
+  3.80 

-  .93 
+  1.62 
+  3.61 
+  2.42 
+  2.15 
+  1.13 

0.5 

3 

5 

4 

6 

5 

.6 

6 

7 

.5 
5 

8 

5 

9 

.5 

10 

.5 

11..... 

12 

.5 
.5 

13        .   . 

5 

Total 

205. 60 
17.13 

15. 358 
1.28 

171. 64 
14.30 

187. 00 
15.58 

7.5 

83.5 

91.0 

+18. 60 
+  1.55 

6.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

16.82 
15.01 
17.74 
14.63 
16.97 
14.99 
16.03 
20.80 
15.06 
16.26 
12.71 
15.35 

1.31 
1.41 
1.27 
1.02 
1.22 
1.76 
1.07 
1.09 
1.07 
1.61 
1.04 
1.22 

14.18 
13.37 
15.12 
13.26 
14.41 
13.16 
14.06 
12.78 
12.52 
13.92 
12.46 
12. 71 

15.49 
14.78 
16.39 
14.28 
15. 63 
14.92 
15.13 
13.87 
13.59 
15.53 
13.60 
13.93 

7.8 
9.4 
7.2 
7.0 
7.2 
11.7 
6.7 
5.2 
7.1 
9.9 
8.2 
7.9 

84.3 
89.1 
85.2 
90.6 
84.9 
87.8 
87.7 
61.4 
83.1 
85.6 
98.0 
82.8 

92.1 
98.5 
92.4 
97.6 
92.1 
99.6 
94.4 
66.7 
90.2 
95.5 
106.2 
90.7 

+  1.33 
+     .23 
+  1.36 
+     .36 
+  1.34 
+     .07 
+     .90 
+  6.93 
+  1.47 
+     .73 
-     .79 
+  1.42 

0.5 

15 

5 

16 

.5 

17 

.5 

18 

5 

19 

5 

20 

.5 

21.. 

5 

22 

.5 

23 

.5 

24.. 

6 

25 

.5 

Total 

192.37 
16.03 

15.09 
1.26 

161. 95 
13.50 

177. 04 
14.75 

7.8 

84.2 

92.0 

+16.33 
+  1.28 

6  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

397. 97 
16.58 

30.448 
1.27 

333.59 
13.90 

364. 04 
15.17 

7.7 

83.8 

91.5 

+33.93 
+  1.41 

12  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— May  26 

15.76 
15.26 
14.06 
14.28 
16.29 
13.89 
15.00 
13.60 

8.68 
11.19 

8.16 
10.92 

1.55 
1.07 
1.82 
.624 
.994 
.987 
1.67 
.941 
1.15 
.893 
.632 
1.34 

13.87 
13.78 
11.89 
13.58 
14.34 
13.80 
13.04 
11.34 
11.00 
10.68 
9.85 
12.24 

15.42 
14.86 
13.71 
14.20 
15.33 
14.79 
14.71 
12.28 
12. 15 
11.57 
10.48 
13.58 

9.8 
7.0 

12.9 
4.4 
6.1 
7.1 

11.1 
6.9 

13.2 
8.0 
7.7 

12.3 

88.0 

90.3 

84.6 

95.1 

88.0 

99.3 

86.  & 

83.4 

126.7 

95.4 

120.7 

112.1 

97.8 

97.3 

97.5 

99.4 

94.1 

106.6 

98.1 

90.3 

140.0 

103.4 

128.4 

124.4 

+  0.34 
+    .41 

+     .35 
+     .08 
+     .96 

-  .90 
+     .29 
+  1.32 

-  3.47 

-  .38 

-  2.32 

-  2.66 

0  5 

27 

5 

28 

6 

29 

5 

30 

5 

31 

.6 

June  1 

6 

2 

3 

.5 
5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

Total 

157.09 
13.09 

13.67 
1.14 

149. 41 
12.45 

163.07 
13.59 

8.7 

96.1 

103.8 

-  5.98 

-  .50 

6  0 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


295 


Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  T— -Continued. 
No.  2— Continued. 


1 

Period  and  date. 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period- 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 

Crrams. 

bob.  06 

15. 42 

Grams. 

44.12 

1.23 

Grams. 

483.00 

13. 42 

Grams. 

527. 11 

14.64 

Per  ct. 
7.9 

Per  ct. 
87.0 

Per  ct. 
96.0 

Grams. 
+27.96 
+     .78 

Grams. 
18.0 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June    7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

10.28 
11.78 
10.30 
11.91 
11.81 
11.82 
12.23 
11.41 
14.92 
11.86 
13.21 
12.01 
13. 45 
12.38 

1.19 
.307 
1.56 
.834 
.760 
.846 
1.07 
.399 
.982 
.954 
1.55 
1.35 
1.50 
2.69 

9.71 
10.14 

8.77 
10.43 
10.90 

9.94 
11.16 
10. 82 
10.10 
13.67 
12.42 
12.68 
12.30 
12. 12 

10.90 
10.45 
10.33 
11.26 
11.66 
10.78 
12.23 
11.22 
11.08 
14.62 
13.97 
14.03 
13.80 
14.81 

11.6 

2.6 

15.1 

7.0 

6.4 

7.1 

8.7 

3.5 

6.6 

8.0 

11.7 

11.2 

11.2 

21.7 

94.4 
86.1 
85.1 
87.6 
92.3 
84.1 
91.2 
94.8 
67.7 

115.3 
94.0 

106. 6 
91.4 
97.9 

106.0 

88.7 

100.3 

94.5 

98.7 

91.2 

100.0 

98.3 

74.3 

123.3 

105.8 

116.8 

102.6 

119.6 

-  0.62 
+  1.33 

-  .03 
+     .65 
+     .15 
+  1.04 
±     .00 
+     .19 
+  3.84 

-  2.76 

-  .76 

-  2.02 

-  .35 

-  2.43 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

Total 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

After  period. 

1903— June  21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

169.37       15.991       155.16 
12.10         1.14          11.08 

171. 14 
12.22 

9.4 

91.6 

101.0 

-  1.77 

—  .12 

2.5 

724.43       60.111  '     638.16 
14.49         1.20     '       12.76 

698. 26 
13.97 

8.3 

88.1 

96.4 

+26. 18 
+     .52 

20.5 

11.67 
14.35 
13.91 
17.03 
18.09 
16.18 
17.49 
18. 64 
19.29 

1.11 
1.34 
1.41 
2.10 
1.76 
1.17 
1.55 
1.01 
.878 

12.27 
12.00 
12.00 
13.73 
14.13 
13.89 
16.82 
15.05 
14.70 

13.38 
13.34 
13.41 
15.83 
15.89 
15.06 
18.37 
16.06 
15.58 

9.5 
9.3 
10.1 
12.3 
9.7 
7.2 
8.9 
5.4 
4.6 

105.1 
83.6 
86.3 
80.6 
78.1 

a6.8 

96.2 
80.7 
76.2 

114.7 
93.0 
96.4 
93.0 
87.8 
93.1 

105.0 
86.2 
80.8 

-  1.71 
+  1.01 
+     .50 
+  1.20 
+  2.20 
+  1.12 

-  .88 
+  2.58 
+  3.71 

28 

29 

Total 

Average 

146.65 
16.29 

12.328 
1.37 

124.59 
13.84 

136.92 
15.21 

8.4 

85.0 

93.4 

+  9.73 
+  1.08 

296 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEBVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
ISTo.  .3- 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Apr  24 

Orams. 
(12.46) 
12.91 
13.37 
14.14 
15.37 
13.51 
13.99 
14.32 

Grams. 
Lost. 
0.811 
1.80 
.605 
2.36 
1.42 
1.11 
2.14 

Grams. 
(n.48) 
11.14 
15.14 
13.59 
15.97 
13.35 
12.88 
11.76 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

(92.1) 
86.3 

113.2 
96.1 

103.9 
98.8 
92.1 
82.1 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25 

11.95 
16.94 
14. 20 
18.33 
14.77 
13.99 
13.90 

6.3 
13.5 

4.3 
15.4 
10.5 

7.9 
14.9 

92.6 
126. 7 
100  4 
119. 2 
109.3 
100.0 

97.1 

+  0.96 

-  3.57 

-  .06 

-  2.96 

-  1.26 
±     .00 
+     .42 

26 

27            .   ... 

28 

29 

30 

Total 1 

Average I 

97.61 

(110.07) 

13.94 

(13.76) 

10. 246 

104. 08 

10.5 

■■(95."7J 

106.6 

-  6.47 

(105.31) 

1.47 

14.87 

-     .93 

(13.16) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mav  2 

14.82 
14.61 
[15. 93] 
13.11 
14.03 
16.45 
14.77 
17.58 
19.01 
16.94 
18.64 
15. 20 

1.25 
1.57 
[1.45] 
1.13 
.947 
1.64 
1.28 
1.42 
1.34 
1.10 
2.20 
1.45 

13.53 
n.56 
Lost. 
12.72 
12.30 
13.03 
11.73 
12.64 
13.16 
12.82 
12.42 
11.59 

14.78 
13.12 

"is."  85' 
13.25 
14.67 
13.01 
14.06 
14.50 
13.92 
14. 62 
13.04 

8.4 

10.8 

[9.1] 

8.6 

6.7 

10.0 

8.7 

8.1 

7.0 

6.5 

1L8 

9.5 

91.3 
79.6 

99.7 
90.4 

+  0.04 
+  1.39 

0.5 

3 

4 

.5 
.5 

5 

6 

7 

97.0 
87.7 
79.2 
79.4 
71.9 
69.2 
75.7' 
66.6 
76.2 

105.6 
94.4 
89.2 
88.1 
80.0 
76.3 
82.2 
78.3 
85.8 

-     .74 
+     .78 
+  1.78 
+  1.76 
+  3.52 
+  4.51 
+  3.02 
+  4.02 
+  2.16 

.5 
.5 
.5 

8            .   .. 

.5 

9 

.5 

10 

.5 

11 

12 

13 

.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 1 

Average ■{ 

175.06 

[190. 99] 

15.91 

[15.  92] 

137. 49 

152. 82 

"■■■[8.'8] 

78.5 

87.3 

+22. 24 

6.0 

[16.  777] 

12.  50 

13.89 

+  2.02 

"[1.40] 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

16.33 
14.97 
15.98 
16.37 
15.53 
14.35 
17.68 
16.97 
15. 65 
17.21 
15.35 
17.32 

1.70 
1.31 

1.38 
1.99 
1.05 
1.47 
.962 
1.44 
2.08 
1.41 
1.67 
1.56 

12.77 
13.10 
13.69 
15. 72 
12.75 
11.50 
13.86 
15.76 
13.10 
12.  34 
12.60 
13.63 

14.47 
14.41 
15.07 
17.71 
13.80 
12.  97 
34.82 
17.20 
15.18 
13.75 
14.27 
15.19 

10.4 
8.8 
8.6 

12.2 
6.8 

10.2 
5.4 
8.5 

13.3 
8.2 

10.9 
9.0 

78.2 
87.5 
85.7 
96.0 
82.1 
80.1 
78.4 
92.9 
83.7 
71.7 
82.1 
78.7 

88.6 
96.2 
94.3 

108.2 
88.9 
90.4 
83.8 

101.4 
97.0 
79.9 
93.0 
87.7 

+  1.86 
+     .56 
+     .91 

-  1.34 
+  1.73 
+  1.38 
+  2.86 

-  .23 
+     .47 
+  3.46 
+  1.08 
+  2.13 

0.5 

15 

.5 

16 

.5 

17 

.5 

18 

.5 

19 

.5 

20.. 

.5 

21 

.5 

22 

.5 

23 

.5 

24 

.5 

25 

.5 

Total 

193. 71 
16.14 

18. 022 
1.50 

160. 82 
13.40 

J78. 84 
14.90 

9.3 

83.0 

92.3 

+  14.87 
+  1.24 

6.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 1 

Average | 

368. 77 

[384. 70] 

16.03 

[16.03] 

298. 31 

331.  66 

"■"■[9.'6]" 

80.9 

89.9 

+37. 11 

12.0 

[34. 799] 

12.97 

14.42 

+  1.61 

[1.45] 

^ 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  26.   

■  27 

17.47 
15.14 
15.63 
16.67 
18.55 
(14.81) 
16.57 
15.53 
16.63 
17.54 
16.98 
15.78 

1.93 
1.41 
2.44 
1.37 
2.24 
Lost. 
2.23 

.772 
1.30 
1.47 
1.36 
1.43 

13.65 
13.38 
14.44 
9.94 
17.55 
(15.03) 
14.99 
13.62 
13.68 
13. 59 
11.15 
13.54 

15. 58 
14.79 
16.88 
11.31 
19.79 

11.0 
9.3 

15.6 
8.2 

12.1 

78.1 
88.4 
92.4 
59.6 
94.6 
(101.5) 
90.5 
87.7 
82.3 
77.5 
05.7 
85.8 

89.2 
97.7 

108.0 
67.8 

106.7 

+  1.89 
+     .35 

-  1.25 
+  5.36 

-  1.24 

0.5 
.5 

28 

.5 

29.   ... 

.5 

30 

.5 

31 

.5 

June   1 

17.22 
14.39 
14.98 
15. 06 
12.  .51 
14.97 

13.5 
5.0 
7.8 
8.4 
8.0 
9.1 

103.9 
92.7 
90.1 

85.9 
73.7 
94.9 

-     .65 
+  1.14 
+  1.65 
+  2.48 
+  4.47 
+     .81 

.5 

2 

.5 

3 

.5 

4 

5 

.5 
.5 

6 

.5 

f 

182.49 

(197. 30) 

16.59 

(16.44) 

17.952 

167. 48 

9.8 

■■(83.'4) 

91.8 

+15. 01 

6.0 

Total ■ 

(164. 56) 

Average \ 

1.63 

15.23 

+  1.36 

(13.71) 





BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


297 


Table  LIII. — Xitrogen  halances  for  Series  ]' — Continued. 
No.  3 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4  +  1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4)  , 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period— 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1,  i.  and  3: 
1 

Grams. 
551.26 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
499. 14 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
90.5 

Grams. 
+52. 12 

Grams. 
18  0 

Total                    ■! 

(566.07) 

[.567. 19] 

16. 21 

(16.17) 

[16. 21] 

(462. 87) 

(81.8) 

1 

[52. 751] 

[9.3] 

14.68 

+  1.53 

Averafje \ 

(13.22) 

ri..5ii 



1 

1 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903 — j\ine  7 

15.58        0.678 
15.03         1.93 
15.84         1.36 
15.93  '      1.39 

14.13       14.81 
13. 03       14. 96 
12. 22       13. 58 

4.4 

12.8 
S.6 
8.7 

10.4 
.5.3 

10.7 

10.5 
6.2 

13.1 
9.3 

14.2 
3.4 

15.5 

90.7 

86.7 
77.1 
71.4 
80.5 
89.1 
89.3 
102.4 
84.0 
93.9 
76.8 
77.4 
81.5 
81.1 

95.1 
99.5 

8.5.7 
80.1 
90.9 
94.5 
100.0 
113.0 
90.2 
107.0 
86.1 
91.6 
84.9 
96.6 

+  0.77 
+    .07 
+  2.26 
+  3.17 
+  1.52 
+     .83 

-  .01 

-  1.85 
+  1.64 

-  1.04 
+  2.50 
+  1.42 
+  2.47 
+     .55 

0  5 

« 

5 

9 

10 

11.37 
13.44 
13.39 
14.14 

12. 76 
15. 17 
14.19 
1,5.84 

5 

11 

12           

16.69 
15.02 
15.83 

1.73 

.796 

1.70 

.5 
5 

13 

.5 

14 

14.23         1.50 
16.65  1      1.03 
14.85  '      1.94 
18.02  1      1.68 
16.93  1      2.41 
16.39  1        ..557 
16.22  1      2.51 

14.58  1     16.08 
13.98  !     15.01 
13.95       1.5.89 
13.84       1.5.  .52 

.5 

15 

16 

.5 
.5 

17            .   . 

.5 

18 

13.10 
13.36 
13. 16 

15. 51 
13.92 
15. 67 

.5 

19 

20 

.5 
.5 

Total    

223. 21 
15.94 

21.211 
1..52 

187. 69 
13.41 

208.91 
14.92 

9.5 

84.1 

93.6 

+14.30 
+  1.02 

7.0 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

1 

774. 47 

(789.281 

[790. 40] 

16. 13 

(16.11) 

[16.13] 

708.05 

91.4 

+66.42 

25. 0 

Total               \ 

(650.56) 

82.4 

[73.962] 

9.4 

1 

U.  7.5 

+  1.38 

Average \ 

(13.28) 

ri..5n 

Aflfr  period. 

190:t— .lune  21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

15.87 
15. 71 
19.61 
16. 29 
18.93 
19. 12 
17.85 
21.89 
17.16 

1..52 
1.66 
1.12 
2.67 
2.43 
1.97 
1.59 
2. 25 
1.13 

14.34 
10.98 
14.82 
14.66 
13.86 
14.80 
14. 31 
14.46 
14.57 

15. 86 
12. 64 
15.94 
17.33 
16. 29 
16.77 
15.93 
16.71 
15. 70 

9.6 
10.5 

•5.7 
16.4 
12.8 
10. 3 

8.9 
10.3 

6.6 

90.4 
69.9 
75.6 
90.0 
73.2 
77.4 
80.3 
60. 1 
84.9 

99.9 
80.6 
81.3 
106.3 
8t).  1 
87.7 
89.2 
76.3 
91.5 

4   0.01 
+  3.07 
+  3.67 
-  1.04 
+  2.64 
+  2.  35 
+  1.92 
+  5.18 
+  1.46 

Total 

Average 

162. 43 
18.05 

16.34 
1.82 

126. 83 
14.09 

143. 17 
15. 91 

10.1 

78.1 

88.2 

+  19.26 
+  2. 14 

298  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

S 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903 — Apr  24          

Orams. 
16.49 
13.47 
13.69 
14.96 
14.62 
9.67 
14.94 
12.83 

Orams. 
1.08 

(") 

1.78 

1.60 

1.40 

1.07 

1.68 

2.72 

Grams. 
12.07 
13.78 
12.88 
15.47 
15.47 
13.16 
13.61 
15.82 

Grams. 
13.15 
13.78 
14.66 
17.07 
16.87 
14. 23 
15.29 
18.54 

Per  ct. 
6.5 

'"is.'o" 

10.7 
9.6 
11.1 
11.2 
21.2 

Per  ct. 

73.2 
102.3 

94.1 
103.4 
105.8 
136. 1 

91.1 
123. 3 

Per  ct. 
79.7 
102.3 
107.1 
114.1 
115.4 
147.2 
102.3 
144.5 

Grams. 
+  3.34 

-  .31 

-  .97 

-  2.11 

-  2.25 

-  4.66 

-  .35 
+  6.71 

Grams. 

25 

26 

27      

28     

29 

30            

May  1 

Total         

110.67 
13.83 

11.33 
1.42 

112. 26 
14.03 

123. 59 
15.46 

10.2 

101.4 

111.7 

-12.92 
-  1.62 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

15.66 
15. 66 
17.60 
15.91 
15.91 
16. 48 
11.88 
14.29 
15.19 
14.88 
15.88 
12.59 

(a) 
2.11 
1.05 
2.00 
1.04 
1.51 
1.62 
2.08 
.724 
1.60 
1.82 
1.39 

12.59 
12.34 
14.38 
12.10 
15.01 
12.38 
13.07 
12.62 
12.80 
12.87 
13.74 
12.81 

12.59 
14.45 
15.43 
14.10 
16.05 
13.89 
14.69 
14.60 
13.52 
14.47 
16.56 
14.20 

"'is.h' 

6.0 
12.6 

6.5 

9.8 
13.6 
14.6 

4.8 
10.8 
11.5 
11.0 

80.4 
78.8 
81.7 
76.1 
94.3 
80.0 

110.0 
87.6 
84.3 
86.5 
86.5 

101.7 

80.4 
92.3 
87.7 
88.6 

100.9 
89.7 

123.6 

102.2 
89.0 
97.2 
98.0 

112.8 

+  3.07 
+  1.21 
+  2.17 
+  1.81 

-  .14 
+  1.69 

-  2.81 

-  .31 
+  1.67 
+     .41 
+    .32 

-  1.61 

0.5 

3 

.5 

4 

.5 

5  

.5 

6 

.5 

7 

.5 

8  

.5 

9 

.5 

10 

.6 

11 

.6 

12 

.6 

13 

.6 

Total    

180. 93 
15.08 

16.94 
1.41 

156. 61 
13.06 

173. 55 
14.46 

9.4 

86.6 

95.9 

+  7.38 
+     .62 

6.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

16.67 
15.01 
17.06 
16.07 
16.89 
15.31 
19.27 
17.18 
16.69 
16.05 
16.04 
15.55 

1.88 
.741 
2.03 
1.46 
1.50 
3.66 

(«) 
.465 
2.62 
2.39 
1.65 
1.24 

15.81 
12.10 
16.44 
14.32 
16. 12 
14.96 
13.06 
14.56 
14.70 
16.25 
14.40 
14.68 

17.69 
12.84 
17.47 
15.78 
17.  62 
18.62 
13.06 
15.02 
17.32 
17.64 
15.95 
15.92 

11.3 
4.9 

11.9 
9.1 
8.9 

23.9 

"'"'2.'7" 

15.7 

14.9 

9.7 

8.0 

94.8 
80.6 
90.5 
89.1 
95.4 
97.7 
67.8 
84.7 
88.1 
95.0 
89.8 
94.4 

106.1 
86.6 

102.4 
98.2 

104.3 

121.6 
67.8 
87.4 

103.8 

109.9 
99.4 

102.4 

-  1.02 
+  2.17 

-  .41 
+     .29, 

-  .73 

-  3.31 
+  6.21 
+  2.16 

-  .63 

-  1.59 
+     .09 

-  .37 

0.5 

16 

.5 

16 

.5 

17 

.5 

18 

.5 

19 

.6 

20 

.6 

21 

.6 

22 

.5 

23 

.5 

.24 

.5 

25. 

.6 

Total 

197. 79 
16.48 

19.536 
1.63 

175. 40 
14.62 

194. 93 
16.24 

9.9 

88.7 

98.6 

+  2.86 
+     .24 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

378.72 
15.78 

36.476 
1.52 

332.01 
13.82 

368.48 
15.35 

9.6 

87.7 

97.3 

+10.24 
+     .43 

12.0 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


299 


Table  LIU. — Nitrogen  balances  for  ISeries  T"— Continued. 
No.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

8              3 

In  feces.    ^^^^ 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2-^3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— .\pr.  24 

Oram.'!. 
18. 38 
18.64 
17.08 
16.46 
17.87 
17.  72 
18.13 
17.10 

Crrams. 
1.52 

.515 
2.05 
2.28 
(«) 

.993 
1.45 
1.79 

Grams. 
14.70 
16.88 
16.36 
16. 55 
16.14 
16.86 
17. 51 
17.00 

(reams. 
16.22 
17.40 
18.41 
18  83 

Per  ct. 

8.3 

2.8 

12.0 

ia  0 

Per  ct. 
80.0 
90.6 
95.8 
100.5 
90.3 
95.1 
96.6 
99.4 

Per  ct. 
88.2 
93.3 
107.8 
114.4 
90.3 
100.7 
104.6 
109.9 

Grams. 

+  2.16 

+  1.24 

1.33 

-  2.37 
-1-  1.73 

-  .13 

-  .83 

-  1.69 

Grams. 

25 

26 

27 

28 

16.14    

17  85  i        s  fi 

29 

30 

18.96 
18.79 

8.0 
10.5 

Mav    1 

Total 

141.38  '    10.60 
17.67  I      1.32 

132. 00 
16.50 

142. 60 

17. 83 

7.5 

93.4 

100.9 

-  1.22 

-  .16 

Average '. . . . 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mav   2  . 

18  25 

0.773 

.691 

2.12 

1.16 

.580 
1.49 
1.65 
2.22 
1.97 
.981 
1.52 
2.79 

17.01 
17. 22 
16.73 
16.63 
16. 65 
16.68 
16.72 
15.33 
15.14 
16.17 
14.74 
16. 32 

17.78 
17.91 
18.85 
17.79 
17.23 
18.17 
18.37 
17.55 
17.11 
17.15 
16.26 
19.11 

4.2 
3.8 

10.3 
6.4 
3.1 
7.3 
9.4 

11.7 
9.9 
4.5 
7.4 

16.2 

93.2 
94.6 
81.3 
77.9 
88.8 
81.7 
95.5 
80.5 
76.2 
73.9 
71.6 
95.0 

97.4 
98.4 
91.6 
83.3 
91.9 
89.0 

105.0 
92.0 
86.1 
78.3 
79.0 

111.2 

+  0.47 
+     .29 
-f  1.72 
+  3.  ^7 
+  1.52 
+  2.24 

-  .87 
+  1.50 
+  2.76 
-t-  4.74 
-f-  4.33 

-  1.93 

0.5 

3 

18.20 

4 

20.57 
21.30 
18.75 
20. 41 
17.50 
19. 05 
19.87 
21.89 
20. 59 
17.18 

5...     . 

6 

^ 

8 

5 

9 

5 

10. 

5 

11 

5 

12 

5 

13 

.  5 

Total 

Average 

233.62       17.95 
19.47  '      1.50 

195. 34 
16.28 

213. 28 
17.77 

7.7 

83.6 

91.3 

-H20. 34 
+  1.70 

6.0 

Second  subperiod : 
1903— Mav  14 

19.90  ;       (a) 

17  71         1  92 

15.22 
14.74 
16.56 
17.34 
16.  74 
15. 26 
15.84 
16.76 
13. 89 
15.44 
16.80 
(14.43) 

15. 22 
16.66 
19.12 
17.34 
17.43 
15.26 
18.38 
16.76 
16.34 
18.47 
18.12 

"'io.'s' 

14.2 

""i'.'i 
"'ii.'o' 
""ii.'s' 

16.3 
7.6 

76.5 
83.2 
91.6 
87.4 

107.8 
88.0 
68.8 
85.2 
80.9 
83.0 
96.0 

(76.3) 

76.5 
94.1 

105.8 
87.4 

112.2 
88.0 
79.9 
85.2 
96.2 
99.3 

103.5 

-1-  4.68 
+  1.05 

-  1.05 
-f  2.49 

-  1.90 
-1-  2.08 
+  4.63 
+  2.91 
+     .83 
+     .13 

-  .62 

0  5 

15 

fi 

16 

•     18.07  1      2.  .56 
19.83         («) 
15.53           .686 
17.34         (a) 
23. 01         2. 54 

5 

17 

.5 

18 

ft 

19 

.5 

20 

.5 

21 

19.67 
17.17 
18.60 
17.50 

(18.91) 

(«) 
2. 45 
3.03 
1.32 
Lost. 

.6 

22 

23 

.5 

24 

.5 

2.'> 

.5 

Total 1 

Average i 

204.33 

(223.24) 
18.58 
(18.60) 

14.51 

189.10 

7.1 

■■(84:7) 

92.5 

+  15.23 

\        0.0 

(189.02) 

1.32 

17.19 

+  1.39 

(15. 75) 

Slibjierifuls  1  and  2: 

Total 1 

Average | 

437. 95 

(456.86) 

19.04 

(19.04) 

32.45 

402.38 

7.4 

■■(M.'i) 

91.9 

+35.57 

[      12.0 

(384.36) 

1.41 

17.49 

+  1.65 

(16.02) 

Third  Hubpt;rio<l: 

1903-May  26 

27 

28 

29 

:io 

31 

June    1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

17.50 
10.92 
16.00 
17.03 
20.59 
15.51 
17.05 
17. 35 
17.61 
19.01 
16.  98 
17.97 

0.233 

(") 

(») 

2.47 

1.04 

2.20 

.210 
1.56 
2.04 

.917 
(") 
2.95 

16.60 
14.70 
15.61 
13.97 
17.4(i 
16. 77 
14.95 
16.31 
16. 9:} 
16.95 
15.82 
18.9:< 

16.83 
14.70 
16.51 
16.44 
18.50 
18.97 
15.16 
17.90 
18.97 
17.87 
15.82 
21.88 

1.3 

""i-i.'.V 

5.1 
14.2 

1.2 

9.0 
11.6 

4.8 

"'ie.'i' 

94.9 
134.6 
96.9 
82. 0 
84.8 
108.1 
87.7 
94.2 
96.1 
89.2 
93. 2 
105.3 

96.2 
134.6 
96. 9 
96.5 
89.9 
122. 3 
88.9 
103.2 
107.7 
94.0 
93.2 
121.8 

+  0.67 
3.78 
+     .49 
t-     .59 
1    2.09 

-  3.46 
+  1.89 

-  .55 

-  1.36 
+  1.14 
+  1.16 

-  3.91 

0.5 
.0 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.6 
.6 

6 

.5 

TotJil 

203. 52 
16.96 

13.62 
1.14 

194.93 
16.24 

208.56 
17.38 

0.7 

95.8 

102.5 

-  5.03 
-     .42 

5.6 





a  No  movement. 


300 


INFLUElSfCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
IN"o.  5— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-M) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 1 

Average | 

Grams. 

641.47 

(660.38) 

18.33 

(18.34) 

Grams. 
46.07 

Gi-ams. 

Gi-ams. 
610. 93 

Per  ct. 
7.2 

Per  ct. 

"(si'.i) 

Per  ct. 
95.2 

Grams. 
+30. 54 

Grams. 
I      17.5 

(579. 29) 

1.32 

17.46 

+     .87 

(16.09) 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903 — J  une  7 

17.13 
17. 69 
18.31 
19.50 
18.92 
18. 10 
17.73 
15.04 
17.98 
16.66 
18.78 
18.38 
18.89 
16.76 

(«) 
(«) 
2.48 

(«) 
2.25 
1.00 
3.15 

(°) 
1.47 

.935 
2.55 
2.21 
(«) 
4.37 

13.03       13.03 
13.60  1     13.60 

"'is.' 5' 

'""ii.'g" 
5.5 

17.8 

""8.'2" 

5.6 

13.6 

12.0 

'"'ih'.i 

76.1 
76.9 
88.9 
87.5 
87.7 
93.5 
97.9 
94.5 
93.5 
97.6 
86.7 
89.4 
81.8 
96.9 

76.1 

76.9 

102. 5 

87.5 

99.6 

99.1 

11.5. 6 

94.5 

101.7 

103. 2 

100.3 

101.5 

81.8 

123.0 

+  4.10 
+  4.09 

-  .45 
+  2.43 
+     .08 
+     .17 

-  2.77 
+     .83 

-  .30 

-  .54 

-  .06 

-  .27 
+  3.44 

-  3.85 

0.5 

8 

5 

9 

16.28 
17.07 
16.59 
16.93 
17.35 
14. 21 
16.81 
16.26 
16.29 
16.44 
15.45 
16.24 

18.76 
17.07 
18.84 
17.93 
20. 50 
14.21 
18.28 
17.20 
18.84 
18.65 
15. 45 
20.61 

.5 

10 

.5 

11 

5 

12 

.5 

13 

5 

14 

5 

-     15 

.5 

16 

5 

17 

.5 

18 . 

.5 

19 

5 

20 

.5 

Total 

249. 87 
17.85 

20. 42    1     222. 55 
1.46           1.5.90 

242. 97 
17.36 

8.2 

89.1 

97.2 

+  6.90 
+     .49 

7.0 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

891. 34       fifi-  49 

853. 90 

7.5 

"■(88:i) 

95.8  1   +37.44 

1      24. 5 

Total [ 

(910.25) 
18.19 
(18.21) 

(801.84) 

Average I 

1.36 

17.43 

+     .76 

(16.04) 

1 

1 

After  period. 

1903— June  21 

22 

18.34         («) 
18.84  i      1.71 
15. 72           -  7,=S9 

15.74 
13.91 
15.74 
15.40 
17.00 
14.36 
14.90 
15.57 
15.91 

15.74 
15.  62 
16.49 
17. 26 
19.78 
16.30 
16.33 
17.89 
16.70 

"'"'9."i" 
4.8 
9.9 
14.1 
11.0 
7.9 
12.9 
4.6 

85.8 
73.8 
100.1 
82.0 
86.1 
81.7 
82.3 
86.6 
92.6 

85.8 
82.9 

104.9 
91.9 

100.2 
92.8 
90.2 
99.5 

+  2.60 
+  3.22 

-  .77 
+  1.53 

-  .03 
+  1.27 
+  1.78 
4-     .09 

23      . 

24 

18.79 
19.75 
17.57 
18.11 
17.98 
17.19 

1.86 
2.78 
1.94 
1.43 
2.32 
.787 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

97.1      +     .49  ' 

Total 

162. 29 
18.03 

13.  .58 
1..51 

138.53 
15.39 

152. 11 
16.90 

8.4 

85.4 

93  7     4-10  18 

Average 

+  1.13 

a  No  movement 


KUKIC    ACID    AND    BOKAX. 


301 


Table  LIII. — Xitrngcn  balances  for  iSeries  V — Continued. 

2sro.  G. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

1 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

1 
1 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

1 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 

(•1-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Apr.  24 

2.1 

Grams. 
(13.89) 
12. 42 
13.48 
13. 54 
13.  .55 
13.  55 
12.  98 
12. 03 

Grams. 
Lost. 
1.47 
1.52 
1.21 
1.80 
1.42 
2. 22 
{"} 

Grams. 

(8.21) 
10.77 
11.63 
11.35 
11.84 
12.29 
12. 38 
11.61 

Grams. 

Per  at. 

Per  ct. 

(59.1) 
86.7 
86.3 
83.8 
87.4 
90.7 
95.4 
96.5 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

12.24 
13. 15 
12.56 
13.64 
13.71 
14.60 
11.61 

11.8 
11.3 
8.9 
13.3 
10.5 
17.1 

98.6 
97.5 
92.7 
100.7 
101.2 
112.5 
96.5 

+  0.18 
+     .33 
+     .98 
~     .09 

-  .16 

-  1.62 
+     .42 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

Mav    1 

r,>      .       1                                                     ( 

91.55 

(10.5.44) 

13.08 

(13. 18) 

9.64 

91.51 

10.5 

"'(85.'4) 

100. 0      +     .  04 

Total 

(90.08) 

1 

1.38 

13.07 

+     .01 

Average 

(11.26) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mav   2 

12.89 
15. 37 
13.77 
14.13 
14.97 
14.  .54 
13.62 
13.91 
15. 31 
14.99 
14.22 
13.17 

1.81 
1.99 
1.42 
1.00 
1.57 
2.69 
(a) 
2.86 
2.05 
.522 
1.04 
1.59 

12. 13 
12.46 
11.36 
10.53 
11.35 
11.30 
11.03 
12.54 
11.69 
11.95 
11.42 
12.14 

13.94 
14.45 
12. 78 
11.53 
12.92 
13.99 
11.03 
15.40 
13.74 
12.47 
12.46 
13.73 

14.0 
12.9 
10.3 
7.1 
10.5 
18.5 

'""•io.'e" 

13.4 
3.5 
7.3 

12.1 

94.1 
81.1 
82. 5 
74.5 
75.8 
77.7 
81.0 
90.1 
76.4 
79.7 
80.3 
92.2 

108.1 
94.0 
92.8 
81.6 
86.3 
96.2 
81.0 

110.7 
89.7 
83.2 
87.6 

104.2 

-  1.05 
+     .92 
+     .99 
+  2.60 
+  2.05 
+     .55 
+  2.59 

-  1.49 
+  1.57 
+  2,52 
+  1.76 

-  .56 

0  5 

3 

4 

5 

6 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

.0 
.0 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

170. 89 
14.24 

18. 542 
1.55 

139.90 
11.66 

158.44 
13.20 

10.9 

81.9 

92.7 

+12.45 
+  1.04 

5.0 



.-econd  subperiod: 

1903— Mavl4 

15 

14.06 
13.37 
13.46 
14.43 
14.04 
14.41 
16. :« 
14.82 
16.20 
14.11 
14. 58 
14. 21 

1.35 
2.34 
1.29 
.528 
1.68 
2.12 
1.77 
1.93 
1.39 
1.53 
2.09 
1.20 

10.98 
10.85 
12. 15 
13.74 
11.52 
12.01 
11.55 
12.69 
13.17 
13.08 
12.50 
12.19 

12.33 
13.19 
13.44 
14.27 
13.20 
14.13 
13.32 
14.62 
14.56 
14.61 
14.59 
13.39 

.   9.6 

17.5 

9.6 

3.7 

12.0 

14.  r 

10.8 
13.0 

8.6 
10.8 
14.3 

8.4 

78.1 
81.1 
90.3 
9.5.2 
82.1 
83. 3 
70.5 
8,5.6 
81.3 
92.7 
8,5.7 
«5.  8 

87.7 
98.6 
99.9 
98.9 
94.0 
98.1 
81.3 
98.6 
89.9 
103.5 
100.1 
94.2 

+  1.73 
+     .18 
+     .02 
+     .16 
+     .84 
+     .28 
+  3.06 
+     .20 
+  1.64 
-     ..50 
-     .01 
+     .82 

0.5 

.5 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

2.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

174.07 
14.. 51 

19.218 
1.60 

146. 43 
12.20 

165.65 
13.80 

11.0 

8J.1 

95.2 

+  8.42 
+     .71 

6.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

344.96 
14.. 37 

37.76 
1.57 

286.33 
11.93 

324.09 
13.50 

10.9 

83.0 

94.0 

+20.87 
+     .87 

11.0 

.Vverage 

Third  subr>f.'rif>d: 
1903— Mav  26 

13.01 
13. 24 
14.68 
15.57 
14.39 
12.53 
12.42 
14.  .54 
16.02 
16.16 
15. 46 
13. 68 

1.02 
(°) 
3.20 
3.07 

.642 
1.30 
2.07 
2.16 
1.70 
1.03 
1.72 

.93:1 

12.64 
11.97 
13.09 
11.53 
14.95 
10.73 
12.81 
13.45 
11.68 
13.04 
12.5«i 
12.38 

13.66 

11.97 

16.29 

14.60 

15. 592 

12.03 

14.88 

15.61 

13.38 

14.07 

14.28 

13.313 

7.8 

'"2i.'8' 
19.7 

4.5 
10.4 
16.6 
14.9 
10.6 

6.4 
11.1 

6.8 

97.2 
90.4 
89. 2 
74.1 
103.9 
85. 6 
103.1 
92.5 
,      72.9 
80.7 
81.2 
90.5 

105.0 
90.4 

111.0 
93.8 

108.4 
96.0 

119.8 

107.4 
83.5 
87.1 
92.4 
97.3 

-  .65 
+  1.27 

-  1.61 
+     .97 

-  1.202 
+     .50 

-  2.46 

-  1.07 
+  2.64 
+  2.09 
+  1. 18 
+     .367 

0.5 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 

2 

3 

.5 
.5 

4 

.5 

.5 

.5 

6 

.5 

Total 

171.70 
14.31 

18. 845 
1.57 

1.50. 83 
12.57 

169.676 
14.14 

11.0 

87.8 

98.8 

+  2.026 
+     .17 

6.0 



1 

a  No  movement. 


302         INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LIII. — Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  F^Continued. 
USTo.  6 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(1-4) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period— 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

Grams. 

516. 66 

14.35 

Grains. 
56. 605 

Grams. 
4,37.16 

Grams. 

493. 765 

13.72 

Per  ct.- 
11.0 

Per  at. 
84.6 

Per  ct. 

9.5  fi 

Grams. 
+22. 895 
+    .63 

Grams. 
17  0 

1.57     1      12.14 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903 — June  7 

14.54 
13.46 
14.86 
14.64 
15.14 
13.03 
12.63 
13.04 
15.09 
14.09 
13.91 
14.12 
(11.23) 
(13.30) 

2.00     i      12.38 
1.96     i      11.09 
1. 96     1      12. 71 
.714  1      13.15 
1.26     '      11  38 

14.38 
13.05 
14.67 
13.86 
12.64 
14.98 
13.65 
14.79 
14.42 
13.96 
11.18 
16.39 

13.8 
14.6 
13.2 

4.9 

8.3 
14.0 

9.0 
16.6 

9.7 
10.5 

'"'25.'7' 

85.1 
82.4 
85.5 
89.8 
76.2 
101.0 
99.0 
96.8 
85.9 
88.6 
80.4 
90.4 
(84.9) 
(97.7) 

98.9 

97.0 

98.7 

94.7 

83.5 

115.0 

108.1 

113.4 

95.6 

99.1 

80.4 

116.1 

+  0.16 
+     .41 
+     .19 
+     .78 
+  2.  .50 

-  1.95 

-  1.02 

-  1.75 
+     .67 
+     .13 
+  2.73 

-  2.27 

0  5 

8 

5 

9 

5 

10 

5 

11 

5 

12 

1.82 
•  1.14 
2.16 
1.46 
1.48 
C) 
3.63 
Lost. 
Lost. 

13.16 
12. 51 
12.63 
12.96 
12. 48 
11.18 
12.76 
(9.54) 

0 

13 

0 

14 

0 

15 

0 

16 

0 

17 

0 

18 

0 

19 

0 

20 

(13.00) 

0 



Total 1 

168. 55 

(193.08) 

14.05 

(13.79) 

19.584 

167. 97 

11.6 

■■(88.'5) 

99.7 

+     .58 

}    » 

(170.93) 

Average | 

1.63 

14.00 

+     .05 

(12.21) 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

685. 21 

76. 189 

661. 735 

11.1 

■■(85.'7) 

96.6 

+23.475 

\      19.5 

(709.74) 

(608.09) 

Average i 

14.28 
(14.19) 

1.59 

13.79 

+     .49 

(12.16) 

After  period. 
1903— June  21 

14.44 
14. 65 
14.08 
14.35 
15.40 
14.01 
14.23 
17.62 
14.81 

1.53 

2.97 

1.88 

2.91 

(a) 

1.85 

3.87 

1.35 

(«) 

13.00 
12.81 
12.97 
11.77 
13.61 
10.56 
12.32 
12.11 
10.62 

14.53 
15.78 
14.85 
14.68 
13.61 
12.41 
16.19 
13.46 
10.62 

10.6 
20.3 
13.4 
20.3 

"'i3.'2' 

27.2 
7.7 

90.0 
87.4 
92.1 
82.0 
88.4 
75.4 
86.6 
68.7 
71.7 

100.6 
107.7 
105.5 
102.3 
88.4 
88.6 
113.8 
76.4 
71.7 

-  .09 

-  1.13 

-  .77 

-  .33 
+  1.79 
+  1.60 

-  1.96 
+  4.16 
+  4.19 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

Total 

133. 59 

14.84 

16.36 
1.82 

109. 77 
12. 20 

126. 13 
14.01 

12.2 

82.2 

94.4 

+  7.46 

+     .83 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BUKK"    ACID    AND    BOKAX. 


303 


Table  LIV. — SaiiDiiari/  of  nitrogen  balances  for  ISeries  V 
T'hree    inen. 


1 

Period. 

1 

In  food. 

In  fece.s. 

3 

3In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 

urine. 

(4-^1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
Xo.  1 

Granu. 

122.04 

97.61 

(110.07) 

141.38 

Grams. 
8.69 
10.25 

Grams. 
118.77 

Grams. 
127. 46 

Per  ct. 
7.1 
10.5 

Perct. 
97.3 

"(95."  7) 
93.4 

Per  ct. 
104.4 
106.6 

Grams. 

-  6.42 

-  6.47 

Grams 

No.  3 1 

Xo..T 

"  "(i05.3i) 

104.08 

10.60 

132. 00 

142. 60 

7.6 

100.9 

-     1. 22 

Total 1 

Average | 

361.03 

(37.^.4)) 

16.41 

(16.24) 

29.54 

374.14 

8.2 

"(95."  3) 

103.6 

-  13.11 

(3.56.08) 

1.34 

17.00 

-      .60 

(15.48) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

Xo.l 

( 

222. 18 
175. 06 
[190. 99] 
233. 62 

18. 12 

202. 32 
137. 49 

220. 44 
152.82 

8.2 

■■■[8."  8] 
1.1 

91.1 

78.5 

99.2 
87.3 

+     1.74 
+  22.24 

6.0 

1      6.0 

6.0 

No.  3 ^ 

No.  f> 

[16. 78J 
17.94 

195. 34 

213.28 

83.6 

91.3 

+  20.34 

( 

630. 86 

[646. 79] 

18.02 

[17. 97] 

535. 15 

586.54 

"""[8:2]" 

84.8 

93.0 

+  44.32 

18.0 

Total ■ 

[52.84] 

( 

15.29 


16.76 

+     1.26 

Average ! 

ri.47i 

Second  !'ubperio<l: 
No.  1 

221.67           15.73 
193. 71           18. 02 
204.33          14-51 

203.  .53         219.26 

7.1 
9.3 
7.1 

91.8 
83.0 

'(84.'7) 

98.9 
92.3 
92.5 

+    2.41 
+  14.87 
+  15.23 

6.0 

No.  3 

160. 82 

178. 84 
189. 10 

6.0 

X-           -                                              ( 

}      6.0 

No.  r, 

(223.24) 

(189.02) 

Total 1 

Average | 

619.71  1         48.26 

587.20 

7.8 

"(86."7) 

94.8 

+  32.  .51 

18.0 

(638. 62) 
17.71 

(17.74) 

(553.37) 

1.38 

16.78 

+      .93 

(15.37) 

.Subperiods  1  and  2: 
( 

1   2.VI  57 

1  173.74 

93.9 

+  76.83 

36.0 

Total h  (1,269.48) 

1    [1,266.50] 
17.87 

(1,088.52) 

(86.7) 

[101. 10] 

[8.0] 

16.76 

+     1. 10 

Average         .1        n7.  «8^ 

(15.33) 

*^             1 

[17.84] 

[1.42] 

Third  subperiod: 
No.  1 i 

211.13 

15.47 

209.81 

7.3 

"(9i.'7) 

"(83."  4) 
96.8 

99.4 

+     1.32 

\      6.0 

(229.59) 
182. 49 

(197.30) 
203. 52 

(210. 55) 

'"(ie-i.'sti) 

194. 93 

No.  3 1 

17.95 

167.48 

9.8 

91.8 

+  15.01 

\      6.0 

No.5 

13.62 

208. 56 

6.7 

102. 6 

-     5. 03 

5.5 

Total 1 

.597.14  1        47.04 

585.84 

7.9 

■(96.'4) 

98.1 

+  11.30 

17.5 

(630.41) 
17.56 
(17.51) 

(570.04) 

Average ■! 

1.38 

17.23 

1        .33 

(15.83) 

Subperi<Hlnl,2,and3: 

1 ,  847. 71 
(1,899.89) 

1,759.58 

95. 2 

+  88. 13 

63.5 

Total .             \ 

(1,658.56) 

(87.3) 

[148. 14J 

[7.9] 

I    '  '   17.77' 
Averajre i         n?  7fi^ 

16.92 

+        .85 

(15.50) 

-      ^^"**'-          ] 

f 17. 751 

n  411 

Fourth  subperiod: 
No.  1 

260.95          23.05 
223.21           21.21 
249. 87          20. 42 

237.51 
187. 69 
222.55 

260. 55 
208.91 
212.97 

8.8 
9.5 
•  8.2 

91.0 
8.1.1 
89.1 

99.8 
93.  (i 
97.2 

+     0. 40 
H-  14.30 
+     6. 90 

7.0 

No.3 

No.5 

7.0 
7.0 

Total 

734. 03 
17.48 

64.68 
1.54 

647. 75 
1.5.42 

712.43 
16.96 

8.8 

88.2 

97.1 

+  21.60 
1        .  52 

21.0 

Average 

304 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERV  ATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LIV. — Summary  of  nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
Three  Mien— Continued. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

T 

In 
feces 
and 
urine, 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Grams. 

2,581.74 

(2,633.92) 

[2, 597. 67] 

17.68 

Grams. 

Gi-ams. 

Grams. 
2,472.01 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
95.7 

Gi-ams. 
+109. 73 

Grams. 
1 

Total              •! 

(2,306.31) 

(87.6) 

\    74.5 

[212.82] 

[8.2] 

16.93 

+       .75 

(15. 48) 

|l       nrfi7l 

[1.4.5] 

^        J 

1 

1 

After  period. 

No.  1 1 

No.  3 

148.66 
(166.10) 
162. 43 
162. 29 

14.87 

150. 16 

10.0    

101.0 

-     1.50 

(152.31) 
126.83 
138.53 

(91.7) 
78.1 

i6.34 
13.58 

143. 17 
152.11 

10.1 

88.2 
93.7 

+  19.26 
+  10.18 

No.  5 

8.4  j     85.4 

Total 1 

Average < 

473. 38 

44.79 

44.5.44 

9.5 

■(85:i) 

94.1 

+  27.94 

(490. 82) 
18.21 
(18.18) 

(4i7. 67) 

1.72 

17.13 

+     1.08 

(15.47) 

. 

1 

Five  men. 


Fore  period. 
No.l 

122. 04 
117. 90 
(133. 89) 
97.61 
(110.07) 
141. 38 
91.55 
(105.44) 

8.69 
7.24 

188. 77 

127.46 
109. 93 

7.1 
6.1 

97.3 

104.4 
93.2 

-     5.42 
+     7.97 

No.2 1 

No.3 1 

No.5 

No.6 1 

(117.73) 

(87.9) 

■(95."  7) 
93.4 

■(85.' 4) 

10.25 

104. 08 

10.5 

106.6 

-     6.47 

(105. 31) 
132. 00 

10.60 
9.64 

142. 60 
91.51 

7.5 
10.5 

100.9 
100.0 

-    1.22 
+       .04 

(90.08) 

Total 1 

Average j 

570. 48 

(612.82) 

1.5.85 

(15.71) 

46.42 

575.58 

8.1 

100.9 

-     5.10 

(563. 89) 

(92.0) 

1.29 

15.99 

-       .14 

(14.46) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.l 

222. 18 
205. 60 
175.06 
[190. 99] 
233. 62 
170.89 

18.12 
15.36 

202. 32 
171. 64 
137. 49 

220.44 
187.00 
1.52.82 

8.2 
7.6 

■■(»:;,• 

10.9 

91.1 
83.5 
78.5 

99.2 
91.0 

87.3 

+     1.74 
+  18.60 
+  22.24 

6.0 

No.2.... 

6.0 

No.3 ....j 

No.5 

1      6.0 

[ie.  78] 

17.94 
18.54 

195.  .34 
139. 90 

213.28 
158. 44 

83.6 
81.9 

91.3 

92.7 

+  20.34 
+  12.45 

'       60 

No.6 

5.0 

Total 1 

Average \ 

1,007.35 

[1,023.28] 

17.07 

[17.05] 

846. 69 

931.98 

■■■[8.'5i 

84.1       92.5 

+  75.37 

29.0 

[86.74] 

14.35 

15.80 

. 

+     1.27 

[1.45] 

Second  subperiod: 
No.l 

221. 67 
192. 37 
193. 71 
204. 33 
(223. 24) 
174. 07 

15.73 

15.09 

18.02 

,     14. 51 

203  53 

01  q  Ofi 

7.1 
7.8 
9.3 
7.1 

91.8 
84.2 
83.0 

"(84."  7) 
84.1 

98.9 
92.0 
92.3 
92.5 

+    2.41 
+  15.33 
+  14.87 
+  15.23 

6.0 

No.2 

161  95           177  04 

6.0 

No.3 

No.5 ] 

160. 82 

178. 84 
189. 10 

6.0 
}      6.0 

(189.02) 
146. 43 

No.6 

19.22 

165. 65 

11.0 

95.2 

+    8.42 

6.0 

Total 1 

986.15 

(1,005.06) 

16.71 

(16.75) 

82.57 

929.89 

8.4 

■(85:7) 

94.3 

+  56.26 

}    30.0 

(861.75) 

Average { 

1.40 

15.76 

+       .95 

(14.36) 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

1,993.50 

(2,012.41) 

[2,009.43] 

16.89 

(16.91) 

[16.89] 



1,861.87 

93.4 

1 
+  131.68  1      59.0 

Total J 

(1,708.44) 

(84.9) 

[169.31] 

[8.4] 

15.78 

+     1.11    

Average \ 

(11.36) 

[1.42] 

...j 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


305 


Table  LIV. — Summarif  of  nitrogen  balancei^  for  Series  V — Continued. 
ir"iA'e  inen — Continued. 


Xo.6. 


Subperiods  1,2,  and 
3: 

Total 


Average 


Six  men. 


Fore  period. 
Xo.l 

{ 

122.04 
117.90 
(133.89) 
97.61 
(110.07) 
110. 67 
141.38 
91.55 
(105.44) 

8.69 
7.24 

118.77 

127. 46 
109. 93 

7.1 
6.1 

97.3 

'(87.' 9) 

■(95.' 7) 
101.4 
93.4 

■(85.' 4) 

104.4 
93.2 

+ 

.5.42 
7.97 

(117.73) 

10.25 

104.08 

10. 5 

106.6 

- 

6.47 

No.  3 

(ios.si) 

112.26 
132.00 

No.4 

No.  5 

11.33 
10.60 
9.64 

123.59 
14Z  60 
91.51 

10.2 
7.5 
10.5 

111.7 
100.9 
100.0 

+ 

12.92 

1.22 

.04 

■{ 
•{ 
-{ 

/. 

•i 

No.  6 

(90.08) 

681.15 

(723.49) 

15.48 

(1.5.39) 

57.75 

699.17 
""is."  89' 

8.5 

'(93.'5) 

102.6 

- 

18.02 

Total 

(676.1.5) 
""(i4.'39) 

1.31 

- 

.41 

Average 

Preservative  prrio 
First  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.  2 

222. 18 
205. 60 
175.06 
[190.99] 
180.93 
233. 62 
170.89 

18. 12 
1.5.36 

202. 32 
171.64 
137. 49 

220. 44 
187.00 
152. 82 

8.2 
7.5 

7.7 
10.9 

91.1 
83.5 

78. 5. 

99.2 
91.0 
87.3 

+ 
+ 
+ 

1.74 
18.60 
22.24 

6.0 
6.0 

\      6.0 

6.0 

No.  3 

[16.78] 
16.94 
17.94 
18.54 

No.4 

1.56. 61 
195. 34 
139. 90 

173. 55 
213.28 
158.44 

86.6 
83.6 
81.9 

9.5.9 
91.3 
92.7 

+ 
+ 
+ 

7.38 
20.34 
12.45 

No.5 

No.6 

i 
1 

■i 

6.0 
5.0 

1,188.28 

[1,204.21] 

16.74 

[16.73] 

1,003.30 

1,105.  .53 

■"[S-G]' 

84.4 

93.0 

+ 

82.76 

36.0 

Total 

[103. 68] 

14.13 

15.57 

+ 

1.17 

Average 

[1.44] 



.Second  subperio<l 

No.l 

No.2 

No.  3 

221.67 
192. 37 
193.71 
197.79 
204.33 
(22:1.24) 
174.07 

1.5.73 
1.5.09 
18.02 
19.64 
14.51 

203. 53 
161.95 
160. 82 
17.5.40 

219.26 
177. 04 
178. 84 
194.93 
189. 10 

7.1 
7.8 
9.3 
9.9 
7.1 

91.8 
84.2 
83.0 
88.7 

■(84.'7) 
84.1 

98.9 
92.0 
92.3 
98.6 
92.5 

+ 
4- 
+ 
+ 
+ 

2.41 
15. 33 

14.87 
2.86 
16.23 

6.0 
6.0 
6.0 

No.4 

6.0 

i 

1 

}      6.0 
6.0 

No.5 

(189.02) 
146. 43 

No.6 

19.22 

165.65 

11.0 

96.2 

+_ 

+ 

8.42 
69. 12 

1,183.94 

(1,202.85) 
16.68 
(16.71) 

102.11 

1,124.82 
""is."  84" 

8.6 

■(86.'2) 

95.0 

1    36.0 

Total 

(1.037.1.5) 
""(i4.'46) 

1.44 

f       .84 

Average 

1 

HnbfxrirKlHl  hiuI  2 

2,372.22 

^2, 391. 13) 

(2,388.1.5 

16.71 

(16.72) 

(16.70) 

2,230.35 

"is-'ei 

■(85.'8) 

94.0 

fl41.87 

1 

Total 

(2,040.45) 

i    71.0 

[205.79] 

I 

15.71 

+ 

1.00 

Average ... 

(14.27) 

■[I.'44J 

1 

1        .    . 

1 

1" 

4242— Xo.  84,  ptl— 04- 


-20 


306 


IlSTFLUElSrCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Table  LV. — General  summary  of  nitrogen  balances. 


Period  and  series. 

1 
In  food. 

2 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 
In 
feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

Fore  period: 

Orams. 
566  765 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Gi-ams. 
496. 708 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
87.6 

Grams. 
+  70.057 

Series  I \ 

(583.941) 
[600. 350] 

269.  53 
(335. 90) 

589.  74 
(606.51) 
[603. 90] 

419. 95 
(436. 66) 

361. 03 
(373. 49) 

(459.991) 

(78.8) 

[53. 197] 
27.28 

IV 

Ila 1 

1 

233. 07 

■■"(so.'ij 

89.8 

+  26.460 

(268. 90) 

562. 19 

95.3 

+  27.550 

III                      \ 

(.525.52) 

(86.6) 

^^^ 1 

[.50.018] 
31. 34 

'If 

IV { 

397.49 

"(86."6J 
"(95.' 3) 

94.7 

+  22.460 

(378. 18) 

- { 

29.54 

374. 14 

8.2 

103.6 

—  13.11 

(356. 08) 

, 

1, 937. 485 

(2,000.601) 

[1,985.230] 

17. 455 

(17.397) 

[17. 414] 

1, 830. 528 

94.5 

+106. 957 

Total                    ■! 

(1,719.771) 

(86.0) 

[164. 075] 

.[8.3] 

> 

16.491 

+      .964 

Average < 

(14.955) 

[1.439] 

'- 

Preservative  period: 

1,246.47 

(1, 299. 56) 

[1, 262. 45] 

409.80 

(448.96) 

769. 33 

(785. 05) 

983. 25 

2,581.74 

(2,633.92) 

[2,597.67] 

1,144.50 

91.8 

+101. 97 

(1,068.77) 

(82.2) 

'     1 

[121. 181] 
47.15 

[9.6] 
11.5 

Ila 1 

■" { 

IV 

365. 04 

"'(78.''5) 

■■(87.'3; 
83.0 

89.1 

+  44.76 

(351.11) 

64. 532 

738. 34 

8.4 

96.0 

+  30.99 

(685. 73) 
816. 46 

82.55 

899. 01 
2,472.01 

8.4 

91.4 
95.7 

+  84.24 

1 

+109. 73 

V 

(2,306.31) 

(87.6) 

1 

[212. 82] 

"[8.2] 

f 

5,580.79 

(5, 701.  78) 

[5, 612.  70] 

17.44 

(17.44) 

[17.43] 

5,253.86 

94.1 

+  326.93 

Total \ 

(4,877.27) 

(85. 5) 

[481. 083] 

[8.6] 

[ 

16. 42 

+     1.02 

Averag-e ■! 

(14.92) 

[1. 494] 

^ 

After  period: 

[ 

986.66 
(1, 006. 56) 
[1,004.18] 

886. 24 

89.8 

+100. 42 

Series  I < 

(808. 35) 

(80.3) 

[96. 213] 

[9.5] 

Ila ! 

501. 31 
(564.02) 
[518. 66] 
370. 75 
473. 38 
(490. 82) 

422. 53 

84.3 

+  78.78 

Ill J 

(429.  75) 

(76.2) 

[37.714] 
29. 70 
44.79 

[7.3] 
8.0 
9.5 

IV 

322. 81 

352.  61 
445. 44 

87.1 
■"(85."i) 

95.1 
94.1 

+  18.24 

V { 

+  27.94 

(417.67) 

2, 332. 10 

(2, 432. 15) 

[2,366.97] 

17.53 

(17.50) 

[17. 53] 

2, 106. 72 

90.3 

+225. 38 

Total J 

(1,978.58) 

(81.4) 

[207. 417] 

[8.8] 

15. 84 

+     1.69 

Average \ 

(14.23) 

[1. 536] 

oThis  series  not  included  in  total;  all  members  ill  in  the  after  period. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


307 


PHOSPHORIC-ACID   TABI.ES. 

Table  LVI. — Phogphoric-aeid  balances  for  Series  I. 
]sro.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

o 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

ForejKfiod. 
1902— Dec.  16 

Grams. 
4.814 
4. 603 

5.  746 

Grams. 
2. 629 
2. 0.50 
1.861 
1.922 
3.604 
1.946 

Grams. 
2.842 
2. 329 
2.654 
2. 464 

1    5.265 

Grams. 
5.471 
4.379 
4.  .515 
4.386 

10.815 

Per  ct. 
54.6 
44.5 
32.4 
39.0 

57.4 

Per  ct. 
59.0 
50.6 
46.2 
50.0 

54.5 

Per  ct. 

113.6 

95.1 

78.6 

89.0 

111.9 

Grains. 
-0.6.57 
+  .224 
+1. 231 
+  .541 

-1. 1.52 

Grams. 

17 

.                       18 

^-          19.:;...:.;:: 

4.927 

20 

4.6.53 
5.010 

21 

Total 

29.7.53 
4.959 

14.012 
2.335 

15. 5.54 
2.692 

29. 566 
4. 927 

47.1 

.52. 3 

99.4 

+   .187 
+  .032 

Average 

Preservative  peruid. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

4.735 
4.550 
4.240 
4.830 
5.320 

2. 402 
.943 
1.915 
1.996 
1.632 

2. 816 
2.675 
3.073 
3.146 
2  639 

5.218 
3.618 
4.988 
5.142 

d  971 

50.7 
20.7 
45.1 
41.3 
30.7 

■59.5 
58.8 
72.5 
66.2 
49.6 

110. 2 
79.5 
117.6 
106.5 
80.3 

-0. 483 
+  .932 

-  .748 

-  .312 
+1.049 

1.0 
1  0 

24 

1  0 

25 

1  0 

26 

1  0 

Total 

23.675 
4.7.35 

8.888 
1.778 

14. 349 
2. 869 

23. 237 
4.647 

37.5 

60.6 

98.1 

+  .438 
+  .088 

5  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  27 

4.924 

2.168 
1.826 
1.557 
Lo.st. 

8.234 
2.455 
2.596 

(2.568) 

5.402 
4.281 
4.153 

44.0 
36.5 
28.3 

65.7 
49.1 
47.3 
(49.0) 

109.7 
8.5.6 
75.6 

-0. 478 
+  .719 
+1.337 

2  0 

28 

29 

30 

Total 1 

.5.000 
.5.490 
(5. 240) 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

15.414 
on  KA\ 

5.  .551 

'(i6;8.53) 

13. 836 

36.0 

"(62.  .5) 

89.8 

+1.578 

1        8.0 

"^'■^'^^^ {    f:5:lfi4. 

1.850 

4.612 

+  .526 

(2.713) 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— .Jan.  1 

2 

3 

Total 

Average 

3.91 
3. 57 
3.20 

2.98 

1.474 

.899 

2.130 

1.830 

2.142 
2.693 
2.480 
3.001 

3.  616 
3.  .592 
4.610 
4. 831 

37.7 
25. 2 
66.6 
61.4 

.54. 8 
75.4 
77.5 
100.7 

92. 5 
100. 6 
144.1 
162.1 

+0. 294 

-  .022 

-  .410 
-1.851 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

13.66 
3.42 

6.333 
1  ."wa 

10. 316 
2. 579 

16. 649 
4.162 

46.4 

75. 5 

121. 9 

-2. 989 
-  .742 

12.0 

K 11 1 i  r  e   prcserva live 
period: 

.C.9   SJQ 

20.  772 

53  722 

39.3 

■■(oL'i) 

101.7 

-0.873 

}•      25.0 

T"t*' 1      (58: 089) 

Average {       /^^^ 

(3.5. 518) 

1.731 

4.477 

-  .073 

(2. 732) 

' 

After  period. 
190:*— Jun.4 

1.884 
2.240 

2. 490 
2. 704 

49.1 
52.4 
57.7 
43.4 
.59. 3 
(49. 4 ) 
64.9 
53. 4 
.55. 0 
31.0 

86.1 
95.8 

133.0 
95.1 

106.3 

"i  1)2:6' 
90. 0 
108.7 
89.6 

+  0.710 

5. 

5.09 

4.380         a/.u 
4. 944         43. 4 
5. 920         75. 3 

6 

5.16 
4.45 
5.03 
4. 69 

(.5.07) 
4. 6f; 
4.. 58 

6.:w 

4.34 

+  .216    

7 

+  .246 
-  .296 

"--■:i22' 

1    .1.58 

.162 

+  .452 

8 

2.603          2.  181        1.  YJW  1       1)1.  / 
2.204         2.782  I     4.986  1       47.0 

9 

10 

1.758 
1.970 
2.844 
2.544 

11 

3.024  1     4.782 

A'i.'i, 
53.7 
68.0 

12 

2.918 
1.344 

5.702 
3.888 

13 

Total 1 

43.  m 

<AH   ■•171 

21.403 

'(24;'>74) 

43.868 

49.4 

■■(6i;6) 

101.3 

-  ..5<18 

Average [        4.8) 

2.  378 

4.874 

-  .m 

(2.497) 

1 

308 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LVI. — Fhosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  I — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

8 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 

urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1902    Dec.  16 

Grams. 
3.414 
4.190 
5. 128 
4.573 
4.013 
4.727 

Grams. 
1.421 
1.976 

(«) 
2.919 
1.831 
1.526 

Grams. 
2.597 
2.557 
2.835 
2.829 

1    5.647 

Grams. 
4.018 
4.533 

2.835 
5.748 

9.004 

Per  ct. 
41.6 
47.2 
(a) 
63.8 

45.6 

Per  ct. 
76.1 
61.0 

Per  ct. 
117.7 
108. 2 

Grams. 
-0. 604 

-  .343 
-t-2.293 
-1. 175 

-  .264 

Grams. 

17 

18 

55. 3         65. 3 

19 

61.9 
64.6 

125. 7 
103.0 

20             

21 

Total     

26. 045 
4.341 

9.673 
1.612 

16. 465 
2.744 

26. 138 
4. 356 

37.1 

63.2 

100.3 

-  .093 

-  .016 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1902    Dec  22        .     . 

4.854 
4.02 
4.16 
3.34 

4.83 

2.173 
1.480 
1.396 
1.223 
1.428 

2.495 
2.974 
3.006 
2.295 
2.476 

4.668 
4.454 
4.402 
3.518 
3.904 

44.  S 
36.8 
33.6 
36.6 
29.6 

51.4 
74.0 
72.2 
68.7 
51.3 

96.2 
110.8 
106.8 
105.3 

80.8 

+0. 186 

-  .434 

-  .242 

-  .178 
+  .926 

1.0 

23        

1.0 

24 

1.0 

25 

1.0 

26        

1.0 

Total 

21.204 
4.241 

7.700 
1.540 

13. 246 
2.649 

20. 946 
4.189 

36.3 

62.5 

98.8 

+  .258 
-t-  .052 

5.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  27 

4.03 
4.35 
4.38 
4.24 

1.705 

1.934 

1.480 

.979 

2.797 
2.442 
2.644 
2.643 

4.502 
4.376 
4.124 
3. 622 

42.3 
44.5 
33.8 
23.1 

69,4 
56.1 
60.4 
62.3 

111.7 
100.6 
94.2 

85.4 

-0.472 
-  .026 
+  .256 
-f  .618 

2.0 

28 

2.0 

29 

30 

2.0 
2.0 

Total 

17.00 
4.25 

6.098 
1.524 

10.  526 
2.  632 

16. 624 
4.156 

35.9 

61.9 

97.8 

-1-  .376 
+  .094 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— Jan.   1 

2 

3 

3.67 
4.06 
4.71 
3.60 

1.383 

1.399 

.998 

1.445 

2.736 
1.918 
3.270 
2.331 

4.119 
3.317 
4.268 
3.776 

37.7 
34.5 
21. 2 
40.1 

74.5 
47.2 
69.4 
64.8 

112.2 
81.7 
90.6 

104.9 

-0. 449 
-1-  .743 
+  .442 
-  .176 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

Total 

16.04 
4.01 

5.225 
1.306 

10. 255 
2.564 

15. 480 
3.870 

32.6 

63.9 

96.5 

+  .660 
-f  .140 

12.0 

Average 

' 

Entire   pres|ervative 
period: 

Total    

54.244 
4.173 

19.023 
1.386 

34. 027 
2.617 

53. 050 
4.081 

35.1 

62.7 

97.8 

+1. 194 
+  .092 

26.0 

Average 

After  period. 
1903 — Jan.  4. 

3.14 
3.98 
3.21 
3.89 
3.53 
4.27 
4.86 
4.29 
4.34 
3.99 

0.753 
1.253 
1.472 
.947 
1.448 
1.404 
1.745 
2.114 
1.504 
1.806 

2.401 
2. 201 
2. 851 
2.613 
2.314 
2. 568 
2.772 
2.600 
2.568 
&3.650 

3.154 
3.454 
4.323 
3.560 
3.762 
3.972 
4.517 
4.714 
4.072 
5. 456 

23.9 
31.5 
45.9 
24.3 
41.0 
32.8 
35.9 
49.3 
34.6 
45.2 

76.5 
55.3 
88.8 
67.2 
65.6 
60.1 
67.0 
60.6 
59.2 
91.5 

100.4 
86.8 

134.7 
91.5 

106.6 
93.0 
92.9 

109.9 
93.8 

136.7 

-0. 014 
+  .526 
-1.113 
-f-  .330 

-  .232 
+  .298 
+  .343 

-  .424 
+  .268 
-1.466 

5 

6 

7.. 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

39.50 
3.95 

14.446 
1.444 

26.538 
2. 654 

40.984 
4.098 

36.6 

67.2 

103.8 

-1. 484 
-  .148 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


6  Probably  error  in  volume  for  date. 


BOEIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


309 


Tablk  LVI. 


-Phosjihorir-acid  balances  for  Series  7— Continued. 
N'o.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3H-1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 
(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1902— Dee.  16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Gram^. 
3.619 
3. 673 
3.719 
4.  JOS 
4.275 
3.289 

Grams. 
1.145 
1.640 

.819 
.533 
1.356 
.338 

Grams. 
2.738 
1.781 
2. 166 
3. 292 

[     5.120 

Grams. 
3.883 
3. 422 

2. 985 
3. 825 

6. 820 

Per  ct. 
31.6 
44.7 
22.0 
12.1 

22.4 

Per  ct. 
75.7 
48.5 
58.3 
74.7 

67.8 

Per  ct. 

107.3 
93.2 
80.3 
86.8 

90.3 

Grams. 
-0. 264 
+  .251 
+  .734 
+  .583 

+  .744 

Grams. 




Total 

Average 

PreservcUive  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902- Dec.  22 

23 

21 

2.5 

26 

Total 

22.  983 
3.830 

5. 831       15. 104 
.  972         2. 517 

20. 935 
3.489 

25.4 

65.7 

91.1 

+2. 048 
+  .341 

4.28 
3.33 
2.98 
2.61 
3.29 

1.993  1      2.732 
.  993         1. 919 
.705  '      2.  .523 
.428         3.024 

1.089  1      2.268 

4.725 
2.912 
3.  228 
3. 452 
3.357 

46.6 
29.8 
23.7 
16.4 
33.1 

63.8 
67.6 
84.7 
115. 9 
68.9 

110.4 
87.4 
108.3 
132. 3 
102.0 

-0.445 
+  .418 

-  .248 

-  .842 

-  .067 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

16.49 
3.30 

5.208  1    12.466 
1.042         2.493 

17. 674 
3.535 

31.6 

75.6 

107.2 

-1.184 
-  .236 

6.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

29 

30 

Total 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dee.  31 

iyo:i— Jan.    1 

Total 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

3.45 
3.34 
3.69 
3.38 

1.255 
.869 
.927 

1.165 

2.106 
2.116 
2.070 
2.167 

3.361 
2. 985 
2. 997 
3. 332 

36.4 
26.0 
25.1 
34.6 

61.0 
63.4 
56.1 
64.1 

97.4 
89.4 
81.2 
98.6 

+0. 089 
+  .355 
+  .693 
+  .048 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

13.86 
3.46 

4.216         8.459 
1.054         2.115 

12. 675 
3.169 

30.4 

61.1 

91.5 

+  1.185 
+  .291 

8.0 

3.57 
2. 25 
2.37 
3.06 

1.226         1.463 
.  7.58         2. 496 
.  430         2. 128 
.677         2.125 

2.689 
3. 2.54 
2. 5.58 
2.802 

34.3 
33.7 
18.1 
22.2 

41.0 
110.9 
89.8 
69.4 

75.3 
144.6 
107.9 

91.6 

+0. 881            3. 0 
-1.004            7.0 
-  .188            2.0 
+  .258             2.6 

11. 25 
2.81 

3.091  ;      8.212 
.773         2.0.53 

11.303 
2. 826 

27.5 

73.0  1    100.5 

-  .0.53 

-  .016 

14.5 

41.60 
3.20 

12.515       29.137 
.963  1       2.241 

41. 652 
3.204 

30.1 

70.0 

100.1 

-0. 052 
-  .004 

27.6 

A/ler  j/eritjti. 
]903_jai,.   4 

2.71 
.3.74 
3.16 

1.016 
.  357 
.499 

1..560 
.841 
.671 

1.522 
.614 

1.083 
.368 

1.915 
2.032 
2.163 
2. 098 
1.997 
2. 394 
2. 442 
2. 224 
2.  034 
2.  622 

2.931 
2.389 
2.662 
3. 6,58 
2. 838 
3. 065 
3.964 
2.838 
3.117 
2.  990 

37.6 
9.6 
16.8 
43.7 
24.0 
17.8 
39.6 
21.0 
20.3 
11.5 

70.7 
64.3 
68.4 

108. 2 
63.9 
84.2 

-  0. 221 

11.351    

6 

+  .498    

3.  .57 

58.8  1     102.5 

57.1  '      81.1 

63.3  81.1 
63.6       103.2 

76.2  97.2 

49.4  7.5.7 
82. 2         93.  7 

-  .088    

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

3.  .50 
3.78 
3.84 
2.92 
4.12 
3.19 

+  .662    

+  .715  j 

-  .124    

+  .082  ■ 

+  1.003  1 

+  .200    

Total 

Average 

.34.530 
3. 453 

8.531 
.863 

21.921 
2. 192 

:J0.  4.52 
3.045 

24.7 

63.5         88.2 

+  4.078  1 

+  .408  ' 

310 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEKVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Table  LVI. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  J— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1902— Dec.  16 

Grams. 
4.780 
(4. 621) 
5.699 
4.458 
3.540 
2.666 

Grams. 
0. 980 
Lost. 
1.255 
1.362 
1.021 
1.878 

Grams. 
2.995 
(2.877) 
3.001 
2.965 

\    6.350 

Grams. 
3.975 

Per  ct. 
20.5 

Per  ct. 
62.7 
(62. 3) 
52.7 
66.5 

102.3 

Per  ct. 
83.2 

Grams. 
+0. 805 

Grams. 

17 

18 

4.256 

4.327 

f  7. 371 

I  1.  878 

22.0 
30.6 

1    46.7 

74.7 
97.1 

149.0 

+1.443 
+  .131 

-3. 831 

19 

20 

21 

Total 1 

f 

21. 143 

(25.764) 
4.229 
(4.294) 

6.496 

"(is.'iss) 

21. 807 

30.7 

"(70.' 6) 

103.1 

-  .664 



1.299 

4. 361 

-  .132 

Average i 

(3.031) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  22  . 

4.594 

3.45 

4.35 

4.30 

4.90 

1.005 
1.180 
.965 
1.111 
2.055 

3.410 

3.780 
3.460 
3.747 
3.288 

4.415 
4.960 
4. 425 
4.858 
5.343 

21.9 
34.2 
22.2 
25.8 
41.9 

74.2 
109.6 
79.5 
87.1 
67.1 

96.1 
143.8 
101.7 
113.0 
109.0 

+0. 179 
-1.510 

-  .075 

-  .558 

-  .443 

1.0 

23 

1.0 

24 

1.0 

25 

1.0 

26 

1.0 

Total  . . 

21.594 
4.319 

6.316 
1.263 

17. 685 
3.537 

24. 001 
4.800 

29.2 

81.9 

111.1 

-2. 407 

-  .481 

+0.537 

-  .037 
+  .109 
+  .586 

5.0 

'    Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  27 

4.71 
4.56 
4.68 
4.85 

1.160 
1.220 
1.475 
1.165 

3.013 
3.377 
3.096 
3.099 

4.173 
4.597 
4.571 
4.264 

24.6 
26.8 
31.6 
24.0 

64.0 
74.1 
66.2 
63.9 

88.6 

100.8 

97.7 

87.9 

2.0 

28 

2.0 

29.. 

2.0 

30 

2.0 

Total 

18.80 
4.70 

5.020 
1.255 

12.  585 
3.146 

17. 605 
4.401 

26.7 

66.9 

93.6 

+1.195 
+  .299 

8  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  31 

4.46 
2.99 
4.39 
3  71 

1.088 
.808 

1.361 
.598 

3.156 
2.489 
2.832 
2.604 

4.244 
3.297 
4.193 
3.202 

24.4 
27.0 
31.0 
16.1 

70.8 
83.2 
64.5 
70.2 

95.2 

110.3 

95.5 

86.3 

+0.216 
-  .302 
+  .197 
+  .508 

3  0 

1903— Jan.   1 

1.0 

2 

3.0 

3 

2  5 

Total 

15.55 
3.89 

3.855 
.964 

11. 081 
2.770 

14. 936 
3.734 

24.8 

71.3 

96.1 

+  .614 
+  .156 

9.5 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
-"eriod: 

Total 

55. 944 
4.303 

15. 191 
1.169 

41. 351 
3.181 

56. 542 
4.349 

27.2 

73.9 

101.1 

-0.598 
-  .046 

22  6 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.  4 

3.32 
4.01 
3.32 
4.10 
3.88 
3.28 
3.74 
4.16 
4.26 
3.99 

1.250 
.791 
1.148 
1.230 
1.270 
1.569 
.698 
1.060 
2.301 
1.822 

2.622 
2.278 
2. 611 
2.954 
2.688 
2. 736 
2.570 
2.510 
3.069 
2.  £70 

3.872 
3.069 
3.759 
4.184 
3.958 
4.305 
3.268 
3.570 
5.370 
4.392 

37.7 
19.7 
34.6 
30.0 
32.7 
47.8 
18.7 
25.5 
54.0 
45.7 

79.0 
56.8 
78.6 
72.0 
69.3 
.     83.4 
68.7 
60.3 
72.0 
64.4 

116.6 

76.5 

113.2 

102.0 

102.0 

131.2 

87.4 

85.8 

126.1 

110.1 

-0. 552 
+  .941 

-  .439 

-  .084 

-  .078 
-1.025 
+  .472 
+  .590 
-1. 110 

-  .402 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

38.06 
3.81 

13. 139 
1.314 

26. 608 
2.661 

39. 747 
3.975 

34.5 

69.9 

104.4 

-1. 687 
-  .165 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


311 


Table  LYI. — PhospJioric-ucid  balances  for  Series  I — Continued. 
3Sro.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-M) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
190-^_Dec  16             

Grams. 
4.529 
3.723 
5.742 
4.650 
4. 402 
5.050 

Gram^. 
0.905 
1.328 
1.666 
2.201 
1.496 
2. 428 

Grams. 
2.568 
2. 735 
2. 716 
2. 6.50 

}    .5.263 

Grams. 
3.473 
4.063 
4. 382 
4.851 

9.187 

Per  et. 
20.0 
35.7 
29.0 
47.3 

41.5 

Per  ct. 
56.7 
73.4 
47.3 
57.0 

56.7 

Per  ct. 

76.7 
109.1 

76.3 
104.3 

97.2 

Grams. 
+1.056 

-  .340 
+1.360 

-  .201 

+  .266 

Grams. 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Total 

28. 096 
4.683 

10.024 
1.671 

15. 932 
2.655 

25. 956 
4.326 

35.7 

56.7 

92.4 

+2. 140 
+  .3.57 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  22 

3.603 

4.55 

4.55 

4.24 

4.99 

1.788 
1.841 
1.380 
1.673 
1.271 

2.694 
3.379 
2.840 

2.882 
2.684 

4.482 
5.220 
4.220 
4.555 
3.955 

49.6 
40.5 
30.3 
39.5 
25.5 

74.8 
74.2 
62. 4 
68.0 
53.8 

VIA.  4. 
114.7 

92.7 
107.6 

79.3 

-0. 879 

-  .670 
+  .330 

-  .315 
+  1.035 

1  0 

23.. 

1  0 

24 

1  0 

h 

26 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

21. 933 
4.387 

7.953 
1.591 

14. 479 
2.8% 

22.432 
4.486 

36.3 

66.0 

102.3 

-  .499 

-  .099 

5.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

4.74 
4. 80 
4.77 
5.18 

1.973 
1.929 
1.662 
1.679 

2.772 
2.493 

2.884 
2.190 

4.745 
4.422 
4.646 
3.869 

41.6 
39.7 
34.8 
32.4 

58.5 
51.3 
60.5 
42.3 

100.1 
91.0 
95.3 

74.7 

+0.005 
+  .438 
+  .224 
+  1.311 

2.0 
2  0 

29... 

2  0 

30 

2  0 

Total 

Average ^ 

19. 55 
4.89 

7.243 
1.810 

10. 339 
2.585 

17. 582 
4.395 

37.0 

62.9 

89.9 

+1. 968 
+  .495 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

190*-Jan.   1 

2 

3 

4.18 
5.80 
4.61 
4.46 

2.407 
1.698 
1.696 
1.500 

2.894 
2.412 
1.584 
3.073 

5.301 
4.110 
3.280 
4.573 

67.6 
29.3 
36.8 
33.6 

69.2 
41.6 
34.4 
68.9 

126.8 
70.9 
71.2 

102.5 

-1. 121 
+1. 690 
+1. 330 
-  .113 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

Total 

Average 

19.05 
4.76 

7.301 
1.825 

9.963 
2.491 

17.264 
4.316 

38.3 

52.3 

90.6 

+  1.786 

12.0 



Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

60.  .533 
4. 6.% 

22.497 
1.731 

34.781 
2.675 

.57. 278 
4.406 

37.2 

57.5 

94.7 

+3.265 
+  .250 

25.0 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.  4 

4.69 
4.67 
4.33 
4.68 
4.38 
4.62 
4.70 
4.53 
4.29 
4.06 

0.941 
2.141 
2.217 
.958 
1.841 
1.095 
1.45(J 
1.163 
1.012 
1.09O 

2.923 
2.576 
2. 502 
2.921 
2. 413 
2. 650 
2.856 
2. 594 
2. 722 
3.391 

3.864 
4.717 
4.719 
3.879 
4.264 
3. 745 
4.306 
3.7.57 
3.734 
4.481 

20.1 
46.8 
51.2 
20.5 
42.0 
23.7 
30.8 
25.7 
Zi.G 
26.8 

62.3 
55.2 
57.8 
62. 4 
55. 1 
57.4 
60.8 
57.3 
63.4 
83.5 

82.4 
101.0 
109. 0 
82.9 
97.1 
81.1 
91.6 
82.9 
87.0 
110.3 

+0.826 

-  .047 

-  .389 
+  .801 
+  .126 
+  .875 
+  .394 
+  .773 
+  .5.56 

-  .421 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

44. 95 
4.50 

13.908 
1.391 

27. 548 
2. 755 

41.456 
4.146 

30.9 

61.3 

92.2 

+3. 494 
+  .351 



312 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LVI. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  J^Continued. 
JSTo.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1902    Dec  16    

Grams. 
2.341 
2.955 
■A.  197 
2.399 
1.286 
2.339 

Grams. 
1.429 

(") 
.852 
.871 
.720 
.077 

Chrams. 
1.728 
2.064 
2.094 
2.098 

V    3.352 

Grams. 
3.157 
2.064 
2.946 
2.969 

4.149 

Per  ct. 
61.0 

'"•26.6 
36.3 

22.0 

Per  ct. 
73.8 
69.8 
65.5 

87.5 

92.5 

Per  ct. 

134.9 
69.8 
92.1 

123.8 

114.5 

Grams. 
-0. 816 
+  .891 
+  .251 

-  .570 

-  .524 

Grams. 

17 

18 

19            

20  

21... 

Total 

14. 517 
2.420 

3.949 

.658 

11.336 
1.889 

15. 285 
2.548 

27. 2         78. 1 

105. 3 

-  .  768 

-  .128 

, 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  22 

2.113 
1.86 
1.60 
2.01 

(2.72) 

1.234 

(«) 
..518 
.514 

Lost. 

1.971 
1.981 
1.744 
1.504 
(1.824) 

3.  205 
1.981 
2.  262 
2.018 

58.4 
25.6 

93.3 
106.5 
109.0 

74.8 
(67.1) 

151.7 
106.5 
141.4 
100.4 

-1.092 

-  .121 

-  .662 
-'.008 

1.0 

23 

1  0 

24 

1.0 

25 

1.0 

26 

1  0 

Total { 

Average I 

7.583 

(10.303) 

1.896 

(2. 061) 

2.266 

9.466 

29.9 

■■(87."6) 

124.8 

-1.883 

}        5.0 

(9.024) 

.566 

2.366 

-  .470 

(1.805) 

[ 

j 

Second  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  27 

2.38 
2.10 
2.47 
2.12 

(a) 
0.985 
1.020 
.484 

1.208 
1.820 
1.669 
1.555 

1.208 
2.805 
2.689 
2.039 

""'46.'9" 
41.3 
22.8 

60.8 
86.7 
67.6 
73.3 

50.8 
133.6 
108.9 

90.2 

+1.172 

-  .705 

-  .219 
+  .081 

2.0 

28    

2  0 

29 

2  0 

30 

2.0 

Total 

9.07 
2.27 

2.489 
.622 

6.252 
1.563 

8.741 
2.185 

27.4 

68.9 

96.4 

+  .329 
+  .085 

8  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1902— Dec.  31 

2.22 
2.63 
2.63 
2.13 

2.272 
.904 

.737 
.628 

1.417 
.984 

1.495 
.392 

3.689 
1.888 
2. 232 
1.020 

102.3 
34.4 
28.0 
29.5 

63.8 
37.4 
56.8 
18.4 

166.2 

71.8 
84.9 
47.9 

-1. 469 
+  .742 
+  .398 
+1.  lip 

3.0 

1903_jan.   1 

3  0 

2 

3  0 

3 

3.0 

Total 

Average 

9.61 
2.40 

4.541 
1.135 

4.288 
1.072 

8.829 
2.207 

47.3 

44.6 

91.9 

+  .781 
+  .193 

12.0 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

26. 263 

(28.983) 
2.189 
(2.229) 

9.296 

27. 036 

3.5.4 

■■(67:6) 

102.9 

-0.773 

1      26.0 

(19.664) 

Average . . .- | 

.775 

2.253 

-  .064 

(1.505) 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.   4 

2.18 
2.38 
1.70 
2.40 
2.06 
3.11 
3.14 
2.33 
2.20 
2.34 

0.693 

.498 
.929 
.814 

1.550 

(«) 

1.068 
.575 
.891 
.784 

2.830 
1.  .518 
1.596 
2.392 
1.320 
1.947 
1.699 
1.848 
1.474 
1.538 

3.523 
2.016 
2.525 
3.206 
2.870 
1.947 
2.767 
2.423 
2.365 
2.322 

31.8 
20.9 
54.6 
33.9 

75.2 

"'34.'6" 
24.7 
40.5 
33.5 

129.8 
63.8 
93.9 
99.7 
64.1 
62.6 
54.1 
79.3 
67.0 
65.7 

161.6 

84.7 

148. 5 

133.6 

139.3 

62.6 

88.1 

104.0 

107. 5 

99.2 

-1.343 
+  .364 

-  .825 

-  .806 

-  .810 
+1.163 
+  .373 

-  .093 

-  .165 
+  .018 

5 

6 

7 

8. 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

23.84 
2.38 

7.802 
.780 

18. 162 
1.816 

25.  964 
2.596 

32.7 

76.2 

108.9 

-2. 124 
-  .216 

«  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


813 


Table  LVII. — SiDiimary  of  phosphorir-dclci  haJttnces  for  Series  I. 
Six  inen. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3         1 
In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-M) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
mini.s- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No  1 

Gravis. 
29.753 
26.045 
22.983 
21. 143 
(2.5.764) 
28.096 
14.517 

Grams. 

14. 012 

9.673 

5.831 

6.496 

Grams. 
15.554 
16.465 
15.104 

Grams. 
29.566 
26.138 
20.935 
21.807 

Per  ct. 
47.1 
37.1 
25.4 
30.7 

Per  ct. 
52.3 
63.2 
65.7 

■(76:6) 
56.7 
78.1 

Per  ct. 

99.4 
100.3 

91.1 
103.1 

Grams. 
+0. 187 

-  .093 
+2.048 

-  .004 

G 

•ams. 

No.  J 

No.  3 

No.4 1 

No.  5....            

(18.188) 
16. 932 
11. 336 

10.024 
3.949 

25. 9.56 
15. 285 

3.5.7 
27.2 

92.4 
105. 3 

+2. 140 
-  .768 

+2. 850 

No  t; 

— 

ToUil 1 

142. 537 

(147. 1.58) 

4.072 

(4.088) 

49.985 

139. 687 

3.5.1 

"(62.'9) 

98.0 



(92.579) 

Average [ 

1.428 

3.991 

+  .081 

(2.572) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.2 

No.  3 

23. 675 
21.204 
16.49 
21.. 594 
21.93:5 
7.583 
(10. 303) 

8.888 
7.700 
5.208 
6.316 
7.953 
2.266 

14.349 
13.246 
12.466 
17.685 
14.479 

23. 237 
20. 940 
17. 074 
24. 001 
22. 432 
9.466 

37.6 
36.3 
31.6 
29.2 
36.3 
29.9 

60.6 
62.5 
7.5.6 
81.9 
66.0 

■(87.'6) 

98.1 
98.8 

107. 2 
111.1 

102. 3 
124.8 

+0.438 
+  .258 
-1.184 
-2. 407 
-  .499 
-1.883 

} 

5.0 
.5.0 
.5.0 

No.  4 

5  0 

No.  5 

X-       .                              f 

.5.0 

No.  (J 

(9.024) 

, 

112.479 

(115. 199) 

3.879 

(3.840) 

38.331 

117. 756 

34.1 

■(76.'5) 

104.7 

-5.277 

} 
}■ 

Totjil 

(81.249) 

30.0 

1.  :122 

4.061 

-  .182 

Average 

(2.708) 

x-        1                                       ( 

15. 414 
(20.654) 
17.00 
13.80 
18.80 
19.55 
9.07 

5.551 

13. 836 

"'ie.'e-i-i' 

12.675 
17. 605 

17.  .582 
8.741 

36.0 

"35.' 9' 
30.4 
26.7 
37.0 
27.4 

■(.52.' 5) 
61.9 
61.1 
66.9 
52.9 
68.9 

89.8 

+1.678 

} 

No.l • 

(10.8.53) 
10.526 

8.469 
12.  .585 
10.339 

6.2.52 

8.0 

Xo.2 

No.3 

No.4 

No  b 

6.098 
4.216 
5.020 
7.243 
2.489 

97.8 
91. 5 
93.6 
89.9 
96.4 

+  .376 
+  1.185 
+1.195 
+1.  968 
+  .329 

8.0 
8.0 
8.0 
8.0 

No.6 

8.0 

Total -! 

93.694 
(98.934) 
~  4.074 

(4.122) 

30.617 

87.063 

:?2.7 

■(59."  6) 

92.9 

+6. 631 

\ 

48.0 

(59.014) 

Average ] 

i.33i 

3.785 

+  .289 

(2.4.59) 

' 

. 

Third  .subperiod: 
Hio.-i........ 

13.66 
16.04 
11.25 
15.55 
19.05 
9.61 

6.333 
5.225 
3.091 
3.8.55 
7.301 
4.541 

10.316 
10.2.55 
8.212 
11.081 
9.963 
4.288 

16.649 
15.480 
11.  im 

14. 936 
17.264 
8.829 

46.4 
32.6 
•27.5 
24.8 
38.3 
47.3 

75.6 
63.9 
73.0 
71.3 
.52.3 
44.6 

121.9 
96.5 

100.6 
96.1 
90.6 
91.9 

-2.989 
+  .560 
-  .063 
+  .614 
+  1.786 
+  .781 

12.0 
12.0 

No.  3 

14.6 

No.4 

N'o  5 

9.6 
12.0 

No.(i 

12.0 

Total 

Average 

85.16 
3.55 



30.340 
1.264 

.54. 115 
2. 2.55 

84.461 
3.  .519 

35.6 

03. 6 

99.2 

+  .699 
+  .031 

72.0 



Entire  preservative 

periofJ:                , 

No.l \ 

52.849 
(.58. 089) 
54.244 
41.60 
.56.944 
60.533 
26.263 
(28.983) 

20.772 

.53. 722 

39.3 

■(ei.'i) 

62.7 
70.0 
73.9 
57.5 

■(67.'6) 

101.7 

-0.873 

1 
1 

25.0 

(:i5. 518) 
34. 027 
29. 137 
41.3.51 
34.781 

No.2 

.Vo.3 

SI::;:::::::;::: 

19.023 
12.515 
15. 191 
22.497 
9.296 

.53.0.50 
41.0.52 
.56.  542 
.57. 278 
27.036 

:55.1 

:io.] 

27. 2 
:J7.2 
:3.5.4 

97.8 
100.1 
101.1 

94.7 
102.9 

+1.194 

-  .0.52 

-  ..598 
+3.2.55 

-  .773 

2.5.0 
27. 6 
22.5 
2.5.0 

>■■- { 

26.0 

(19.564) 

Total 1 

291.433 

(299.39:1) 

3.835 

(3.838) 

99.294 

""i'.m 

289.280 

34.1 

■(64:9) 

99.3 

+2. 1.53 

( 

150.0 

(194.378) 

3.806 

+  .029 

AveraK*- \ 

(2.492) 

" 

After  perUM. 
No.l 1 

43. :«) 
(48.:i7) 
:i9..50 
34.  .530 
38. 0() 
44. 95 
23.84 

21.403 

.    43.868 

49.4 

■(.5i;6) 

67.2 
63.6 
(i9. 9 
61.3 
76.2 

101.3 

-0. 568 

(24.974) 
26. 5.38 
21.921 
2(;.  tm 
27. 5-18 
18. 162 

14. 446 
8.  .531 
13.139 
i:i.908 
7.802 

40.984 
30. 452 

:w.747 

41.456 
25. 9«>4 

36. 6 
2-1.7 
:J4.5 

:i0.9 

32.7 

io:i.8 

88.2 

101.  4 
92. 2 
108.9 

-1.484 
+  4.078 
-1.687 
+  ;{.49'l 
-2. 124_ 

+  1.709 

No.2 

No.  3 

No.  4 

No  .5 

No.C 



Total 1 

224.18 

(229.25) 
3.80 
(3.82) 

79.229 

222.471 

35.3 

'(63.'6) 

99.2 

(145.7.51) 
■■"(2.'429) 

Average \ 

1.343 

3.771 

+  .029 

314 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LVIII. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  II. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19 

Grams. 
(4.38) 
(4.37) 
3.34 
3.13 
5.16 
3.85 
3.97 
4.02 
4.03 

Grams. 

(a) 

(a) 
2.17 
1.75 
1.87 
1.06 
2.29 
1.40 
1.61 

Grams. 
(2.19) 
f2.04) 
2.61 
2.32 
2.90 
2.32 
2.62 
2.01 
2.36 

Grams. 

Per  at. 

Per  ct. 
(60.0) 
(46.7) 
76.1 
74.1 
66.2 
60.3 
63.6 
60.0 
58.3 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

4.68 
4.07 
4.77 
3.38 
4.81 
3.41 
3.96 

66.0 
65.9 
36.2 
27.6 
57.7 
34.8 
40.0 

140.1 
130.0 
92.4 
87.8 
121.2 
84.8 
98.3 

-1.34 

-  .94 
+  .39 
+  .47 

-  .84 
+  .61 
+  .07 

22      

23 -. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

27.60 

(36.26) 

3.93 

(4.03) 

12.16 

29.08 

44.2 

■■(58.'4) 

105.7 

-1.68 

(21. 16) 

Average I 

1.74 

4.15 

-  .22 

(2.36) 

^ 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

4,46 
4.18 
3.78 
3.50 

3.61 

.83 

1.47 

2.20 

2.68 
1.66 
2.22 
2.29 

6.29 
2.48 
3.69 
4.49 

80.9 
19.9 
38.9 
62.9 

60.1 
39.6 
58.7 
65.4 

141.0 
59.3 
97.6 

128.3 

-1.83 
+  1.70 
+  .09 
-  .99 

1  0 

29 

1  0 

30 

1  0 

31 

1  0 

Total 

15. 92 
3.98 

8.11 
2.03 

8.84 
2.21 

16.95 
4.24 

60.9 

66.5 

106.5 

-1.03 

-  .76 

4  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

3.99 
3.77 
8.64 
3.74 

3.03 

.97 

1.11 

2.21 
2.62 
2.26 
2.24 

2.21 
6.66 
3.23 
3.35 

"'hb'.i' 

26.6 
29.7 

66.4 
69.6 
62.1 
69.9 

66.4 
149.9 

88.7 
89.6 

+1.78 
-1.88 
+  .41 
+  .39 

2  0 

2        

2  0 

3  

2  0 

4 

2  0 

Total . . . 

15.14 
3.78 

6.11 
1.28 

9.33 
2.33 

14.44 
3.61 

33.7 

61.6 

95.4 

+  .70 
+  .17 

8  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  5 

3.67 
3.68 
4.04 
3.86 

1.73 
1.43 
2.21 
1.73 

1.96 
2.23 
2.64 
2.19 

3.69 
3.66 
4.85 
3.92 

47.1 

39.9 

•  54.7 

44.8 

53.4 
62.3 
66.3 
56.7 

100.6 
102.2 
120.0 
101.6 

-0.02 

-  .08 

-  .81 

-  .06 

3  0 

6 

3  0 

T. 

3  0 

8 

3  0 

Total 

15. 16 
3.79 

7.10 

1.78 

9.02 
2.26 

16.12 
4.03 

46.9 

59.5 

106.4 

-  .97 

-  .24 

12  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

46.21 
3.86 

20. 32 
1.69 

27.19 
2.27 

47  51        JA  n 

58.8 

102.8 

-1.30 
-  .11 

24  0 

Average 

3.96 

■ 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  9 

3.77 
3.95 

1.19 

1.87 

1.73 
2.28 

2.92         31.6 
4  16          47  s 

46.9 

67.7 

77.5 
105.1 

+0.85 
-  .20 

4  0 

10 

4.0 

"Not  collected. 


b  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


315 


Table  LVIII. — PltospJioric-arid  balances  for  Scries  II — Continued. 

ISTo.  8. 


j        1        1        3 

Period  and  date.         ,     .      ,    1       , 

In  lood.    In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period .            1 

Cirams. 
190;^_j,in.  19 (5.13) 

Gravis. 
(«) 

Grams. 
(2.85) 
(2.61) 
3. 36 
2.83 
3.24 
3.05 
2.70 
2.92 
2.91 

Grains. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(55.6) 
(53.4) 
69.0 
60.9 
56.0 
59.9 
56.7 
56.4 
58.6 

Per  ct. 

Grnm.'i. 

Grams. 

•_>0 (4.891 

•>\    

4.87          2.09 
4. 65            .  84 
5.79         (h) 
5.09  I        2.13 
4.76          2.89 
5.18          2.00 
4.97         (6) 

5.45 
3. 07 
3.24 
5.18 
5.59 
4.92 
2.91 

42.9 
18.0 

'""41:9' 
60.7 
38.6 

111.9 

78.9 
56.0 
101.8 
117.4 
95.0 
58.6 

-0. 58 
+  .98 
+2.55 

-  .09 

-  .83 
+  .26 
+  2.06 

n 

24 

25 

26 

Total [ 

35.31           9.95 
(4.5.33) 

"(2(5.' 47) 

30.96 

28.2 

"'(58.'4) 

87.7 

+4.35 

-^^'eriiKe {         {l^f^^ 

1.42 

4.42 

+  .62 

(2.94) 

Preservative  perioil. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 Jan  ''.s 

' 

4.89 
4.94 
4.82 

4.77 

2.28 
2.69 

1.58 

3.16 
2.73 
2.71 
2.85 

.5.44 
5.42 
2.71 
4.43 

46.6 
54.4 

'""33."i' 

64.6 
55.3 
56.2 
59.8 

111.2 
109.7 
56.2 
92.9 

-0.55 
-  .48 
+2. 11 
+  .34 

1  0 

29 

30 

31 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

19.42 
4.86 

6.55 
1.64 

11.45 
2.86 

18.00 
4.50 

33.7 

59.0 

92.7 

+  1.42 
+  .36 

4.0 

Second  subperiotl: 
1903— Feb.  1 

4.21 
4.31 
(1.15) 

1.86 
1.42 

Lost. 

Lost. 

2.99 

2.88 
(.72) 
('■) 

4.85 
4.30 

44.2 
33.0 

7L0 
66.8 
(62.6) 

115. 2 

99.8 

-0.64 
+  .01 

2.0 

2        .     . 

2.0 

3 

.0 

4 

.0 

n.     .     ,                                      f 

8   .^.9 

3.28 

9.15 

38.5 

■■(68:i) 

107.4 

-  .(i3 

1 

T"'^' {          (9:67) 

Average {        ^^'^ 

(6.  .59) 

{•      ^-0 

1.64 

4.58 

-  .32 

(2.20) 

Third  subperiod: 
1903 — Feb  5 

' 

(3.52) 
(5. 16) 

(4.57) 
(4.83) 

C) 
C) 
(«) 

(2.58) 
(3.075 
(2.93) 
(2.39) 

(73.3) 
(59.5) 
((54.1) 
(49.5) 

0.0 

0 

.0 

.0 

8 

Total 

.0 



ns  fiK^ 

(10.97) 
(2.74) 

(60.7) 

.0 

Subperiods  1 , 2,  and  3: 

^       ' 

27  94 

9.83 

27. 15 

35. 2 

"(iil.Q) 

97.2 

+  0.79 

T^^^' {    (i7:if, 

II          4. 66 

(28. 99) 

1.64 

4.  .52 

+  .14 

Average |        ,1^^ 

(2.64) 

"Discarded. 


bNo  moveuient. 


"Not  run. 


316 


rNTLUEXCE    OF    FOOD    PEFSZEVATIVZS    uX    HEALTH. 


Table  LA'III. — Phosphoriic-acid  i>aiance-sjor  Series  II — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces.! 

1 

3 

In 
urine. 

In  feces; 
and 
nrine. 

(2-1-3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
^2-1) 

6            7 
T„      In  feces 
nriie.      ^?"i 
(3-1)     (4^i> 

a-»). 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19 

Grams. 
(4.76) 
(4.67) 
4.63 
4.44 
4.87 
4. 89 
4.78 
'-07 

Grams. 
(«•) 
(") 
1.43  , 

.39 
1.76 
(6) 
■2.72 
•2.01 

Grrams. 
(2.94) 
(2.71) 
3.00 
■2.75 
2.98 
2.89 
■i60 
•2.43 
,2.44:. 

I^cL 

ii 

Jferot  1 
(61.8)' 
(58.0) 
64.S 
61.9 
61.2 
59.1 
54.4 
47.9 
49.0 

BarO. 

Gnmus. 

Chrams. 

20 

:":":::::::: 

'  ■-  ■  '' 

21 

•70 

23""""."" 
24 

4.43 
3.14 
4.74 
■i89 
•^  ■*: 

30.9 

&8 

36.1 

70.7 
97.3 
59.1 
1U.3  I 

SS.2 : 

+0.20 
+1.30 

-^.l3 

+2.00 
-.54 
+  .60 

1!6 

f 

28w6S 
(43.09) 

4.VS 
4.  T? 

8.34 

24.99 

"Tie" 

29.0 

,-  - 

+3.69 

Total { 

(24.74) 
"   "i'75) 

07.  -- 

r 

1.39 

-^  .62 

Average 

JrtSfr  raf *rf  peri'xi .  ■- 

First  sabperiod: 

1903-Jan.  2S 

29 

30 

31 

1.53 
4.50 
4.01 



•2.00 
1.56 
1.39 

3.34 
2.36 
■2.55 

5.34 
3.92 
3.94 

130.7 
34.7 
34.4 

::;.v.o       349.0 
5^4  J      87.1 
63.1         97.5 

-3.81 
+  .58 
+  .10 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

10.07 
3.36 

4.95 
1.65 

8.» 
2.75 

13.20 
4.40 

49.2 

8L9       131.1 

-3.13 
-  .04 

4.0 

Third  subperiod: 
ISOS— Feb.  5    

v3.94> 
(3.75) 
(i39) 
(5.46) 

(«) 
t") 
(a) 

(«) 

(■2.24) 

(1-S7) 
(•il6} 

:::::::: 

l51.5» 
(3L2I 
(39.6) 

0.0 

6 

.0 

.0 

8        

.0 

_ 

Total 

(17.51) 
(4.3S) 

(7.70) 
(1-92) 

(43.9) 

.0 

Average. 

1 

Sobperiods  l  and  3: 

Total i 

1 

10.07 

(-27.61) 

3.36 

(3.94t 

4.K 

]    13.20 

49.2 

"^7.'8) 

13L1 

-3.13 

J    .. 

(15.95) 

1.65 

4-40 

-  .04 

Average •! 

(2.27) 

" ." '( 

1 

1 '     '     ' 

"Discarded. 


J>No  movement. 


c  Second  subperi(.>d  not  ran. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


31' 


Table  LVIII. — PJwsphonc-acid  balances  for  Series  //—Continued. 
No.  lO. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  IihhI. 

8 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

.  In 

fee  '^s. 
(2-1) 

6 

In     : 
urine.  • 
(3-1) 

7 

[n  feces! 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

S 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 

acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fort  pcriotl. 

Grams. 
(3.65) 
(4  90) 

Grams. 

Grams. 
(2.28) 
(2.44) 
2.81 
3.05 
2.29 
2.74 
2. 25 
2. 46 
2. 60 

Grams. 

Perct. 

Perct. 
(62.5)1 

(!?•?>' 

57.7 

71.6 

41.8 

.54.7  ■ 

42.9 

46.4 

65.5 

Perct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

■>0 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

4.87           1.06 
4.26           1.35 
5.48           2.06 
5.01           2.09 
5. 24           2. 57 
5.30           3.28 
3.97           1.58 

3.87 
4.40 
4.35 
4.83 
4.82 
.5.74 
4.18 

21.8 
31.7 
37.6 
41.7 
49.0 
61.9 
39.8 

79.5 
103.3 
79.4 
96.4 
92.0 
108.3 
105.3 

+1.00 

-  .14 
+1.13 
+  .18 
+  .42 

-  .44 

-  .21 

Total ■! 

34.13 

(42.68) 
4.88 

13.99 

■(22."  92) 

32.19 

41.0 



(53.7) 

94.3 

+1.94 

1 

•>  00 

4.60 

"+2.28 

Average | 

(4.74) 

(2.55) 

Preservatirc  ixrriutl. 

First  subperiiHl: 

1903-^  an.  28 

fg         

4.90 
(5.07) 

4.94 
(4.62) 

1.69 

C) 
1.42 

3.14 
(2.42) 
2.74 

(2.75) 

4.83 

34.5 

64.1 
(47.7) 
55.5 

(59.5) 

98.6 

+0.07 

1.0 
1.0 

30 

31          

4.16 

28.7 

84.2 

+  .78 

1.0 
1.0 

...      ,                     1 

9.84 

(19.53) 

4.92 

3.11 

8.99 

31.6 

■■(56.^6) 

91.4 

+  .85 
■■  +  ■."42" 

}       4.0 

Total J 

(11.05) 
■■■■(2.76) 

1 

1  .■>«; 

4.  .50 

Average | 

(4.88) 

1       .-         

Second  subperiod: 

1903-Fib.l 

•> 

4.96          2.86 
4.92           1.20 
4.63           2.07 
4.79           2..VJ 

3.09 

2.88 

3.77 

1        3.04 

5.95 
4.08 
5.84 
5.56 

57.7 
24.4 
44.7 
.12.6 

62.3 
58.5 
81.4 
63.5 

120.0 
82.9 

126. 1 

116. 2 

-0.99 

+  .84 
-1.21 

2.0 
2.0 

3 

4 

2.0 
2. 0 

Total 

Average 

19.30           8.65 
4.82           2.16 

12. 7S 
3.20 

21.43 
5.36 

44.8 

66.2 

111.0 

-2. 13 
-.54 

8.0 

Thinl  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.5 

6 

4.80 
5.06 

4.88 
5.14 

2.92 
(6) 

3.18 
(b) 

3.42 
3.06 
2.99 
2.86 

6.34 
3.06 
6.17 
2.86 

60.8 
■■■65.'2" 

71.2 
60.5 
61.3 
55.6 

132.1 
60.5 

126.4 
55.6 

-^1.54 
+2.00 

-1.29 
+2.28 

3.0 
8.0 

7 

S 

3.0 
3.0 

Total 

19.88  1         6.10 
4.97  ;        1.52 

12.33 
3.08 

18.43 
4.61 

30.7 

62.0 

92.7 

+1.45 
+  .36 

12.0 

SubperiofLt  l,  2,  and  3: 
Total 1 

Average | 

1 
49.02         17  «fl 

1    48.85 

36.4 

■■(6i:6) 

99.7 

+0.17 

^     24.0 

(58.71) 
4.90 

1 

(36.16) 

■■■(sJoi) 

i    7Q 

4.88 

+  .02 

(4. 89):. •...;..:. 

■  ■  1  ■           1 
1 1 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1<)03— Feb.   9 

5.05          2.70 
(5  00)        'o^ 

3.05 
(2.47) 

5.75 

53.6 

60.4 
(49.4) 

113.9 

-0.70 

4.0 

10 

4.0 

1 

a  Discarded. 


bNomovemeat 


318 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LVIII. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
JSTo.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 

urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 

acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

Grams. 
(4.43^ 
(4.61) 
4.74 
4.18 
5.38 
5.10 
4.97 
4.71 
6.51 

Grams. 

[•] 

1.47 
2.78 
3.50 
3.50 
1.04 
1.58 
2. 22 

Grams. 
(2. 90) 
(2.66) 
2.86 
2.71 
2.88 
2.15 
2.89 
2.98 
2.91 

Grams. 

Per  at. 

Per  ct. 
(66. 6) 
(67.5) 
60.3 
64.8 
63.6 
42.2 
58.2 
63.3 
52.8 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

4.33 
5.49 
6.38 
5.65 
3.93 
4.56 
5.13 

31.0 
66.6 
65.1 
68.6 
20.9 
32.6 
40.3 

91.4 

131.3 

118.6 

110.8 

79.1 

96.8 

93.1 

+0.41 
-1.31 
-1.00 

-  .55 
+1.04 
+  .16 
+  .38 

22 

23 

24.          

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

Average \ 

34.59 

(43.63) 

4.94 

(4.85) 

16.09 

35. 47        46. 6 

"{hi'.i) 

102. 6 

-  .88 

(24.93) 

2.30 

5.07 

-  .13 

(2.77) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod ; 
1903— J  an.  28 

6.03 
6.00 
5.17 
4.03 

1.20 
1.71 
1.43 
1.89 

2.97 
2.73 
3.00 
2.72 

4.17 
4.44 
4.43 
4.61 

23.9 
34.2 

27.7 
46.9 

59.0 
54.6 
58.0 
67.6 

82.9 
88.8 
85.7 
114.4 

+0.86 
+  .56 
+  .74 

-  .58 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

31 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

19.23 
4.81 

6.23 
1.56 

11.42 

2.85 

17.65 
4  41 

32.4 

59.4 

91.8 

+  1.58 
+  .40 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

4.37 

4.58 

0.78 
.20 
(a) 
[.73] 

2.64 
2.63 

3.42 
2.83 

17.9 
4.4 

60.4 
57.4 

78.3 
61.8 

+0.95 
+1.75 

2.0 

2 

2.0 

3 

.0 

4 

[1.33] 

"[64.9]' 

.0 

Total 1 

Average ■! 

8.95 

[10.28] 

4.48 

[1.47] 

6.27 

6.25 

■■ii4.'2]" 

68.9 

69.8 

+  2.70 

}        '■' 

[1.71] 

2.63 

3.12 

+  1.36 

[2.40] 

'i 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  5 

(3.41) 
(-4.26) 
(4.29) 
(4.56) 

(«) 
(a) 
(a) 

(«) 

(2.46) 
(2.28) 
(2.94) 
(2.11) 

(71.8) 
(53.5) 
(68.5) 
(46.3) 

+0.96 
+1.98 
+1.35 

+2.46 

0.0 

6 

.0 

7  

.0 

8 

.0 

Total j 

Average 

1        0.0 

(16. 52) 
(4.13) 

(9.78) 
(2.44) 

(59.2) 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

28.18 

(44. 70) 

[46. 03] 

4.69 

(4.70) 

[6. 68] 

23.90 

84.8 

+4.28 

Total J 

(26.47) 

(59.2) 

[        8.0 

[8.19] 

[17.8] 

3.96 

+  .74 

Average \ 

(2.65) 

[1.17] 

a  Discarded. 


b  Not  run. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


819 


Table  LVIII. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
No.  13. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-M) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19 

Grams. 
(4. 40) 
(4.59) 
4.37 
3.82 
4.89 
4. 53, 
4.70 
4.67 
4.70 

Grams. 

(«) 

^l.\^ 
1.52 
1.90 

C) 

1.93 

3.47 

.89 

Grams. 
(2.59) 
(2.49) 
2.61 
2.12 
2.22 
2.32 
2.07 
2.12 
1.81 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(58.7) 
54.2) 
59.7 
65.5 
45.4 
51.2 
44.0 
45.4 
38.5 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

26 

27 

4.15 
3.64 
4.12 
2.32 
4.00 
5.59 
2.70 

36.2 
39.8 
38.9 

"li.'i 

74.3 
18.9 

95.0 
95.3 
84.3 
51.2 
85.1 
119.7 
57.4 

+0.22 
+  .18 
+  .77 
+2.21 
+  .70 
—  .92 
+2.00 

Total { 

31.68 

(40.67) 

4.53 

(4.52) 

11.25 

26. 52 

35.6 

"(SO.'O) 

83.7 

+5.16 

(20.35) 

Average i 

i.87 

3.79 

+  .75 

(2.26) 

. 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  2H 

4.79 
4.93 
4.77 
4.  .55 

1.66 
1.46 
1.36 
2.21 

2.42 
2.65 
2.52 
2.59 

4.08 
4.11 
3.88 
4.80 

34.7 
29.6 

28.5 
48.6 

50.5 

53.8 
52.8 
56.9 

85.2 
83.4 
81.3 
105.5 

+0.71 
+  .82 
+  .89 
—  .25 

1.0 

29 

30 

31 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

19.04 
4.76 

6.69 
1.07 

10.18 
2.54 

16.87 
4.22 

35.1 

53.5 

88.6 

+2.17 
+  .55 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

4.79 
4.  .57 

2.48 

3.88 

1.51 

2.16 

.42 

.92 

2.61 
2.46 
2.40 
2.32 

4.12 
4.62 
2.82 
3.24 

31.5 
47.3 
16.9 
23.7 

54.6 
63.8 
96.8 
59.8 

86.0 
101.1 
113.7 

83.6 

+0.67 

—  .05 

—  .34 
+  .64 

2.0 

2 

3 

4 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average 

15.72 
3. 93 

.5.01 
1.25 

9.79 
2.45 

14.80 
3.70 

31.9 

62.3 

94.2 

+  .92 
+  .23 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 
190:j — Feb  .5 

3.88 
3.45 
1.89 
1.23 

1.64 

.65 
1..59 
1.23 

2.64 
2.84 
2.35 
1.81 

4.28 
3.49 
3.94 
3.04 

42.3 
18.8 
84.1 
100.0 

08.0 
82.3 
121.3 
147.2 

110.3 
101.1 
208. 4 
247. 2 

—0. 40            3. 0 

6 

—  .04 
—2.05 
—1.81 

.0 

7 

8 

.0 
.0 

Total 

Average 

10. 45 
2.61 

5.11 
1.28 

9.tH 
2.41 

14.75 
3.69 

49.0 

92.4 

114.4 

—4.30 
—1.08 

3.0 

Snbpcriofls  1,2,  and  3: 
Total 

45. 21 
3.77 

16.81 
1.40 

29.6! 

2.47 

46. 42 
3.87 

37.2 

66.51 

102.7 

-1.21 
—  .10 

16.0 


a  Di.scarded. 


b  No  movement. 


320 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PKESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Table  LIX. — Summary  of  phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  II. 
Tavo    ixierL. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-M) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-f-l) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Gh-ams. 
27.50 
(36.25) 
34.13 

(42.68) 

Orams. 
12.15 

Grams. 

Grams. 
29.08 

Per  ct. 
44.2 

Per  ct. 

'(58."4) 
■(53."7) 

Per  ct. 
105.7 

Grams. 
-1.58 

Grams. 

No.   7 l 

(21.16) 

No.  10 1 

13.99 

32.19 

4i.O 

94.3 

+1.94 

(22. 92) 

Total 1 

61.63 

(78.93) 

4.40 

(4.38) 

26.14 

61.27 

42.4- 

'(55.'8) 

99.4 

+  .36 

(44,.  08) 

f 

1.87 

4.38 

+  .02 

(2.45) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.    7 

15.92 

9.84 

(19.63) 

8.11 
3.11 

8.84 

16.95 
8.99 

50.9 
31.6 

55.6 
"(56.' 6) 

106.5 
91.4 

-1.03 

+  .85 

4  0 

No.  10 1 

1      4.0 

(11.05) 

, 

25.76 

(35.45) 

4.29 

(4.43) 

11.22 

25.94 

43.6 

■(56.'i) 

100.7 

-  .18 

1      8.0 

(19.89) 

( 

1.87 

4.32 

-   .03 

Average ! 

(2.49) 

Second  subperiod: 
No.   7 

15.14 
19.30 

5.11 
8.65 

9.33 
12.78 

14,44 
21.43 

33.7 
44.8 

61.6 
66.2 

95.4 
111.0 

+  0.70 
-2.13 

8  0 

No.  10 

8.0 

Total 

34.44 
4.30 

13.76 
1.72 

22.11 
2.76 

35.87 
4.48 

40.0 

64.2 

104.2 

-1.43 
-  .18 

16.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

60.20 

(69. 89) 

4.30 

(4.37) 

24. 98 

61.81 

41.5 

'(66."6) 

102.7 

-1.61 

1    24.0 

(42.00) 

Average j 

1.78 

4.41 

-  .11 

(2. 62) 

1 

Third  subperiod: 
No.   7 

15. 15 

19.88 

7.10 
6.10 

9.02 
12.33 

16. 12 

18.43 

46.9 
30.7 

59  5     infi  d 

-0.97 
+1.45 

12  0 

No.  10 

62.0 

92.7 

12  0 

Total 

Average 

35.03 
4.38 

13.20 
1.63 

21.35 
2.67 

34.55 
4.32 

37.7 

60.9 

98.6 

+  .48 
+  .06 

24.0 

Subperiods  l,2,and  3: 
Total 1 

95.23 

(104. 92) 

4.33 

(4.37) 

38. 18 

96.  36 

40.1 

'(66."4) 

101.2 

-1.13 

j-    48.0 

(63.35) 

Average i 

1.74 

4.38 

-  .05 

(2.64) 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


821 


Table  LIX. — SttmnHiri/  of  phosphoric-acid  balances:  for  Series  II — Continued. 

"■.riii-ee  men. 


1     1 

Period.            '   ^    r     j 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Grams. 
„     -                          f          27.50 

^<^-  ' i         (36.25) 

^-      ,.,                          f          34.13 

Grams. 
12.15 

Grams. 

Grams. 
29. 08 

'"'s'iig' 

""26.'52' 

Pec  ct. 
44.2 

"41."  6' 

"35.5' 

Per  ct. 

■(58:4) 
"(hi'.T) 
■(56:6) 

Per  ct. 
105. 7 

Grams. 
-1.58 

Grams. 

(21. 16) 

13.99 

94.3 

+1.94 

^«-io {     (n.m. ...::.::. 

».      ,                            (1          31.68           11. ''5 



(22.92) 

1 

83.7 

+  5.16 

^0-1- \          (40.671 



(20.35) 

^       ,                  f 

QS  .^1             S7  SQ 

87.79 

40.1 

■(53:9) 

94.1 

+5.52 

To«**i {;     (lig.eo) 

Average |          ,]-\l^ 

(64.43) 

1.78 

4.18 

+  .26 

(2.39) 

Presen-alive  perml. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  7 

15. 92            8. 11 
9  X4  1         a.  1 1 

8.84 

16. 95 
8.99 

""'m.si' 

50.9 
31.6 

"35.'i" 

55..5 

'(56:6) 
53.5 

106. 5 
91.4 

-1.03 

+  .85 

4.0 
1      4.0 

>^O-10 1           n9..53) 

(ii.65) 

No.  12 

19.04 

6.69 

10.18 

88.6 

+2.17 

4.0 

44  80  1          17.91 

42. 81 

40.0 

■(55:2) 

95.6 

+1.99 

1          ,.,    A 

T«t*l {          (.54:59) 

(30.07) 

[    U.i) 

1.79 

4.28 

+  .20 

(2.51) 

Second  subperiod: 

No.7 

No.  10 

No.  12 

15.14               5.11 
19.30            8.65 
15.72            5.01 

9.33 

12.78 
9.79 

14.44 
21.43 
14.80 

33.7 
44.8 
31.9 

61.6 
66.2 
62.3 

95.4 
111.0 
94.2 

+0.70 
-  2. 13 
+  .92 

8.0 
8.0 
8.0 

Total 

Average 

50.16 
4.18 

18.77 
1 .  56 

31.90 
2.66 

50. 67 
4. 22 

37.4 

63.6 

101.0 

-   .51 
.04 

+  1.48 

24.0 

j^tibperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

Average 1 

94. 96  '        30. 68    

(104.65)      '        ((il.97i 

93. 48 

38.6 

■(59:2) 

98.4 

\    36.0 

4.32            1  67 

4. 25 

+  .07 

(4.36) 

(2.58) 

4242— No.  «4,  pt  1— U4- 


-21 


322 


INFLDElSrCE  'OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES-   ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LX. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  III. 
ISTo.    1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+S) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  18 

Grams. 

Gi-ams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

19 

5.02 
5.14 
4.62 
5.26 
5.14 
5.07 
5.17 
4.35 
5.25 

3.50 
2.57 
1.39 
2.12 
2.02 
2.14 
1.41 
2.88 

2.4i 
2.64 
2.66 
2.78 
2.64 
2.96 
2.68 
2.61 

6.91 
5.11 
3.96 
4.90 
4.66 
5.09 
4.09 
5.49 
7.12 

69.7 
60.0 
30.1 
40.3 
39.3 
42.2 
27.3 
66.2 
86.7 

48.0 
49.4 
56.4 
52.9 
51.4 
58.2 
61.8 
60.0 
49.9 

117.7 
99.4 
85.5 
93.2 
90.7 

100.4 
79.1 

126.2 

135.6 

-0. 89 
+  .03 

+  .67 

20 

21 

22 

+  .36 

23              

+  .48 

24 

-  .02 

25 

+1.08      . 

26 

—1.14    ! 

27 

4.50            2.62 

-1.87 

Total 

45. 02 
5.00 

22.53 
2.60 

23.79 
2.65 

46.32 
6.15 

50.0 

62.8 

102.9 

-1.30 
—  .15 

Preservative  'period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.     1 

2 

5.00 
5.08 
[4.  94] 
5.08 

0.858 
3.71 
[2.19] 
1.81 

2.86 

3.09 

Lost. 

2.76 

3.72 
6.80 

""4.'57' 

17.2 
73.0 
[44.3] 
36.6 

57.2 
60.8 

74.4 
133.9 

+1.28 
-1.72 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

3 

64.3 

90.0 

+  .51 

1.0 

Total 1 

15.16 

[20. 10] 

5.05 

[5.02] 

8.71 

16.09 

■"i42."6i 

67.5 

99.5 

+  .07     i1 

[8.568] 

]■   -*•" 

Average | 

2.90 

3.03 

+2. 02 

[2.14] 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

4.65 
3.99 
5.52 
4.72 

1.64 
2.47 
1.79 
1.24 

3.00 
2.74 
2.91 
2.98 

4.64 
6.21 
4.70 
4.22 

36.3 
61.9 
32.4 
26.3 

64.6 
68.7 
52.7 
6&1 

99.8 
130.6 
85.1 
89.0 

+0.01 
-1.22 
+  .82 
+  .50 

4.0 

5 

4  0 

6 

2  0 

7 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

18.88 
4.72 

7.14 
1.78 

11.63 
2.91 

18.77 
4.69 

37.8 

61.6 

99.4 

+  .11 
+  .03 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.    8 

9 

10 

11 

3.80 
4.67 
5.78 
3.76 

1.63 

1.63 

1.66 

.71 

3.09 
2.89 
2.63 
2.18 

4.72 
4.52 
4.28 
2.89 

42.9 
34.9 
28.5 
18.9 

81.8 
61.9 
46.5 
58.1 

124.2 
96.8 
74.0 
77.1 

-0.92 
+  .15 
+1.60 
+  .86 

3.0 
2.0 
3.0 
2.0 

Total 

18.00 
4.50 

5.62 
1.40 

10.79 
2.70 

16.41 
4.10 

31.2 

59.9 

91.2 

+1.  .59 
+  .40 

10  0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period:     - 

Total 1 

52.04 

[56. 98] 

4.73 

[4.75] 

31.13 

50.27 

"W.'4 

59.8 

96.6 

+1.  772 

1      26. 0 

[21. 328] 

Average | 

2.83 

4.57 

+  .16 

[1.78] 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  12 

4.55 
5.61 
6.03 
5.02 
4.96 
5.23 
5.16 
5.16 

2.51 
2.28 
2.87 
1.99 
1.67 
2.76 
2.94 
2.07 

3.03 

3.17 
2.79 
2.85 
2.49 
2.37 
2.22 
2.10 

5.64 
5.45 
5.66 
4.84 
4.16 
6.13 
5.16 
4.17 

65.2 
40.6 
47.6 
39.6 
33.7 
52.8 
57.0 
40.2 

66.6 
66.5 
46.3 
56.8 
50.2 
46.3 
43.0 

40;  8 

121.8 
97.1 
93.9 
96.4 
83.9 
98.1 

100.0 
81.0 

-0.99 
+  .16 
+  .37 
+  .18 
+  .80 
+  .10 
±  .0 
+  .98 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

41.71 
5.21 

- 

19.09 
2.38 

21.02 
2.63 

40.11 
5.01 

45.8 

50.4 

96.2 

+1.60 

+  .20 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


323 


Table  LX. — PJiosphoric-acid  balances  for  Sn-ies  HI — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  fece.s. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 

acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 

4.28 
4.94 
4.59 

4.82 

Grams. 
1.93 
1.73 
.998 
1.58 
1.54 
1.01 
1.73 
2.14 
2.14 

Grams. 
2.50 
2.95 
3.18 
3.05 
2.73 
3.13 
2.69 
2.67 
2.83 

Grams. 
4.43 
4.68 
4.18 
4.63 
4.27 
4.14 
4.42 
4.81 
4.97 

Per  ct. 
45.0 
35.0 
21.8 
32.8 
30.4 
21.3 
34.2 
57.4 
39.2 

Per  ct. 
58.5 
59.7 
69.3 
63.3 
.54.0 
65.9 
53.2 
71.6 
51.8 

Per  ct. 

103.5 
94.7 
91.1 
96.1 
84.4 
87.2 
87.4 

129.0 
91.0 

Grams. 
-0.15 
+  .26 
+  .41 
+  .19 
+  .79 
+  .61 
+  .64 
-1.08 
+  .49 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25..... 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

190a-Feb.2N 

Mar.  1 

2 

5.06 
4.75 
5.06 
3.73 
.5.46 

42.69 
4.74 

14.80 
1.64 

25. 73 
2.86 

40.53 
4.50 

34. 7         60. 2 

94.9 

+2.16 
+  .24 

.5.00 
5.01 

5  01 

2.01 
1..50 

2.75 
3.66 

4.76 
5.16 

40.2 
30.0 

[25.8] 
23.3 

55.0 
73.0 

95.2 
103.0 

+0.24 
-  .15 

1.0 
1.0 
1  0 

3.22 

4.39 

64.3 

87.6 

+  .62 

1.0 

1.5.02 

9.63 

14.31 

■■[29.' 8] 

64.1 

95.3 

+  .71 

}       4.0 

'^'^^*' 1        [2U.09] 



[.5.99] 

3.21 

4.77 

-  .24 

ri..5oi 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  4 

0 

c, 

J    ,              L                      J 

4.60 
3.05 
3.28 
3.41 

1.43 
.623 

(a\ 

2.71 
2.79 
2.82 
2.49 

4.14 
3.41 
2.82 
2  49 

31.1 
20.4 

58.9 
91.4 
86.0 
73.0 

90.0 
111.8 
86.0 
73.0 

+0.46 
-  .36 
+  .46 
+  .92 

4.0 
2.0 
0  0 

1  0 

Total 

Average 

Third  subperiofl : 

1903— Mar.  « 

9 

10 

11 

Total 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
perirjd: 

14. :« 
3.-58 

2.05 
1.02 

10.81 
2.70 

12.  86 
3. 22 

14.3 


7.5.4 

89.7 

+1.48 
+  .36 

7.0 

1.86 
3.51 
4.25 
4.56 

2.18 

2.26 

.  1. 12 

1.65 

2.34 
2.52 
2.73 
2.68 

4.52 

4.78 
3.85 
4.33 

117.8 
64.4 
26.4 
36.2 

126.5 
71.8 
64.2 

58.8 

244.3 
136.2 
90.6 
95.0 

-2.67 
-1.27 
+  .40 
+  .23 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

14.17 
3.54 

7.21 
1.80 

10.27 
2.57 

17.48 
4.37 

50.9 

72.5 

123.4 

-  3. 31 

0.0 

43.  .5.^ 

30.71 

44.65 

■■■[si.'-ii 

70.6 

102.6 

-1.12 

\      11.0 

'^"^^ 1        [48.60] 

[15.25] 

2.79 

4.06 

-  .10 

[1.62] 

AJUr  period. 

190:i— Mar.  12 

13 

14 

15 

•■        -• 

5.10 
4.67 
5.65 
5.07 
6.04 
5.29 
5.14 
4.17 

2.77 
2.14 
2.49 
1.55 
2.23 
1.62 
1.69 
.770 

2. 35 
2.46 
2.26 
2.45 
2.78 
2.60 
2.42 
2.37 

5.12 
4.60 
4.75 
4.00 
.5.01 
4.12 
4.11 
3.14 

54.3 
4.5.8 
44.1 
TO.  6 
44. 2 

:jo.6 

32.9 
18.5 

46.1 
62.7 
40.0 
48.  3 
5.5.2 
47.3 
47.1 
56.8 

100.4 
98.5 
84.1 
78. 9 
99.4 
77.9 
80.0 
76.3 

-0.02 
+  .07 
+  .90 
+  1.07 
+  .03 
+  1.17 
+  1.03 
+  1.03 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

40.13  i     16.26 
5  02           1   91 

19. 69 
2.46 

:{4.H6 
4  iUl 

38.0 

48.8 

86.8 

+6.28 
+  .(Mi 

1                  1 

a  No  moveiiii'til. 


324 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  L,^.— Phosphoric-acid  halances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
ZN^o.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Peb.  19 

Grams. 
3.83 
3.30 
[3.45] 
3.99 
4.10 
3.78 
4.06 
3.48 
3.81 

Grams. 
1.37 

.524 
[.92] 
1.02 
1.64 

.480 
1.04 
1.21 

.782 

Grams. 
1.84 
2.48 
Lost. 
2.42 
2.87 
2.68 
2.43 
2.44 
2.28 

Grams. 
3.21 
3.00 

'""3.' 44' 
4.51 
3.16 
3.47 
3.65 
3.06 

Per  a. 
35.8 
15.8 
[26.7] 
25.6 
40.0 
12.7 
25.6 
34.8 
20.5 

Per  ct. 
48.0 
75.1 

Per  ct. 
83.8 
90.9 

Grams. 
+0. 62 
+  .30 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

60.6 
70.0 
70.9 
59.9 
70.1 
59.8 

86.2 
110.0 

83.6 

85.5 
104.9 

80.3 

+  .55 

-  .41 
+  .62 
+  .59 

-  .17 
+  .75 

23 

24 

25 

26       

27 

Total 1 

30.35 

19.44 

27.50 

"■[26: 6] 

64.0 

90.6 

+2.85 

[33.80] 
3.79 
[3.76] 

[8. 986] 

/ 

2.43 

3.44 

+  .35 

Average ■! 

[1.00] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Feb  28  

3.69 

0.637 
.887 

2.29 

2.78 

2.93 

3.67 

17.3 
22.5 

62.1 
70.6 

79.4 
93.1 

+0.76 

+  .27 

1  0 

Mar.  1 

3.94 

(«) 
3.30 

1  0 

2 

1  0 

3  

.981 

2.59 

3.57 

29.7 

78.5 

108.2 

-  .27 

1  0 

Total     

10.93 
3.64 

2.505 

.84 

7.66 
2.55 

10.17 
3.39 

22.9 

70.1 

93.0 

+  .76 
+  .25 

4  0 

Second  subperiod: 
:fe03    Mar  4 

3.47 
3.72 
4.02 
3.30 

1.13 
.349 

1.34 
.794 

2.41 
2.09 
2.39 
2.41 

3.54 
2.44 
3.73 
3.20 

32.6 

9.4 

33.3 

24.0 

69.4 
56.2 
59.5 
73.0 

102.0 
65.6 
92.8 
97.0 

-0.07 
+1.28 
+  .29 
+  .10 

4  0 

5    

4  0 

6 

2  0 

2.0 

Total    

14.51 
3.63 

3.613 
.903 

9.30 
2.325 

12.91 
3.  23 

24.9 

64.1 

89.0 

+1.60 
+  .40 

12  0 

Average 

Tliird  subperiod : 
1903— Mar.  8 

3.67 

0.510 
1.46 
.708 
.386 

2.55 
2.39 
2.30 
2.00 

3.06 
3.85 
3.01 
2.39 

13.9 
46.5 
18.7 
17:4 

69.5 
76.1 
60.5 
an  1 

83.4 
122.6 

79.2 
107.6 

+0.61 

-  .71 
+  .79 

-  .17 

3.0 

9    . 

3.14 
3.80 
2.22 

3  0 

10 

2  0 

11 

3.0 

Total    

12.83 
3.21 

3.064 

.77 

9.24 
2.31 

12. 30 
3.08 

23.9 

72.0 

95.9 

+  .53 
+  .13 

11  0 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total : 

Average 

38.27 
3.48 

9. 182 
.84 

26.20 
2.38 

35.38 
3.22 

24.0 

68.4 

92.4 

+2.89 
+  .26 

27.0 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  12 

3.47 
4.27 
3.99 
3.65 
3.63 
(4.13) 
3.22 
3.89 

1.26 
.585 

1.29 
.582 
.738 

Lost. 

1.15 

lv02 

1.76 
2.71 
2.36 
1.95 
1.95 
(L94) 
1.95 
1.61 

3.02 
3.30 
3.65 
2.53 
2.68 

36.3 
13.8 
32.3 
16.4 
20.3 

50.7 
63.5 
59.2 
54.9 
53.7 
(47.  0) 
60.6 
41.4 

87.0 
77.3 
91.5 
71.3 
74.0 

+0.45 
+  .97 
+  .34 
+1.02 
+  .95 

13 

14  ..., 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 1 

3.10 
2.63 

35.7 
26.2 

96.3 
67.6 

+  .12 
+1.26 

26.02 
^30.1.51 

6. 625 
'"'".'95" 

'(16.23)' 

20.91 

25.5 

"(53.' 8) 

80.4 

+  5.11 

'^^•era^e 1         ^1^2 

2.99 

-t-  .73 

(2.03) 

1 

a  Discarded. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


325 


Table  LX. — Phospltoric-dcid  balances  for  Sericx  III — (\)ntinued. 


Period  and  date. 


Fore  period. 


19J3— Feb. 


1 
In  food. 


Grams. 

Absent. 
4.52 
4.30 
(3.90) 
.=>.33 
4.79 
5.07 
3.80 
.5.01 


In  feces. 


Gravis. 


Total I 

Average \ 

Preservative  period,     i 


First  .'iubperiod : 

1903— Feb.   28. 

Mar.     1. 

2. 
3. 


1.22 
.671 
(«) 
.552 
1.17 
1.56 
1.46 
1.29 


3      I      4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 


In 
urine 


Grams. 


2.26 
2.53 
(2.57) 
3.35 
2.95 
2.65 
2.99 
2.71 


Grams. 


3.48 
3.10 


3.90 
4.12 
4.21 
4.45 
4.00 


32. 82 

(36.72)1 

4. 69         1. 117 

(4.53) 


27.  26 


^22. 01) 


3.89 


(•'•  "5) 


3.87 

1.23 

3.31 

4. 22 

1.86 

3.41 

[4.501 

[  .972] 

Lost. 

0.18 

1.31 

3.49 

4.54 
5.27 


Total 


Average . 


13.27 

[17.77]; 
4.42 

[4.44] 


[.5.372] 
'ii.'343i 


10.21 
"'3."46' 


14.  61 
"'4.' 87 


In 
feces. 

(2+1) 


Per  ct. 


27.0 
13.3 


10.4 
24.4 
30.8 
38.4 
25.  7 


6 

In 
urine. 

(3-4-1) 


7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 


Per  ct.    Per  ct. 


50.0 
58.8 
(65.  9) 
62.8 
61.6 
52.2 
78.7 
54.1 


77.0 
72.1 


73.2 
86.0 
83.0 
117.1 
79.8 


23.9 


83.1 


(.59.9) 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Grams. 


+1.04 
+1.20 


+  1.43 
+  .67 
+  .86 
-  .65 
+  1.01 


9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 


Grams. 


+5.56 


+  .80 


31.7 
44.1 
[21.6] 
25.3 


[30.2] 


67.4 


117.3 
124. 9 


92.7 


-0.67 
-1.05 


+  .38 


1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 


110. 1        -1.34  1 1 
i 


-  .45 


Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

4.04 
4  01 

1.07 
1  ')q 

2.83 
9  ■/» 

3.90 
^.  (17 

26.4 
32.2 
16.0 
39.  1 

70.1 
69. 3 

82.7 

ii«.y 

96.5 
101.5 

98.7 
143. 1 

+0.H 
—  .06 

4.0 
4   (1 

6 

3.87           .621   '         3.20         3.82 
2.65  1         .997           2.65         3.65 

+  .05  i           2,0 
-1.10  1           •'  0 

Total 

14.47  1      3.978  j      11.46       1.5.44 
3  62             994  1        2  86  i      3  86 

27.5         79.2 

106.  7 

-  .97 

-  .24 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.     8 

10........ 

11 

3.02 
2.53 
3.  (■)5 
1..52 

0.887 
.693 
1.25 
1.07 

2.07  1      2.96 
2.07  j      2.76 
2.40  !      3.65 
1.84  1      2.91 

29.4 
27.4 
34.2 
70.4 

68.6 
81.7 
65. 8 
121.0 

98.  0  1     +0. 06 
109.1        -  .23 
100. 0            .  00 
191.4       -1.39 

3.0 
1.7 
3.0 
2.U 

Total 

Average 

10.72  1      3.900 
2  68  '          't'-T 

8.38 
2.09 

12. 28 
3.07 

36.4 

78.2 

114.6 

-1..56            9.7 
-  .39    

K  n  t  i  r  e  i)reservati  ve 
period: 

Total 1 

38.46 

[12.  %] 

3.  49 

[3.  .58] 

30. 05 

42. 33 

■■■[so.'sj 

78.2 

110.1 

-3.87 

}      25. 7 

[13.250] 

1 

2.73 

3.85 

-  .36 



.\veragc -■, 

[i.itwj 

A/I'  r  pi  rind . 

(3.27) 

IjMi 

(2.26) 
(1.87) 
2.02 
1.63 

(69. 1 ) 
(49. 1 ) 
42.9 
46.5 

13 

(3.81V       L<o«t. 
4.71          ('') 
3.51         1..58 

1 

14 

2.  02 
3.21 

'2.83' 
2.97 

"4.5.0' 

42. 9 
91.5 

+2.69  ! 

15 

+  .30 

16 

[4.02]       [1.18]          I^)st. 
4.14           .910  1         1.92 
8.W)         1.05             1.92 

[29.3] 
22.0 
29.2 

17 

46.4 
53.3 
(45.9) 

68.4 
«2.6 

+  1.31 
+  .63 

IX 

19 

(4.31)        (II) 

(1.98) 

j 

( 

1 

15.  96 
{27.:i5) 

11.03 

69.1 

+4. 93 

ToUil 1 

(13.00) 

(49.7) 

[4.72] 

[2:1.6] 

•A  (Ml 

2.76 

+  1.28 

Av.ni),"- 1        (3.»l) 

(1.94) 

[1.18] 

i"" 

oDiflcardcd. 


bNo  inovcment. 


326 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVJ>iTIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LX. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  III — Continued^ 
ISTo.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 

acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb.  19 

Grams. 
4.91 
5.22 
5.14 
5.57 
5.02 
5.52 
5.43 
4.87 
5.66 

Grams. 
0.901 

.531 

.321 
3.91 
2.12 

.970 
1.55 
3.56 

.544 

Grains. 
2.74 
3.31 
3.47 
3.27 
3.02 
3.70 
3.55 
3.47 
3.15 

Grams. 
3.64 
3.84 
4.09 
7.18 
5.14 
4.67 
5.10 
7.03 
3.69 

Per  ct. 
18.4 
10.2 
12.1 
70.2 
42.2 
17.6 
28.5 
73.1 
9.6 

Per  ct. 
55.8 
63.4 
67.5 
58.7 
60.2 
67.0 
65.4 
71.3 
55.6 

Per  ct. 

74.1 

73.6 

79.6 

128. 9 

102.4 

84.6 

93.9 

144.4 

65.2 

Grams. 
+1.27 
+  1.38 
+1.05 
-1.61 
-  .12 
+  .85 
+  .33 
-2.16 
■1-1.97 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24              .   .. 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

47.34 
5.26 

14. 707 
1.63 

29.68 
3.30 

44.38 
4.93 

31.1 

62.7 

93.7 

+2.96 
+  .23 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  28 

5.32 
5.40 
[5.33] 
4.89 

3.08 
.213 
[1.38J 
3.09 

3.11 

3.23 

Lost. 

3.57 

6.19 
3.443 

57.9 
39.4 
[25.9] 
63.2 

58.5 
59.8 

116.4 
63.8 

-0.87 
+1. 957 

1  0 

1  0 

2 

1  0 

3 

73.0 

136.2 

-1.77 

1  0 

Total 1 

15.61 

[20. 94] 

5.20 

[6.24] 

9.91 

16. 293 

■■■[37."ii 

63.5 

104.4 

-  .683 

1        4.0 

[7.76] 

Average I 

3.30 

5.428 

-  .228 

[1.94] 

! 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

4.89 
4.93 
6.01 
4.43 

1.73 
1.26 
2.25 
1.17 

3.28 
3.15 
3.36 
3.56 

5.01 
4.41 
5.61 
4.73 

35.4 
25.6 
37.4 
26.4 

67.1 
63.9 
55.9 
80.4 

102.5 
89.5 
93.3 

106.8 

-0.12 
+  .52 
+  .40 
-  .30 

4  0 

5    . 

4  0 

6 

2  0 

2  0 

Total 

Average 

20.26 
5.06 

6.41 
1.60 

13.35 
3.34 

19.76 
4.94 

31.6 

65.9 

97.5 

+  .50 
+  .12 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  8 

4.19 
3.48 
3.47 
2.80 

0.960 
.317 
.656 
.264 

3.25 
3.03 
2.40 
2.38 

4.21 
3.35 
3.06 
2.64 

22.9 
9.1 

18.9 
9.4 

77.6 
87.1 
69.2 
85  0 

100.5 
96.3 

88.2 

Ql   S 

-0.02 
+  .13 
+  .41 
+  .16 

3  0 

9 

3.0 
2  2 

10., 

11 

3  0 

Total 

13.94 
3.48 

2.197 
.55 

11.06 
2.76 

13.26 
3.32 

15.8 

79.3 

95.1 

+  .68 
+  .17 

11  2 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

49.81 

[55. 14] 

4. 53 

[4.60] 

34.32 

51.23 

"■■[33.'ii 

68.9 

102.8 

-1.42 

1      27.2 

[18. 287] 
■"■[L52]" 

Average | 

3.12 

4.66 

-  .13 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  12 

4.29 
4.72 
6.11 
5.59 
5.41 
5.64 
5.27 
5.79 

2.44 
1.65 
2.27 
(a) 
1.84 
2.54 
.486 
1.72 

3.44 
2.96 
3.37 
3.16 
2.74 
2.61 
2.62 
2.89 

5.88 
4.61 
5.64 
3.16 
4.58 
5.15 
3.11 
4.61 

56.9 
35.0 
37.1 

"'"34.'6' 

45.0 

9.2 

29.7 

80.2 
62.7 
55.2 
56.5 
50.7 
46.3 
49.7 
49.9 

137.1 
97.7 
92.3 
56.5 
84.7 
91.3 
59.0 
79.6 

-1.59 
+  .11 
+  .47 
+2.43 
+  .83 
+  .49 
+2. 16 
+1.18 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

42.82 
5.35 

12. 946 
1.62 

23.79 
2.97 

36.74 
4.59 

30.2 

55.6 

85.8 

+6.08 
+  .76 

Average 

a-  No  movement. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


327 


Table  LX. — PJtosphoric  acid  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
ISTo.  6. 


1 

Period  and  date.         ^     ,     ^ 
In  food. 

a. 

In  feces. 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Ff  b.  19 

Grams. 
3.31 
3.15 
3.00 
3.39 
4.13 
4.68 
4.  .55 
3.54 

Grams. 

(«) 

0.358 
2.64 
1.23 

C) 

.983 
1.19 
1.64 

Gram.<<. 
1.54 
2.08 
1.94 
1.88 
2.06 
2.68 
2.70 
2.34 
2.09 

Grams. 
1.54 
2.44 
4.58 
3.11 
2.06 
3.66 
3.89 
3.98 
2.09 

Per  ct. 

"'ii.l' 

88.0 
36.3 

'"2i."6' 
26.2 
46.3 

Per  ct. 
46.5 
66.0 
64.7 
55.4 
49.9 
57.2 
59.3 
66.1 
50.0 

Per  ct. 
46.5 
77.4 
1.52. 7 
91.7 
49.9 
78.2 
85.5 
112.4 
50.0 

Grams. 
+1.77 
+  .71 
-1.58 
+  .28 
+2. 07 
+  1.02 
+  .66 
-  .44 
+2. 09 

Grams. 

20 

21 

09 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27        

4.18 



Total 

33.93  ;      8.041 
3.77  ,        .89 

19.31 
2.15 

27.35 
3.04 

23.7 

56.9 

80.6 

+6. 58 
+  .73 

Presen'ative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  2.s 

Mar.    1 

2 

3 

3. 23         2. 34 
2.78  .      2.40 
[4.55]      [2.11] 
4.72  i        .874 

1.99 
2.51 
Lost. 
2.74 

4.33 
4.91 

"k'.hi 

72.5 
86.3 
[46.4] 
18.5 

61.6 
90.3 

134.1 
176.6 

-1.10 
-2. 13 

1.0 
.0 
.0 

58.0 

76.5 

+1.11 

.0 

in  73 

7.24 

12.85 

67.5 

119.8 

-2. 12 

}  1-° 

Total \        ^15,.2s] 

(           3. 58 

[7.72] 

[50.5] 

2.41 

4.28 

-  .70 

-•^^•erage {         ^?if^-^ 

[1.93] 

Second  svibperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

•-           -* 

3.43 
3.78 
4.67 
4.23 

1.77 
2.45 
1.40 
1.54 

2.99 
2.56 
2.34 
2.67 

4.76 
5.01 
3.74 
4.21 

51.6 
64.8 
30.0 
37.0 

87.2 
67.7 
50.1 
63.0 

138.8 
132. 5 
80.1 
100.0 

-1.33 
-1.23 
+  .93 

+  .02 

0.0 
.0 

6 

1.0 
2.0 

Total 

.Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

16.11  1      7.16 
4.03  1      1.79 

10.56 
9,  fi4 

17.72 
4.43 

44.5 

65.5 

110.0 

-1.61 
-  .40 

3.0 

1 

4.24  1.11 

3.25  1        .899 
4.45  1       (a) 
3.65  1      1.22 

2.07 
2.61 
2.21 
2.21 

3.18 
3.51 
2.21 
3.43 

26.2 
27.7 

"'33.4' 

48.8 
80.3 
49.7 
60.6 

75.0 
108.0 
49.7 
94.0 

+  1.06 
-  .26 
+2.24 
+  .22 

3.0 
3.0 

10 

3.0 

11 

3.0 

Total 

15. 59 
3.90 

3. 23            9. 10 
.80            2.28 

12.33 
3.08 

20.7 

58.4 

79.1 

+3.26 
+  .82 

12.0 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
periwl : 

Total 1 

Average \ 

42.43 

[46. 98] 

3.86 

f3. 921 

"[i8.'ii]" 

20. 90 

42. 90 

■■[:«.' 6] 

63.4 

101.1 

-0.47 

\      16.0 

2.45 

3.90 

-  .04 

11    511 

1 

After  period. 

VMr.'r—y\>iT.  12 

13 

4.44         1.60 
3.72  1      1.70 
4.89  1        .655 
4.71  1      1.53 
3.89         1.59 
4.58         1.61 
3.62         2.74 
^4.30)       Uyf,i. 

2.61 
2.36 
2.27 
2.  .57 
1.71 
1.87 
1.69 
(2.28) 

4.21 
4.06 
2.92 
4.10 
3.30 
3.48 
4.43 

36.0 
45.7 
13.4 
32. 5 
40.9 
:j.5.2 
75.7 

.58. 8 
63. 4 
46. 3 
54.5 
43.9 
40.8 
46.7 
(53.0) 

94.8 
109. 1 
.59.7 
87.0 
84.8 
76.0 
122.4 

+0. 23 

-  .34 
+  1.97 
+  .61 
+  .59 
+  1.10 

-  .81 

14 

15 

le 

17 

18 

19 

Total 1 

29.85       11.425 

(:H.15) 

4.2(i  I       1  (U< 

26.50 

38.3 

■■(56:8) 

88.8 

+3. 85 

(17.86) 

A  veragc < 

3.78 

+  .48 

(4.27) 

(2. 17) 

1 

a  No  movement. 


328 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXI. — Summar-y  of  pJtosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  III. 
Four  iTien. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 

urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.l 

Grams. 
45.02 
:^o.  ;i5 

Grams. 
22.53 

Grams. 
23.79 
19.44 

Grams. 
46.32 
27.50 

Per  ct. 
50.0 

""[26."  6]" 
23.9 

Per  ct. 
52.8 
64.0 

Per  ct. 
102.9 
90.6 

Grams. 
-  1.30 
+  2.85 

Grains. 

■N^      .->                                  1 

^0-^ \:      m.sm 

[8. 986] 
7.82 

No.4 1 

32. 82 
(36.  72) 
47.34 

27.26 

"(59."  9) 
62.7 

83.1 

+  5.56 

(22.01) 
29.68 

No.5                     

14.  707 

44.39 

31.1 

93.7 

+  2.95 

( 

155.  53 

(1.59.43) 

[158. 981 

4  7] 

(4.69) 

[4.68] 

145. 47 

93.5 

+  10.06 

Total I 

(94. 92) 

(59. 5) 

[54.  043] 

[34.0] 

1 

1 

4.40 

+     .31 

Average i 

(2.79) 

■[1.59]" 

1       . 



Preservative  period. 
First  subperiod: 
No.l 1 

15.16 
[20. 10] 

10.93 

13.27 
[17.77] 

15.61 
[20. 94] 

8.71 

15.09 

"■[42.' 6] 
22.9 

"  [30.' 2] 

""[46."  2] 

57.0 

99.5 

+  0.07 

1      4.0 

4.0 

1      4.0 

1      4.0 
j-    16.0 

[8. 568] 
2. 505 

No.3 

No.4 1 

No.5 1 

7.66 
10.21 

10.16 
14.61 

70.1 
76.9 

93.0 
110.1 

+     .77 
-  1..34 

[5.372]" 

9.91 

1.8. 21 

63.5 

116.7 

-  2.60 

[9.  68] 

Total 1 

Average | 

54.  97 

[69.  74] 

4.58 

[4.  65] 

36.49 

58.07 

""[37."  5]" 

66.4 

105.6 

-  3.10 

[26. 125] 

3.04 

4.84 

—     .26 

(1741 

Second  subperiod: 
No.l 

18.88 
14.51 
14.47 
20.26 

7.14 
3.613 
3.978 
6.41 

11.63 

9.30 

11.46 

13.35 

18.77 
12.91 
15. 44 
19.76 

37.8 
24.9 
27.5 
31.6 

61.6 
64.1 
79.2 
65.9 

99.4 
89.0 
106.7 
97.5 

+  0.11 
+  1.60 
-     .97 
+     .50 

12  0 

No.3 

12  0 

No.4 

12.0 

No.5 

12  0 

Total 

68.12 
4.26 

21.141 
1 .  H-> 

45.  74 
2.86 

66.88 
4.18 

31.0 

67.2 

98.2 

+  1.24 
+     .08 

48.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.l 

18.00 
12. 83 
10.72 
13.  94 

5.62 
3.064 
3.900 
2.197 

10.79 
9.24 
8.38 

11.06 

16.41 
12.30 
12.28 
13. 26 

31.2 
23.9 
36.4 
15.8 

59.9 
72.0 
78.2 
79.3 

91.2 

95.9 

114.6 

95.1 

+  1.59 
+     .53 
-  1.56 

+      68 

10  0 

No.3 

11.0 

No.4 

9.7 

No.5 

11  9 

Total    . 

55.49 
3.47 

14. 781 
.92 

39.47 
2.47 

54. 25 
3.39 

26.6 

71;  1 

97.7 

+  1.24 
+     .08 

41  9 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

No.l 1 

52.04 

[56. 98] 
38. 27 
38.46 

[42.  96] 
49.81 

[55. 14] 

31.13 

50. 27 

■"[37."4]" 
24.0 

" [so'sj 

"i33."ii 

59.8 

96.6 

+  1.772 

1    26.0 

[21. 328] 
9.182 

No.3 

26.20 
30.05 

35.38 
42.33 

68.5 
78.2 

92.5 
110.1 

+  2.88 
-  3.87 

27  0 

No.4 1 

}•    25.7 

[13. 250] 

No.5 { 

34.32 

51.23 

68.9 

102.8 

-  1.42 

1    27.2 

ri8.  2871 

•- 

Total j 

178.  58 

[193. 35] 

4.05 

"[62."647J 

121.70 

179.  21 

■"[32."ij 

68.2 

100.4 

-     .63 

1  105.  9 

Average i 

2.77 

4.07 

-     .02 

[4.11]        [1.32] 

After  period. 
No.l 

No  3                          j 

41.71 

26.02 
(30. 15) 

15. 96 
(27.  35) 
[19.  98] 

42. 82 

19.09 
6.625 

21.02 

40.11 
20.91 

45.8 
25.5 

50.4 
"(53."8) 

96.2 
80.4 

+  1.60 
+  5.11 

(16.  23) 

1 

11.03 

69.1 

+  4.93 

No.4 1 

(13.60) 

(49.7) 

\ 

[4.72] 
12.  946 

[23. 6] 
30.2 

No.5 

23.79 

36.74 

55.6 

85.8 

+  6.08 

f 

126. 51 

(142.03) 

[130.  53] 

4.68 

(4.58) 

[4.66] 

108.  79 

86.0 

+  17.72 

Total } 

"""[43."  381] 

(74.64) 

(52.6) 

[33.2] 

(2."4i) 

4.03 

+     .65 

Average .! 

1 

[1..55] 

1 

1 

1 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


829 


Table  LXI.— ,S'm»j/H'<>7/  of  pJiosphoric-ackl  balances  for  Serien  ///^Continued. 

Five   iiaen. 


Period. 


In  food. 


Fore  period. 


No..' 

No.  3 

y<>.i 

-\o.5 


Average 


I'rescrv'itive  period. 

First  subperiod: 
iN'o.l I 


Xo.2. 
Xo.3. 
Xo.4. 


Xo.5. 


Total  . 


Average . 


Second  subperiod: 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.4 

No.  5 


Total... 
Average 


Third  subperiod: 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.4 

No.  5 


Total . . . 
Average 


Entire  preservative 
lJcri<Kl :  I 

Xo.  1 f 


Xo.2... 
Xo.3... 
Xo.-l... 


Xo. 


Grams. 
45.02 
■42. 69 
30.35 
[33. 80] 
32.  »■> 
(36. 72j 
47.34 


8 

In  feces. 


Grams. 
•22.  bS 

14.80 


[8.  986] 
7.82 


3 


In  urine. 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 


Grams. 
23. 79 
25. 73 
19.44 


46.32 
40. 53 
27. 50 


14. 707 


27. 26 


(22.01) 
29.68 


198.22 

(202.12) 

[201.  67] 

4.72 

(4.70)' 

[4.69] 


[68. 843] { 
[1.60]   1 


(120.65) 
■■■(2."8i) 


44.38 


185. 99 
""4.'43 


15.16 
[20. 10] 

15.02 
[20. 09] 

10.93 

13.27 
[17.77] 

15. 61 
[20. 94] 


[8. 568] 


8.71 


[5.  99] 
2.505 


[5.372] 

:9. 081 ' 


7.66 
10.21 


9.91 


69. 99 

[89.  Ki] 

4.67 

[4.73] 


18.88 
14.34 
14.51 
14.47 
20. 26 


[32. 115] 
■■ii.'69J' 


7.14 
2. 05 
3.613 
3.978 
6.41 


82. 40 
4.12 


23.191 
1.16 


18.00 
14.17 
12.83 
10.72 
13.94 


5. 62 
7.21 
3.064 
3.900 
2. 197 


69.  (x; 
3.48 


21.991 
1.10 


[21.328] 


[15. 25] 
9. 182 


I'otal 


AveraKe . 


52.04 
[56. 98] 
43. 5:1 

[48.  m] 

38.27 
;«.  46 

[  42. 9*;] 
49.81 

[5.5.14] 


222.11    

[241.95]:     [77.297] 

4.04  I 

[4.10]        [1.810] 


11.63 
10.81 
9.30 
11.46 
13.35 


56.55 
2.83 


10.79 
10.27 
9.24 
8.38 
11.06 


49.74 
2.49 


[13.250] 
'  |i«.'287i 


31.13 

'36.' 7i 


26. 20 
■M.  05 


84.82 


1.52,41 
'"i'77' 


10.17 
14.61 


18.21 


18.77 
12.86 
12. 91 
1.5. 44 
19.76 


In 
feces. 
(2-1) 


6 

In 
urine. 
(3-Hl) 


Per  ct.  [  Per  ct. 


7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4H-1) 


50.0 
34.7 


[26.6] 
23.9 


[34.1] 


52.8 
60.2 
64.0 


Per  ct. 

102.9 
94.9 
90.6 


(59.9) 
62.7  I 


83.1 
'93.' 7 


(59.7) 


93.8 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Grams. 
-  1.30 
+  2.16 
+  2.85 


+  6.56 
+  2.96 


+  12.23 


[42.6] 


57.5 

'ei.'i' 


99.5 
"95.' 3 


[29.8] 

22. 9  I    70. 1       93. 0 

76.9     110.1 

[30.2] 

I     63.5     116.7 

[46.2] I 


[35. 8] 


.17.8 
14.3 
24.9 
27.5 
31.6 


65.9 


61.6 
7.5.4 
64.1 
7^.2 
6.5.9 


79.74 
3.99 


16.41 
17.48 
12.30 
12.28 
13.26 


71.73 
3.  .59 


.50.27 
'44.'6.5 


:15. 39 
42. 33 


51.23 


223.87 
'4.07' 


28.1       68.6 


103.4 


99.4 
89.7 
89.0 
106.7 
97.5 


96.7 


31.2 
60.9 
23.9 
36.4 
1.5.8 


.59.9 
72.5 
72.0 
78.2 
79.3 


31.6 


[37.4] 


[31.4] 
24.0 


[30.8] 
■[83.' ij 


71.4 


91.2 
123.4 

95.9 
114.6 

95.1 


103.0 


59.8 


96.6 


68. 5       92. 5 
78.2     110.1 


08.9     102.8 


[31.9] 


68.6     100.8 


+     .29 


+  0.07 

+ 


■1      1 
J 

+     .76 
-  1.34 


2.60 


2.40 

".io" 


+  0.11 
+  1.48 
+  1.60 
-  .97 
+     .50 


+  2.72 
+     .13 


+  1.59 

-  3.31 
+     .52 

-  1..56 

+     .68 


2.07 
.11 


+  1.772 

:;.■■;  i  12  ■ 


+  2.88 

-  3.87 


-  1.42 


1.76     1 


.03 


330  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LXII. — Fhosiyhoric-acid  balances  for  Series  IV. 

ISTo.  v. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2  +  3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3+1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  lyeriod. 
1903— Mar.  20 

Grams. 
2.83 
4.33 
3.73 
3.66 
2.81 
3.55 
3.59 
4.49 

Gi-ams. 
1.45 
2.26 
1.81 
1.44 
1.62 
1.25 
2.97 
.944 

Grams. 
1.12 
2.06 
1.70 
1.92 
1.57 
1.62 
2.18 
1.83 

Grams. 
2.57 
4.32 
3.51 
3.36 
3.19 
2.87 
5.15 
2.77 

Per  ct. 
51.2 
52.2 
48.5 
39.3 
57.6 
35.2 
82.7 
21.0 

Per  ct. 
39.6 
47.6 
45.6 
52.5 
55.9 
45.6 
60.7 
40.7 

Per  ct. 
90.8 
99.8 
94.1 
91.8 

113.5 
80.8 

143. 5 
61.7 

Grams. 
+0.26 
+  .01 
+  .22 
+  .30 
-  .38 
+  .68 
-1.56 
+1. 72 

Grams. 

21 

22 

23 

24             .   .. 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

28.99 
3.62 

13.  744 
1.718 

14.00 
1.75 

27.  74 
3.47 

47.4 

48.3 

95.7 

+1.25 
+  .15 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

3.66 
3.94 
3.50 
3.97 

2.03 
2. 92 
2.10 
1.59 

2.10 
1.81 
2.04 
2.06 

4.13 

4.73 
4.14 
3.65 

55.5 
74.1 
60.0 
40.0 

57.4 
45.9 
58.3 
51.9 

112. 8 
120. 1 
118.3 
91.9 

-0.47 

-  .79 

.-  .64 

+  .32 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

15.07 
3.77 

8.64 
2.16 

8.01 
2.00 

16.65 
4.16 

57.3 

53.2 

110.5 

-1.58 
-  .39 

2  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Apr.  1 

3.46 

(«) 

1.09 

1.09 

31.5 

31.5 

+2.37 

1.0 

a  No  movement. 

ISTo.  S. 


Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  20 

4.f5 
5.16 
5.01 
(4.47) 
4.19 
4.40 
4.78 
5.54 

0.405 
1.59 
.935 
Lost, 
(a) 
2.65 
2.04 
(«) 

2.71 
2.40 
2.64 
(2.28) 
2.61 
3.56 
3.03 
3.46 

3.11 
3.99 
3.  .58 

8.2 
30.8 
18.7 

54.7 
46.5 
52.7 
(51.0) 
62.3 
80.9 
63.4 
62.5 

62.8 
77.3 
71.5 

+  1.84 
+  1.17 
+  1.43 

21 

22 '.... 

23 

24 

2.61 
6.21 
5.07 
3.46 

'66.'2' 

42.7 

62.3 
141.1 
106.1 

62.5 

+  1.58 

-  1.81 

-  .29 
+  2.08 

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

34.03 

(38. 50) 

4.86 

(4.81) 

7.62 

28.03 

22.4 

""(58.'9) 

82.4 

+  6.00 

(22.69) 

Average \ 

1.09 

4.00 

+     .86 

(2.84) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

4.'?8 
5.07 
4.45 
4.93 

1.39 
2.81 
2.57 
1.89 

2.47 
3.07 
3.17 
3.19 

3.86 
5.88 
5.74 
5.08 

29.1 

55.4 

57.8 

'    38.3 

51.7 
60.6 
71.2 
64.7 

80.8 
116.0 
129.0 
103.0 

+  0.92 

-  .81 

-  1.29 

-  .15 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

19.23 
4.81 

8.66 
2.16 

11.90 
2.98 

20.56 
5.14 

45.0 

61.9 

106.9 

-  1.33 

-  .33 

2.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Apr.   1...  . 

4.78 
4.65 
5.27 
4.76 

(a)- 
2.60 
1.19 
2.  ,53 

2.92 
2.53 
3.05 
2.92 

2.92 
5.13 
4.24 

5.45 

""55.'9' 
22.6 
53.2 

61.1 
54.4 
57.9 
61.4 

61.1 
110.3 

80.5 
114.5 

+  1.86 

-  .48 
+  1.03 

-  .69 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

2 

3 

4 

Total 

19.46 
4.86 

6.32 
1.58 

11.42 
9.Sfi 

17.74 
4.44 

32.5 

58.7 

91.2 

+  1.72 
+     .42 

4.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

38.69 
4.84 

38.30 
4.79 

38.7 

60.3 

99.0 

+  0.39 
+    .05 

6.0 

Average 

1.87 

2.92 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX, 


331 


Tablh  LXII. — Phosj)]ioric-acid  balances  fur  Series  IV — Continued. 
ZS'o.  8— Continued. 


Period  jind  date. 


In  food. 


3 


In  feces.  In  urine. 


4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 


In 
feces. 

(2-1) 


6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 


In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Preservalirr  ptiiud — ■ 
Continued. 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Af.r.   .=> 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Total 

Average 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Total 

Average 

Entire   pre.>;ervative 
period: 

Total 

.\verage 

Afler  period . 

190;i— Apr.    1.5 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

Average 


Gravis. 
4.94 
4.97 
4.95 
4.83 
4.59 


Grams. 
(a) 
1.50 
2.59 
2.07 
1.46 


Grams. 
2.90  I 
3.25 
3.41  i 
2.95  1 
2.82  i 


Grams. 
2.90 
4.75 
6.00 
5.02 
4.28 


Per  ct. 


30.2 
52.3 
42.7 
31.8 


Per  ct. 
•58.7 
65.4 
68.9 
61.1 
61.4 


Per  ct. 
58.7 
95.6 
121. 2 
103.9 
93.2 


Grams. 
+  2.04 
+     .22 

-  1.05 

-  .19 
+     .31 


24. 28 
4.86 


7.62 
1.52 


16.33  I    22.95 
3. 07  1      4. 59 


31.4 


63.1 


94.5 


+  1.33 

+     .27 


62.97 
4.84 


22. 60 
1.74 


38. 65       61. 25 
2.97  I      4.71 


3.5.9 


+  1.72 
+     .13 


5.24 
4.. 57 
4.71 
4.62 
4.64 


1.23 
1.37 
2.40 
.955 
1.30 


23.  78 
4.76 


7.315 
1.463 


.i.  II 
3.34 
3.12 
2.21 
2.64 


14.08 

2.82 


4.00 
4.71 
5.52 
3.17 
4.00 


21.40 

4.28 


23.5 
30.0 
51.0 
20.7 
29.3 


30. 


52.9 
73.1 
66.2 
47.8 
56.9 


59.2 


76.3 
103.1 
117.2 
68.6 
86.2 


90.0 


86. 75 
4.82 


29. 915 
1.66 


52.73 
2.93 


82.65 
4.59 


4.22 
4.51 
.5,49 
4.40 
4.44 
4.23 
4.42 
4.02 


35.73 

4.47 


1.06 

2.76 

3.82 

1.29 

2.45 

3.74 

1.22 

2.86 

4.08 

.914 

2.53 

3.44 

2.00 

2.72 

4.72 

2.35 

2.48 

4.83 

(a) 

3.09 

3.09 

2.41 

2.62 

5.03 

11.244 

21.51 

32. 75 

1.400 

2.69 

4.09 

25.1 
28.6 
22.2 
20.8 
45.0 
55.6 


59.9 


60.8 


96.3 


+  1.24 

-  .14 

-  .81 
+  1.46 
+     .64 


+  2.38 
+     .48 


+  4.10 
+     .23 


65.4 
54.3 
52.1 
57.5 
61.3 
58.6 
69.9 
65.2 


60.2 


90.5 

82.9 

74.3 

78.2 

106.3 

114.2 

69.9 

125. 1 


91.7 


+  0.40 
+  .77 
-f  1.41 
+     .96 

-  .28 

-  .60 
+  1.33 

-  1.01 


+  2.98 
+     .38 


<i  Xo  movement. 

]sro.  o. 


Fore  period. 
190;i— Mar.  20 

.1.06 
6.  Zi 

b.n 

.5.01 
4.26 
5.02 
4.78 
5.82 

1.99 
1.28 
2.68 
2.29 
1.68 
1.82 
2.06 
1.16 

2.38 
2.76 
2. 82 
2.99 
3.10 
3.19 
2.89 
3.19 

4.37 
4.04 
.5.50 
5.28 
4.78 
5.01 
4.95 
4.35 

39.3 
20.6 
46.5 
46.7 
39.4 
36.3 
43.1 
19.9 

47.1 
44.3 
49.0 
59.7 
72.8 
63. 5 
60.5 
54.8 

86.4 
(>4.8 
96.5 
10.5.4 
112.2 
99.8 
103. 6 
74.7 

+  0.69 
+  2. 19 
+     .26 

-  .27 

-  ..52 
+     .01 
-     .17 
+  1.47 

21 

22        

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

91.3     +  3.66 
+     .45 

Total 

41.94 
6.24 

14.9(i 
1.87 

23.32 
2.92 

3.04 
2.73 

2.87 
3.08 

38.28 
4.79 

3.5.7 

56.6 

Average 

I'rffcrmlire  period. 

FIntt  f*uliperkj<l: 

)'t(i:'.-\(,.r.  28 

29 

:« 

31 

4.  SO 
.5.19 
4.84 
5. 14 

2.07 
2. 3H 
1.99 
1.H2 

6.11 
6.11 
4.80 
4.90 

4.T1 
45. 9 
41.1 

;i5.4 

63.4 
52. 6 
69.3 
69.9 

10<i.5       -  0.31 
98. 5      -+-     .  08 

1(X).4             .f2 
95.3      H      .21 

0. 5 
.6 
.5 
.6 

Total 

19.97 
4.99 

8.2« 
2.07 

11.72 
2.93 

19,98 
5.00 

41.4 

r^.7 

100.1   1          .01 

'     -     .01 

2.0 

Avcriiif"' 



332 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXII. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 

Hyo.  9 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Preservative  period- 
Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Apr.  1. 

Grams. 
4.98 
4.82 
5.64 
5.01 

Grams. 
1.91 
(a) 
3.49 
(a) 

Gi-ams. 
2.91 
2.83 
3.26 
2.93 

Grams. 
4.82 
2.83 
6.75 
2.93 

Per  ct. 
38.4 

'"ei.'g" 

Per  ct. 

58.4 
.58.7 
57.8 
58.5 

Per  ct. 
96.8 
68.7 
119.7 
58.6 

Grams. 
+  0.16 
+  1.99 
-  1.11 

+  2.08 

Grams. 
1.0 

2 

1.0 

3  

1.0 

4 

1.0 

Total    

20. 45 
5.11 

5.40 
1.36 

11.93 
2.98 

17.33 
4.33 

26.4 

,58.3 

84.7 

+  3.12 

+     .78 

4.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total              .     . . 

40.42 
5. 05 

13.66 
1.71 

23.65 
2.95 

37.31 
4.66 

33.8 

58. 5 

92.3      -4-  3  11 

6  0 

+     .39 

Third  subperiod: 
1903    Apr  5 

5.20 
.5.15 
5.09 
4.95 
4.70 

1.86 
2.68 
1.74 
2.98 
.842 

3.28 
3.17 
3.14 
3.20 
3.  .55 

5.14 
5.85 
4.88 
6.18 
4.39 

35.7 
.52.0 
34.2 
60.2 
17.9 

63.1 
61.6 
61.7 
64.6 
75.5 

98.8 
113.6 

95.9 
124.8 

93.4 

+  0.06 

-  .70 
+     .21 

-  1.23 
+     .31 

1  0 

6 

7       

1.0 
1.0 

8 

1.0 

9 

1.0 

Total 

25.09 
5.02 

10.10 
2.  02 

16.34 
3.27 

26.44 
5.29 

40.3 

65.1 

105.4 

-  1.35 

-  .27 

6.0 

Subperiods  1,2,  and  3: 
Total 

66.51 
5.04 

23.76 

1.83 

39.99 

3.07 

63.75 
4.90 

36.3 

61.0 

•     97.3      4-1.76 

11.0 

Average 

+     .14 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— Apr.  10 

5.56 
4.66 
4.92 
4.72 
4.88 

1.70 
2.79 
1.75 
1.26   . 
1.37 

3.  .54 
3.49 
3.25 
2.61 
3.21 

.5.24 
6.28 
5.00 
3.76 
4.58 

30.6 
59.9 
35.6 
26.6 
28.1 

63.6 

74.9 
66.0 
63.2 
65.8 

94.2 

134.8 

101.6 

79.7 

93.9 

+  0.32 

-  1.62 

-  .08 
+     .96 
+     .30 

2  0 

11 

2.0 

12 

2.0 

13 

2  0 

14 

3.0 

Total 

24.74 

4.95 

8.86 
1.77 

16.00 
3.20 

24.86 
4.97 

35.8 

64.7 

100.5 

-  .12 

—  .02 

11  0 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

90.25 
5.02 

32.62 
1.81 

55.99 
3.11 

88.61 
4.92 

36.2 

62.0 

98.2 

+  1.64 

+     .10 

22.0 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

4.48 
4.47 
5.57 
4.72 
4.84 
5.04 
4.67 
4  34 

1.24 
1.77 
1.96 
2.19 
1.65 
1.70 
.530 
1  9:^ 

3.55 
2.51 
2.98 
2.67 
2.39 
3.11 
2.97 
3.04 

4.79 
4.28 
4.94 
4.86 
4.04 
4.81 
3.60 
4.27 

.   27.7 
39.6 
35.2 
46.4 
34.1 
33.7 
11.3 
28.3 

79.2 
56.1 
.53.5 
66  6 

106.9 
95.7 
88.7 

ins  n 

-  0.31 
+     .19 
+     .63 

-  .14 
+     .80 
+     .23 
+  1.17 
+     .07 

16 

17 

18 

19 

49.4  i      83.6 
61.7  1      95.4 
63.6  i      74.9 
70.1  1      98.4 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

38.13 
4.77 

12. 27 
1.54 

23.22 
2.90 

35  49  1      ''■>  ■' 

60. 9         93. 1 

+  2  64 

Average 

4.44 

+     .33 

ISTo.  lO. 


Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  20 

4.48 
6.56 
4.19 
3.20 
3.53 
4.67 
4.82 
5.57 

1.38 
1.71 
.906 
1.04 
1.46 
1.95   ■ 
2.11 
2.07 

2.43 
2.44 
2.82 
2.09 
2.79 
3.21 
3.00 
2.67 

3.81 
4.15 
3.72 
3.13 
4.25 
5.16 
5.11 
4.74 

30.8 
30.7 
21.6 
32.5 
41.4 
41.8 
43.8 
37.2 

54. 2 
43.9 
67.3 
65.3 
79.0 
68.7 
62.2 
47.9 

85.0 

74.6 

88.8 

97.8 

120. 4 

110.5 

106.0 

86.1 

+0.67 
+1.41 
+  .47 
+  .07 

-  .72 

-  .49 

-  .29 
-f  .83 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

36.02 
4.60 

12. 625 
1.58 

21.45 
2.68 

34.07 
4.26 

35.0 

59.6 

94.6 

+1. 95 
+  .24 

Average 



^-  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


333 


Tablk  LXII. — P}ti>.yi)ioi-lc-acid  halances  for  Serlex  /T — Continued. 
IN'o.  IC)— Continued. 


1 

Period  mid  date. 

1        1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7      ' 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Preservatire  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

1 

Grams. 
4.68 
5. 05 
4.42 
4.93 

Grams. 
2. 75 
2.60 
1.31 
2.91 

Gravis. 
2.95 
2.64 
2.61 

2.85 

Grams. 
5.70 
5.24 
3.92 
5.76 

Per  ct. 
58.8 
51.5 
29.6 
.59.0 

1 

Per  ct. 
63.0 
52.3 
59.1 

57.8 

Per  ct. 
121. 8 
103.8 
88.7 
116.8 

Grams. 
-1.02 

-  .19 
+  ..50 

-  .83 

Grams. 

0.5 

.5 

.5 

.5 

Total 

Average 

19.  08 
4.77 

9.57 
2.29 

11.05 
2.76 

20. 62 
5.15 

50.2 

57.9 

108.1 

-1.54 

-  .38 

2.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903 — Apr.  1           ... 

4.73 
4.61 
.=S.38 
4.70 

1.46 
2.51 
1.69 

1.28 

2.  .55 
1.75 
4.04 
2.49 

4.01 
4.26 
5.73 
3.77 

30.9 
.54.4 
31.4 
27.2 

53.9 
38.0 
75.1 
53.0 

84.8 
92.4 
106.5 
80.2 

+0. 72 
+  .35 
-  .35 
+  .93 

1.0 

2 

i'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. . 

i 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

19.  42 
4.86 

6. 94 
1.74 

10.83 
2.71 

17.77 
4.45 

35.7 

55.8 

91.5 

+1.65 
+  .41 

4.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

38.  .tO 
4.81 

16. 51 
2.06 

21.88 
2.74 

38.39 
4.80 

42.9 

56.8 

99.7 

+0.11 
+  .01 

6.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903 \pr  5 

4.95 
4.78 
4.86 
4.67 
4.48 

1..54 
1.75 
2.01 
2. 16 
1.79 

2.91 
2.63 
3.11 
2.98 

2.m 

4.45 
4.3.S 
5.12 
5.14 
4.62 

31.1 
36.6 
41.3 
46.3 
39.9 

.58.8 
5.5.0 
64.0 
63.8 
63.2 

89.9 
91.6 
105.3 
110.1 
103.1 

+0. 50 
+  .40 

-  .26 

-  .47 

-  .14 

1.0 

6 

1.0 
1.0 

8            

1.0 

9 

1.0 

Total 

Average 

23.74 
4.75 

9. 25 
1.85 

14. 46 

2.89 

23.71 
4.74 

39.0 

60.9 

99.9 

+  .03 
+  .01 

5.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 

62. 24 
4.79 

25. 76 
1.98 

36.34 
2.80 

62. 10 

4.78 

41.4 

58.4 

99.8 

+0.14 
+  .01 

11.0 

Fourth  subperifjd: 

190:j— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

5.18 
4.48 
4.52 
4.33 

.5.78 

0.  .526 
3.61 
1.69 
.705 
2.t>8 

2.63 
3.62 
3.28 
2.93 
2.63 

3.16 
7.23 
4.97 
3.64 
.5.31 

10.2 
80.6 
37.4 
16.4 
i      46.4 

50.8 
80.8 
72.6 
67.7 
45.5 

61.0 

161.4 

110.0 

84.1 

91.9 

+2.02 
-2.75 
-  .45 

+  .69 

+  .47 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

Average 

24.  29 
4.86 

9.211 
1.84 

15.09 
3.02 

24.31 
4.86 

37.9 

62.1 

100.0 

-  .02 
.00 

11.0 

Entire    preservative 
r>eriod: 

Total 

Average 

86.53 
4.81 

34.97 
1.94 

51.43 
2.86 

86.41 
4.80 

40.4 

59.4 

99.8 

+0. 12 
+  .01 

22.0 

-l/f'r  pirioil. 

1 

i 

1 

17 

2.94 
3.  .38 
4. 33 
4.67 
4.60 
4.35 

!      (5.59 
1       («) 
■       I") 
,      2..V2 
2.41 
1      3.57 

2.22 
2.54 
2.87 
2. 20 
3.44 
2.14 

2.86 
2.54 
2.87 
4.72 
.5.85 
5.71 

1      22.4 

"'.54.'6' 
52. 4 
82.1 

75. 5 
7.5.1 
66. 3 
47.1 
74.8 
49.2 

97.9 
75.1 
66. 3 
101.1 
127.2 
131.3 

+0.08 
+  .84 
+  1.46 
-   .05 
-1.25 
-1.36 

IK 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

Average 

24.27 
.          4.04 

1      9. 159 
1      1.53 

1 

15.41 
2.67 

24.55 
4.10 

87.7 

68.5 

101.2 

i           .28 
.05 

"No  iiioveiiielit. 


834 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXII. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  Jl"— Continued. 
DSTo.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3     ■ 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7              8 

In  feces 
and     Balance, 
urine.      (1—4)  ■ 
(4-1) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore.period  {excluded). 
1903— Mar.  20 

Cfraw.s. 
5.12 
5.35 
4.87 
(4.43) 
4.05 
4.33 
4.60 
5.51 

Grams. 
1.66 
1.24 
1.62 
Lost. 
.691 
2.55 
1.06 
1.68 

Grams. 
2.34 
2.46 
2.82 
(2. 83) 
3.09 
3.17 
2.52 
3.03 

Grams. 
4.00 
3.70 
4.44 

Per  ct. 
32.4 
23.2 
33.3 

Per  ct. 
45.7 
46.0 
57.9 
(63.4) 
76.3 
73.2 
54.8 
55.0 

Per  ct. 
78.1 
69.2 
91.2 

Grams. 
+1. 12 
+1.65 
+  .43 

■ 

Grams. 

21             

22         

23 

24            

3.78 
5.72 
3.58 
4.71 

17.0 
58.9 
23.0 
30.5 

93.3 

132.1 

77.8 

85.5 

,  +  .27 
-1.39 
+  1.02 
4-  .80 

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

Average i 

33.83 

(38.26) 
4.83 
(4.78) 

10.501 

29.93 

31.1 

■■(58.'2J 

88.5 

+3.90 

(22. 26) 

1.50 

4.28 

+  .55 

(2.78) 

Preservative  period. 

First    subperiod    (ex- 
cluded): 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

4.45 

4.93 

.97 

2.50 
1.62 
3.24 

2.98 
2.53 
2.10 

5.48 
4.15 
5.84 

56.2 
32.9 
33.4 

67.0 
51.3 
21.6 

123.2 
84.2 
55.0 

-1.03 
+  .78 
-4.37 

0.5 
.5 
.0 

Total 

10.35 
3.45 

7.36 
2.45 

7.61 
2.54 

14.97 
4.99 

71.1 

73.5 

144.6 

-4.62 
-1.54 

1.0 

Average 

Fwe  period. 
1903— Mar.  31 

1.59 
2.51 
3.38 
4.96 

(a) 
0.720 
.601 
1.11 

1.51 
1.55 
2.20 
2.69 

1.51 

2.27 
2.80 
3.80 

"'28.'7" 
17.7 
22.4 

■   95.0 
61.7 
65.1 
54.2 

95.0 
90.4 

82.8 
76.6 

+  0.C8 
+  .24 
+  .58 
+1.16 

0.0 

Apr.     1 

.0 

2 

.0 

3 

.0 

Total 

12.44 
3.11 

2.431 
.61 

7.96 
1.99 

10.38 
2.60 

19.5 

63.9 

83.4 

+2.06 
+  .51 

.0 

Average 

Preservative  period. 
1903— Apr.   4 

4.44 
4.90 
4.41 
4.77 
4.41 
4.12 
5.22 
4  20 
4.69 
4.12 
4.24 

2.10 
1.63 
1.58 
2.61 
1.28 
1.88 
1.06 
1.63 
2.02 
1.83 
1.07 

3.04 
3.07 
2.86 
2.88 
2.65 
2.89 
3.17 
3.28 
2.90 
3.49 
2.90 

5.14 
4.70 
4.44 
5.49 
3.93 
4.77 
4.23 
4.91 
4.92 
5.32 
3.97 

47.3 
33.3 
35.8 
54.7 
29.0 
45.6 
20.3 
38.8 
43.1 
44.4 
25.2 

68.5 
62.7 
64.9 
60.4 
60.1 
70.2 
60.7 
78.1 
61.8 
84.7 
68  4 

115.8 

95.9 

100.7 

115.1 

89.1 

115.8 

.    81.0 

116.9 

104.9 

129.1 

-0.70 
+  .20 

-  .03 

+  148 

-  .65 
+  .99 

-  .71 

-  .23 
-1.20 
+  .27 

0.5 

5 

1  0 

6 

1.0 

7 

1.0 

8 

1.0 

9 

1.0 

10 

1  0 

i: 

1.0 

12 

2  0 

13 

2.0 

14 

3  0 

Total 

49.52 
4.50 

18.69 
1.70 

33.13 
3.01 

51.82 
4.71 

37.7 

66  9       ifizi  fi 

-2.30 
-  .21 

14  5 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

3.95 
3.71 
4.78 
3.75 
4.25 
4.29 
4.43 
4.09 

0.598 
.630 

(«) 

4.80 
.488 

1.82 
.606 

1.81 

2.46 
2.30 
2.55 
3.97 
2.31 
2.67 
2.65 
2.79 

3.06 
2.93 

2.55 
8.77 
2.80 
4.49 
3.26 
4.60 

15.2 
17.0 

"i28.'o' 
11.5 
42.4 
13.7 
44.2 

62.3 
62.0 
53.3 
105.9 
54.4 
62.3 
59.8 
68.2 

77.5 
79.0 
53.3 

233.9 
65.9 

104.7 
73.6 

112.5 

+0.89 
+  .78 
+2.23 
-5.02 
+1.45 

-  .20 
+1.17 

-  .51 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

33.25 
4.16 

10. 752 
1.35 

21.70 
2.71 

32.46 
4  06 

32.3 

65.3 

97.6 

+  .79 

.+  .10 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX, 


335 


Table  LXII. — Phosphoric-acid  b'dancesfor  Series  IV — Continued. 
ICo.  13. 


Periort  and  date. 


In  food. 


s 

•     3 

4 

5 

In  feces. 

In  urine. 

In  feces 
and 

In 

feces. 

(2-1) 

(2+3) 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Perct. 

1.65 

2.12 

3.77 

48.0 

2.97 

2.22 

5.19 

67.1 

.794 

2.28 

3.07 

16.0 

2.77 

2.61 

5.38 

77.6 

2.16 

2.27 

4.43 

64.1 

2. 32 

1.99 

4.31 

53.8 

1.87 

2.58 

4.45 

46.1 

2.20 

2.37 

4.57 

46.7 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 


7      I        8 

In  feces 

and     Balance, 
urine.  '    (1—4) 
(4-1) 


Borax 
admin- 
istered. 


For f  period  (excluded). 

Grams. 

1903— Mar.  20 3.44 

21 4.43 

22 4.96 

23 1  3.  .57 

24 3.37 

25 4. 31 

26 4.06 

27 4.71 

Total 32. 85 

Average '  4.11 

Preservative  period. 

First    subperiod    (ex- 
cluded): 

1903— Mar.  28 3.87 

29 4.13 

30 3.77 

31 C) 

Total 11.77 

Average 3.  92 

Fore  period. 

190*-Apr.   3 3.41 

4 3.89 

5 4.01 

Total 11.91 

Average 3. 97 

Preservalive  piriod. 

1903— Apr.   6 3.90 

7 4.08 

8 4.15 

9 3.  .59 

10 3.03 

11 3.47 

12 3.94 

13 3.  .52 

14 3.79 

Total 34.11 

Average 3.79 

Afli  r  prriod. 

1903— Apr.15 1  1.29 

10 1.15 

17 4.41 

18 :  4.15 

19 ;  3.81 

20 i  3.85 

21 1  3.04 

22 '  3.40 

Total 2.5.70 

Av<Tag<f 3.21 


Per  ct. 
61.6 
50.1 
45.9 
73.1 
67.4 
46.2 
63.5 
50.3 


16.73 
2.09 


18.44 
2.30 


35.17 
4.39 


56.1 


Per  ct. 
109.6 
117.2 

61.9 
150.  7 
131.5 
100.0 
109.6 

97.0 


107.0 


1.24 

1.88 
2.76 


5.88 
1.96 


2.46 

3.70 

32.0 

63.6 

2.48 

4.36 

45.5 

60.1 

2.29 

5.05 

73.2 

60.8 

95.6 
105.6 
134.0 


7.23 
2.41 


13.11 
4.37 


1.06 

.891 

1.57 


1.52 

2.58 

1.64 

2.53 

2.18 

3.75 

31.1 
22.9 
34.0 


44.6 
42.1 
47.3 


75.7 
6.5.0 
81.3 


3.  .52 
1.17 


1.68 
1.92 
.400 

.488 
1.15 
C) 

2.01 
2. 05 
1.26 


5.34 
1.78 


8.86 
2.95 


29.6 


44.8 


74.4 


2.20 

3.88 

2.  .52 

4.44 

2.43 

2.83 

3.00 

3.49 

2.  .55 

3.70 

2.32 

2.32 

3.07 

6.08 

2.42 

4.47 

2.83 

4.09 

42.4 
47.0 
9.7 
13.6 
31.7 


61.0 
58.2 
33.2 


10. 9.58 
1.22 


1.46 
.074 
2.41 
1..50 
2.14 
.825 
1.21 


10.219 
1.28 


23. 34 
2.59 


34.30 
3.81 


32.1 


1.64 
2.33 
1.19 
1.98 
2. 15 
2.22 
2.41 
2.64 


16.46 
2.06 


1.54 
3.79 
1.86 
4.39 
3.65 
4.36 
3.23 
3.85 


126.9 
1.5.3 
58.1 
39.4 
55.6 
22.7 
35.6 


55.6 
61.8 
58.5 
83.6 
70.2 
06.9 
77.9 
08.8 
74.7 


68.5 


119.4 
202.6 
26.9 
47.7 
66.4 
57.0 
66.2 
77.6 


98.0 
108.8 

68.2 

97.2 
101.9 

06.9 
128.9 
127. 0 
107.9 


100.8 


119.4 
329. 5 

42. 2 
105. 8 

95. 8 
113.2 

88.7 
113.2 


26.67 
3.34 


89.7  I      64.1       103.8 


Grains. 
-0.33 

-  .76 
+1.89 
-1.81 
-1.06 

.00 

-  .39 
+  .14 


-2.32 

—  .28 


+0.17 
-  .23 
-1.28 


-1.34 
-  .45 


+0.83 
+  1.36 
+  .86 


+3. 05 
+  1.02 


+0.08 

-  .36 
+  1.32 
+  .10 

-  .07 
+1.15 
-1.14 

-  .95 

-  .30 


-0. 25 
-2. 64 
(-2.  .55 
-  .24 


+ 


0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


0.0 
.0 
.0 


1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 


aUiiicarded. 


<>Nuiuuv«;iucut. 


336 


I]SrFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIIl. — Summary  of  jjhosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  IV. 
Three  men. 


Period. 

1 

■ 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-Hl) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

T 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4H-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.  8 1 

No.  9    

Grams. 
34.03 

(38.50) 
41.94 
36.02 

Grams. 
7.62 

G-rams. 

Grams. 
28.03 

Perct. 
22.4 

Per  ct. 

'(58."9) 
55.6 
59.6 

Per  ct. 
82.4 

Grams. 
+    6.00 

Grams. 

(22. 69) 
23.32 
21.45 

14.96 
12. 625 

38.28 
34.07 

35.7 
35.0 

91.3 
94.6 

+ 
+ 

3.66 
1.95 

No.  10 

Total 1 

Average -j 

111.99 

(116.46) 

4.87 

(4. 8.5) 

35. 205 

100.38 

31.4 

"(57.'9) 

89.6 

+ 

11.61 

(67.46) 

1.53 

4.36 



+ 

.51_ 

(2.81) 

...... 

i                       1            " 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  8 

19.23 
19.97 
19.08 

8.66 

8.26 
9.  .57 

11.90 
1L.72 
11.05 

20.56 
19.98 
20.62 

45.0 
41.4 
50.2 

61.9 

58.7 
57.9 

106.9 
100.1 
108.1 

- 

1.33 

.01 

1.54 

2.0 

No.  9 

2.0 

No.  10 

2.0 

Total 

58. 2S 
4.86 

26.49 
2. 21 

34.67 
2.89 

61.16 
5.10 

45.4 

59.5 

104.9 

- 

2.88 
.24 

6.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  8 

19.46 
20.45 
19.42 

6.32 
5.40 
6.94 

11.42 
11.93 
10.83 

17.74 
17.33 
17.77 

32.5 
26.4 
35.7 

58.7 
58.3 
55.8 

91.2 
84.7 
91.5 

+ 
+ 

+ 

1.72 
3.12 
1.65 

4.0 

No.  9 

4.0 

No.  10 

4.0 

Total 

59.33 
4.94 

18.66 
1.55 

34.18 

2.85 

52.84 
4.40 

31.5 

57.6 

89.1 

+ 

+ 

6.49 

..54 

12.0 

Average 

Subperlods  1  and  2: 
No.8 

38.69 
40.42 
38.50 

14.  98 
13.66 
16.  .51 

23.32 
23.65 
21.88 

38.30 
37.31 
38.39 

38.7 
33.8 
42.9 

60.3 

58.5 
58.8 

99.0 
92.3 
99.7 

+ 
+ 
+ 

0.39 

3.11 

.11 

6.0 

No.9 

6.0 

No.lO 

6.0 

Total 

117. 61 
4.90 

45. 15 

1.88 

68.85 
2.87 

114.00 
4.75 

38.4 

58.5 

96.9 

+ 
+ 

3.61 
.15 

18.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

No.8 

No.9 

No.lO 

24.28 
25.09 
23.74 

7.62 

10.10 

9.25 

15.33 
16.34 
14.46 

22.95 
26.44 
23.71 

31.4 
40.3 
39.0 

63.1 
6.5.1 
60.9 

94.5 

105. 4 

99.9 

+ 
+ 

1.33 

1.35 

.08 

5.0 
5.0 
5.0 

Total 

Average 

73.11 

4.87 

26.  97 
1.80 

46.13 
3.07 

73.10 

4.87 

36.9 

63.1 

100.0 

+ 

.01 
.00 

1.5.0 

Subperiods  1 ,2,  and  3  ■ 
No.8 

62.97 
65.51 
62.  24 

22.60 
23.76 
25.  76 

38.65 
39.99 
36.34 

61.25 
63.75 
62.10 

85.9 
36.3 
41.4 

61.4 
61.0 

58.4 

97.3 
97.3 
99.8 

+ 
+ 

+ 

1.72 

1.76 

.14 

11  0 

No.9 

11.0 

No.lO • 

11  0 

Total 

190.  72 
4.89 

72.12 
1.85 

114.  98 
2.95 

187. 10 
4.80 

37.8 

60.3 

98.1 

X 

3.62 
.09 

33.0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 
No.8 

23.78 
24.74 
24.29 

7.315 

8.86 

9.211 

14.08 
16.00 
15. 09 

21.40 
24.86 
24.31 

30.8 
3.5.8 
37.9 

59.2 
64.7 
62.1 

90.0 
100.5 
100.0 

+ 

2.88 
.12 
.02 

11  0 

No.9 

11  0 

No.lO 

11  0 

Total 

72.81 

4.85 

25.  39 
1.69 

45. 17 
3.01 

70.57 
4.70 

34.9 

62.0 

96.9 

+ 
+ 

2.24 
.15 

33  0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

No.8 

No.9 

No.lO 

86.75 
90.25 
86.53 

.    29.915 
32.62 
34.97 

52.73 
55. 99 
51.43 

82. 65 
88.61 
86.41 

34.5 
36.2 
40.4 

60.8 
62.0 
59.4 

95.3 

98.2 
99.8 

+ 
+ 
+ 

4.10 

1.64 

.12 

22.0 
22.0 
22.0 

Total 

Average 

263. 53 

4.88 

97.  .51 
1.81 

160. 15 
2.96 

257. 67 
4.77 

37.0 

60.8 

97.8 

+ 
+ 

5.86 
.11 

66.0 

After  period. 

No.8 

No.9 

No.lO 

35.  73 
38.13 
24.27 

11.244 
12. 27 
9. 1.59 

21.51 
23.22 
15.41 

32.75 
3.5.49 
24.57 

31.5 
32.2 
87.7 

60.2 
60.9 
63.5 

•91.7 
93.1 
101.2 

+ 

+ 

2.98 

2.64 

.30 

Total 

Average 

98.13 
4.46 

32.67 
1.48 

60.14 
2.74 

92.81 
4.22 

33.3 

61.3 

94.6 

+ 

+ 

5.32 
.24 

' 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BOKAX. 


337 


Table  LXIII. — Summari/  of  phosphoric-acid  halauces  for  Series  7T''— Continued. 

T-wo  iTien. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

8 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

•4       1     5 

In  feces  '     y,, 

(2+3)     '(^-^l 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(•1-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fure  period. 

x...n 

No.  12 

Grams. 
12.44 
11.91 

Grams. 
2. 431 
3.52 

Grams. 
7.95 
5.34 

Gratns. 
10.38 
8.86 

Per  ct. 
19.5 
29.6 

Per  ct. 
63.9 
44.8 

Per  ct. 
83.4 
74.4 

Grams. 

+    2.06 

3. 05 

6ram.<i. 

Total '. . . . 

24.35 
3.4S 

.5.951  j           13.29 
.850  1            1.90 

19. 24 
2.75 

24.4 

64.6 

79.0 

+    5.11 
+      .73 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

Xo.ll 

No.  12 

49. 52 
34.11 

18.69 
10. 958 

33.13 
23.34 

51.82 
34.30 

37.7       66.9 
32.1       68.5 

104.6 
100.8 

-  2.30 

-  .19 

14.5 
13.0 

Total 

83. 63 
4.18 

29. 648 
1.482 

56.47 
2. 82 

86. 12 
4.30 

35  5  1     67  5 

103  0 

-  2.49 

-  .12 

27.5 

Average 



Aftir  period. 

No.  11 

No.  12 

33.25 
25. 70 

10. 752 
10. 219 

21.70 
16.46 

32.46 
26.67 

32.3 
39.7 

65.3 
64.1 

97.6     +     0.79 
103.8     -       .97 

Total 

5K.  95 
3.68 

20.  971 
1.311 

38.16 
2.38 

59.13 
3.69 

35.6 

64.7 

100  3                !>* 

Average 

-       .01 

Five  111  en. 


Fore  period. 
No.  7 

28.99 
34.03 
(38.  .50) 
41.94 
.36. 02 
32.  K5 

13.74 
7.62 

14.00 

27.74 
28.03 

47.4 
22.4 

48.3 

■(58.'9) 
55.6 
.59.6 
56.1 

9.5.7 
82.4 

+ 
+ 

1.25 
6.00 

^'-« { 

(22. 69) 
23.32 
21.45 
18.44 

No.9 

No.  10 

No.  12 

14.96 
12. 62 
16.73 

38.  28 
34.07 
35.17 

3.5.7 
3.5.0 
50.9 

91.3 
94.6 
107.0 

+ 
+ 

3.66 
1.95 
2.32 

Total 1 

173.  K3 

(178.30) 

4.46 

(4.46) 

65.67 

163. 29 
4.'i8 

37,8 

■(.56.'6) 

93.9 

+ 

10.54 

(99.90) 

Average | 

1.68 

+ 

.28 

(2.50) 

Prenervalivp  perifxl. 

First  subpc-riod: 

No.  7 

No.  X 

No.9 

■ 

1.5.07 
19.  23 
19.  97 
19.  OH 
11.77 

8.64 
8.66 
8.26 
9.  .57 

5.88 

8.01 
11.90 
11.72 
11.05 

7.23 

16. 65 
20.  .56 
19.98 
20. 62 
13.11 

57.3 
45.0 
41.4 
.50.2 
50.0 

.53.2 
61.9 
.58.7 
.57. 9 
61.4 

110.5 
106.9 
100.1 
108.1 
111.4 

- 

1..5H 
1.33 
.01 
1.54 
1.34 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

No.  10 

2.0 

No.  12 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

8.5. 12 
4.48 

41.01 
2.16 

49.91 
2.63 

90. 92 
4.79 

48.2 

.58.6 

106.8 

- 

5.8y 
.81 

10.0 



4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04- 


-22 


388  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIV. — Phosphoric -acid  balances  for  Series  V. 
ISTo.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 

urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Lost. 
1.93 
1.71 
1.94 
2.42 
2.63 
1.97 
4.37 

Grams. 
Not  run. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25        

4.64 
4.84 
4.76 
4.48 
4.87 
4.67 
4.91 

2.96 
2.82 
2.99 
2.80 
2.75 
2.68 
2.86 

4.89 
4.53 
4.93 
.5.22 
.5.38 
4.65 
7.23 

41.6 
35.3 
40.8 
54.0 
54.0 
,42.2 
89.0 

63.8 
68.3 
62.8 
62.6 
56.5 
67.4 
58.3 

106. 4 
93.6 
103.6 
116.5 
110.5 
99.6 
147.3 

-  0.25 
+       .31 

-  .17 

-  .74 

-  .51 
+       .02 

-  2.32 

26 

27       

28 

29             

30      

May    1 

Total     

33.17 

4.74 

16.97 
2.42 

19.86 
2.84 

.  36.83 
6.26 

51.2 

59.8 

111.0 

-  3.66 

-  .52 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903_May2 

4.95 
5.01 
4.76 
4.69 
4.69 
4.79 
4.66 
4.53 
4.97 
4.86 
4.71 
5.23 

3.48 
.825 
2.98 
1.98 
2.75 
3.54 
1.23 
2.76 
3.49 
1.79 
2.63 
1.94 

2.81 
3.03 
2.89 
3.01 
3.04 
2.47 
2.82 
2.66 
2.85 
2.76 
3.13 
2.49 

6.29 
3.85 
5.87 
4.99 
5.79 
6.01 
4.05 
5.42 
6.34 
4.55 
6.76 
4.43 

70.3 
16.6 
62.6 
42.2 
58.6 
73.9 
26.4 
60.9 
70.2 
36.8 
55.8 
37.1 

56.8 
60.5 
60.7 
64.2 
64.8 
51.6 
60.5 
58.7 
57.4 
56.8 
66.6 
47.6 

127.1 

76.9 
123.3 
106.4 
123.5. 
125.5 

86.9 
119.6 
127.  6 

93.6 
122.3 

84.7 

-  1.34 
+     1.16 

-  1.11 

-  .30 

-  1.10 

-  1.22 
+      .61 

-  .89 

-  1.37 
+       .31 

-  1.05 
+      .80 

0.5 

3          

.6 

4 

.5 

5 

.5 

6          

.5 

7 

.5 

8 

.5 

9 

.5 

10 

.6 

11 

.5 

12        

.5 

13 ■ 

.5 

Total          

57.85 
4.82 

29.395 
2.45 

33.96 
2.83 

63.35 
5.28 

50.8 

58.7 

109.5 

-  5.50 

-  .46 

6.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Mayl4 

4.66 
4.75 
4.63 
4.85 
4.66 
4.70 
4.62 
4.83 
4.90 
4.77 
5.07 
4.92 

2.38 
3.83 
2.80 
.630 
2.32 
2.12 
2.87 
2.34 
2.56 
2.02 
2.69 
2.40 

2.98 
2.52 
2.98 
2.73 
2.46 
3.00 
2.55 
2.  .50 
2.91 
2.96 
3.17 
2.99 

6.36 
6.36 

5.78 
3.36 
4.78 
6.12 
5.42 
4.84 
5.47 
4.98 
5.86 
6.39 

51.1 
80.6 
61.8 
13.0 
49.8 
45.1 
62.1 
48.4 
52.2 
42.3 
63.1 
48.8 

63.9 
53.1 
65.8 
56.3 
52.8 
63.8 
65.2 
61.8 
59.4 
62.1 
62.- 5 
60.8 

115.0 
133.7 
127.6 
69.3 
102.6 
108.9 
117.3 
100.2 
111.6 
104.4 
115.6 
109.6 

-  0.70 

-  1.60 

-  1.25 
-i-    1.49 

-  .12 

-  .42 

-  .80 

-  .01 

-  .67 

-  .21 

-  .79 

-  .47 

0.5 

15 

.5 

16 

.6 

17 

.5 

18.         .   . 

19 

.5 

20 

.5 

21 

.5 

22 

23 

.5 

24 

.5 

25 

.6 

Total 

57.26 
4.76 

28.96 
2.41 

33. 75 
2.81 

62.71 
6.23 

6ti.6 

58.9 

109.5 

-  5.45 

-  .47 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

115. 11 

4.80 

58.355 
2.431 

67.71 
2.82 

126. 06 
6.26 

60.7 

58.8 

109.5 

-  10.95 

-  .45 

12.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mav26 

4.62 
4.53 
4.60 
4.93 
5.09 
(4.88) 
4.56 
4.77 
4.80 
5.24 
4.84 
4.59 

3.56 
1.95 
2.89 
1.88 
2.04 
Lost. 
4.65 
.  555 
2.81 
2.31 
2.83 
2.24 

2.86 
3.07 
2.63 
2.68 
2.85 
(2.61) 
2.95 
3.19 
2.77 
2.80 
2.64 
2.61 

6.42 
5.02 
5.62 
4.  .66 
4.89 

77.1 
43.0 
62.8 
38.1 
40.1 

61.9 
67.8 
57.2 
54.4 
56.0 
(51.4) 
64.7 
66.9 
57.7 
63.4 
54.5 
56.9 

139.0 

110.8 

120.0 

92.5 

96.1 

-  1.80 

-  .49 

-  .92 
+       .37 
+      .20 

0  6 

27 

.5 

28 

f, 

29 

5 

iiO. 

,5 

81 

7.60 
3.74 
5.58 
6.11 
6.47 
4.85 

102.0 
11.6 
68.6 
44.1 
58.5 
48.8 

166.7 
78.5 

116.2 
97.5 

113.0 

105.7 

-  3.04 
+    1.02 

-  .78 
+       .13 

-  .63 

-  .26 

2 

,5 

3.. 

5 

4 

5 

5 

6 

,5 

Total I 

52.57 

(57.45) 

4.78 

(4.79) 

27. 715 

68.76 

,   62.7 

■"(58.'4) 

111.8 

-     6.19 

-. 

(33.56) 

Average \ 

2.52 

6.34 

-      ..56 

(2.80) 

■ 1 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


339 


Table  LXIV. — Pliospltorlr-arid  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
!N"o.  1 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

.Subperiods  1.  2.  and  3: 
Total 1 

( 

Grams. 
167.68 

Grams. 
86.07 

Grams. 

Grams. 
184. 82 

Per  ct. 
51.3 

Per  ct. 

"(bS.Y) 

Per  ct. 
110. 2 

Grams. 
-  17.14 

Grams. 
[     18.0 

(172. 56 > 
4.79 

(101.27) 

2.46 

5.28 

-      .49 

Average i         ^^  -^^ 

(2.8i) 

I 

1 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June    7 

H 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

.5.18 
4.78 
4.71 
4.70 
4.82 
4.99 
4.  G8 
4.9S 
5. 02 
.  4.83 
4.83 
4.75 
5.60 
4.55 

2.26 
3.00 
2.  .54 
2.77 
2.75 
3.47 
2. 42 
1.79 
1.75 
4.03 
2.41 
3.69 
3.82 
2.13 

2.68  .      4.94 
2.65         5.65 
2.85         5.39 
2.61         5.38 
2.76         5.51 
2.80         6.27 
2.67         5.09 
2.76         4.55 
2.45         4.20 
2. 83         6. 86 
2.60         5.01 
2. 65         6. 34 
2.91         6.73 
2.51         4.64 

43.6 
62.8 
53.9 
58.9 
.57.1 
69.5 
51.7 
35.9 
34.9 
83.4 
49.9 
77.7 
68.2 
46.8 

51.7 
55.4 
60.5 
55.5 
57.3 
56.1 
57.1 
5.5.4 
48.8 
58.6 
53.8 
55.8 
52.0 
55.2 

95.4 
118.2 
114.4 
114.5 
114.3 
125.7 
108.8 
91.4 
83.7 
142.0 
103.7 
133.5 
120.2 
102.0 

+     0.24 

-  .87 

-  .68 

-  .68 

-  .69 

-  1.28 

-  .41 
+      .43 
+       .82 

-  2.03 

-  .18 

-  1.59 

-  1.13 

-  .09 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

68.42         38.83 
4.89  !         2.77 

37. 73       76. 56 
2.  70         5. 47 

56.8 

55.1 

111.9 

-  8.14 

-  .58 

7.0 

Entire  preservative  pe- 
riod: 

Total 1 

Average '. 

2.36.10  '     T'4.90 

261. 38 

52.9 

■■(.57:7) 

110.7 

-  25.28 

}      2,5.0 

(240.  98) 
4.S2 
(4.82) 

(139.00) 

■■■(2;78) 

2.  .55 

5.33 

-      .51 

1 

Afltr  period. 
1903— .Tune  21 

.5.05           4.02 

2.  78         6.  80 

79.6 
33.2 
63.2 
48.1 
54.9 
107.7 

55.0       134.7 
50.7         83.9 
51.9  t     114.2 
59.5       108.0 
.50. 0       105.  4 
54.2       161.9 

-  1.75 
+      .78 

-  .76 

-  .39 

22 

4.85 
5.35 
4.86 
4.99 
4.K3 
(4.66) 
5.  .51 
4.H4 

1.61 
3.38 
2.34 
2.74 
5.20 
Lost. 
2.42 

2.46 
2.73 
2.91 
2.52 

4.07 
6.11 
5.25 

•23 

24 

25 

.27    

26 

2.62  '      7.8-2 

--    2.99    

27 

(2.85) 
9  91 

(61.2) 
52. 8 

1 

28 

f>  XI 

43.9 
53.7 

96.7 

+      .18 
-       .56 

29 

2.60  '        2.80  1       5.40 

57.9  1    111.  6 

Total 1 

40.  2K 
r44  t)4i 

24.31 

"(24.'.5H) 

46. 04 

60.4 

■■(54.'7) 

114.3  1   -     6.76 
1 

Average {        ,^;^^ 

3.04 

5.76 

-       .72 

(2.73) 

i 

i                 1 

340 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIV. — FJiosplioric-acid  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 
]sro.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Apr  24 

Grams. 

[4.55] 
4.51 
4.63 
4.63 

(4.18) 
4.55 
4.23 
4.56 

Grams. 
[1.75] 
1.79 
2.32 
(«) 
Lost. 

Grams. 
Not  run. 

Grams. 

Per  at. 
[38.5] 
39.7 
50.1 

Per  ct. 

Per  (i. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25           

2.91 
2.89 
3.02 
(■3.  04 "1 

4.70 
5.21 
3.02 

64.5 
62.4 
65. 2 
(72.7) 
62.9 
61.2 
60.1 

104.2 

112.  5 

65.2 

-  0.19 

-  .58 
+  1.61 

26 

% 

29 

30      .. 

1. 13           2. 86 
1.  68           2. 59 
2.03     1      2.74 

3.99 
4.27 
4.77 

24.8 
39.7 
44.5 

87.7 
100.9 
104.6 

+     .56 

-  .04 

-  .21 

Mav    1 

27.11 

(31.29) 

[31. 66] 

4.52 

(4.47) 

[4.52] 

25.96 

95.8 

+  1.15 

Total                    \ 

(20.05) 

(64.1) 

[10. 70] 

[33.8] 

4.33 

+     .19 

(2.86) 

■[1.53] 

1 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903_Mav  2 

4.37 
4.74 
4.73 
4. 47 
4.57 
4.59 
4.16 
4.40 
4.51 
4.65. 
4.58 
4.31 

2.16 
2.37 
1.31 
1.51 
2.19 
2.10 
1.79 
1.18 
1.60 
1.98 
2.05 
1.56 

3.23 
3.15 
3.23 
2.75 
3.34 
1.86 
2.38 
2.53 
2.88 
2.93 
2.76 
2.36 

5.39 
5.52 
4.54 
4.26 
5.53 
3.96 
4.17 
3.71 
4.48 
4.91 
4.81 
3.92 

49.4' 

50.0 

27.7 

33.8 

47.9 

45.8 

43.0 

26.8   ■ 

35.5 

42.6 

44.7 

36.2 

.  73.9 
66.5 
68.3 
61.5 
73.1 
40.5 
57.2 
57.5 
63.8 
63.0 
60.3 
54.8 

123.3 

116.5 

96.0 

95.3 

121.0 

86.3 

100.2 

81.3 

99.3 

105.6 

105. 0 

91.0 

-  1.02 

-  .78 
+     .19 
+     .21- 

-  .96 
+     .63 
+     .01 
+     .69 
+     .03 

-  .26 

-  .23 
+     .39 

0.5 

3 

.5 

4 

.5 

5          

.  5 

6 

.5 

7 

8        .    .   .. 

.  5 

9 

.5 

10 

.5 

11 

.  5 

12 

.  5 

13 

.5 

Total 

54.08 
4.51 

21.80    i     33.40 
1.82     !      2.78 

55.20 
4.60 

40.3 

61.8 

102. 1 

-  1.12 

-  .09 

6.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

]5 

16 

17 

18 .. 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

4.06 
4.41 
4.51 
4.14 
4.55 
4.21 
4.06 
4.02 
4.95 
•  4.28 
3.70 
4.06 

2.02 
1.93 
1.83 
1.70 
2.15 
2.28 
1.36 
1.42 
1.57 
1.76 
1.12 
1.41 

3.08 
2.58 
3.10 
3.03 
2.42 
2.62 
2.90 
2.73 
2.78 
2.79 
3.04 
2.51 

5.10 
4.51 
4.93 
4.73 
4.57 
4.90 
4.26 
4.15 
4.35 
4.55 
4.16 
3.92 

49.8 
43.8 
40.6 
41.1 
47.3 
54.2 
33.5 
35.3 
31.7 
41.1 
30.3 
34.7 

75.9 
58.5 
68.7 
73.2 
53.2 
62.2 
71.4 
67.9 
56. 2 
65.2 
82.1 
61.8 

125.6 
102.3 
109.3 
114.3 
100.4 
116.4 
104.9 
103. 2 

87.9 
106.3 
112. 4 

96.6 

-  1.04 

-  .10 

-  .42 

-  .59 

-  .02 

-  .69 

-  .20 

-  .13 
+     .60 

-  ;46 

+     .14 

.5 
.  5 
.  5 
.  5 
.5 
.  5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 

Total  .   ... 

50.95 
4.25 

105. 03 
4.38 

20. 55 
1.71 

33.58 
2.80 

54.13 
4.51 

40.3 

65.9 

106.2 

-  3.18 

-  .26 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2; 

Total 

42.35 
1.76 

66.98 
2.79 

109.33 
4. 56- 

40.3 

63.8 

104.1 

-  4.30 

-  .17 

12.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

June  1  

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

4.31 
3.56 
3.52 
3.91 
4.11 
3.75 
3.48 
3.70 
3.18 
4.89 
2.21 
2.90 

1.67 
1.18 
2.51 

.822 
1.42 
1.48 
2.22 
1.43 
1.58 
1.03 

.861 
1.78 

2.59 
2.67 
2.34 
2.51 
2.45 
2.52 
2.72 
2.08 
2.34 
2.48 
1.98 
2.60 

4.26 
3.85 
4.85 
3.33 
3.87 
4.00 
4.94 
3.51 
3.92 
3.51 
2.84 
4.38 

38.7 

33.1  . 

71.3 

21.0 

34.5 

39.5 

63.8 

38.6 

49.7 

21.1 

38.9 

61.4 

60.1 
75.0 
66.5 
64.2 
59.6 
67.2 
78.2 
56.2 
73.6 
50.7 
89.6 
89.7 

98.8 
108.1 
137.8 

85.2 

94.2 
106.7 
142.0 

94.9- 
128.  3 

71.8 
128.5 
151.0 

+  0.05 

-  .29 

-  1.33 
+     .58 

-  .24 

-  .25 

-  1.46 
+     .19 

-  .74 
+  1.38 

-  .63 

-  1.48 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

43.52 
3.63 

17. 983 
1.50 

29.28 
2.44 

47.26 
3  94 

41.3 

67.3 

108.6 

-  3.74 

-  .31 

6  0 

Average 

«No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


341 


T.\BLE  LXIV. — I'liosplioric-acid  hahoices  for  Series  1' — Continued. 
I<"o.  S2 — Continued. 


Total 

Average . 


47.17 
3.37 


18. 535 
1.32 


33.18 
2.37 


51.72 
3. 09 


Entire    preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 


195.  72 
3.91 


78.87 
1.58 


J/Irr  pcrioil. 


I,t03— .Inne 


3. 12 
3.37 
3.67 
4.74 
4. 06 
4.74 
5.02 
.5. 15 
4.69 


Total 

Average . 


39.16 
4.35 


1.32 
1.43 
1.25. 
2. 85 
3.15 
1.92 
2.71 
1.41 
2.11 


129.44 
2. 59 


208.  31 
4.17 


40.3 


2.53 
2.30 
2.18 
2.20 
2.52 
2.50 
2.40 
3.10 
2.78 


3.85 
3.73 
3.43 
5.05 
.5.07 
4.42 
5.17 
4.51 
4.89 


42.3 
42.4 
34.1 
00.] 
67.6 
40.5 
54.0 
27.4 
4.5.0 


18.15 
2.02- 


22.57 
2.51- 


40.72 
4.52-1- 


46.4 


70.3 


4. 55 
.32 


106. 4      -12. 59 
.26 


81.1 
08.3 
59.4 
40.4 
54.1 
52. 7 
49.0 
60.2 
59.3 


123.4 
110.7 

93.5 
100.5 
121.7 

93. 2 
103.0 

87. 0 
104.3 


57.6 


104.0 


-  0. 73 

-  .36 
4-  .24 

-  .31 

-  1.01 
-I-  .32 

-  .15 
-I-  .64 

-  .20 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3       1      4 

In  feces 
In       :    and 
urine,      urine. 
(2-^3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 

urine. 

(3--1) 

7             8 

In  feces 

and    (Balance, 
urine.      (1-4) 

(4^1) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Presrrrative  period — 
Continued. 

.Subperiod.s  1,2.  and  3: 
liital 

Grams. 

148. 55 
4.13 

Grams. 
60.33 

Grams.    Grams. 

90  9fi       I.Si;  .'SQ 

Per  ct. 

40.0 

Per  ct. 
64.8 

1 

Prrct.      Grams. 
105  4           «  f>4 

(rniiiis. 
18  0 

1.68     1        2. 67      1     4-^5 

-     .  22 

Fourth  subperiod: 
lyiio — June  7. . 

3.26 
3.34 
2.35 
2.87 
3.28 
3.21 
3.29 
3.30 
4.49 
3.45 

1.52 
.393 

1.75 
.846 
.994 
.859 
.987 
.416 

1.86 

1.45 

2.09 
2.56 
1.77 
2.20 
2.49 
2. 15 
2.  55 
2.48 
1.96 
•'.  KO 

3. 61  46. 6 
2.95         11.7 
3. 52     1    74. 5 
3.05         29.5 
3.48         30.2 
3.01     ,    26.8 
3. 54     1    30. 0 
2.90     !    12.4 
3.82         41.4 
4. 31     1    42. 0 
4.39     1    51.9 

3.62  41.7 
4. 33         40. 9 
5. 19         73. 9 

64.1 
70.0 
75.3 
70.7 
75.9 
67.0 
77.5 
73.8 
43.7 
82.9 
75.3 
83.1 
62. 0 
60.0 

110.7     '-  0.35 
88. 3      -t-     .  39 
149  8          1  17 

0  5 

5 

9 

5 

10 

11. 

100.3 
106. 1 
93.8 
107  6 

-  .18 

-  .20 
-1-     .20 

-  9!^ 

.5 
5 

12 

13. 

.0 
0 

14 

15. 

86. 3     1  +     .40 
85. 1     1  -+-     .67 

.0 
0 

10 

124.9 
127.2 

124. 8 

102. 9 
139.9 

-  .86 

-  .94 

-  .72 

-  .12 

-  1.48 

0 

17 

3.45  i      1.79     i      2.00 
2.90         1.21     i      2.41 
4.21         1.72    1      2.61 
3.71         2.74     1      2.45 

.0 

18 

.0 

19 

.0 

20 

.0 

20.5 


-  1.56 

-  .17-1- 


342 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIV. — Pliosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 

ISTo.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Apr  ''4 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Orams. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25 

3.00 
3.33 
3.68 
3.68 
3.27 
3.02 
3.93 

0.640 
1.37 

.571 
2.40 
1.42 

.846 
1.98 

1.99 
3.15 
2.56 
2.82 
3.11 
2.34 
2.22 

2.63 
4.52 
3.13 
5.22 
4.  .53 
3.19 
4.20 

21.3 
41.1 
15.5 

65.2 
43.4 
28.0 
50.4 

66.4 
94.6 
69.6 
76.6 
95.1 
77.5 
56.5 

87.7 
135.7 

85.1 
141.8 
138.5 
105.6 
106.9 

+  6.37 

-  1.19 
+     .55 

-  1.54 

-  1.26 

-  .17 

-  .27 

26 

27          

28 

29 

30 

Total    

23.91 
3.42 

9. 227 
1.32 

18.19 
2.60 

27. 42 
3.92 

38.  6 

76.1 

114.7 

-  3.51 

-  .50 



Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903    May  2        

3.84 
3.46 
[3.25] 
3.15 
3.30 
3.42 
3.31 
4.36 
4.25 
4.40 
3.66 
4.33 

1.13 
1.43 
[1.27] 
.948 
.821 
1.30 
1.05 
1.20 
1.23 
1.04 
1.96 
1.29 

2.65 
2.59 
Lost. 
2.55 
2.78 
2.20 
2.53 
2.12 
2.66 
2.75 
2.50 
2.42 

3.78 
4.02 

""3."50' 
3.60 
3.50 
3.  .58 
.  3.32 
3.89 
3.79 
4.46 
3.71 

29.4 
41.3 
[39.  i] 
30.1 
24.9 
38.0 
31.7 
27.5 
28.9 
23.6 
63.6 
29.8 

69.0 
74.9 

98.4 
116.2 

+  0.06 
-     .56. 

0.5 

3 

.5 

4 

.5 

5            

81.0 
84.2 
64.3 
76.4 
48.6 
62.6 
62.5 
68.3 
55.9 

111.1 
109.1 
102. 3 
108.2 
76.1 
91.5 
86.1 
121.9 
85.7 

-  .  35 

-  .30 

-  .08 

-  .27 
+  1.04 
+     .36 
+     .61 

-  .80 
+     .62 

.5 

6  

.5 

7 

.5 

8        

.5 

9 

.5 

10 

11          

.5 

12 

.5 

13 

.5 

Total 1 

Average | 

41.48 

[44.73] 

3.77 

[3. 73] 

27.75 

41.15 

"■[32.'8]"' 

66.9 

99.2 

+     .33 

1        6.0 

[]4.  609] 

2.52 

3.74 

+     .03 

"[1.22] 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

3.24 
3.55 
3.41 
3.56 
3.48 
3.57 
3.26 
3.62 
3.62 
3.54 
3.29 
4.08 

1.58 
1.49 
1.40 
1.68 

.846 
1.25 

.856 
1.10 
1.72 
1.25 
1.36 
1.17 

2.81 
2.10 
2.86 
2.41 
2.28 
2.30 
3.03 
2.72 
2.47 
2.68 
2.31 
2.42 

4.39 
3.59 
4.26 
4.09 
3.13 
3:55 
3.89 
8.82 
4.19 
3.93 
3.67 
3.59 

■  48.8 
42.0 
41.1 
47.2 
24.3 
35.0 
26.3 
30.4 
47.5 
35.3 
41.3 
28.7 

86.7 
59.2 
83.9 
67.7 
65.5 
64.4 
92.9 
75.1 
68.2 
75.7 
70.2 
59.3 

135.5 
101.1 
124. 9 
114.9 
■   89.9 

99.4 
119.3 
105.5 
115.7 
111.0 
111.6 

88.0 

-  1.15 

-  .04 

-  .85 

-  .53 
+     .35 
+     .02 

-  .63 

-  .  20 

-  .57 

-  .39 

-  .38 
+     .49 

0.5 

15 

.5 

16      ...     . 

.5 

17 

.5 

18 

.5 

19 

5 

20 

.5 

21 

.5 

22 

5 

23 

.5 

24 

5 

25 

.5 

Total 

42.22 
3. 52 

15.  702 
1.31 

30.39 
2.53 

46.10 
3.84 

37.2 

72.0 

109.2 

-  3.88 

-  .32 

6  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 1 

83.70 

[86. 95] 

3.64 

[3.  62] 

58.14 

87.25 

■■[34.' 9]" 

69.4 

104.2 

^  3.55 

1      12.0 

[30. 371] 

Average | 

2.53 

3.79 

-     .15 

[1.27] 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— May  26 

3.38 
3.28 
2.96 
3.58 
4.92 
(3.53) 
3.21 
3.55 
3.91 
3.94 
3.45 
3.29 

1.72 

.784 
1.59 
.923 
2.21 
Lost. 
1.49 

.414 
1.07 
1.41 
1.23 
1.44 

2.56 
2.63 
2.47 
2.06 
3.26 
(2.68) 
2.60 
2.86 
2.60 
2.35 
1.91 
2.21 

4.28 
3.41 
4.06 
2.98 
5.47 

50.9 
23.9 

53.7 
25.8 
44.9 

75.7 
80.2 
83.4 
57.5 
66. 3 
(75.9) 
81.0 
80.5 
66.5 
59.6 
55.4 
67.2 

126.6 
104.0 
137.2 
83.2 
111.2 

-  0.90 

-  .13 

-  1.10 
+     .60 

-  .55 

0  5 

27 

5 

28 

5 

29 

5 

30 

.5 

31 

.5 

4.09 
3.27 
3.67 
3.76 
3.14 
3.65 

46.4 
11.7 
27.4 
35.8 
35.7 
43.8 

127.4 
92.2 
93.9 
95.4 
91.0 

110.9 

-     .88 
+     .28 
+     .24 
+     .18 
+     .31 
-     .36 

•  5 

2 

5 

3 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

Total j 

39.47 

(43.00) 

3.59 

(3. 58) 

14.281- 

41.78 

36.2 

■(76."2)' 

105.9 

-2. 31 

i}        6.0 

(30. 19) 

Average -j 

1.30 

3.80 

-  .21 

(2.52) 

1 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 

T.\BLE  LXIV. — Phoxphnric-acid  h(da)icesJor  Serien  T'— Continued. 
j>C"o.  3— Continued. 


348 


I'eriod  and  date. 

1              8 

In  food.    In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

In  feces 
.   and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 

acid 

Hdmin- 

i.stered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
1 

Grams. 
123. 17 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 
129.03 

Per  at. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
104.7 

Grams. 

-5. 80 

Grams. 

Total { 

(126.70) 

i  44.' 652] 

(88.33) 

(69.7) 

[      18.0 

1 

[126. 42] 
3.62 
(3.62) 

[35.3] 

1 

3.80 

18 

Average { 

(2.52) 

I         f3.6li 

ri.931 

Fourth  subperiod: 
190:3 — June  7 

3.93 
3.41 
3.57 
3.42 
3.96 
3.46 
3.41 
3.34 
3  74 

0.583 

1.90 

1.45 

1.36 

1.44 

.676 
1.53 

.982 
7'X; 

2.57 
2.23 
2.57 
2.49 
2.48 
2.45 
2.54 
2.36 
2.26 
2.59 
2.65 
2.29 
3.08 
2.58 

3.15 
4.13 
4.02 
3.85 
3.92 
3.13 
4.07 
3.34 
2.99 
4.52 
4.05 
3.85 
3.47 
4.8.'? 

14.8 
55.7 
40.6 
39.8 
36.4 
19.5 
44.9 
29.4 
19.4 
55.0 
39.3 
36.0 
9.0 
56.4 

65.4 
65.4 
72.0 
72.8 
62.6 
70.7 
74.5 
70.7 
60.4 
73.8 
74.4 
52.9 
70.3 
64.7 

80.2 
121.1 
112.6 
112. 6 

99.0 

90.5 
119.4 
100.0 

79.9 
128.8 
113.8 

88  9 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

1.5 

-  .72 

-  .45 

-  .43 
+  .04 
+  .33 

-  .66 
.00 

+  .75 
-1.01 

-  .49 

a.      AS 

.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
5 

16 

3.51       1.93 
3. 56       1. 40 
4.33       1.56 
4.38  1      .393 
3.99  1     2.25 

17 

18  .       ... 

19 

79  2  1     J-     01 

20 

121.1 

-  .84 

5 

Total 

.\verage 

52.01     18.180 
3.72       1.30 

35.14  1    53.32 
2.51  1      3.81 

35.0 

67.6 

102.5 

-1.31 
-  .09 

7.0 

Entire    preservative 
l>eriofl: 

( 

17.5.18 

182. 35 

104.1 

-7.17 

) 

Total 1     (178.71) 

[178.43] 

I           3.65 

A  verage {        (3. 65) 

(123.47) 



(09. 1) 

\      25  0 

[62.832] 

[35.2] 

3.80 

-  .15 

(2.52) 

1          (3.641     ri.281 

L                      J    1        •■                      J 

AJIrr  period. 

190:i— June21 

22 

3.69  \    1.27 
3.54  )     1.30 
4.65  1     1.05 
3.69  1     1.98 
4.06       1.95 
4.63  ;     2.05 
3.81       1.50 
6. 74       2. 10 
3.87       1.37 

2. 40         3. 67 
2. 34         3. 64 
2. 88         3. 93 
2.88         4.86 
2. 40         4. 35 
2.50         4.55 
2. 67         4. 17 
2.'35         4.45 
2.59         3.96 

34.4 
36.7 
22.6 
53.7 
48.0 
44.3 
39.4 
36.6 
35.4 

(io.  0 
06.1 
61.9 
78.0 
59.1 
64.0 
70.1 
40.9 
66.9 

99.  4 
102.8 

84.5 
131.7 
107.1 

98.3 
109.4 

77. 5 
102. 3 

+  0.02 

-  .10 
+  .72 
-1.17 

-  .29 
+  .08 

-  .36 
+  1.29 

-  .09 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

Total 

37.68     14.57 
4.19       1fi'2 

23.01       37.58 
2.56        4.18 

38.7 

61.1 

99.7 

-•  .10 
+  .01 

344 


TNFLTTElSrCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LXIV. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 

]sr>..  4. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In" 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

nrine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-f-l) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Apr  24 

Orams. 
[4. 66] 

Orams. 
ro.  8271 

Grams. 

(°) 
2.71 
2.88 
3.01 
3.05 
2.61 
2.71 
3.22 

Orams. 

'"zn 

4.44 
4.40 
4.22 
3.36 
4.02 
5.  35 

Per^ct. 
[17.7] 

""44.'3' 
38.9 
31.3 
33.5 
38.4 
61.2 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25 

2.96  j       (b) 
3. 52         1. 56 
3. 57         1. 39 
3. 74         1. 17 

91.6 
81.8 
84.3 
81.6 
116.5 
79.5 
92.5 

91.6 
126.1 
123. 2 
112. 8 
150.0 
117.9 
153. 7 

+0.25 

-  .92 

-  .83 

-  .48 
-1.12 

-  .61 
-1.87 

26 

27       

28 

29 

2.24 
3.41 

3.48 

.751 
1.31 
2.13 

30      

May   1 

Total 1 

22. 92 

[27.58] 

3.27 

r3. 451 

20. 19       28. 50 

■■■[33.'l] 

88.1 

124.3  1     -5..'i8 

[9. 138] 

Average I 

2. 88         4. 07 

-  .80 

n.i49i 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod : 

1903— May  2 

"  3 

4 

4.10 
3.54 
3.59 
4.52 
3.52 
3.19 
3.04 
.3.23 
3.60 
3.42 
3.16 
2.87 

1.67 
.792 
1.52 
.705 
1.19 
1.05 
1.33 
.620 
1.24 
1.42 
1.03 

3.11 
2.95 
3.47 
2.89 
3.02 
2.40 
2.43 
2.49 
2.71 
2.32 
2.47 
2.26 

3.11 
4.62 
4.26 
4.41 
3.72 
3.59 
3.48 
3.82 
3.33 
3.56 
3.89 
3.29 

""47  .'2' 
22.1 
33.6 
20.0 
37.3 
34.5 
41.2 
17.2 
36.3 
44.9 
35.9 

75.9 
83.3 
96.7 
63.9 
85.8 
75.2 
79.9 
77.1 
75.3 
67.8 
78.2 
78.7 

75.9 
130. 5 
118.7 

97.6 
105.7 
112.  5 
114.5 
118.3 

92.5 
104.1 
123.1 
114.6 

+0.99 
-1.08 

-  .67 
+  .11 

-  .20 

-  .40 

-  .44 

-  .59 
+  .27 

-  .14 

-  .73 

-  .42 

0.6 

.6 
.  5 
5 

6 

.5 
.5 

8 

.5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

13.           ..   . 

Total 

41.78 
.3.48 

12.567 
1.047 

32. 52 
2.71 

45. 08 
3.76 

30.1 

77.8 

107.9 

-3.30 

-  .28 

6  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

3.63 
4.03 
3.97 
3.00 
3.84 
3.60 
4.07 
4.06 
4.60 
3.67 
4.13 
4.89 

1.49 
.576 
1.65 
1.26 
1.29 
2.69 

(6) 

.441 
2.37 
2.13 
1.14 

.999 

3.65 
2.68 
3.52 
3.06 
2.93 
2.55 
3.09 
2.70 
2.85 
3.10 
3.07 
3.23 

5.14 
3.26 
5.17 
4.32 
4.22 
5.24 
3.09 
3.14 
5.22 
5.23 
4.21 
4.23 

41.0 
14.3 

41.6 
42.0 
33.6 

74.7 

""io.'g' 

51.5 
58.0 
27.6 
20.4 

1Q0.6 

66.5 

■     88.7 

102.0 
76.3 
70.8 
75.9 
66.5 
62.0 
84.5 
74.3 
66.1 

141.6 

80.9 

180.2 

144.0 

109.9 

145.6 

75.9 

77.3 

113. 5 

142.5 

101.9 

86.5 

-1,51 
+  .77 
-1.20 
-1.32 

-  .38 
-1.64 
+  .98 
+  .92 

-  .62 
-1.56 

-  .08 
+  .66 

0.5 

15 

5 

16 

17 

.5 

.5 

18.. 

5 

19 

20 

.5 
.5 

21.. 

6 

22 

23 

24 

.5 
.6 
5 

25 

5 

Total 

47.49 
3.96 

16.04 
1.34 

36.43 
3.04 

52.47 
4.37 

33.8 

76.7 

110.5 

-4.98 
-  .41 

6  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

89.27 
3.72 

28. 61- 
1.19 

68.95 
28.73 

97.55 
4.06 

32.0 

77.2 

109.3 

-8.28 
-  .35 

12  0 

Average 

a  Not  run. 


&  No  movement. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


345 


Table  LXIV. — Phospliorir-aeid  htilancfn  for  Series  F — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

S 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4      1 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2*1) 

.6      1 

In 
urine. 
(3*1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4*1) 

8 

Salance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Forr  prriijil. 

1903— .\r.r.24 

25 

26 1 

27 i 

28 

29 

30 

May   1 

(irama. 
[4.91] 
4.62 
4.71 
4.50  : 
4.76 
4.67 
4.58 
4.91 

Grams. 

[1.44] 

.536 

2.40 

2.66 

1.10 
2.13 
2.84 

Grams. 

{») 
3.68 
3.46 
3.85 
3.58 
3.82 
3.38 
3.27 

Grams. 

'\'.-n 

.5.86 
6.  .51 
3.58 
4.92 
.5.51 
6.11 

Per  Ct. 
[29.3] 
11.6 
51.0 
59.1 

""is.'e' 

46.5 

.57.8 

Per  ct.  1 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

79.7 
73.5 
&5.6 
75.2 
81.8 
73.8 
66.6 

91.3 
124.4 
144.7 

7.5.2 
10.5.4 
120.3 
124. 4 

+0.40 
-1. 15 
-2.01 
fl.l8 

-  .25 

-  .93 
-1.20 

r-      .      ,                                               ( 

32. 75 

[37.66] 
4.68 
[4.71] 

25.04 

36.71 

"■■[34.'8]" 

76.5 

112. 1 

-3. 96 

Total 

[13. 106] 

( 

3.  .58 

5.24  \ 

-  .56 

Average 

[1.6:i8] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May   2 

8 

4.88 
4.61 
4.63 
4.93 
4.71 
4.84 
4.72 
4.73 
.5.60 
.5.07 
4.88 
4.46 

1.09 
.988 
2.94 
1.47 
.  620 
2.33 
2. 26 
2.  .55 
2.27 
1.24 
1.72 
3.12 

3.43 
3.57 
3.68 
3.  .55 
3.75 
2.91 
.    3. 36 
2.80 
3.35 
3. 22 
2.95 
2.95 

4.52 
4.56 
6.62 
5.02 
4.37 
.5.24 
5.62 
5.35 
5. 62 
4.46 
4.67 
6.07 

22.3 
21.4 
63.5 
29.8 
13.2 
48.1 
47.9 
53.9 
40.5 
24.5 
3.5.2 
70.0 

70.3 
77.4 
^19. 5 
72.0 
79.6 
60.1 
71.2 
59.  ■> 
59.8 
63.5 
60.5 
66.1 

92.6 
98.9 
143.0 
101.8 
92.8 
108.  3 
119.1 
113.1 
100.4 
88.0 
95.7 
136.1 

+0..36 
+  .05 
-1.99 

-  .09 
+  .34 

-  .40 

-  .90 

-  .62 

-  .02 
+  .61 
+  .21 
-1.61 

0.5 
.5 

4 

.5 

6 

.5 
.5 

8 

.5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

.5 
.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

.58.06 

4.84 

22.  .598 
1.883 

39.  .52. 
3.29 

62. 12 
5.18 

38.9 

(i8. 1 

107.0 

-4. 06 
-   .34 

6.0 



Second  subperidd: 

190»-Mavl4 

1.5 

4.  .51 
4.98 

5.  64 
.5.30 
4.79 
4.69 
4.63 
4.79 
4.86 
4.  .51 
4.61 

(4.95) 

.53.  .31 

(.58.26) 
4.85 
(4.86) 

(b) 
2.  .52 
3.18 
C-) 
.991 

4.19 

C) 

4.28 

4.27 

1.47 

Lost. 

3.40 
3.09 
3.47 
3.20 
3.17 
2.44 
3.04 
3.28 
2.90 
3.17 
3.81 
(3.21 

3.40 
5.61 
6.65 

'      3.20 
4.16 
2.44 
7.23 
,3.28 
7.18 
7.44 

!      5.28 

""bo'.G 
56.4 

"'26.' 7' 

"go.'.V 

"'88.'i' 
94.7 
31.9 

75.4 
62.0 
61.5 
60.4 
66.2 
.52. 0 
65.7 
68.5 
.59.7 
70.3 
82.6 
(64.8) 

7.5.4 
112.7 
117.9 
60.4 
8ti.9 
.52.0 
1.5(;.2 
68.5 
147.7 
16.5.0 
114.5 

+1.11 

-  .63 
-1.01 
+2.10 
+  .63 
+2. 25 
-2.60 
+  1..51 
-2. 32 
-2.93 

-  .67 

0.5 

.5 

16 

17 

18 

19. ........ 

20 

21 

'22 

23 

24 

2.T 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.  .5 
.5 

Total 1 

20.901 

"(38.18' 

1    .55. 87 

39.2 

■■(65:6) 

104.8 

-2.  .56 

1        6.0 

AveraK*' \ 

1.900 

1      5.08 

-  .23 

(3.18) 

1 

Snbiteriwl.x  1  and  2: 

Total 1 

111.37 
(116.32 

4.M 
(4.85) 

43.499 

f  117.99 

39.1 

"(66.'8) 

105.9 

-6.62 

1      12.0 

(77.72 

.VvcraKe | 

1.891 

.5. 13 

-  .29 

(3.24) 

Third  fiubpcriod; 

]9(j:}_May2r. 

4.46 
2.99 
4.37 
4.  .53 
.5.14 
3.95 
3.93 
4..VJ 
4.64 
4.9H 
4.03 
4.10 

0.210 

C-) 

(h) 
1.07 
1..53 
3.35 

2. 76 

3.90 

1.15 

('') 

.5.09 

3.10 
2. 08 
2.8:1 
3.10 
3. 64 
2.  76 
2.70 
3.30 
3.06 
2.81 
2.88 
3.39 

3.31 
2.08 
2.83 
7.17 

;      .5. 17 
6.11 
2.94 
6. 06 
6.96 
3.96 

\      2.88 
8.48 

4.7 

"'«9.'8' 
29.8 
84.8 
6.1 
60.1 
84.1 
23.1 

"m.'i' 

69.5 
69. 6 
64.8 
68.  1 
70.8 
69.9 
68.7 
71.9 
65. 9 
56.4 
71.5 
82.7 

74.2 
69.6 
64.8 
1.58.3 
1(H).  6 
1.54.7 
74.8 
132.  0 
l.'iO.O 
79. 5 
71.5 
206.  8 

+  1.15 
+  .91 
+  1.54 
-2. 64 
-  .03 
-2. 16 

(    .99 
1.47 
2.32 

;  1.02 
+  1.15 

-4.38 

0.5 

•n 

.0 

28 

.5 

29 

.5 

30 

.  5 

31 

.5 

.5 

2 

.5 

3 

.5 

4 

.5 

.5 

.5 

6 

.5 

Total 

Average 

51. 71 
4.31 

1    22. 298 
1       l.tC)K 

35.  (15 
2.97 

1    57.95 
I      4.83 

43.1 

1      68.9 

1     112.1 

-  6.24 

-  .52 

1          5.5 

a  Not  run. 


fc  No  movement. 


346  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LXIV. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  T'^Continued. 
IN"o.  5 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total....: .| 

f 

G-rams. 
163. 08 

G-rams. 
65. 797 

Grams. 

Ch-ams. 
175. 94 

Per  ct. 
40.3 

Per  ct. 

■(ei's)' 

Per  ct.. 
107.9 

Grams. 
-12.86 

Grams. 
\      17.5 

(168.03) 
4.66 
(4.67) 

(113. 35) 
■■■(3.'i5) 

1. 880 

6.03 

-    .37 

Average ■ 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June    7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

4.35 
4.68 
4.74 
4.84 
4.85 
5.02 
4.39 
4.40 
4.85 
4.47 
4.81 
.  5.70 
5.57 
4.78 

(«) 

4.68 

(«) 

3.55 

1.57 

4.07 

(a) 

2.27 

1.72 

3.33 

2.59 

(«) 
5.41 

2.52 
2.61 
3.22 
3.12 
3.15 
3.43 
3.20 
2.77 
3.02 
3.13 
3.17 
3.28 
3.15 
3.25 

2.52 
2.61 
7.90 
3.12 
6.70 
5.00 
7.27 
2.77 
5.29 
4.85 
6.50 
5.87 
3.15 
8.66 

""■98."7' 

"'73.'2' 
31.3 
92.7 

'"46.8 
38.5 
69.2 
45.5 

"uh'.2 

57.9 
55.8 
68.0 
64*5 
64.9 
68.3 
72.9 
63.0 
62.3 
70.0 
65.9 
57. 5 
56.  5 
68.0 

57.9 

55.8 
166.7 

64.5 
138. 1 

99.6 
165. 6 
163.0 
l09.1 
l08.5 
l35.1 

Vo 

5  6.  5 
181.2 

+  1.83 
+  2.07 

-  3.16 
+  1.72 

-  1.85 
+     .02 

-  2.88 
+  1.63 

-  .44 

-  .38 

-  1.69 

-  .17 
+  2.42 

-  3.88 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 

^  .  5 

Total 

67.45 
4.82 

29.19 
2.085 

43.02 
3.07 

72. 21 
5.16 

43.3 

63.8 

107.1 

—  4.76            7  0 

Average 

—     .  34    . . 

1                                  i 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

Total -j 

Average I 

230.53 

(235.48) 
4.70 
(4.71) 

94. 987 

248. 15 

41.2 

■(66."4)" 

107.6 

-17. 62 

1      24.5 

(156.37) 

i.939 

5.06 

-     .36 

(3.13) 

After  period. 
1903— June  21 

4.74 
4.81 
4.29 
4.98 
5.08 
5.13 
4.39 
4.58 
4.52 

(«) 
2.13 
1.34 
2.09 
3.00 
3.28 
1.86 
■  3.46 
1.07 

3.21 
2.79 
3.04 
2.93 
3.01 
2.82 
2.94 
2.83 
2.67 

3.21 
4.92 
4.38 
5.02 
6.01 
6.10 
4.80 
6.29 
3.74 

'"m's 

31.2 
42.0 
59.1 
63.9 
42.4 
75.5 
23.7 

67.7 
58.0 
70.9 
58.8. 
59.2 
55.0 
67.0 
61.8 
59  1 

67.7 
102.3 
102.1 
100.8 
118.3 
118.9 
109.3 
137.3 

so   7 

+  1.53 

-  .11 

-  .09 

-  .04 

-  .93 

-  .97 

-  .41 

-  1.71 
+     .78 

22.. 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28. 

29 

Total 

42.52 
4.72 

18.23 
■    2.026 

26.24 
2.92 

.  44.47 
4.94 

42.9 

61.7 

104.6 

-  1.95 

-  .22 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


347 


Table  LXIV. — Phosphor ic-nc id  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
JC"o.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1               3 

In  food.    In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4           5 

In  feces      ,,. 

urlife  '  f--- 
^2+3)  '  (2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

T             8              9 

In  feces                  r.«-„„ 

and     Balance.  „f  °^?^ 

urhi^e.l    (1-4)    ,l^|-n; 

Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.   24 

Grams.      Grams.     Grams.  \  Grams.    Perct.     Per  ct. 

1               '               1 

i 
Per  ct.     Grams.    Grams. 

9  44  ■      1  08    ;        *>  5?; 

96.3 
70.1 
77.1 
7.5.7 
72.9 

7Q    7 

140.6       -0.99     

113.2        -  .44      

10-3.9       -  .12    1 

]91    4       1               li-7       I 

26 

3.34         1.44 
3.06  :        .821 
3.13         1.43 
3.25         1.26 
2.91         1.75 
3.82         (") 

2.34 
2.36 
2.37 
'2.37 
'2.32 
9  %e. 

3.78 
3.18 
3.80 
3.63 
4  07 

43.1 
26.8 
45.7 

38.8 
«n  1 

28 

29 

111.7 

139.9 
61.8 

-  . 38    1 

-1.16      

+  1.40      

30 

Mav  1 

2.36  '.."7.!..    eiis 

Total 

21.95         7.781  1      16.47 
3.14         1.112          2.35 

24  25        ^-"^  ^ 

75.0 

Average 

3.4fi 

■ 

-  -32      

1 

Preservative  period. 

First  -subperiod: 
1903_Mav  2 

3  49        1  63    I        9  47  !    4  in        afi  7 

■70.8 

73.7 
77.0 
49.1 
76  9 

117.5 
133.4 
117.8 
73. 6 

IliS  Q 

-0.61     1          0.5 
1  18                    ^ 

3 

3.53        2.11 
3.04         1.24 
3. 30           .  812 
3.21  j      1.25 
3.44  ;      2.16 
3.13  j       («) 
3.06         2.39 
4.75         1.94 
3.53           .486 
3  93         1.04 

2.60 
'2.34 
1.62 
•2.47 
2.11 
2. '20 

4.71           M  8 

4 

3.58 
2.43 
3.72 
4.27 

9  90 

40.8 
•24.6 
38.9 
6'2.8 

■■•zs.'i" 

40.8 
13.8 
26.5 
51.7 

-  .54 
+  .87 

-  .51 

-  .83 

-1-      VA 

.5 

.5 
5 

6 

61.3       r24.1 
70  3         70  3 

5 

8 

.0 
.0 

5 

9 

■2.10  1    4.49 
2. 14  1    4_  ns 

68  6       i4i;  7    !      1  XX 

10 

4.5.1 
61.2 
59.0 
«:^  nr 

85. 9 
7.5.1 
85.5 

114   7 

+  .67 

■  +  .88 

+  .57 

-  .55 

11 

•i.l6 

9  .99 

2.65 
3.36 
4.-28 

,5 

12 

ft 

13 

3.73         1.93     '        2.35 

Total 

42.14       16.988         26.88     43.87        4(1  a 

63.8     ;  104.1 

1  73     1          5  0 

Average 

3.51         1.416          2.24       3.66 

—  .15     . 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mav   14 

15 

3.04 
3.39 
2.87 
3.33 
3.28 
3.21 
3.59 
3.29 
4.11 
3.16 
3.67 
3.46 

1.20    1        2.24       3.44 
''06            1  8S  !    a  Qa 

39.5 
60.8 
34.7 
12.5 

55. 2 
52.3 
39.8 

65. 3 
'25. 8 
37.7 
.54. 5 
27. 3 

73. 7       113. 2 
5,'>  4     i  1 1 «  9 

-0.40 

-  .55 

-  .17 
+   .15 

-  .48 

-  .43 

-  02 

-  .98 
+  .57 

-  .65 

-  .68 
+  .16 

0.5 
5 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

.996 
.415 
1.81 
1.68 
1.43 
'2.15 
1.06 
1.19 
2.00 
.945 

2.04 
2.77 
1.95 
1.96 
2.18 
2.12 
2.48 
2. 62 
2.a5 
'2.36 

3.04 

3.185 

3.76 

3.64 

3.61 

4.27 

3.5^1 

3.81 

4.35 

3.30 

71.1 
83.2 
59.5 
61.1 
60.7 
64.4 
60.3 
82.9 
64.0 
67.9 

105. 9 
9.5.6 
114.0 
113.4 
100.6 
129.8 
86.1 
I'JO.  6 
118.5 
95.4 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 

Total 

40.40 
H..37 

16.  936 
1.411 

26. 9-1 
9  94 

43.88 
3.66 

41.9 

66.7 

108.6 

-3.48 
-  .29 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

82..'>1 
3.44 

33.924 
1.414 

53.82 

87.  75 

41.1 

65.2 

106.3 

-6.21 
-  .22 

11.0 

Average 

9  94        3  fifi 

Third  subperiod: 

190:l— Mav  20 

27 

28 

29........ 

30 

31 

June    1 

2 

3 

4 

6 

6 

3.00 
3.04 
3. 20 
3.42 
3.43 
2.83 
2. 09 
3.38 
3.83 
3.77 
3. 45 
2.93 

0.781 
(") 
2.26 
2. 42 

.440 

.  865 
1.92 
1.70 
1.46 

.947 
1.87 

.904 

2.30  3.08 

2.31  2.31 

2.18  4.44 
1.76       4.18 
3.04  1    3.48 
1.06       2.52 

2.19  i    4.11 
2.57  1    4.27 
2.03  1    3.49 
1.99       2.94 
1.90  1    3.83 
1.93       2.834 

26.0 

"69."  3" 
70.8 
12.8 
30.  0 
71.4 
50.  3 
38.1 
'25.1 
54. 2 
30.9 

76.7 
76.0 
66.9 
51.5 
88.6 
58.7 
81.4 
70.0 
53.0 
.52. 8 
.5(5.  8 
0.5.9 

102.7 
76.0 
136. 2 
122. 2 
101.5 
89.0 
152.  8 
]'20.3 
91.1 
78.0 
111.0 
96.7 

-0.08 
+  .73 
-1.18 

-  .76 

-  .06 
+  .31 
-1.42 

-  .89 
+  .34 
+  .83 

-  .38 
+  .096 

0.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.51 
.5 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.5 

Total 

39.  (W       15.567         2.5.92 
3. '25         1.297  ,        2.16 

41.484 
3.457 

39.9 

66.4 

106.3 

2. 45-1 
-  .'207 

6.0 

Hubperirxl-  I,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

121.57       49.491         79.74    129.234 
a  38           1   9.1:,            -I'l-l  :     3.  .500 

40.7 

6.5.0 

10(i.3 

-7.664 
-  .'21 

17.0 

a  No  movement. 


348 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PKESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIV. — Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
ISTo.  6 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4      [      o 

In  feces'      tt, 

^"^^    i  feces 
urine.     \f^l;. 

(2+3)   1   ^'^^^> 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— June    7 

8 

.       i^:::::::: 
11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

Grams. 
3.67 
3.15 
3.31 
3.21 
3.42 
3.17 
2.74 
3.33 
3.51 
3.23 
3.66 
3.52- 
3.10 
(3.05) 

Grams. 
2.23 
2.44 
1.41 

.616 
1.15 
1.45 

.838 
2.16 
1.23 
1.21 
(a) 
3.43 
(a) 
Lost. 

Grams. 
1.93 
1.50 
2.15 
2.51 
1.76 
2.23 
2.11 
1.90 
2.01 
2.01 
1.87 
1.91 
1.65 
(2. 20) 

Grams. 
4.16 
3.94 
3.56 
3.13 
2.91 
3.68 
2.95 
4.06 
3.24 
3.22 
1.87 
5.34 
1.65 

Per  ct. 
60.8 
77.5 
42.6 
19.2 
33.6 
45.7 
30.6 
64.9 
35.0 
37.5 

"97  ."4" 

Per  ct. 
52.6 
47.6 
65.0 
78.2 
61..5 
70.3 
77.0 
57.1 
57.3 
62.2 
51.1 
54.3 
53.2 

(72.1) 

Per  ct. 

113.4 

125.1 

107.6 

97.5 

85.1 

116.1 

107.7 

121.9 

92:3 

99.7 

51.1 

151.7 

53.2 

Grams. 
-0.49 

-  .79 

-  .25 
+  .08 
+  .51 

-  .51 

-  .21 

-  .73 
+  .27 
+  .01 
+1.79 
-1.82 
+1.45 

Grams. 
0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

Total 1 

Average I 

43.02 

(46.07) 
3.31 
(3.29) 

18. 164 

43.71 

42.2 

"(66."2)' 

101.6 

-0.69 

1         .^  = 

(27.74) 

2.  5 

1.397 

3.36 

-  .05 

(1.98) 

1 

1 

Entire    preservative 
period: 

164.  .59 

(167.64) 

3.36 

(3.35) 

67.  655 

172. 944 

41.1 

■(64."i)' 

105. 1 

-8.354 

(107.48) 

1      19. 5 

A                                                                1 

1.381 

3. 529 

-  .169 

Average ■ 

(2.15) 

" 

After  period. 
1903— June  21 

3.15 
3.62 
3.21 
3.60 
3.64 
3.54 
3.37 
4.60 
3.61 

0.936 
2.51 
1.11 
1.79 

(a) 
..508 
3.22 
1.38 
(«) 

2.20 
2.37 
2.36 
1.99 

2.17 
1.80 
2.37 
2.19 
1.82 

3.136 

4.88 
3.47 
3.78 
2.17 
2.31 
5.69 
3.57 
1.82 

29.7 
69.3 
34.6 

49.7 

"14.4" 
95.5 
30.0 

69.8 
65.5 
73.5 
55.3 
59.6 
50.8 
70.3 
47.6 
50.4 

99.6 
134.8 
108.1 
105.0 
59.6 
65.3 
165.9 
77.6 
50.4 

+0. 014 
-1.26 
-  .26 
-  .18 
+1.47 
+1.23 
—2  22 
+L03 
+  1.79 

22 

23 

24 

'^5 

26 

27 

28 

29 

Total 

32.34 
3.  .59 

11. 454 
1.273 

19.27 
2.14 

30. 726 
3.414 

35.4 

59.6 

95.0 

+1.614 
+  .176 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


349 


Table  LXV. — Summari/  of  piiosphorlc-acld  balances  for  Series  V. 
Tliree  men. 


TotHl 
AvvraKe 


850 


IlSTFLUElSrCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXV. — Summary  of  phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
Three  inen..— Continued. 


Period.' 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2  +  3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period— 
Continued. 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Grams. 

■     641. 81 

(655. 17) 

[645. 06] 

4.40 

r4_4n^ 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 
691.89 

Per  ci. 

Per  ct. 

Per  d. 
107.8 

Grams. 
-50.08 

Grams. 
1 

Total \ 

(418.84) 

(63.9) 

>    74. 5 

[282.  53] 

[43.8] 

\ 

4.74 

-    .34 

Average \ 

(2.81) 

\          \i.  39I 

■[1.92]" 

"■                -• 

After  period. 

No.l 1 

No  3 

40.28 
(44.94) 
37.68 
42.52 

24.31 

46.04 

60.4 

(54.' 7')' 

114.3 

-  5.76 

(24.58) 
23. 01 
26.24 

14.57 
18.23 

37.58 
44.47 

38.7 
42.9 

61.1 
61.7 

99.7 
104.6 

+     .10 
-  1.95 

No.  5 

Total. 1 

Average -j 

120. 48 
(125. 14) 
4.63. 
(4.63) 

57.11 

128. 09 

47.4 

(59.' 6)' 

106. 3 

-  7.61 

(73.83) 

2.20 

4.93 

-     .30 

(2.73) 

Five  naen.. 


Fore  period. 
No.l 

:| 

33.17 
27.11 
(31.29) 
[31.66] 
23. 91 
32.75 
[37. 66] 
21. 95 

16.97 

19.86 

36.83 
25.96 

51.2 

59.8 

111.0 
95.8 

-  3.66 
+  1.15 

No.  2 

(20. 05) 

(64.1) 

[10. 70] 
9.23 

[33. 8] 
38.6 

[34:8]" 
3.5.4 

No.  3 

18.19 
25.04 

27.42 
36.71 

76.1 
76.5 

114.7 
112.1 

-  3.51 

-  3.96 

•{ 

[13.11] 

7.78 

No.  6 

i6.47 

24. 25 

75.0 

110.5 

-  2.30 

•1 
•{ 

I. 

138. 89 

(143.07) 

[148. 35] 

4.09 

(4. 09) 

[4.12] 

151.17 



(69.' 6)' 

108.8 

-12.28 

Total 

(99.61) 

[57. 79] 

[39.0] 

4.45 

-     .36 

Average 

(2.85) 

[1.61] 

1     _ 

Preservative  perioc 

First  subperiod : 
No.l 

57.85 
54.08 
41.48 
[44. 73] 
58.06 
42.14 

29.40 
21. 80 

33.96 
33.40 
27.75 

63. 35 
55.20 
41. 15 

50.8 
40.3 

i32.'s]" 
38.9 
40.3 

58.7 
61.8 
66.9 

109.5 
102.1 
99.2 

-  5.50 

-  1.12 
+     .33 

6  0 

No.  2 

6  0 

■{ 

I      6.0 

.  [14. 67] 
22.60 
16.99 

N0.5 

39.52 
26.88 

62. 12 
43.87 

68.1 
63.8 

107.0 
104.1 

-  4.06 

-  1.73 

6  0 

N0.6 -- 

5  0 

1 

2.53. 61 

[256. 86] 

4.30 

[4.28] 

161. 51 

265. 69 

"[4i."i]" 

63.7 

104.8 

-12. 08 

}    29.0 

[105.46] 

Average 

2.74 

4.  .50 

-     .20 

[1.76] 

Second  subperiod 
No.l 

67.26 
50.95 
42.22 
53.31 
(58.26) 
40.40 

28.96 
20.55 
16.70 
20.90 

33.75 
33.58 
30.39 

62.71 
54.13 
46.10 

55.87 

50.6 
40.3 
37.2 
39.2 

58.9 
65.9 
72.0 

(65."5J" 
66.7 

109.5 
106. 2 
109. 2 
104.8 

-  5.45 

-  3.18 

-  3.88 

-  2.56 

6  0 

No.  2 

6  0 

N0.3 - 

6  0 

N0.5 

-{ 

j-      6.0 

(38. 18) 
26.94 

No.  6 

i6.94 

43.88 

41.9 

108.6 

-  3.48 

6  0 

■{ 
■{ 

Total 

244. 14 

(249. 09) 

4.14 

(4.15) 

103.05 

262.  69 

42.2 

(65."4)' 

107.6 

-18.55 

1    30.0 

(162.84) 

Average 

1.75 

4.45 

-     .31 

(2.71) 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


351 


Table  LXV. — Summart/  of  phosphoric-acid  balances/or  Scries  1'— Continued. 
Five  inen — Continued. 


Period. 


Prc(:crratirc  period — 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total I 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

- 1: 

Xo.2 

Xu.3 1 

No.  5 1 

No.6 

Total I 

Average ■! 

S  u  b  p  e  r  i  o  d  s   1,2, 
and  3: 

Total 

Average i 


In  food.     In  feces 


Grams:,    j 

497.75  I 

(.502.70)1 

[.501.00] 

4  22  I 

(4;  22)' 

[-1.21]  I 


Grams. 


[208. 51] 


[1.76] 


52.57 
(57. 45) 
43.52 
39.47 
(43.00) 
51.71 
39.03 


226. 30 

(234.71) 

3.90 

(3.91) 


724. 05 

(737.41) 

[727. 30] 

4.11 

(4.12) 

[4.11] 


3 


In  urine. 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 


Grams. 
"(324."  35) 


(2.73) 


Grams. 
528. 38 


17.98 
14.28 


(33. 56) 
29.28 


22. 30 
15.57 


(30. 19) 
35.65 
25. 92 


97.85 
"i.69' 


(154.60) 

■■■(2.'58) 


(306. 36] 


(478.95) 


[1.74] 


(2.68) 


58. 76       .52.  7 


6 


In         In 
feces,   urine. 
(2+1)    (34-1) 


PercL 
W-6] 


Perct. 


(64.5) 


47. 26 
41.78 


41.3 
36.2 


57.95 
41.48 


43.1 
39.9 


247.23     I  43.2 


[42.1] 


(58.4) 
67.3 


(70.2) 
68.9 
66.4 


(65. 9) 


(65. 0) 


In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(44-1) 


Per  ct. 
106.1 


111.8 


108.6 
105.9 


112. 1 
106.3 


109.2 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Grams. 
-30.63 


.20 


6.19 


9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Grams. 
i    59.0 


3.74 
2.31 


6. 24 
2.45 


-51.56 
'-".'36" 


6.0 

6.0 

6.0 

5.5 
6.0 


-20.93    ^    „g  - 
-     .36  I 


I    SS.i 


H^ix    )rit?ii. 


Fore  period. 
Xo.l 

'\ 

33.17 

27.11    . 
(31.29)  . 
[31.06] 

23.91  i 

22.92  . 
[27.58] 

32.75  1. 
[37.00] 
21.95 

16.97 

19.86 

36.83 
25. 96 

51.2 

59.8 

111.0 
95.8 

-  3.66 
+  1.15 

No.  2 

(20.05) 

"  [33."  8] 
38.6 

"[33.' i]' 

■  [34.' 8]" 
35. 4 

(64.1) 

[10. 70] 
9.23 

:"":::::::" 

No.  3 

18.19 
20.19 

27.42 
28.50 

70.1 
88.1 

114.7 
124.3 

-  3.61 

-  5.58 

•{ 
;{ 

/ 
■| 

•1 

No.  4 

[9.14] 

No.  5 

25.04 

36.71 

70.5 

112.1 

-  3.96 

No.C 

16.47 

24.25 

75.0 

110.5 

-    2.30 

101.81    . 

(Ift5.99)  . 

[17.5.93 

3.95    . 

(3.95):- 

[4.00], 

179.67 

111.0 

-17.86 

Total 

(119.80) 

(72.2) 

■■■[i.M]" 

[38.0] 

(2.'85) 

4.38 



-     .43 

A  vcruge  . . . 

1 

I'reKrvaUve  perio 

Flrnl  Hubperirwl: 

No.l 

No.2 

N0.3 

57.85  ' 
54.08 
41.48    . 
[44.73] 
41.78 
58.00  , 
42. 14  1 

29.  10 
21.80 

'(14.67]' 
12.  .57 
22.  00 
16. 99 

33.90 
K\.  40 
27.75 

63.36 
f>5.20 
41.15 

50.8 
40.3 

'  132.' 8]' 
30.1 
38.9 
40.8 

58.7 
01.8 
66.9 

109.5 
102.  1 
99.  2 

.5.  .50 
I.IJ 

!     .:(;t 

0. 0 
0.0 

[      0.0 

No.  4 

32. 52 
39.  .52 
20.88 

46.08 
02. 12 
43.87 

77.8 
68.1 
63.8 

107.  9 
107.0 
104.1 

-  3.30 
•-  4.00 

-  1.73 

0.0 

No.6 

0.0 

No.  (J 

5.0 

:i 

Total    

295. 39  ' . 
[Wi.M]  I 
4.10    . 
[4.15J 

"uKiU] 
'"[V.fA] 

194.03 

310.77 

■[36: 6] 

05.7 

105.2 

-l.5.:« 

}    iW.O 

2.73 


4.38 

-     .22 

Avemgc  — 

352 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXV. — Sununary  of  phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 
Six  inen.— Continued. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

.    3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 
Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

Second  .snbperiod: 
No.  1 

Gi-a7m. 
57.26 
50.  95 
42.  22 
47.49 
53.31 
(58. 26) 
40.40 

Grains. 
28. 96 
20.55 
15.70 
16.04 
20.90 

Grams. 
33.75 
33.58 
30.39 
36.43 

Grams. 
62.71 
54.13 
46.10 
52.47 
55.87 

Per  ct. 
50.6 
40.3 
37.2 
33.8 
39.2 

Per  ct. 

58.9 

65.9 

72.0 

76.7 

(65.' 5)' 
66.7 

Per  ct. 
109.5 
106.2 
109.2 
110.5 
104.8 

Grams. 

-  5.45 

-  3.18 

-  3.88 

-  4.98 

-  2.56 

Grams. 
6.0 

"No.  2        

6.0 

No.  3 

6.0 

No.  4                 

6.0 

No.5 1 

No.  6 

}-      6.0 
6.0 

(38.18) 
26. 94 

16.94 

43.88 

41.9 

108.6 

-  3.48 

Total 1 

Average | 

291.  63 

(296. 58) 
4.11 
(4.12) 

119.09 

315.16 

40.8 

(67.'2)' 

108.1 

-23.53 

1    36.0 

(199.27) 

1.68 

4.44 

-     .33 

(2.77) 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

587.02 

(591.97) 

[.590. 27] 

4.13 

(4.14) 

[4.13] 

625. 93 

106.6 

-38.91 

] 

Total \ 

(393. 30) 

(66.4) 

>    71.0 

[237. 12] 

[40.2] 

J 

1 

4.41 

-     .28 

(2.75) 

[1.66] 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BOKAX. 
Table  LXVI. — General  summary  of  phosphoric-acid  balances. 


353 


Period  and  series. 


Fore  period. 

Series     I 

1I«  


1 
In  food. 


In  feces. 


III. 

IV. 
V. 


26.  U 


Grams.  Grams. 
I  142.  ."SS?  49.985 
\  (147.1.18) 
61.  63 
(78.93) 
155. 53 
(159.43) 
[158.98] 
f  111.99 
i  (116.46) 
f  89. 83 
\        [91- V4] 


3 


In  urine. 


Total  — 
Average 


Perscrvatire  period. 

Series     I 

Ill 


[54. 043] 
35. 205 


[39. 31] 


499. 887 

(.512.878) 

[508. 247]     [178. 543] 

4.463    

(4.460)  

[4.4.58]        [1.566] 


99.  294 
38.' is' 


III. 
IV. 


291.433 

(299.393) 

95. 23 

\      (104.92) 

'      178. 58 

[193.35] 

263. 53 

641.81     I 

(6.5.5.17)  i 

[645.06]   '   [282.  .53] 


Total . 


[62. 047 
97.51 


Average 


1,375.353    

(1,396.673) 

[1,393.373]    [541.381] 
4.298    

297), 

301]        [1.671] 


Grams. 
"(92.' 579) 
"(44.' 08) 
"(94.' 92) 


(67.46) 
63.09 


In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 


Grams. 
139. 687 


In 
feces. 
(2^1) 


In 
urine. 
(3-1) 


61.27 

"  14.5.' 47' 


100.38 
'166.'%' 


(318.049) 
'"(2.' 766) 


4.344 


(194.378) 


(63. 35) 
121.70 


160. 15 

'(iii'si) 


Per  ct. 
35.1 


42.4 


[34.0] 
31.4 


[41.. 5] 


[35.1] 


Per  ct. 
'(62.'9) 

'(55.'8) 
'(.59.'5) 


(57.9) 

70.*; 


(62.0) 


In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(44-1) 


Per  cl. 
98.0 


99.4 
93.5 


89.6 
'ii2.4 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Grains. 
+  2.85 


+     .36 

'+i6.'6(i' 


+  11.61 

'-ii.'is' 


97.3  I     +13.39 


96. 3() 
'i79.'2i' 


257. 67 
691.89 


('  '  4!2! 
.{  (4.2! 
1         [4.3( 


(895.068) 
"'(2.'754') 


After  perujd. 
Series    1 


f       224.18     .      79.229    

"1      (229.25)  I (145.751) 


(       126.51 

III  \      (142.03)  ' (74.64) 

[130.53  :     [43.38]   , 

IV  ;;        98.13  I      32.07            60.14 
f        120.48  57.11      

[     (125.14)  (73.83) 


V. 


ToUl 

Averajff 


(       .569.30     

\      (.594.55)    (354.361) 

1      [.573.32]      [212.389] 

(  4.248    

J         N.247) !        (2.531) 


(4.247) 

[4.246]        [1.573] 


1,418.050 
"4.'43i 


34.1 

'io.'i 


[32.1] 
37.0 


(64.9) 


(60.4) 
68.2 


[43.8] 


[38.9] 


108.79 


92.81 
128.09 


[33.2] 
33.3 
47.4 


552. 161 
"'4.'i2i' 


[37.0] 


60.8 
"(63.9) 


(64.1) 


(63.6) 


(52.6) 

"ei.'s 

"(69.' 6) 


99.3 

"i6i.'2' 
'ioo.'i' 


97.8 
107.8 


+  2.153 

"-\.\z 
"-"."es" 


+  5.86 

-50.08 


-     .  133 


99.2 


1.709 


86.0       +17.72 


94.6 
106.3 


(59.6) 


97.0 


+  5.  32 
--  7.61 


+17.139 
'  +  ".'i27 


«ThiH  Hcries  is  not  included  in  total;  all  members  ill  In  the  after  period. 
4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 23 


354 


INFLUENCE    01'    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


FAT   TABLES. 

Table  LXVII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  II. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Jan  21  a                        

Oi-ams. 
131. 11 
129. 26 
148. 42 
137. 57 
133. 76. 
131.44 
138.45 

Grams. 
9.19 
5.04 
6.77 
4.11 
6.18 
4.44 
6.17 

Per  cent. 
7.0 
3.9 
4.6 
3.0 
4.6 
3.4 
4.5 

Grains. 
121. 92 
124. 22 
141.  65 
133. 46 
127.  58 
127. 00 
132.28 

Grams. 

2'> 

23  

24 

25                                         

26 

27 

Total 

950. 01 
135. 72 

41.90 
5.96 

4.4 

908. 11 
129. 76 

Average            .        

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Jan.  28        

139. 50 
157. 16 
132. 44 
124. 66 

14.40 
3.65 
7.92 

12.91 

10.3 
2.3 
6.0 

10.4 

125. 10 
153.  61 
124.  .52 
111.75 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

1.0 

31                                     

1.0 

Total 

553. 76 
138.44 

38.88 
9.72 

7.0 

514. 88 
l'.^8.  72 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

129.  78 
110. 81 
144. 00 
125. 75 

lb.  72 
6.94 
6.43 

129.  78 

95.09 

137. 06 

119.  32 

2.0 

2 

14.2 
4.8 
5.1 

2.0 

3 

2.0 

4 

2.0 

510. 34 
127. 58 

29.09 
7.27 

6.7 

481. 25 
120. 31 

8.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903_Feb.  5 

126. 20 
96.20 
141.09 
113. 96 

8.45 
6.08 
9.79 
8.25 

6.7 
6.3 
6.9 

7.2 

117. 75 

90.12 

131.  30 

105.  71 

3.0 

6 

3.0 

7 

3.0 

8 

3.0 

Total 

477. 45 
119. 36 

32.57 
8.14 

6.8 

444. 88 
111.  22 

12  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

1,541.55 
128. 46 

100.54 
8.38 

6.5 

1,441.01 
120.08 

24  0 

Average 

1903— Feb.  9 

121. 28 
127.97 

5.38 
8.21 

4.4 
6.4 

115. 90 
119.  76 

4  0 

10 

4  5 

ISTo.    8. 


Fore  period. 

1903— Jan.  21a 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 


1.50. 35 
130. 86 
148. 90 
170. 40 
110.06 
127.  60 
144.  61 


982.  78 
140. 40 


10.59 
3.54 
(6) 
7.76 
8.78 
5.78 


36.45 
5.21 


7.0 
2.7 


4.6 
8.0 

4.5 


3.7 


139.  76 
127. 32 
148.  90 
162. 64 
101. 28 
121. 82 
144. 61 


946. 33 
135. 19 


a  Data  not  obtained  for  January  19  and  20,  the  first  two  days  of  the  fore  period. 
6  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


355 


Table  LXVII.— Fo<  balances  for  Series  //—Continued. 
!N"o.  8 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

Grams. 
121.64 
130. 83 
123.  63 
135.61 

Grams. 
8.03 
12.20 

(«) 
7.44 

Per  cent. 
6.6 
9.3 

Oramg. 
113.  61 
118.63 
123. 63 
128.17 

GraniD. 

1.0 
1.0 
1  0 

29 

30 

31 

.5.5 

1.0 

Total  ...: 

Average 

511.71 
127. 93 

27.67 
6.92 

5.4 

485. 04 
121.01 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  1 

2 

3  ..'.'.'.'.'.'...'.'.'..'.'.]['.'.'.][[[][[ 

12.5.43 
121.  70 

8.10 
8.13 

Discarded. 

Discarded . 

6.5 
6.7 

117.33 
113.  .57 

2.0 

2.0 

.0 

.0 

4 

Total 

247. 13 
123.56 

16. 23 
8.13 

6.6 

230. 90 
11.5.43 

4.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 

758.84 
126.47 

43.93 
7.32 

5.1 

714.91 
119. 15 

8.0 

No.  9. 


No.  lO. 


Foil  jifrio'l. 
1903— Jan.  21  '> 

132. 32 
117.64 
133.  45 
147.51 
119.53 
120. 47 

7.04 
1.34 
6.01 
(«) 
8.25 
8.99 
Di.scarded. 

.5.3 
1.1 
4.5 

125. 28 
116.30 
127. 44 
147.61 
111.28 
111.48 

22 

23 

24 

25 

6.9 
7.5 

26 

27 

Total 

770. 92 
128. 48 

31.63 
6.27 

4.1 

739.29 
123.21 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

38.20 
114.82 
108.21 

8.48 

6.  83 

5.  76 

Lost. 

22.2  ,            29.72 
5. 9            107. 99 
.5.3  1          102.45 

1   0 

29 

1  (1 

m 

1   0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

261.23 
87.08 

21.07 
7.02 

8,1            940  It; 

1  0 

Average 

80.06 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  21 '' 

170.14 
692. 88 
170.  10 
17.5.  77 
143. 27 
151.20 
1.50.22 

4.  60 
6.53 
8.14 

7.:{7 

8.33 
11.44 
6.  .59 

2.6 
4.0 
4.H 
4.1 
5.8 
7.0 
4.4 

1 
171.64    

22 

1.50.36    .... 
161.96    .... 
1«!8.40    .... 

23 

24 

25 

134.94  |.... 
139.82    .... 

26                                                ..   . 

27 

143.03    

Total 

1,129.64 
101. :« 

.53.00 
7.57 

4.7 

1,070.04    .... 

168.81    .... 

' 

Prmervalivr  period. 

Fin*t  Hubperiod: 
j'jtO — jmi,  28 

145. 60 

7.28 
DlHcarded. 

7.40 
Dliwarfled. 

6.0 

188.  :ih 

1   (1 

29 

1.(1 

30 

176.29 

4.2 

1«7. 89 

I.I' 

31 

1.0 

Total 

320.  95 

inc.  IH 

14.08 
7.34 

4.6 

mi  27 
153.14    .... 

4.0 



"No  rnoveniciit. 

''  Dfitii  not  obtained  for  January  19uik1  20,  tli"  i'r»i  n 


if  (III.  fun-  (iitIimI. 


356 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXVII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
IN"©.  lO — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period— Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Feb  1             

&rams. 
172. 75 
168.99 
149.06 
143. 80 

Grams. 

13.20 
5.81 
7.27 

11.49 

Per  cent. 
7.6 
3.4 
4.9 
8.0 

Grams. 
159. 55 
163.18 
141.79 
132. 31 

Grams. 

•J  0 

2  0 

3 

2  0 

4              ..            

2  0 

Total                 

634. 60 
158.  65 

37.77 
9.44 

6.0 

596. 83 
149. 21 

8  0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  5    ' 

156. 83 
120.  87 
169. 11 
116.70 

15.01 
(a) 
15. 07 

(°) 

9.6 

141.82 
120. 87 
154. 04 
116.70 

3.0 

6                                            .   .. 

3  0 

7 

8  

8.9 

3.0 
3.0 

Total 

563.  51 
140. 88 

30.08 
7.52 

6.3 

533.  43 
133.66 

12  0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

1, 519. 06 
151.91. 

82.53 
8. 25 

5.4 

1, 436. 53 
143. 66 

24.0 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903_Feb.   9     

8.33 
Discarded. 

4.0 

10 

4.0 

Total 

8.33 

8.0 

N"o.  11. 


Fore  period. 
1903_,jan.  21  b 

137.23 
123.  96 
145.31 
141.80 
129. 56 
116.47 
131. 12 

6.05 
9.25 
14.14 
14.14 
3.42 
6.43 
6.08 

4.4 
7.5 
9.7 
10.0 
2.6 
4.7 
4.6 

131.18 
114.71 
131. 17 
127. 66 
126. 14 
111.04 
125. 04 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total                       .           .... 

925. 45 
132.21 

58.61 
8.36 

6.3 

866. 94 
123.85 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

132. 60 
128. 91 
123. 56 
121.97 

4.24 
5.40 
4.71 
7.30 

3.2 

4.2 
3.8 
6.0 

128.36 
123. 61 
118.85 
114. 67 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

1.0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

507. 04 
126. 76 

21.65 
5.41 

4.3 

485.39 
121.36 

4.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

141. 00 
129.80 

2.98 

1.05 

Discarded. 

5.07 

2.1 

.8 

138. 02 

128. 75 

2.0 

2 

2.0 

3 

.0 

4 

42.67 

11.9 

37.60 

.0 

Total 

313. 47 
104. 49 

9.10 
3.03 

2.9 

304. 37 
101. 46 

4.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

820. 51 
117.22 

30.75 
4.39 

3.7 

789. 76 
112. 83 

8.0 

Average 

a  No  movement. 

&Data  not  obtained  for  January  19  and  20,  the  first  two  days  of  the  fore  period. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


857 


Table  LXVII. — Fat  bulance-t  for  Serlen  //^Continued. 
IsTo.   1,2. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

In  feces. 

(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  21 « 

Grams. 
133. 43 
141.76 

134. 14 
154. 87 

135. 15 
125. 26 
128. 31 

Grams. 
4.52 
4.97 
5.26 

5.34 
9.32 
3.13 

Per  cent. 
3.4 
3.5 
3.9 

4."6' 

7.4 
2.4 

Grams. 
128. 91 
136.  79 
128. 88 
154.87 
129. 81 
115.94 
125. 18 

Grams. 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26  

27 

Total 

952.92 
136.13 

32.54 
4.65 

3.4 

920. 38 

131.68 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903_.Jan.  28            

132. 74 
141.96 
134. 93 
144. 51 

5.78 
5.72 
.5.21 

9.82 

4.4 
4.0 
3.9 
6.8 

126. 96 
136. 24 
129.  72 
134. CO 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

1.0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

554. 14 
138. 54 

26.53 
6.63 

4.8 

.527.  til 
131.91 

4.0 

Second  suhperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1               

133. 22 
129. 94 

88.90 
108.85 

6.00 
8.43 
1.66 
3.33 

4.5 
6.5 
1.9 
3.1 

127. 22 
121.61 
87. 24 
105.  62 

2.0 

2 

2.0 

3  .    .                              ... 

2.0 

i 

2.0 

Total 

460.91 
115.23 

19. 42 
4.86 

.     4.2 

441.49 
110.37 

8.0 

Third  snbperiod: 

1903-Feb.  5 

6 

109.  99 
69. 19 
41.42 
17.  95 

'\  10 
■2.  04 
3.80 

3.  -y.i 

4.6 
2.9 
9.2 
19.7 

104.  S9 
67. 15 
37. 62 
14.42 

3.0 
.0 

7 

.0 

.0 

Total 

238.  55 
59.64 

14.47 
3.62 

6.1 

224. 08 
56.02 

3.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

1,253.60 
104.47 

60.42 
5.04 

4.8 

1,193.18 
99.43 

15.0 

A  verage 

"  Data  not  obtained  for  January  19  and  20,  the  first  two  days  of  the  fore  period. 
t>  No  movement. 

T.\uLic  LXVIII. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  II. 
Two  meia. 


I'eriod. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2-5-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore,  periofl. 
\<i,7             

Grams. 

950. 01 
1,129.64 

Gravis. 
41.90 
53.00 

Per  cent. 
4.4 
4.7 

Grams. 

908.11 
1,076.64 

Grams. 

No.  10 

Total 

Average 

2, 079. 65 
148.55 

94.90 
6.78 

4.6 

1,984.75 
141.77 

I'rriurfiitivt:  period. 

First  MibiH.Tifxl: 

No.7 

No.  10  

553. 70 
320. 95 

88.88 
14.68 

7.0 
4.6 

514.88 
30(i.  27 

4.0 
4.0 

Total 

874.  57 
115.78 

63.56 
8.93 

6.1 

' 

821.15 
136. 85 

8.0 

358 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXVIII. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  JJ^Continued. 
Tvv^o  men— Continued. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

2 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  7 

Grams. 
510. 34 
634. 60 

Grams. 
29.09 
37.77 

Per  cent. 
5.7 
6.0 

Gravis. 
481. 25 
596. 83 

Grams. 

8.0 

No  10                            

8.0 

Total 

1, 144. 94 
143.12 

66.86 
8.36 

5.8 

1, 078.  08 
134. 76 

16.0 

Third  subperiod: 
No.7     

477. 45 
563. 51 

32.57 
30.08 

6.8 
5.3 

444.88 
533.43 

12.0 

No.  10 

12.0 

Total 

1,040.96 
130. 12 

62.65 
7.83 

6.0 

978.  31 
122.  29 

24.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total         

3,060.61 
139. 12 

183.07 
8.32 

6.0 

2, 877. 54 
130. 80 

48.0 

Tliree  ixien. 


Fure2}eriod. 
No  7 

950. 01 

1,129.64 

952. 92 

41.90 
53. 00 
32. 54 

4.4 
4.7 
3.4 

908. 11 

1, 076. 64 

920. 38 

No.  10               

No.  12 

Total       

3,032.57 
144. 41 

127.44 
6.07 

4.2 

2, 905. 13 
138. 34 

514. 88 
306. 27 
527. 61. 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  7 

553.  76 
320.  95 
554. 14 

38.88 
14. 68 
26.53 

7.0 
4.6 
4.8 

4.0 

No.  10 

4.0 

No.  12 

4.0 

Total 

1,428.85 
142. 89 

,    80.09 
8.01 

5.6 

1,348.76 
134.88 

12.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  7 

510. 34 
634. 60 
460. 91 

29.09 

37.77 
19.42 

5.7 
6.0 
4.2 

481. 25 
696. 83 
441. 49 

8.0 

No.  10 

8.0 

No.  12 

8.0 

Total 

1,605.85 
133. 82 

86.28 
7.19 

5.4 

1, 619. 57 
126,  63 

24.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

3, 034. 70 
137. 94 

166. 37 
7.56 

5.5 

2, 868. 33 
130.  38 

30.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.7 

477.  45 
563. 61 
238.55 

32.57 
30.08 
14.47 

6.8 
6.3 
6.1 

444.88 
533.43 
224.08 

12  0 

No.lO 

12.0 

No.  12 

3  0 

Total 

1,279.51 
106.63 

77.12 
6.43 

6.0 

1, 202. 39 
100. 20 

27.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

4,314.21 
126. 89 

243. 49 
7.16 

5.6 

4,070.72 
119. 73 

63.0 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


359 


Table  LXIX. — Fat  balducei^  for  Series  III. 
]S"o.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 
125. 23 
131.69 
120. 56 
109. 36 
106.  70 
100. 49 
133. 26 
136. 69 
139. 63 

Grams. 

11.77 
9.26 
5.87 
8.47 
7.13 
7.87 
4.92 
9.12 

14. 85 

Per  cent. 
9.4 
7.0 
4.9 
7. 7 
6.7 
7.8 
3.7 
6.7 
10.6 

Grams. 
113.46 
122.  43 
114.69 
100. 89 
99.  57 
92.  62 
128.  34 
127.  .57 
124.  78 

Grams. 

•20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

1,103.61 
122. 62 

79.26 
8.81 

7.2 


1,024.35 
113.81 

Preserrut  i  vr  per  ii)d . 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.    1 

2 

3 

141.  39 
144. 87 
149. 96 
152. 57 

3.62 
15.13 
9.31 

7.86 

2.6 
10.4 
6.2 
5.2 

137.  77 
129.74 
140. 65 
144.  71 

1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

588. 79 
147.20 

35.92 

8.98 

6.1 

552.87 
138. 22 

4.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

180. 01 
129. 89 
13.5.84 
148. 25 

6.90 
10.82 
10.14 

5.82 

3.8 
8.3 
7.5 
3.9 

173.11 
119.07 
125. 70 
142.43 

4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2  0 

Total 

593. 99 
148.50 

33.68 
8.42 

5.7 

560. 31 
140.08 

12  0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

U 

135. 93 
151.93 
145. 92 
116. 15 

3.34 
3.00 
4.52 
1.17 

2.5 
2.0 
3.1 
1.0 

132. 59 
148. 93 
141.40 
114.98 

3.0 
2.0 
3.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average 

549. 93 
137.48 

12.03 
3.01 

2.2 

537.90 
134.47 

10.0 

Entire  jireservative  jieriod: 

Total 

Average 

1,732.71 
144.39 

81. 63 
6.80 

4.7 

1,651.08 
137.59 

26.  0 

AJler  period. 
190:i— Mar.  12 

99.94 
138. 02 
145.  H6 
11.5.  .58 
157. 34 
143.25 
167.  37 
146.41 

5.09 
4.86 
6.10 
4.43 
3.40 
6.04 
6. 35 
4.48 

5.1 
3.5 
4.2 
3.8 
2.2 
4.2 
3.8 
3.1 

94.85 
133.16 
139. 76 
111.15 
153.94 
137. 21 
161.02 
141.93 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

Average 

1,113.77 
139.22 

40. 75 
5.09 

3.7 

1,073.02 
134. 13 

360 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIX. — Fat  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Gi-ams. 

120. 05 
128. 51 

112. 06 
104.  29 
108. 39 
104. 14 
119. 64 
104.  34 
130. 79 

Grams. 
6.16 
5.04 
3.60 

5.75 
4.54 
2.53 
4.44 
5.98 
5.45 

Per  cent. 
5.1 
3.9 
3.2 
5.5 
4.2 
2.4 
3.7 
5.7 
4.2 

Grams. 
113.89 
123. 47 
108. 46 

98.54 
103. 85 
101.61 
115. 20 

98.36 
125. 34 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

1,032.21 
114. 69 

43.49 

4.83 

4.2 

988.  72 
109. 86 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Feb.  28 

123. 04 
113. 97 
132. 56 
138. 67 

5.29 
4.55 
4.14 
3.75 

4.3 
4.0 
3.1 

2.7 

117. 75 
109. 42 
128. 42 
134.  92 

1  0 

Mar.  1 

1  0 

2                   

1  0 

3 

1  0 

Total 

508.  24 
127. 06 

17.73 
4.43 

3.5 

490.  51 
122. 63 

4  0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

163.  29 
61.33 
83.09 
89.59 

1.98 

.77 
(a) 

■    («) 

1.2 
1.3 

161. 31 

60.56 

.     83.09 

89.59 

4  0 

5 

2  0 

6 

0 

1  0 

Total 

397. 30 
99.32 

2.75 
1.38 

.7 

394. 55 
97.94 

7  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

35.83 

59.43 

93.75 

124. 53 

2.65 
2.68 
1.50 
1.79 

7.4 
4.5 
1.6 
1.4 

33.18 

56.75 

92.25 

122.  74 

0  0 

9 

0 

10 

0 

11 

0 

Total 

313.54 
78.38 

8. 62 
2.15 

2.7 

304.  92 
76.23 

0 

Average 

Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

1,219.08 
101. 59 

29.10 
2.41 

2.4 

1, 189.  98 
99.16 

11  0 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Jlar.  12 '. 

115.  73 
93.99 
113. 60 
112.  30 
144. 56 
144. 18 
168. 06 
146. 34 

3.27 
2.40 
3.07 
2.24 
3.40 
3.28 
2.87 
1.34 

.2.8 
2.6 
2.7 
2.0 
2.4 
2.3 
1.7 
.9 

112.  46 
91.59 
110. 53 
110. 06 
141.16 
140.  90 
165. 19 
145. 00 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

1,038.76 
129. 84 

21.87 
2.73 

2.1 

1, 016. 89 
127. 11 

Average ■. 

«  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


361 


Table  LXIX. — Fat  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
N"©.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 
96.07 
90.34 
97.70 
82. 45 
84.05 
80.79 
100. 63 
89.  57 
f-8.41 

Grams. 
6.31 
2.45 
4.05 
4.75 
6.81 
2.16 
4.14 
5.06 
3.59 

Per  cent. 
6.6 
2.7 
4.1 
5.8 
8.1 
2.7 
4.1 
•5.9 
4.1 

Grams. 
89.76 
87.89 
93.65 
77.70 
77. 24 
78.63 
96. 49 
84. 51 
84.82 

Grams. 

20                                

21 

23 

24 

25 

26 

Total 

810.01 
90.  CO 

39. 32 
4.37 

4.9 

770. 69 
85. 63 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb  28 

92.11 

88.63 

3.03 
4.19 
Lo.st. 

3.3 

4.7 

89.08 
84.44 

1  0 

Mar.  ]   

1.0 

2 

1.0 

3                       

101.65 

3.80 

3.7 

97.85 

1.0 

Total 

Average 

282. 39 
94.13 

11.02 
3.67 

3.9 

271. 37 
90.46 

4.0 

~econd  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

L21.51 
93.  46 
84.51 
83.90 

6.37 
1.70 
7.10 
4.84 

5.2 
1.8 
8.4 
5.8 

115. 14 
91.76 
77.41 
79.06 

4.0 

4  0 

6 

2.0 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

3X3.  38 
95. 84 

20. 01 
o.OO 

.5.2 

363.37 
90.84 

12.0 

Ihird  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

88.86 
75.  2l 
09. 06 
91. 'il 

1.68 
5.13 
2.13 
1.34 

1.9 

6.8 
3.1 
1.5 

87.18 
70.13 
66. 93 
90.03 

3.0 
3.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

Average 

324. 55 
81.14 

10.28 
2.  .57 

3.2 

314. 27 

78.67 

11.0 

Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

Average 

990.32 
90. 03 

41.31 
3.76 

4.2 

919. 01 

86. 27 

27.0 

AfO:r  period. 
190;}— >rur.  12 

54.36 
60.87 
49.24 
.54.63 
71.66 

4.58 
2.17 
4.26 
1.85 
2.42 
Lost. 
4.03 
4.38 

8.4 
3.6 
8.7 
3.4 
3.4 

49.78 
58. 70 
44.98 
52.  78 
69.24 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

80.88 
50.82 

5.0 
8.6 

76.  85 
46.44 

422.46 
60.35 

23.69 
3.38 

5.6 

398.  77 
56. 97 

362 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIX. — Fat  balances  for  Series  ZZJ^Continued. 
ISTo.  4. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Feb  19 

Grams. 

Absent.- 
113. 74 
107.  51 

Gi'ams. 

Per  cent. 

Gi-ams. 

Grams. 

20                                      

3.80 
2.02 
Lost. 
2.17 
4.20 
4.37 
4.83 
3.29 

3.3 
1.9 

109. 94 
105. 49 

21                    

22                                               

23                                 

115. 54 
106.  66 
139.  66 
111.  60 
127. 72 

i.9 
3.9 
3.1 
4.3 
2.6 

113. 37 
102. 46 
135. 29 
106. 77 
124. 43 

24  .          

25                                    

26                           

27 

Total              

822. 43 
117.  49 

24.68 
3.53 

3.0 

797. 75 
113. 96 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  28 

102. 33 
102.  42 
125. 41 
138. 98 

3.51 

6.24 
3.13 

4.78 

3.4 
6.1 
2.5 

3.4 

98.82 
96.18 
122. 28 
134.20 

LO 

Mar.    1 

1.0 

2 

1.0 

3 

1.0 

Total 

469. 14 
117. 28 

17.66 
4.42 

3.8 

451. 48 
112. 87 

4.0 

1903— Mar.  4 

147.42 

107. 79 

93.15 

85.59 

4.29 
5.59 
3.17 
4.96 

2.9 
5.2 
3.4 

5.8 

143. 13 
102. 20 
89.98 
80.63 

4.0 

'  4.0 

6    

2.0 

2.0 

Total 

433. 95 
108. 49 

18.01 
4.50 

4.2 

415. 94 
103. 99 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 
190g_Mar.    8 

99.35 
78.79 
90.11 
56.78. 

3.53 
2.80 
4.52 
4.23 

3.6 
3.6 
5.0 
7.4 

95.82 
75.99 
86.59 
52.55 

■3.0 

9 

1.7 

10 

3.0 

11 

2.0 

Total 

325. 03 
81.26 

15.08 
3.77 

4.6 

309. 95 
77.49 

9.7 

Total 

1, 228. 12 
102.34 

50.  75 
4.23 

4.1 

1,177.37 
98.11 

25.7 

Average .                   

After  period. 
3903— Mar.  12 

Lost. 
Lost. 

(«) 
3.91 
3.42 
2.24 
2.75 
Discarded. 

13 

14 

70.34 
61.52 
91.82 
71.94 
107. 03 

70.34 
57.61 
88.40 
69.70 
104. 28 

15 

6.4 
3.7 
3.1 
2.6 

16 

18 

19 

Total 

402.65 
80.63 

12.32 
2.46 

3.1 

390.33 
78.07 

Average 

a  No  moTement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


363 


Table  LXIX. — Fat  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
JiTo.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2+1) 

4 

Balance. 
(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 
134. 02 
127. 01 
129. 15 
115. 04 
99. 52 
107. 96 
130. 39 
119. 21 
131.85 

Grams. 
3.59 
1.87 
3.01 

14.04 
7.70 
3.00 
5. 12 

11.04 
1.84 

Per  cent. 
2. 7 
1.5 
2.3 
12.2 
7.7 
2.8 
3.9 
9.3 
1.4 

Grams. 
130.43 
125. 14 
126. 14 

101. 00 
91.82 

104.96 
125. 27 
108. 17 

130. 01 

Grams. 

20 

21                                   

•« 

23 

24 

25 

26 

0- 

Total 

1,094.15 
121. 57 

51.21 
5.69 

4.7 

1,042.94 
115. 88 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  2S 

123.83 
123. 80 
133. 61 
135. 74 

9.22 

.70 

6.57 

10.16 

7.4 

.6 

4.9 

7.5 

114.61 
123. 10 
127. 04 
125. 58 

1  0 

Mar.  1 

1  0 

2 

1  0 

3 

1  0 

Total 

516. 98 
129. 24 

26. 65 
6.66 

5.2 

490. 33 
122. 58 

4  0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

172. 04 
124. 72 
108. 59 
124.00 

4.74 
3.35 

7.74 
4.52 

2.8 
2.  7 
7.1 
3.6 

■    167.30 
121. 37 
100. 85 
119.48 

4  0 

5 

4  0 

6 

2  0 

2  0 

Total 

529.  35 
132.  34 

20. 35 
.5.09 

3.8 

509.00 
127.25 

l'>  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  8 

107. 18 
112.39 
75. 56 

98.  87 

3.61 
1.00 
2.07 

.82 

3.4 

.9 

2.7 

.8 

103. 57 
111.39 
73.49 
98.05 

3.0 

9 

3  0 

10 

2.2 

11 

3  0 

Total 

394. 00 
98.  .50 

7.50 

1.88 

1.9 

386.50 
96.62 

11  2 

. 

Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

1,440.33 
120.03 

54.50 
4.54 

3.8 

1,385.83 
115. 49 

27  2 

AJlcr  period. 
1903 — Mar.  12 

80.11 
lOH.  36 
121.73 
113.24 
13H.94 
117.26 
172. 14 
134. IH 

6.34 
4.05 
5.44 

7.9 
3.7 

4.5 

73.77 
104.31 
116. 29 

13 

14 

15 

16 

3.61 
5.  .57 
1.09 
4.02 

2.6 

4.8 

.6 

3.0 

13.5. 33 
111.69 
171.05 
130. 16 

17 

1« 

19 

Total 

985.96 
123,24 

30. 12 
4.30 

3.1 

9.55. 84 
118. 94 

364 


INFLUENCE    OP    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXIX. — Fat  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
]sro.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb.l9     

Grams. 
102. 04 

83.59 
104. 97 

92.36 
100. 27 
108. 80 
123.  32 
101. 41 
113. 16 

Gh-ams. 

(a) 
1.92 
10.50 
4.85 

(a) 
3.23 
3.94 
5.07 

(«) 

Per  cent. 

Gravis. 
102.04 
81.67 
94.47 
87. 51 
100. 27 
105. 57 
119. 38 
96.34 
113. 16 

Grams. 

20                                

2.3 
10.0 
5.3 

21                      

22                                      

23                                

24            

3.0 
3.2 
5.0 

25 

26                                  

27            

Total                      

929. 92 
103. 32 

29.51 
3.28 

3.2 


900.41 
100.05 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod; 
1903— Feb.  28 

68.  27 

74.10 

76.15 

115. 32 

6.33 
7.05 
5.40 
2.71 

9.3 
9.5 
7.1 
2.3 

61.94 

67.05 

-    70.75 

112.61 

1.0- 

.0 

2                       

.0 

3 

.0 

Total                

333.  84 
83.46 

21.49 
5.37 

6.4 

312.  35 
78.09 

1.0 

1903_iiar.  4 ., 

137.38 
100.93 
107. 13 
115. 24 

4.93 
8.31 
■5.53 
5.12 

3.6 

8.2 
5.2 
4.4 

132. 45 

92.62 

101. 60 

110. 12 

o.o 

.0 

6 

1.0 

2.0 

Total 

460. 68 
115. 17 

23.89 
5.97 

5.2 

436. 79 
109. 20 

3.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  8 

110.26 
115. 83 
103. 01 
123. 47 

5.24 
3.83 

4.84 

4.8 
3.3 

105. 02 
112.00 
103. 01 
118.63 

3.0 

9            

3.0 

10                                            .   .. 

3.& 

11 

3.9 

3.0 

Total 

452.  .57 
113. 14 

13.91 
3.48 

3.1 

438. 66 
109. 66 

12. 0 

Total                             

1,247.09 
103. 92 

59.29 
4.94 

4.8 

1,187.80 
98.98 

15.0 

After  period. 
1903_Mar.l2 

107. 22 
103. 12 
108. 48 
116.10 
133. 09 
112.22 
128.  79 

6.14 
6.44 
2.27 
4.67 
5.08 
.5.33 
8.80 
Lost. 

5.7 
5.3 
2.1 
4.0 
3.8 
4.7 
6.8 

101.  08 
97.68 
106. 21 
111.43 
128.01 
106.89 
119. 99 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

Total 

809. 02 
115. 57 

37.73 
5.39 

4.7 

771. 29 
110.18 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


365 


Table  LXX. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  III. 
Four  ineia. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2+1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Ftirr  j)(  riod. 
No.l 

Gi-ams. 

1,103.61 
810.01 
822. 13 

1,094.15 

Gi-arns. 
79. 26 
39.32 
24.68 
61.21 

Per  cent. 

7.2 
4.9 
3.0 

4.7 

Grams. 

1,024.35 
770. 69 
797.  75 

1,012.94 

Grams. 

No  3                                                       

No  4                                             

No.  5           .            

Total       

3, 830. 20 
112.  65 

194.  47 

5.  72 

5.1 

3, 035. 73 
106.  93 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  1           

.588. 79 

■      282. 39 

469. 14 

.516.98 

3,5.92 
11.02 
17. 66 
26. 65 

6.1 
3.9 
3.8 
5.2 

552.87 
271.37 
451.48 
490. 33 

4.0 

No.  3 

4.0 

No.  4          .     .             

4.0 

No.  5 

4.0 

Total 

1,857.30 
123. 82 

91.25 
6.08 

4.9 

1,766.05 
117. 74 

16.0 

Second  subperiod: 

.593. 99 
383. 38 
433. 95 
.529.  35 

33.68 
20.01 
18. 01 
20.  35 

5.7 
5.2 
4.2 
3.8 

560. 31 
363. 37 
41.5.  94 
509. 00 

12.0 

No.  3 

12.0 

12.0 

No.  5 

12.0 

Total 

1,910.67 
121.29 

92.  05 
5. 75 

4.7 

1,848.62 
115.  .54 

48.0 

Third  .subperiod: 
No.  1              .          

.549. 93 
324.  .55 
325.03 
394. 00 

12. 03 

10.  28 
1.5.08 
7.  .50 

2.2 
3.2 
4.6 
1.9 

537. 90 
314. 27 
309. 95 
386. 50 

10.0 

11.0 

No.  4                             

9.7 

11.2 

Total 

1,-593.  .51 
99. 59 

44.  S9 
2.81 

2.8 

1,. 548.  62 
96.  78 

41.9 

Entire  preservative  period: 
No.  1 

1,732.71 

990.32 

1,228.12 

1,440.33 

81. 63 
41.31 
.50. 75 
54.. 50 

4.7 
4.2 
4.1 
3.8 

1,651.08 

949. 01 

1,177.37 

1 ,  386. 83 

26.0 

No  3                                     

27.0 

No.  4.     .          

2.5.7 

No  5                                                 

27.2 

Total 

5,391.48 
114.71 

228. 19 
4. 86 

4.2 

5,163.29 
109.85 

105.9 

After  period. 
No.  1     

1,113.77 
422. 46 
402. 65 
985. 96 

40.  75 
23. 69 
12. 32 
30. 12 

3.7 
5.6 
3.1 
3.1 

1 ,  073. 02 
398. 77 
390. 33 
95.5.84 

No.  4 

No  5 

Total                                               .   .   . 

2,924.84 
104.46 

IW).  88 
3.82 

3.7 

2,817.96 
100.64 

IQ6 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Table  LXXr — Sumviary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  iZZ^— Continued. 


Five  ixieii.. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

.    5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.  1 

Grams. 

1, 103. 61 

1, 032.  21 
810. 01 
.S22.  43 

1,  094. 15 

Grains. 
79.26 
43. 49 
39.32 
24.68 
51.21 

Per  cent. 
7.2 
4.2 
4.9 
3.0 
4.7 

(reams. 

1, 024. 35 
988. 72 
770. 69 
797. 75 

1, 042. 94 

Grams. 

No.  2    

No.  3 

No.  4             .         .   .          

No.  5 

Total 

4, 862.  41 
113. 08 

237. 9(> 
5.53 

4.9 

4, 624. 45 
107. 55 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  1 

588. 79 
508. 24 
282.39 
469. 14 
516. 98 

35.92 
17.73 
11.02 
17.66 
26.65 

6.1 
3.5 
3.9 
3.8 
5.2 

552. 87 
490. 51 
271.37 
451.48 
490. 33 

4  0 

No.  2 

4.0 

No.  3 

4.0 

No.  4 

4.0 

No.  5 

4.0 

Total 

2,365.54 
124. 50 

108. 98 
5.74 

4.6 

2, 256. 56 
118. 76 

20.0 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  1 

593.  99 
397.  30 
383. 38 
433. 95 
529. 35 

33.68 
2.75 
20.01 
18.01 
20.35 

5.7 
.  7 
5.2 
4.2 
3.8 

560.  31 
394. 55 
363. 37 
415. 94 
509.  00 

12.0 

No.  2 

7.0 

No.  3 

12.0 

No.  4 

12.0 

No.  5 

12.0 

Total 

2,337.97 
ll(j.  90 

94.80 
4.74 

4.1 

2, 243. 17 
112. 16 

55.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.  1 

.549. 93 
313.  54 

324.  65 

325.  03 
394. 00 

12.03 

8.62 
10.28 
15.08 

7.50 

2.2 
2.7 
3.2 
4.6 
1.9 

537.  90 
304. 92 
314. 27 
309.  95 
386. 50 

10.0 

No.  2 

.0 

No.  3 

11.0 

No.  4 

9.7 

No.  5 

11.2 

Total 

1, 907. 05 
95. 35 

53.51 
2.68 

2.8 

1,853.54 
92.67 

41.9 

Average 

Entire  preservative  period: 
No.l . 

1,  732. 71 
1, 219.  08 
990. 32 
1,228.12 
1, 440. 33 

81.63 
29.10 
41.31 
50.75 
54.50 

4.7 
2.4 
4.2 
4.1 

3.8 

1,651.08 
1, 189. 98 
949.  01 
1, 177. 37 
1, 385. 83 

26  0 

No.  2 

11.0 

No.  3 

27.0 

No.  4 

25.7 

No.  5 

27.2 

Total 

6, 610. 56 
112. 04 

257. 29 
4.36 

3.9 

6, 353. 27 
107.  68 

116.9 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


367 


Table  LXXI. — Fat  halance.'i  for  Series  IV. 

ISTo.  7. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  20 

Crrams. 
95.36 
123.81 
101.31 
134. 80 
110. 27 
127. 59 
111.75 
121. 86 

Gixims. 
5.13 
6.92 
5.63 
4.37 
5.01 
3.45 
9.15 
2.99 

Per  cent. 
5.4 
5.6 
5.6 
3.2 
4.5 
2.7 
8.2 
2.4 

Grams. 

90.23 
116.89 

95. 68 
130.  43 
105. 26 
124. 14 
102. 60 
118. 87 

Grams. 

21 

•)•} 

23 

24             .      .           

25 

26 

27 

Total 

926. 75 
115.84 

42. 65 
5.33 

4.6 

884.10 
110.51 

Average 

Presen'ative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Mar    ''n 

102. 94 
106. 49 
115.24 
112. 77 

.5.41 
8.28 
6.35 
4.55 

5.3 
7.8 
5.5 
4.0 

97.53 

98.21 

108. 89 

108. 22 

0  5 

29 

.5 

30            

5 

.5 

Total 

437. 44 
109. 36 

24.  .59 
6.15 

5.6 

412. 85 
103.  21 

2  0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Apr.  1 

126. 39 

(^) 

126.39 

1  0 

1 

«  Ob.servations  discontinued. 


b  No  movement. 


368 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXI. 


-Fat  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
ISTo.  8. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-Hl) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Mar  20                             

drams. 
133. 01 
118.  97 
121. 40 

Gravis. 
0.80 
3.34 
2.18 
Lost. 
(«) 
5.21 
4.57 
(«) 

Per  cent. 
0.6 
2.8 
1.8 

Grams. 

132. 21 
115.  63 

119. 22 

Grams. 

21                     

22               

' 

23                                     

21                               

128. 28 
145. 84 
133.65 
141. 21 

128. 28 
140.  63 
129. 08 
141. 21 

25                        

3.6 
3.4 

26                



27                         

Total              

922. 36 
131. 77 

16.10 
2.30 

1.7 

906. 26 
129. 47 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903_Mar.  28 

123. 19 
125. 53 
139.62 
128. 44 

3.27 
6.34 
6.54 
4.21 

2.7 
5.1 

4.7 
3.3 

119. 92 
119. 19 
133.08 
124.23 

0.5 

29         '             

.5 

30    

.5 

31                      

.5 

Total              

516. 78 
129. 19 

20.36 
5.09 

3.9 

496. 42 
124. 10 

2.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903    Apr  1                          

155.96 
117. 33 
136.  99 
119. 54 

(°) 
6.78 
2.95 
6.11 

155. 96 
110.55 
134. 04 
113.43 

1.0 

2                        

5.8 
2.2 
5.1 

1.0 

3      

1.0 

4 

1.0 

Total              

529. 82 
132. 45 

15. 84 
3.96 

3.0 

513. 98 
128. 49 

4.0 

Total 

1,046.60 
130. 82 

36.20 

4.52 

.„ 

3.5 

1, 010. 40 
126.28 

6.0 

1903— Apr.  5             

103.43 
139. 54 
126. 38 
161. 44 
117. 74 

(a) 
3.12 
4.92 
4.38 
3.45 

103.43 
136. 42 
121. 46 
157. 06 
114.29 

1.0 

6 

2.2 
3.9 
2.7 
2.9 

1.0 

7 

1.0 

8 

1.0 

9      

1.0 

Total 

648.  53 
129.  71 

15. 87 
3.17 

2.4 

632. 66 
126.  53 

5.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

1, 695. 13 
130. 39 

52.07 
4.01 

3.1 

1, 643.  06 
126. 39 

11.0 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— Apr  10              

124. 41 
125. 03 
102. 18 
159.  79 
113. 48 

3.62 
3.31 
5.24 
3.09 
3.68 

2.9 
2.6 
5.1 
1.9 
3.2 

120.  79 
121. 72 
96. 94  . 
156.  70 
109.80 

2.0 

2.0 

12 

2.0 

13                                     

2.0 

14 

3.0 

Total 

624.89 
124.98 

18.94 
3.79 

3.0 

605. 95 
121. 19 

11.0 

Total 

2, 320. 02 
128.  89 

71.01 
3.94 

3.1 

2, 249. 01 
124. 94 

22.0 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

150. 06 
120. 13 
119.  93 
115. 03 
87.08 
118.44 
119. 22 
162. 89 

2.94 
3.60 
4.27 
2.65 
5.00 
4.95 

(«) 
6.58 

2.0 
3.0 
3.6 
2.3 
5.7 
4.2 

147. 12 
316.53 
115.66 

112.  m 
82.08 

113.  49 
119. 22 
156. 31 

17 

18    . 

19 

21  ... 

4.0 

Total 

992. 78 
124. 10 

29.99 
3.75 

3.0 

962. 79 
120.  35 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


369 


T.^BLE  LXXI. — Fat  balances  for  Series  /T'— Continued. 


IN^o.  O. 


Period  aud  date. 


1903— Mar.  20  . 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 


Fore  period. 


Total  . . . 
Average 

Preservative  period 


1 
In  food. 


2 

111  feces. 


3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 


Grams. 

91.06 
103. 02 

86. 53 
115. 41 

71.29 
104. 96 

93.13 
101.98 


Gravis. 
5.46 
2.86 
5.41 
4.60 
3.75 
3.75 
4.45 
2.34 


Per  cent. 
6.0 
2.8 
6.3 
4.0 
5.3 
3.6 
4.8 
2.3 


Balance.      Borax  ad- 

(1—2)      iministered. 


767.38 
95. 92 


32.62 
4.08 


4.3 


Grams.  Grams 

85.60  I 

100.16  I 

81.12    

110.81    

67.54  I 

101.21    

S8.  tiS     

99.04    

734.76    

91. 8t    


First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  2X 

29 

30 

31 

80.41 
85.10 
93.78 
89.77  ' 

4.07 
4.51 
3.93 

3.87 

5.1 
5.3 

4.2 
4.3 

76.34 
80.59 
89. 85 
a5.90 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

349.06 

87. 26 

16.38 
4.10 

4.7 

332. 68 
83. 16 

2.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  1 

2 

3 

4 

108. 31 
75.36 

101.14 
85.26 

3.64 

(") 
6.09 

(«) 

3.4 

104.67 
75. 36 
95.05 
85. 26 

1.0 
1.0 

6.0 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

370.07 
92.  .52 

9.73 
2.43 

2.6 

360. 34 
90.09 

4.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

.     719. 13 
89.89 

26.11 
3.26 

3.6 

693.02 
86.63 

6.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

72.91 
101.24 

86.28 
116.39 

79.93 

3.87 
5.26 
3.43 
5.80 
1.86 

5.3 
5.2 
4.0 
5.0 
2.3 

69.04 
95.98 
82. 85 
110.59 
78.07 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

TotAl 

4.56.75 
91.35 

20.22 
4.04 

4.4 

436. 53 
87.31 

.5.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Average 

1,17.5.88  ■ 
90.45 

46.33 
3.56 

3.9 

1,129.55 
86.89 

11.0 

Fourth  .subperiixl: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

13 

14 

93.31 

82.08 
78.63 
110. 90 
83.55 

3.91 
6.26 
4.30 
2.97 
3.48 

4.2 
7.6 
5.5 
2.7 
4.2 

89.40 
75. 82 
74.33 
107.93 
HO.  07 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Average 

448.47 
89.69 

20.92 
4.18 

4.2 

427. 55 
85.51 

11.0 

Entire  preservative  p€rio<l: 

Total 

1.624.35 
90.24  1 

67.25 
3.74 

4.1 

1,557.10 
86.50 

22.0 

Average 

After  period. 

113.48 
93.48  \ 
96.78 
95.69  ! 
81.37  1 

100.90  ; 
82.35  1 
84.71 

3.36 
5.14 
5.96 
5.85 
4.92 
5. 16 
1.59 
3.09 

3.0 
5.5 
6.2 
6.1 
6.0 
5.1 
1.9 
3.6 

110.12 
HH.31 
90.  H2 
89.  H4 
76.  45 
95. 74 
80.76 
81.62 

16                                   

Ifj                                          



20 

21 

22 

748. 76 
93.60 

35.07 
4.38 

4.7 

713.69 
89.22 

1 

•I  No  niriveriient. 


4242— No.  H4,  pt  1—04 24 


870 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PEESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXI. — Fat  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
JVTo.  lO. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-i; 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Mar.  20 

Grams. 
127. 97 
133. 10 
102. 07 
138. 24 
112. 38 
145.  75 
132.21 
138. 40 

G)-ams. 
4.89 
5.28 
3.66 
3.96 
5.29 
6.28 
6.01 
6.33 

Per  cent. 
3.8 
4.0 
3.6 
2.9 
4.7 
4.3 
4.5 
4.6 

Grams. 

123. 08 
127.  82 

98.41 
134. 28 

107. 09 
139.47 
126. 20 
132. 07 

Grams. 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

1, 030. 12 

128.  76 

41.70 
5.21 

4.0 

988.42 
123. 55 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  28 

119. 36 
124.  76 
127. 36 
124.  71 

8.20 
8.20 

4.77 
9.90 

6.9 
6.6 
3.7 

7.9 

111.16 
116.  56 
122. 59 
114.81 

0  5 

29 

5 

30 

5 

31 

5 

Total 

496. 19 
124. 05 

31.07 

7.77 

6.3 

465. 12 
116. 28 

2  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Apr.  1 

144.  98 
113.  71 
135.  05 
123.  56 

4.08 
7.13 
4.87 
3.74 

2.8 
6.3 
3.6 
3.0 

140. 90 
106.  58 
130. 18 
119.  82 

1  0 

2 

1  0' 

3 

1  0 

1  0 

Total 

517.  30 
129. 32 

19.82 
4.96 

3.8 

497.  48 
124. 36 

4  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

1,013.49 
126.  69 

50.89 
6.36 

5.0 

962.  60 
120.  33 

6  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Apr.  5 

111.40 
137.  68 
123.  81 
151. 43 
118. 40 

4.60 
4.89 
5.61 
6.17 
5.54 

4.1 
3.6 
4.5 
4.1 
4.7 

106.80 
132. 79 
118.  20 
145. 26 
112. 86 

1  0 

6 

1  0 

7 

1  0 

8 

1  0 

9 

1  0 

Total 

642.72 
128. 54 

26.81 
5.36 

4.2 

615.  91 
123. 18 

5  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,2,  and  3: 

Total 

1, 656.  21 
127. 40 

77.70 
,5.98 

4.7 

1, 578. 51 
121.42 

11  0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— Apr.lO 

128.  31 
120. 60 
114. 50 
1.52. 73 
125.  05 

1.34 

8.85 
4.38 
1.91 
7.43 

1.0 
7.3 
3.8 
1.3 
.5.9 

126.  97 
111.  75 
110. 12 
150.  82 
117.  62 

2.0 

11 

2  0 

12 .   . 

2.0 

13 

2.0 

3  0 

Total 

641.19 
128.  24 

23.91 

4.78 

3.7 

617. 28 
123. 46 

11  0 

Average 

Entire' preservative  period: 

Total 

2, 297. 40 
127. 63 

101. 61 
5.64 

4.4 

2, 195. 79 
121.  99 

22.0 

Average 

After  period. 
1903-Apr.l5 

la) 
2.08 

(«) 

(«) 
6.28 
5.  28 
7.51 

16 :...: 

Absent. 
68.11 
92.28 
93.64 
131.  .56 
121. 20 
1.56. 48 

17 

3."i" 

66.03 
92.28 
93.64 
125. 28 
115.  92 
148. 97 

18 

19 

20 

4.8 
4.4 
4.8 

21 

22 

Total 

663.  27 
110. 54 

21. 15 
3.52 

3.!> 

642. 12 
107. G2 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


371 


Table  LXXI. — Fat  balances  for  Series  /F— Continued. 
No.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3          1 

In  feces. 

(2-1) 

*    4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period  {excluded). 
1903— Mar.  20 

Grams. 
132. 01 
104.19 
106. 88 

Grams. 
2.91 
2.12 
2.90 
Lost. 

Per  cent. 
2.2 
2.0 

2.7 

Grams. 
129. 10 

Grams. 

21                                

102.  07 
103. 98 

•>3                                

■'4 

94.41 

109. 68 
111.89 
122.  57 

1.24 

4.15 
1.72 
2.78 

1.3 

3.S 
1.5 
2.3 

93.17 
105. 53 
110.17 
119.79 

25 

■'6 

27 

Total 

Average 

Pregerrative  period  (excluded). 


\          781  63 

17.82  1 
2..55    ... 

2.3 

763.81                 .   ... 

111.66 

109.11    

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28. . 

29.. 

30.. 


Total  . . . 
Average 


88.88 
102.  71 
14.93 


3.02 
2. 45 
6.70 


Fori  jxrioil. 


1903— Mar.  31. 
Apr.   1. 


206. 52 
68.84 


25. 16 
68.  .58 
60.16 
104. 61 


12.17 
4.06 


Total  . . . , 
Average 


2.58. 51 
64. 63 


(«) 


2.69 
1.45 
2.80 


3.4 

2.4 

44.9 


85.86 

100. 26 

8.23 


3.9 
2.4 
2.7 


194. 35 
64. 78 


25. 16 
65.89 
58.71 
101. 81 


6.94 
1.74 


251. -57 
62. 89 


0.5 
.5 
.0 


Preservative  period. 

1903— Apr.  4 

5 

6 

90.74 
93.26 
95. 12 

107. 76 

114.49 
90.32 

108. 73 
83. 21 
97. 05 

107.  .57 
90.11 

.5.32 
3.41 
3.26 
.5.20 
3.12 
4.06 
2.44 
3.71 
4.22 
4.34 
2.60 

5.9 
3.7 
3.4 
4.8 
2.7 
4.5 
2.2 
4.5 
4.3 
4.0 
2.9 

85. 42 
89.85 
91.86 

102. 56 

111.37 
86.  26 

106. 29 
79.  .50 
92. 83 

103. 23 
87. 51 

0.5 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

8 

1.0 

9            

1.0 

10 

1.0 

11 

1.0 

12 

2.0 

13                                       

2.0 

14 

3.0 

Total 

1,078.36 
98.03 

41.68 
3.79 

3.9 

1,036.68 
94. 24 

14.5 

AJter  period. 
19<j;j — Apr  15     .     ..          



116.32 
83.03 
106. 73 
a5.97 
84.12 
106. 68 
102.83 
119. 15 

1.72 
1.66 
(") 
11.16 
1.46 
4.73 
1.36 
3.86 

1.5 
2.0 

114.60 
81.37 
106.73 
74.81 
82.  (ie 
101.95 
101.47 
115.29 

16 

17                

IH 

13.0 
1.7 
4.4 
1.3 
3.2 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

804. 83 
100.60 

2.5.95 
3.24 

3.2 

778.  88. 
97.  36 

a  No  movement. 


372 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXI. 


-Fat  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
ISTo.  13. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period  (excluded). 
1903— Mar.  20 

Orams. 
97.64 
86.00 
79.58 
94.28 
79.53 
94.13 
78.57 
84.60 

Grams. 
5.87 
9.48 
2.43 
7.97 
6.36 
6.96 
5.36 
7.21 

Per  cent. 
6.0 
11.0 
5.1 

8.5 
8.0 
7.4 
6.8 
■8.5 

Grams. 
91. 77 
76.62 
77.15 
86.31 
73.17 
87.17 
73.21 
77.39 

Grams. 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

694. 33 
86.79 

51. 64 
6.46 

7.4 

642. 69 
80.33 

Average 

Preservative  period  (excluded) . 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  28 

64.06 
67.18 
73.61 
(a) 

2.57 
3.89 
6.22 

4.0 

5.8 
8.4 

61.49 
63.29 
67.39 

0  5 

29 

5 

30 

5 

31 

5 

Total 

204. 85 
68.28 

12. 68 
4.23 

6.2 

192. 17 
64.05 

2  0 

Average 

Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.  3 '. 

62. 05 
68.52 
64.92 

2.62 
2.31 
3.29 

4.2 
3.4 
5.1 

.59. 43 
66.21 
61.63 

0  0 

0 

5 

0 

Total 

195. 49 
65.16 

8.22 
2.74 

4.2 

187. 27 
62. 42 

Q 

Average 

Preservative  period. 
1903— Apr.    6 

83.41 
68.40 
105. 71 
63.73 
64.22 
66.93 
60.67 
97.71 
66.37 

3.66 
4.34 
1.01 
1.22 
2.67 

4.63 
4.64 

2.88 

4.4 
6.3 
1.0 
1.9 
4.2 

79.75 
64.06 
104.70 
62.51 
61.55 
66.93 
56.04 
93.07 
63.49 

1  0 

7 

1  0 

8 

1  0 

9 

1  0 

10 

1  0 

11 

1  0 

12 

7.6 
4.7 
4.3 

2  0 

13 

2  0 

14 

3  0 

Total 

677. 15 
75.24 

25.05 

2.78 

3.7 

652. 10 
72. 46 

13  0 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

16.56 
26.94 
79.39 
86.18 
64. 36 . 
83.96 
66.88 
102.81 

(6) 
4.72 
2.92 
8.90 
5.53 
7.66 
2.56 
3.48 

16.56 
22.22 
76.47 
77.28 
58.83 
76.31 
64.33 
99.33 

16 

17.6 

3.7 

10.3 

8.6 
9.1 
3.8 
3.4 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

Total 

527. 08 
66.88 

35.75 
4.47 

6.8 

491.33 
61.41 

Average 

a  Discarded. 


&  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


373 


Table  LXXII. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  IV. 
Three  men. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

!          3 
In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2-M) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Forr  jirriod. 
Xo.8 

Grams. 
922. 36 
767.38 

1,030.12 

Grams. 
16.10 
32.62 
41.70 

Per  cent. 
1.7 
4.3 
4.0 

Grams. 
906. 26 
734.76 
988.42 

Grams. 

No.  9 

No.  10 

Total 

2, 719. 86 
118.25 

90.42 
3.93 

3.3 

2,629.44 
114. 32 

Average 

Preservative,  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  8 

516. 78 
349.06 
496. 19 

20.36 
16.38 
31.07 

3.9 

4.7 
6.3 

496.42 
332. 68 
465. 12 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

No.  9 

No.  10 

Total 

1,362.03 
113.50 

67.81 
5. 65 

.5.0 

1,294.22 

107.  85 

6.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  8 

.529.  82 
370. 07 
517.30 

15.84 
9.73 

19.82 

3.0 
2.6 
3.8 

.513.98 
360.34 
497. 48  ■ 

4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

No.  9 

No.  10 

Total 

1,417.19 
118.10 

45.  ;^9 
3.78 

3.2 

1,371.80 
114.32 

12.0 

Average 

Siibperiods  1  and  2: 

No.  8 

No.  9 

1,046.60 

719.13 

1,013.49 

36.20 
26.11 
50.89 

3.5 
3.6 
5.0 

1,010.40 
693. 02 
962.60 

6.0 
6.0 
6.0 

No.  10 

Total 

2, 779. 22 
11.5.80 

113.20 
4.72 

4.1 

2, 666. 02 
111.08 

18.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

No.K 

No.  9 

No.  10 

648.  .53 
456. 75 
642. 72 

15. 87 
20. 22 
26.  81 

2.4 
4.4 

4.2 

632. 66 
436.63 
61.5.  91 

6.0 
5.0 
6.0 

Total 

1,748.00 
116.53 

62.90 
4.19 

3.6 

1,685.10 
112.34 

15.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
No.8 

1 ,  695. 13 

1,175.88 
1,6.5*;.  21 

.52.07 
46.  .33 
77.70 

3.1 
3.9 
4.7 

1,643.06 
1,129.  .55 
1,578.51 

11.0 
11.0 
11.0 

No.  9 

No.  10 

Total 

4,  .527. 22 
116. 08 

176. 10  ■ 
4.52 

3.9 

4,351.12 
111.56 

33.0 

Fourth  subperiod: 

No. « 

No.  9 

624.89 
448. 47 
641.19 

18.94 
20.92 
23.91 

3.0 
4.2 
3.7 

605. 95 
427. 55 
617. 28 

11.0 

No.  10 

Total 

1,714.55 
114.30 

2,320.02 
l,624.:j5 
2,297.40 

63.77 
4.25 

3.7 

1,6.50.78 
110.06 

33.0 

Average 

.Vo. « 

No,  10 

71.01 
67. 2.5 
101.61 

3.1 
4.1 
4.4 

1 

2,2'19.01 
1,5.57.10 
2,19.5.79 

22.0 
22.0 
22  0 

Total 

6,241.77 
115.69 

239.  87 
4.44 

3.8 

6,001.90  ' 
111.15 

(i6  0 

No. « 

,\o.  9 

992. 78 
718.  76 
063. 27 

29. 99 
35. 07 
21.15 

3.0 
4.7 
3.2 

962. 79 
713.69 
612.  12 

No.  10 

Total 

2, 404. 81 
109.31 

86.21 
3.92 

3.6 

2,318.60 
10.5.40  ; 

374 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIYES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXII. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  JT'^Continued. 
T-wo  axLen. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period. 
No.  11 

.  Grams. 
258.51 
195. 49 

Grams. 
6.94 
8.22 

Per  cent. 

'     2.7 

4.2 

Grams. 
251.57 
187.27 

Gra7ns. 

No.  12 

Total 

454. 00 
64.86' 

15. 16 
2.17 

3.3 

438. 84 
62.69 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

No.  11 

No.  12 

1,078.36 
677. 15 

41.68 
25. 05 

3.9 
3.7 

1,036.68 
652. 10 

14.5 
13.0 

Total 

Average 

1,755.51 

87.78 

66.73 
3.34 

3.8 

1, 688. 78 
84.44 

27.5 

After  period. 


No.  11. 
No.  12. 


Total . . . . 
Average . 


'          804. 83 

25.95 
35.75 

3.2 
6.8 

778. 88 
491.33 

527. 08 

1, 331. 91 

81.70 
3.86 

4.6 

1, 270. 21 
79.38 

83. 24 

!Fi"^'e  naen. 


Fore  period. 

926. 75 
922. 36 
767. 38 
1,030.12 
694. 33 

42.65 
16.10 
32.62 
41.70 
51.64 

4.6 
1.7 
4.3 
4.0 
7.4 

884. 10 
906. 26 
734. 76 
988. 42 
612.69 

No.  8 

No.  9 

No  10 

No  11                            

Total 

4, 340. 94 
111.  31 

184. 71 
4.74 

4.3 

4,156.23 
106. 57 

Preservative  jieriod. 
.irst  .«ubperiod: 

437.44 
516. 78 
349.06 
496. 19 
204.  85 

24.59 
20.36 
16.38 
31.07 
12.68 

5.6 
3.9 
4.7 
6.3 
6.2 

412.85 
496. 42 
332. 68 
465. 12 
192. 17 

2.0 

No.  8 

2.0 

No.  9 

2.0 

No.  10 

2.0 

No.  11 

2.0 

Total 

2,004.32 
105.49 

105.08 
5.53 

5.2 

1,899.24 
99.96 

10.0 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BOEAX. 


Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  V. 
ISTo.   1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.  24    .                      

Grams. 

Grams. 
Lost. 
3.29 
2.87 
3.21 
3.73 
3.79 
2.96 
6.  .57 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

25 

113.93 
124.31 
121.90 
123.  92 
12(i..59 
105. 19 
134.16 

2.9 
2.3 
2.6 
3.0 
3.0 
2.8 
4.9 

110.64 
121. 44 
118. 69 
120. 19 
122. 80 
102. 23 
127. 59 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

May  1 

Total 

8.50. 00 
121.43 

26.42 
3.77 

3.1 

823.  .58 
117.66 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mav  2 

122. 35 
137.  .56 
119.46 
120.  08 
134.81 
128. 19 
132.81 
124. 85 
129. 98 
125. 61 
112.48 
118.93 

7.16 
1. 82 
5.56 
3.93 
3.97 
5.64 
2.02 
4.23 
8.44 
4.64 
5.79 
4.40 

5.9 
1.3 
4.7 
3.3 
2.9 
4.4 
1.5 
3.4 
6.5 
3.6 
5.1 
3.7 

115. 19 
135. 74 

113.  90 
116. 15 
130. 84 
122. 55 
130. 79 
120.62 
121.  .54 
121.07 
106. 69 

114.  .53 

0  5 

3 

5 

i 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

7    

5 

8 

5 

9 

5 

10 

11 

5 

12 

;^ 

13 

5 

Total 

1,. 507. 11 
125.  .59 

57. 50 
4.79 

3.8 

1,449.61 
120. 80 

6  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  14 

130. 14 
122. 76 
113.  45 
127. 37 
127. 88 
131.61 
113.49 
130. 19 
128.  ,56 
112. 63 
133.94 
124.  .51 

4.55 
7.23 
6.68 
1.70 
3.68 
3.62 
5.61 
3.90 
4.17 
3.47 
4.66 
3.67 

3.6 
5.9 
.5.9 
1.3 
2.9 
2.8 
4.9 
3.0 
3.3 
3.1 
3.6 
2.9 

125.  .59 
115.  .53 
106. 77 
125. 67 
124. 20 
127.  99 
107. 88 
126. 29 
124.39 
109.16 
129. 28 
120. 84 

5 

1.5 

Itj 

5 

17 

.6 

18 

.5 

19 

5 

20 

.5 

21 

5 

22 

.5 

23 

5 

24 

.5 

2.5 

.5 

Total 

1,496.-53 
124. 71 

.52. 94 
4.41 

3.5 

1,443.59 
120. 30 

CO 

Average 

Subperiofls  1  and  2: 

Tot  a  1 

3,003.64 
125. 15 

110. 44 
4.60 

3.7 

2,893.20 
120.55 

12.0 

A  verage 

Third  subperiod : 

1903— Ma V  20 

121.25 
123. 46 
132. 12 
139.15 
100.  .56 

6.  .55 
3.63 
5.20 
4.05 
3.97 

5.4 
2:9 
4.0 
2.9 
4.0 

114.70 
11 9., S3 
126.80 
136.10 
90.  .59 

.5 

27 

28 

.6 

29 

30 

31 

June  1 

121.80 
117.73 
119.92 
130.03 
117.63 
lOS.Kl 

H.41 
1.09 
5. 33 
4.62 
4.99 
4.. 57 

6.9 
.9 
4.4 
3.0 
4.2 
4.2 

113.39 
IKi.OI 
114.59 
12.5.41 
112.61 
104.21 

.6 

2 

.6 

3 

4 

.5 

G 

.  5 

Total 

1,332.40 
121.13 

62.47 
4.77 

3.9 

1,279.99 
116.30 

6.0 

A  verage 

SiibrKTlfxls  1, 2,  and  3: 

Total 

4,3.30.10 
123.89 

162. 91 
4. 05 

3.8 

4,173.19 
119.24 

18.0 

376 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PEESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  F— Continued. 
ISTo.  1— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

8 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Preservaiice  period— Continued. 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903 — June    7           

Orams. 
133. 21 
119. 19 
127. 66 
119.58 
145. 25 
141.73 
121. 03 
142. 16 
119. 88 
127. 80 
110. 34 
136. 50 
125. 98 
103. 65 

Grams. 
3.52 
4.18 
4.90 
4.83 
5.88 
5.60 
5.29 
3.08 
2.76 
6.57 
4.98 
6.21 
7.76 
5.14 

Per  cent. 
2.6 
3.5 
3.8 
4.0 
3.7 
4.0 
4.4 
2.2 
2.3 
5.1 
4.5 
4.5 
6.2 
6.0 

Grams. 
129. 69 
115.01 
122. 76 
114. 75 
139. 87 
136. 13 
115. 74 
139. 08 
117. 12 
121.28 
105.36 
130.29 
118.22 
98. 51 

Grams. 

0.5 

8 

.5 

9                   

.5 

10 

.5 

11                     

.5 

12                   

.5 

13 

.6 

14                            

.5 

15          

.6 

16 

.5 

17                            

.5 

18 

.5 

19 

.5 

20                      

.5 

Total 

1,  773. 96 
126. 71 

70.20 
5.01 

4.0 

1, 703. 76 
121.70 

7.0 

Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

6, 110. 06 
124. 70 

238. 11 

4.76 

3.8 

6,876.95 
119. 94 

25.0 

After  period. 

147. 70 
124. 05 
99.33 
131. 57 
119. 99 
134.26 

9.83 
4.04 
8.37 
7.63 
6.93 
10.90 
Lost. 
6.00 
5.37 

6.7 
3.3 

8.4 
5.8 
5.8 
8.1 

137.87 
120. 01 
90.96 
123.  94 
118. 06 
123. 86 

11 

24 

26 

28 

151.  94 
119. 66 

3.9 
4.6 

145. 94 
114. 29 

29 

1, 028. 50 
128. 56 

59.07 

7.38 

5.7 

969.43 
121. 18 

Average 

IvTo.  S. 


Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.  24 

124.  76 
111.19 
119.  36 

2.67 
2.67 
3.07 

Lost. 
1.51 
1.94 
2.83 

2.1 
2.4 
2.6 

122. 09 
108. 52 
116. 29 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

120. 47 

87.38 

119. 90 

1.3 
2.2 
1.9 

118.96 

85. 44 

117.57 

30 

May  1 

Total 

683. 06 
113. 84 

14.19 
2.36 

2.1 

668. 87 
111.48 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May   2 

98.82 
120. 45 

109.  35 
105. 00 
135.  91 

110.  36 
111.64 
115. 41 
107. 05 
116. 15 
100.48 
115.  99 

2.62 
2.81 
1.70 
1.91 
1.97 
2.43 
1.90 
1.35 
2.40 
2.64 
2.32 
1.87 

6.3 
2.3 
1.6 
1.8 
1.4 
2.2 
1.7 
1.2 
2.2 
2.3 
2.3 
1.6 

96.20 
117.64 
107. 65 
103. 09 
133. 94 
107.  93 
109. 74 
114. 06 
104.  65 
113.51 

98.16 
114. 12 

0  5 

3 

5 

4 

5 

.5 

5 

6 

5 

7 

5 

8 

5 

9 

5 

10 

5 

11 

6 

12 

,5 

13 

5 

Total 

1, 346.  61 
112.22 

25.  92 
2.16 

1.9 

1, 320.  69 
110.06 

6  0 

Average 

"No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


377 


Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  Y — Continued. 
jS"«>.  S — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

/'/>{.>  rndirr  period — Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  14 

1,^                     

(^fraim. 
95.94 
101. 36 
100.53 
104.84 
118. 03 
102.73 
93.53 
90.30 
107. 31 
93.56 
90.22 
97.23 

Grams. 
2.23 
2.32 
2.16 
2.03 
2.03 
2.68 
1.71 
1.68 
2.07 
2.77 
1.77 
2.11 

Per  cent. 
2.3 
2.3 
2.1 
1.9 
1.7 
2.6 
1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
3.0 
2.0 
2.2 

Grami-. 

93.71 

99.04 

98.37 

102.81 

116. 00 

100. 05 

91.82 

88.62 

105.24 

90.79 

88.45 

95.12 

Grams. 

0.5 
.5 

16                                   

.5 

17                       

.5 

IS                                     

.5 

19                       

.5 

20              

.5 

21                                

.5 

22                    

.5 

23 

.5 

24 

.5 
.  5 

Total 

Average 

1,195.-58 
99.63 

25. 56 
2.13 

2.1 

1,170.02 
97. 50 

6.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 

2,  .542. 19 
105. 92 

.51. 48 
2.14 

2.0 

2, 490. 71 
103.  78 

12.0 

1903-May26 

104. 68 
93.39 
96.07 
99.45 
79.42 
87.87 
90.05 
90.27 
59.81 
75.26 
59.26 
63.69 

3.29 
2.32 
4.17 
1.46 
2.33 
2.33 
4.13 
2.27 
3.07 
2.05 
1.42 
3.01 

3.1 
2.5 
4.3 
1.5 
2.9 
2.7 
4.6 
2.5 
5.1 
2.7 
2.4 
4.7 

101.39 
91.07 
91.90 
97.99 
77.09 
85.54 
85.92 
88.00 
56.74 
73.21 
.57.84 
60.68 

0.5 
.5 

28                          

.5 

.5 

30 

.5 

.5 

June  1  

.5 

.5 

3 

4 

.5                    

.5 
.5 
.5 

6 

.5 

Average 

999.22 
83.27 

31.85 
2.65 

3.2 

967. 37 
80.62 

0.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

3,.>11.41 
98.37 

83.33 
2.31 

2.4 

3, 458. 08 
96.06 

18.0 

Fourth  «ubperiod: 

76.94 
75.  .34 
69.87 
76.16 
78.96 
89.23 
90.66 
99.72 
95. 61 
86.75 
75. 82 
73.60 
88.73 
76.40 

3.28 
.80 
4.23 
2.05 
2.17 
2.02 
3.03 
1.18 
3.41 
3.09 
4.73 
■     3.83 
4.49 
8.25 

4.3 
.1 
6.1 
2.7 
2.7 
2.3 
3.3 
1.2 
3.6 
3.6 
6.2 
5.2 
5.1 
1.1 

73.66 
74.54 
65.64 
74.11 
76.79 
87.21 
87.63 
98.54 
92.20 
83.66 
71.09 
69.77 
84.24 
68.15 

0.5 

H 

.5 

9             

.5 

10 

.6 

.5 

12 

.0 

.0 

14 

.0 

15 

.0 

16 

.0 

17 

.0 

1« 

.0 

19 

.0 

20 

.0 

Total 

1,153.79 
82. 41 

46.56 
3.33 

4.0 

1,107.23 
79.08 

2.5 



Entire  prewn'ative  period: 

Total 

4,69.5.20 
93.90 

129.89 
2.60 

2.8 

4,56.5.31 
91.30 

20.5 

A  veraKC 

A/U'r  period. 
190:j— June  21 , 

97.95 
89.22 
93. 92 
120.15 
112.01 
119.46 
109. 39 
129.64 
11.5.83 

3.68 
3.86 
4.. 58 
7.00 
5.  70 
8. 75 
5. 31 
3.25 
3.05 

3.8 
4.3 
4.9 
5.8 
5.1 
3.1 
4.9 
2.5 
2.6 

94.27 
85.36 
89. 34 
113.15 
106.91 
115.71 
104.05 
126.39 
112.78 

24 

25 

26 

2X 

29 

Total , 

988.17 
109.80 

40.21 
4.47 

4.1 

947.  96 
105.33 

378         INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  'L'X.X.lIl.^ Fat  balances  for  Series  F^Continued. 
IsTo.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Gravis. 

Grams. 
Lost. 
2.03 

•       4.22 
1.53 
5.83 
3.59 
2.76 
.5.19 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Grams.    , 

25                      

37.  62 
49.70 
57. 61 
70. 05 
55. 08 
34.51 
74.07 

5.4 
8.5 
2.7 
8.3 
6.5 
8.0 
7.0 

35.59 
45.48 
56.08 
64.22 
51.49 
31.  75 
68.88 

26               

27                            

28                          

29                  

30                                   

ipotal                               

378. 64 
54.09 

25.15 
3.59 

6.6 

353. 49 
50.50 

Preservative  -period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903    May   2          

58.08 
68.02 
52.69 
•       43. 44 
64.30 
56.92 
62.97 
69.80 
66. 32 
63.43 
40. 52 
53. 00 

3.03 
3.65 
3.42 
2.75 
1.93 
3.43 
2.55 
2.77 
.  3.25 
2.94 
4.91 
3.63 

5.2 

5.4 
6.5 
6.3 
3.9 
6.0 
4.0 
4.0 
4.9 
4.6 
12.1 
6.8 

55.05 
64.37 
49. 27 
40.69 
62.37 
53.49 
60.42 
67.03 
63.07 
60.49 
35.61 
■       49. 37 

0.5 

3            

.5 

4          

.5 

6 

.5 

.5 

7 

.6 

.5 

9                       

.5 

.5 

11 

.6 

.5 

13 

.5 

Total       

699. 49 
58.29 

38.26 
3.19 

5.5 

661. 23 « 
65.10 

6.0 

1903 May  14         

59. 79 
55.62 
42.28 
57. 95 
62.95 
64.65 
43.03 
.57. 45 
56.73 
42.87 
63.00 
63.08 

3.45 
2.69 
2.85 
4.07 
2.11 
2.90 
1.99 
3.02 
4.34 
2.75 
3.05 
2.81 

5.8 
4.8 
6.7 
7.0 
3.4 
4.5 
4.6 
5.3 
7.7 
6.4 
4.8 
4.5 

66.34 
52. 93 
39.43 
53.88 
60.84 
61.76 
41.04 
54.43 
62.39 
40.12 
59.95 
60.27 

0.5 

.5 

16 

.5 

17 

.6 

18              

.5 

.6 

20 

.5 

.5 

22                 

.5 

23 

.5 

24 

.5 

25 

.5 

Total           

669. 40 
55.78 

36.03 
3.00 

5.4 

633. 37 
52.  78 

6.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total            

1, 368. 89 
57.04 

74.29 
3.10 

5.4 

1,294.60 
53.94 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903    May  26      

50.86 
54.01 
60.48 
73.19 
64.13 

3.91 
2.71 
4.50 
2.51 
4.49 
■   Lost. 
4.12 
1.53 
2.44 
3.08 
2.56 
2.63 

7.7 
5.0 
7.4 
3.4 
7.0 

46.95 
61.30 
55.  98 
70.68 
69.64 

0.6 

27           

.5 

28 

.6 

29 

.6 

30 

.5 

31 

.5 

55.56 
50.77 
63.28 
62.87 
55.29 
43.23 

7.4 
3.0 
3.9 
4.9 
4.6 
6.1 

5L44 
49.24 
60.84 
59. 79 
62.73 
40.60 

.6 

2 

.6 

3 

.5 

4 

.5 

5 

.5' 

6 

.5 

Total       

633. 67 
57.61 

34.48 
3.13 

5.4 

599. 19 

54.48 

6.0 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

2, 002. 56 
57.22 

108. 77 
3.11 

5.4 

1, 893. 79 
64. 11 

18.0 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


37y 


T.\BLE  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Serie.?  T'— Continued. 
ISTo.  3— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2+1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Boric  acid 
adminis- 
tered. 

Preserratur  jteriod— ContinneA. 
Tourth  subperiod: 

Grams. 
69.04 
60.35 
63.23 
50.88 
81.91 
72.28 
48.93 
69. 95 
52. 48 
59.64 
46. 82 
68.09 
61.89 
48.07 

Grams. 
1.44 
4.  .50 
3.37 
3.70 
4.20 
1.91 
3.89 
4.11 
2.64 
5.64 
4.70 
6.22 
1.46 
7.21 

Per  cent. 
2.1 
7.5 
5.3 
7.3 
6.1 
2.6 
8.0 
5.9 
6.0 
9.5 

10.0 
9.1 
2.4 

1.5.0 

Grams. 
67.60 
55.85 
59. 86 
47.18 
77.71 
70.37 
45. 04 
65.84 
49.84 
54. 00 
42. 12 
61.87 
60.43 
40. 86 

Grams. 

0.5 

8                             

.5 

9   

.5 

10                            

.5 

11           . .          

.5 

12 

.5 

13                       

.5 

14         

.5 

15                            

.5 

16       

.5 

17                                      

.5 

18                

.5 

19 

20 

.5 

.5 

Total 

Average 

853. 56 
60.97 

.54. 99 
3.93 

6.4 


798.  57 
57.  U4 

7.0 

Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

Average 

2,856.12 
58.29 

163. 76 
3.34 

5.7 

2, 692. 36 
.54.  95 

2.5.0 

After  period. 
1903— June  21 

82. 92 
.52. 19 
61.  21 
57.95 
68. 83 
75.28 
49.91 
109. 33 
52. 50 

4.  .56 
4. 38 
3.19 
7.16 
6.46 
4.99 
4.19 
6.04 
2.97 

5.5 
8.4 
5.2 
12.4 
9.4 
6.6 
8.4 
5.5 
5.7 

78.36 
47.81 
58.02 
50.79 
62.37 
70.29 
45. 72 
103. 29 
49.53 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

Total 

610. 12 

67.79 

43. 94 

4.88 

7.2 


566. 18 
62. 91 

No.  ' 

i. 

Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

o 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2+1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period. 
190ft— Anr  24 

Grams. 
109. 84 
55. 08 
82.64 
88.74 
93.  .54 
60.99 
.57. 79 
75. 67 

Grams. 
'              2. 74 

(«) 
4.66 
4. 19 
3. 53 
;             2.85 
4.45 
6. 60 

Per  cent. 
2.5 

Grams. 
107.10 
55. 08 
77. 98 
84.55 
90.01 
58.14 
53.34 
69.07 

Grams. 

25 

26 

5.6 
4.7 
3.8 
4.7 
7.7 
8.7 

27 

28 

29 

30 

May   1 

Total 

624.29 
78.04 

29. 02 
3.63 

4.7 


595. 27 
71.41 

Average 

Preservalive  period. 

Firet  mil)[«rio<l: 
lyos^Muy  2             

75. 74 

85.  72 
76. 37 
XT,.  30 
93.13 
67.  69 
71.60 
70.  «7 

1 

('<) 
6.37 
2.73 
.5.31 
2.17 
3.48 
3.11 
4.20 

. 

75. 74 
80. 35 
73.  6^ 
80.  99 
90.  96 
6^.21 
6S.  16 
66. 67 

0.5 

3 

C.3 
3.6 
6. '2 
2.3 
5.1 
4.8 
5.9 

.5 

4 

.5 

5 

.i) 

6 

.5 

7 

.5 

8 

.5 

9 

.6 

«  No  iiiovemeiit. 


380 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  Y — Continued. 
jVo.  4 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 


Preservative  period — Continued. 

First  subperiod — Continued. 

1903— iMav  10 

"  11 

12 

13 

Total 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

15 i..... 

16 

17 

18 : 

19 

20 

21 

22 :.... 

23 

24 

25 

Total 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 


1 

In  food. 


Grams. 
66.06 
68. 14 
44.48 
46.60 


In  feces. 


852.  70 
71.06 


65.49 
70.80 
56.  09 
74.22 
73.43 
74.33 
62.38 
72. 64 
81.39 
49.70 
63.33 
71.88 


815.68 
67.97 


1,668.38 
69.52 


Grams. 
1.72 
3.40 
3.63 
2.92 


38.37 
3.20 


3.55 

1.45 
3.98 
3.09 
2.84 
7.07 


(") 


1.09 
4.60 
3.90 
2.48 
1.95 


36.00 
3.00 


74.37 
3.10 


3 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 


Per  cent. 
2.6 
.5.0 

8.2 
6.3 


4.5 


5.4 
2.0 
7.1 
4.2 
3.9 
9.5 


1.5 
5.7 

7.8 
3.9 
2.7 


4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 


Grams. 
64.34 
64.74 
40. 85 
43.68 


814.33 
67.86 


61.94 
69. 35 
52. 11 
71.13 
70. 59 
67.26 
62.38 
71. 55 
76.79 
45.80 
60. 85 
69.93 


779.  68 
64.97 


1, 594. 01 
66.42 


Borax  ad- 
ministered. 


Grams. 


:N"o.  5. 


Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.  24 

136.60 
116. 45 
125.60 
117.18 
142. 34 
156. 04 
103. 72 
135.33 

2.90 
1.08 
4.70 
6.46 
(a) 
2.32 
4.01 
4.72 

2.1 

.9 

3.7 

4.7 

133.  70 
115. 37 
120. 9  J 
111.72 
142. 34 
153. 72 
99.71 
130. 61 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

1.5 
3.9 
3.5 

30 

May    1 

Total 

1, 033. 26 
129. 16 

25.19 
3.15 

2.4 

1,008.07 
126. 01 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 1 

116. 37 
136. 11 
122. 51 
126. 07 

147. 34 
131.47 
132. 29 
132. 21 
136. 06 
138. 27 

151. 35 
117.10 

1.91 
1.78 
5.26 
2.93 
1.34 
4.08 
4.25 
5.18 
4.91 
2.54 
3.88 
7.55 

1.6 
1.3 
4.3 
2.3 
.9 
3.1 
3.2 
3.9 
3.6 
1.8 
2.6 
6.4 

114. 46 
134. 33 
117.25 
123. 14 
146.00 
127.  39 
128. 04 
127. 03 
131.15 
135. 73 
147.47 
109. 55 

0  5 

3 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

8 

5 

9 

5 

10 

5 

11 

,5 

12 

5 

IB 

5 

Total * 

1, 587. 15 
132.26 

45. 61 
3.80 

2.9 

1,541.54" 
128. 46 

6.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— May  14 

115. 14 
132. 13 
109.  74 
94.35 
95.  39 

{«) 
6.05 
8.06 

(«) 
1.70 

115. 14 
126.  08 
101.  68 
94. 35 
93.69 

0  5 

15  . 

4.6 
7.3 

.5 
.5 
5 

16 

17 

18 

1.8 

.5 

"No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


381 


Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 
N'o.  5— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 


Preservative  period — Continued. 

Second  subperiod— Continued. 

1903— Mavl9 

■  20 

21 


Total  .... 
Average  . 


Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 


Third  subperiod: 
1903— May  2«... 


28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
June  1. 

2 

3'. 

4. 

5. 

6. 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 


Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June    7... 

8... 

9... 
10... 
11  ... 
12 . . . 
13... 
14... 
15... 
16... 
17... 
18... 
19... 
20 . . . 


Total  ... 
Average 


Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

Average 


After  period. 


I'jo;',— June  21 . 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


In  food. 


Grains. 
98.00 
86.32 
125. 34 
115.10 
106. 00 
116.61 


In  feces. 


1, 194. 12 
108. 56 


2,781.27 
120. 92 


114. 88 

47.59 

100. 48 

118. 05 

95.97 

96.53 

97.88 

109. 09 

101.25 

106. 07 

87.76 

90.19 


1,165.74 
97.14 


3, 947. 01 
112.  77 


86. 35 
92.70 

85. 28 
82. 66 

117.32 
107.48 

69. 29 
108. 46 

98.29 
114.11 

97. 54 
120.02 
121.50 

91.41 


1,392.41 
99.46 


5, 339. 42 
108. 97 


144.01 
110.93 

128.92 
136. 13 
1.%.45 
118.47 
120. 20 
114.85 


Total I      1,113.54 

Average 123. 73 


Grams. 
W 

6.45 
(a) 
7.19 
7.29 
2.79 
Lost. 


3 

In  feces. 

(2-1) 


Per  cent. 
7.'5 


6.2 
6.9 
2.4 


39.  .53 
3.59 


3.1 


85.14 
3.70 


(a) 


0.55 
) 

0.5 

\ 

7.06 

6.0 

2.61 

2.6 

5.03 

6.2 

.45 

.5 

5. 95 

5.5 

5.44 

5.4 

1.99 

) 

1.9 

35.49 
2.96 


120. 63 
3.45 


(«) 

(«) 
7.55 

C) 
7.05 
2.91 
8.81 

(«) 
.4.52 
3.19 
7.42 
6.25 

(«) 
13.42 


61.12 
4.36 


181.75 
3.11 


4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 


Grains. 
98.00 
79.87 
126. 34 
107. 91 
98.71 
113.82 


1,154.59 
104. 97 


2, 696. 13 
117. 22 


5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 


114.  33 
47.69 

100. 48 

110.99 
93.46 
91.60 
97.43 

103. 14 
*5.81 

104. 08 
87.76 
83.68 


1, 130. 25 
94.18 


6.0 
2.7 
1.3 


4.6 
2.8 
7.6 
5.2 


14.7 


4.3 


3.4 


(") 


6.  21 
2. 15 
6.35 
9. 05 
6.  43 
4.57 
7.21 
2.40 


5.6 
2.4 
4.9 
6.  6 
4.7 
3.9 
6.0 
2.1 


3, 826. 38 
109. 32 


86.35 
92.70 
77.73 
82.66 

IIO..39. 

104.57 
60.48 

108. 46 
93.77 

110.92 
90.12 

113.77 

121. 60 
77.99 


1,331.29 
96.10 


44.67 
4.96 


144.01 
104.  72 
101.13 
122.  57 
127.08 
130.  02 
113.90 
112.99 
112.45 


1,068.87 
118.77 


Grams. 


0.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 


0.5 
.0 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


24.5 


«N<(  liloveiiiiMit. 


382 


IlSrFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
ISTo.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Apr  24                                     

Grams. 

Grams. 
Lost. 
3.45 
3.87 
2.72 
4.06 
3.51 
5.69 
(«) 

Per  cent. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

•'>b 

77.76 
94.18 
93.91 
103. 19 
103.44 
87.  89 
108.36 

4.4 
4.1 
2.9 
3.9 
3.4 
6.5 

74.31 
90.31 
91.19 
99.13 
99.93 
82.20 
108. 36 

96                                                 

27                            

28                     

29                                            

30                       

Total                                              

668. 73 
95. 53 

23.30 
3.33 

3.5 

645. 43 
92.20 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May   2 

94.95 

112.  75 

89.59 

95.82 

113. 79 

100. 90 

107. 20 

97.36 

102. 89 

98.21 

83.36 

89.64 

4.14 
4.37 
3.21 
2.34 
4.12 
6.89 
(«) 
7.67 
5.60 
1.43 
2.71 
3.90 

4.4 
3.9 
3.6 
2.4 
3.6 
6.8 

90.81 

108.38 

86.38 

93.48 

109.67 

94.01 

107.20 

89.69 

97.29 

96.78 

80.65 

85. 74 

0.5' 

3                   

.l> 

4        

.5- 

5 

.5' 

6                       

.5- 

.5 

8                                            .    .. 

.0 

7.9 
5.4 
1.5 
3.1 
•4.4 

.0' 

10 

.5 

.5 

12                       .     •      

.5 

.5- 

1,186.46 

98. 87 

46. 38 
3.86 

3.9 

1,140.08 
95.01 

5.0 

Second  subperiod: 
1903_Mav  14 

104. 87 

104.11 
86.78 
91.41 
99.46 
92.  67 
83.81 
94.82 

106.37 
81.05 

100. 57 
91.14 

2.86 
5.19 
2.91 
1.33 
3.31 
3.79 
3.22 
4.04 
2.84 
3.12 
4.34 
2.30 

2.7 
5.0 
3.4 
1.5 
3.3 
4.1 
3.8 
4.3 
2.7 
3.8 
4.3 
2.5 

102. 01 
98.92 
83.87 
90.08 
96.15 
88.88 
80.62 
90.78 

103. 53 
77.93 
96.23 
88.84 

0.5 

l-T 

.5 

.5 

17 

.5 

18 

.5 

19      

.5 

.5 

21 

.5 

.5- 

12. 

.5 

24 

.5 

h  

.     .5 

Total  .              

1,137.09 
94.  76 

39.  25 
3.27 

3.5 

1,097.84 
91.49 

6.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

2,323.55 
96.81 

85.63 
3.57 

3.7 

2, 237. 92 
93.24 

11.0 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Mav26 

83.14 
92.47 
88.92 

103.  75 
67.  (;9 
93. 57 
77. 15 
86.35 

101.98 
97.98 
83.11 
81.50 

2.10 
(a) 
6.28 
6.75 
1.34 
2.58 
4.37- 
4.33 
3.51 
2.20 
3.47 
1.94 

2.5 

81.04 
92.47 
82.64 
97.00 
66.  35 
90.99 
72.78 
82.02 
98.47 
95.78 
79.64 
79.56 

0.5 

.5 

28     

7.1 
6.5 
2.0 
2.8 
5.7 
5.6 
3.4 
2.2 
4.1 
2.4 

.5 

.5 

30 

.5 

31 

.5 

June  1 

.5 

.5 

3 

.5 

.5 

5 

.h 

6 

.6 

Total 

1,057.61 
88. 13 

38.87 
3.22 

3.7 

1, 018. 74 
84.90 

6.0 

a  So  movement. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


38S 


Table  LXXIII. — Fat  balances  for  Series  F^Continueil. 
IN"©.  6 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 

(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Borax  ad- 
ministered. 

Preservative  period— Continued. 

Subperiods  1, 2,  and  3: 

Total 

Grams. 
3,381.16 
93.92 

Grams. 
124.50 
3.46 

Per  cent. 
3.7 

Grams. 
3, 256. 66 
■       90. 46 

Grams. 
17.0 

Fourth  subperiod : 
1903 — June  7 

98.01 
90.74 

102.10 
92. 69 

105. 66 
95. 07 
67.57 

109. 15 
80. 26 
87.28 
79.18 
97. 22 

4.19 
4.35 
4.  38 
1..50 
2.74 
3.63 
3.71 
7.22 
4.57 
4.65 
(«) 
12. 02 

(«) 
Lost. 

4.3 
3.7 
4.3 
1.6 
2  6 
3.7 
-3.8 
6.6 
5.7 
5.3 

93. 82 
86.39 
97. 72 
91.19 

102. 92 
91.44 
63.86 

101. 93 
75.69 
82.73 
79.18 
85.20 

0.5 

8                                .              .... 

5 

9 

.5 

10 

.5 

ii: 

12 

13 

14 

.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 

15 

.0 

16 

.0 

17 

.0 

18 

12.5 

.0 

i9                

.0 

20 

.0 

I'Otal 

1,105.03 
92. 09 

52. 96 
4.41 

4.8 

1,052.07 

88.58 

2.5 

Entire  preservative  period: 

Total 

4,486.19 
93,46 

177.46 
3.70 

4.0 

4, 308. 73 
89.77 

19.5 

After  period. 
1903_June  21 

104.87 
92.26 
75.71 
97.29- 

106. 84 
97.42 
78.95 

126.  .59 
90.87 

3.92 
7.62 
5.01 
7. 68 

n.72 

9.87 
3.47 
(«) 

3.7 
8.3 
6.6 

7.9 

100. 95 
84.64 
70.70 
89.61 

106.84 
95.70 
69.08 

123. 12 
90.87 

22 

23 

24 

25         .         .              .... 

26 

1.8 
12.5 
2.7 

27 

28 

29 

Total 

870. 80 
96.76 

39. 29 

4.37 

4.5 

831.51 
92.39 

.\  verage 

a  No  movement. 


384 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESERVATIVES    ON"   HEALTH. 


Table  LXXIV. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  V. 
Three  ixien. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Preserva- 
tive admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

Orams. 
850.00 
378.64 

1,033.26 

Grams. 
26.42 
25.15 
25.19 

Per  cent. 
3.1 
6.6 
2.4 

Orams. 
823. 58 
353. 49 

1,008.07 

Oravis. 

No  3                                             

No  5 

Xotal                             

2,261.90 
102.81 

76.76 
3.49 

3.4 

2, 185. 14 
99.32 

Preservative  "period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  1     

1,-507.11 

699. 49 

1, 587. 15 

57.50 
38.26 
45.61 

3.8 
5.5 
2.9 

1, 449. 61 

661.23 

1,541.54 

6.0 

No  3                          

6.0 

No.  5            

6.0 

Total       

3, 793. 75 
105.38 

141.37 
3.93 

3.7 

3,652.38 
101.45 

18.0 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  1 

1, 496. 53 

669. 40 

1,194.12 

52.94 
36.03 
39.53 

3.5 
5.4 
3.1 

1,443.59 

633. 37 

1, 154. 59 

6.0 

No.  3 

6.0 

6.0 

3, 360. 05 
96.00 

128.50 
3.67 

3.8 

3, 231. 55 
92.33 

18.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total       ..   .          

7,153.80 
100. 76 

269.87 
3.80 

3.8 

6, 883. 93 
96.96 

36.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1, 332. 46 

633. 67 

1,165.74 

52.47 
34.48 
35.49 

3.9 
5.4 
3.0 

1,279.99 

599. 19 

1,130.25 

6.0 

No.  3 

6.0 

No.  5                 

5.5 

Total 

3, 131. 87 
92.11 

122. 44 
3.60 

3.9 

3, 009. 43 
88.51 

17.5 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total         

10, 285.  67 
97.96 

392.31 
3.74 

3.8 

9,893.36 
94.22 

53.5 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1,773.96 

853. 56 

1,392.41 

70.20 
64.99 
61.12 

4.0 
6.4 
4.3 

1,703.76 

798.57 

1,331.29 

7.0 

No.  3 

7.0 

7.0 

Total 

4,019.93 
95.71 

186. 31 
4.44 

4.6 

3, 833. 62 
91.27 

21.0 

Entire  preservative  period: 

14, 305. 60 
97. 32 

578. 62 
3.94 

4.0 

13, 726. 98 
93.38 

74.5 

After  period. 
No  1 

1,028.50 

610. 12 

1,113.54 

59.07 
43. 94 
44.67 

5.7 
7.2 
4.1 

969. 43 

566. 18 

1,068.87 

No  3 

2,  752. 16 
105.85 

147. 68 
5.68 

5.4 

2, 604. 48 
100. 17 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


385 


Table  LXXIV. — Summary  of  fat  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
Five  inen. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2+1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Preserva- 
tive admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
Xo.  1 

Grams. 
8.50.00 
683. 06 
378. 64 

1, 033. 26 
668.  73 

Orams. 
26.42 
14.19 
25.15 
25. 19 
23.30 

Per  cent. 
3.1 
2.1 
6.6 
2.4 
3.5 

Grams. 
823. 58 
668. 87 
353. 49 

1, 008. 07 
645.  43 

Grams. 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  5 

No.  6 

Total 

3, 613. 69 
103.  25 

114. 25 
3.26 

3.2 

3, 499. 44 
99.99 

Average 

Prrgervative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  1  

1,507.11 
1,346.61 
699. 49 
1,587.15 
1,186.46 

57.50 
25.92 
38.26 
45.61 
46.38 

3.8 
1.9 
5.5 
2.9 
3.9 

1,449.61 
1,320.69 
661.23 
1,. 541.. 54 
1,140.08 

6  0 

No.  2 

6  0 

No.  3 

6.0 

No.  5 

6  0 

No.  6 

5.0 

Total 

6, 326. 82 
105. 45 

213. 67 
3.56 

3.4 

6, 113. 15 
101.89 

29  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  1 

1,496.  .53 
1,19.5.58 
669. 40 
1,194.12 
1,137.09 

52.94 
25. 5(; 
36.03 
39.53 
39.25 

3.5 
2.1 
5.4 
3.1 
3.5 

1,443.  .59 
1,170.02 
633.  37 
1,154.69 
1,097.84 

6  0 

6  0 

No.3 

6  0 

6  0 

No.  6 

6.0 

Total 

5, 692. 72 
96.49 

193. 31 

3.28 

3.4 

5, 499. 41 
93.21 

30.0 

Average 

Snbperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

12,019.54 
101. 00 

406. P8 
3.42 

3.4 

11,612.56 
97.58 

69.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.  1 

1,332.46 

999. 22 

633. 67 

1,16.5.74 

1,0.57.61 

52.47 
31. 85 
34.48 
35.  49 

38.87 

3.9 
3.2 
6.4 
3.0 
3.7 

1,279.99 

967.37 

699. 19 

1,130.25 

1,018.74 

6  0 

No.  2 

6.0 

No  3 

6  0 

No.  5 

6  5 

No.  6 

6  0 

Total 

5, 188. 70 
89.46 

193. 16 
3.33 

3.7 

4, 995. 54 
86.13 

29.6 

A  verage 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

17,208.24 
97.22 

600. 14 
3.39 

3.5 

16,608.10 
93.83 

88.5 

4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 26 


386 


IJSTFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTK, 


Table  LXXIV. — Summary  of  fai  balances  for  Series  F^Continusd„ 
Six  iTien. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

2 
In  feces. 

o 

In  feces. 
(2^1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

5 

Preserva- 
tive admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
No.  1 

Grams. 
850. 00 
683. 06 
378. 64 
624. 29 

1,033.26 
668.  73 

Grams. 
26.42 
14.19 
25. 15 
29. 02 
25.19 
23.30 

Per  cent. 
3.1 
2.1 
6.6 
4.7 
2.4 
3.5 

Grams. 
823.58 
668.87 
353. 49 
695. 27 

1,008.07 
646. 43 

Gra.no.. 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No .  4 

No.  5 

No.  6. ■- . . 

Total 

4, 237. 98 
98.56 

143,  27 
3.33 

3.4 

4,094.71 
95.23 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

Nol 

No.2 

No.3 

No.  4 

1,507.11 
1,346.61 
699. 49 
852. 70 
1,687.15 
1,186.46 

57.60 
25.92 
38.26 
38.37 
45. 61 
46.38 

3.8 
1.9 
6.5 
4.5 
2.9 
3.9 

1, 449. 61 
1,320.69 
681.23 
814. 33 
1,541.54 
1,140.08 

6.0 
6.0 
6.0 
6  0 

No.  5 

6  0 

No.  6 

5  0 

7,179.52 
99.72 

252. 04 
3.50 

3.5 

6, 927. 48 
96.22 

36  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  1 

1,496.53 
1,195.68 
669. 40 
815. 68 
1, 194. 12 
1, 137. 09 

52.94 
25.56 
36.03 
36.00 
39.53 
39.25 

3.5 
2.1 
5.4 
4.4 
3.1 
3.6 

1,443.69 
1,170.02 
633.37 
779.68 
1,154.59 
1, 097. 84 

6  0 

No.  2 

6  0 

No.3 

6  0 

No.  4 

6  0 

No.  5 

6  0 

No.  6 

6  0 

Total 

6, 508. 40 
91.67 

229. 31 
3.23 

3.5 

6,279.09 

88,44 

36  0 

Avefage 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

13,687.92 
95.72 

481. 35 
3.37 

3.5 

13, 206. 57 
92.35 

71.0 

Average 

Table  LXXV. — General  summary  of  fat  balances. 


Period  and  series. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  feces. 
(2-1) 

4 

Balance. 

(1-2) 

Tore  period: 
Series  II « 

Grams. 
2, 079. 66 
3,830.20 
2, 719. 86 
2, 261. 90 

Grams. 

94.90 

194. 47 

90.42 

76.76 

Per  cent. 
4.6 
5.1 
3.3 
3.4 

Grams. 
1  984  75 

Ill 

3, 635. 73 
2  629  44 

IV 

V 

2, 185. 14 

Total 

8,811.96 
111.  54 

361. 65 

4.58 

4.1 

8,450.31 
106  96 

Average 

Preservative  period: 
Series  II  n 

3, 060. 61 

5,391.48 

6,241.77 

14, 305. 60 

183. 07 
228. 19 
239.87 
578.62 

6.0 
4.2 
3.8 
4.0 

2  877  54 

Ill 

5  163  29 

IV 

6,001.90 
13  726  °8 

V 

Total 

25, 938. 86 
104. 59 

1,046.68 
4.22 

4.0 

24,892.17 
100.37 

Average 

After  period: 
Series   Ila 

Ill 

2, 924. 84 
2,404.81 
2, 752. 16 

106. 88 

86.21 

147.68 

3.7 
3.6 
5.4 

2  817  96 

IV... 

2, 318. 60 
2,604.48 

V 

Total 

8,081.81 
106. 34 

340.77 
4.48 

4.2 

7,741.04 
101  86 

Average 

a  Series  II  not  included  in  total;  all  members  ill  in  after  period. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


387 


CALORIES    TABIiES. 

Table  LXXVI. — Calories  balances  for  Series  11. 

'No.   V. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In 
feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
fece.s. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
Iy03 — Jan.  21  <' 

Calorief. 
2,955 

Calories. 

Calories. 
85.8 
72.6 
97.4 
8.5.6 
88.8 
68.9 
7.5.7 

Calories. 

Per  ct. 

Per  rt. 
2.9 
2.3 
2.8 
2.6 
2.5 
2.1 
2.2 

Per  ct. 

Oilories. 

Grams. 

3,144    

3,489    

3,351    

3,-525    

3,305    

3,436    

23 

24 

2.5 



26 

27 

Total 

Average 

23,205   1,070.5 
3,315  1    152.9 

574.8 
82.1 

1,645.3 
23.5.0 

4.6 

2.5 

7.1 

21,  .559. 7 
3, 080. 0 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Jan.  28. 

3,498 
3,  .596 
2, 916 
2,933 

81.6 
.59.4 
69.0 
82.4 

2.3 

1  0 

29 

1.7 
2.4 
2.8 

1.0 

30 

1  0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

Average 

12,943       879.8 
3,236  1     219.9 

292.  4 
73.1 

1,172.2 
293.0 

6.8 

2.3 

9.1 

11,770.8 
2, 943. 0 

4.0 

Second  .swbperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

3,644    

3,139  1 

3,399    

3,:i46  1 

67.5 
77.8 
64.8 
73.1 

1.9 
2.5 
1.9 
2.2 

1 

2.0 

9 

2.0 

3 

2.0 

4 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

13,  .528 
3,382 

596.7 
149.2 

283:2 
70.8 

879.9 
22X0 

4.4 

2.1 

6.5 

12,648.1 
3, 162. 0 

8.0 

Third  subperiofl: 
1903— Feb.  .t 

3,288    

3,274    

3,604    

3,325    

67.1 
73.9 

88.1 
7.5.4 

2.0 
2.3 
2.4 
2.3 

3.0 

G 

3.0 



3.0 

h 

3.0 

Total 

13,491  1    707.2 
3,375  1     176.8 

304.5 
76.1 

1,011.7 
2.52.  9 

5.2 

2.3 

7.5- 

12,479.3 
3,122.1 

12.0 

.~iibperio<ls  1,  2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 

39,962   2,183.7 
3,330  1     182.0 

880.1 
73.3 

3,063.8 
265.3 

5.5 

2.2 

7.7 

36,898.2 
3,074.8 

24.0 

a  Data  not  obtained  for  January  19  and  20,  the  first  two  day:;  of  the  fore  period. 


388 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXVI. — Calories  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
ISTo.  lO. 


1 

Period  and  date.         ^    ,     ^ 
In  food. 

3 

In 

feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_jan.  21« 

Calories. 
4,019 
3,993 

Calories. 

Calories. 
86.6 
91.7 
71.1 
96.8 
69.5 

Calories. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
2.2 
2.3 
1.7 
2.2 
1.8 
2.0 
2.3 

Per  ct. 

Calorics. 

Grams. 

22           

23 

4.133 

24 4,  303 

25 3.897 

26 

3,903 

76.9 
85.1 

27 

3,782 

Total 

28,030 
4,004 

1,161.1 
165.9 

577.7   1,738.8 
82.  2       248. 1 

4.1 

2.1 

6.2 

26,291.2 
3,755.9 

Preservative  period. 

Fir.st  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  28 

4,063 
(4,257) 

4,147 
(3,873) 

"••("&")""" 

89.9 

(78.0) 

11.1 

(108.1) 

2.2 

(2.8) 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

1.0 

31 

• 

1.0 



Total 1 

8,210 

(16, 340) 

4,105 

(4,085) 

293.3 
"'i46.'6' 

"(353.' 7) 
"■(88.1) 

460.9 

3.6 

"""(2:2) 

5.6 

7, 749. 1 

}  - 

Average \ 

230.4 

4, 090. 8 

1      ■ 



Second  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

4,344 
4,053 
3,604 
3,872 

86.1 

84.2 

105. 9 

87.8 

1 

2.0 
2.1 
2.9 
2.3 

2  0 

2 

2.0 

3 

1 

2.0 

4 

2  0 

Total     

15, 873 
3,968 

868.5 
217.1 

363.0 
90.8 

1,231.5 
307.9 

5.6 

2.3 

7.8 

14,641.5 
3, 660. 1 

8  0 

Averag'e 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  5 

4,023 
3,981 
4,101 
3,869 

"  ■■(■«■)■■■ 

100.0 
87.1 
93.5 

88.9 

2.5 
2.2 
2.3 
2.3 

3.0 

6 

3.0 

7 

3.0 

8 

3.0 

Total 

15, 974 
3,994 

671.0 
142.7 

369.5 
92.4 

940.5 
235.1 

3.6 

2.3 

5.9 

15,033.5 
3, 758. 9 

12  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1,  2,  and  3: 
Total 1 

40,057 

(48, 187) 

4,006 

(4,016) 

1,732.8 

"in.i 

(i,'d86".2) 

'"(yo.'s) 

2,632.9          4.3 

"""(2."3) 

6.6 

37,  424. 1 

1      24.0 

Average | 

263.3 

3, 742.  7 

1 

a  Data  not  obtained  for  January  19  and  20. 


&  Discarded. 


cNo  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  389 

Table  LXXVI. — Calories  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
INTo.  13. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In 
feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In 
feces 
•  and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
arine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903 — Jan.  21  a 

Calories. 
2,906 
3,020 
3,823 
4,091 
4,157 
3,729 
3,515 

Calories. 


'"(b)" 

(Mories. 
84.3 
6.5.4 
63.8 
75.0 
70.7 
72.0 
54.4 

Calmies. 

Per  H. 

Per  H. 
2.9 
2.2 
1.7 
1.8 
1.7 
1.9 
1.5 

Per  ct. 

Calories. 

Gframs. 

■)■) 

2:^ 

1 

24 

1 

25 

1 

26 

1 

27 

1                      

Total 

25, 241 
3,606 

951.3 
135. 9 

485. 6 
69.4 

1,436.9 
205. 3 

3.8 

1.9 

5.7 

23, 804. 1 
3,400.7 

Preservative  prrioil. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Jan.  2« 

3,836 
3,976 
3, 590 
3,713 



7.5.2 
80.1 
70.6 
72.1 

i 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.9 

1.0 

29 

1.0 

30 

1.0 

31 

1.0 

Total 

Average 

1.5, 115 
3,779 

622.5 
155.6 

298.0 
74.5 

920.5 
230.1 

4.1 

2.0 

6.1 

14, 194. 5 
3,548.9 

4.0 

Second  .subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  1 

3,828 
3,418 
2,700 
2,916 

75.1 
.s6.  5 
76.1 
74.7 

2.0 
2  5 

2.0 

0 

2  0 

3 

2.8 
2.6 

2.0 

4 

2.0 

Total 

Average 

12, 862 
3,215 

441.7 
110.4 

313.4 

78.4 

755.1 
188.8 

3.4 

2.4 

5.9 

12, 106. 9 
3,026.2 

8.0 

Third  subperiod : 
1903— Feb.  6 

3,186 

1,936 

1,275 

936 



82.7 
77.8 
59.6 
57.8 

2.6 
4.0 
4.7 
6.2 

1 

3.0 

6 



0.0 

7  .   .   .. 

0.0 

S 

0.0 

Total 

7,333 
l,8:i3 

406.0 
101.5 

277. 9 
69.5 

683. 9 
171.0 

5.5 

3.8 

9.3 

6,649.1 
1,662.0 

3.0 

Subperiods  I,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

35,310 
2,943 

1,470.2 
122.5 

889.3 
74.1 

2,3.59.5 
196.6 

1 

32, 950. 5 
2,746.4 

15.0 

Average 

4.2 

2.5 

6.7 

a  Data  not  obtained  for  January  19  and  20. 


6  No  movement. 


390 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXVII. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  II. 
T-wo  men. 


Period. 

1 
In  food- 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Calories. 
23, 205 
28, 030 

Calories. 
1, 070. 5 
1,161.1 

Calories. 

574.8 
577.7 

Calories. 
1,645.3 
1,738.8 

Per  ct. 
4.6 
4.1 

Per  ct. 
2.6 
2.1 

Per  ct. 
7.1 
6.2 

Calories. 
21,559.7 
26, 291. 2 

Grams. 

No  10                  

Total 

51,235 
3,660 

2,231.6 
159.4 

1, 152. 5 
82.3 

3,384.1 
241.7 

4.4 

2.2 

6.6 

47,850.9 
3, 418. 3 

Average 

Preservative  period. 
First  subperiod; 

12, 943 

8,210 

(16,340) 

879.8 
293.3 

292.4 

1,172.2 
460.9 

6.8 
3.6 

2.3 

"(2.' 2) 

9.1 
5.6 

11, 770. 8 
7, 749. 1 

4 

No.  10 -j 

}     * 

(3.53. 7) 

Total 1 

21, 153 

(29,283) 

3,526 

(3, 660) 

1, 173. 1 

1,  633. 1 

5.5 

"(2.2) 

7.7 

19  619  9  ii 

(646.1) 

t     » 

Average I 

195.5 

272. 2 

3  263  8 

(80.8) 

1 

Second  subperiod: 
No.    7 

13, 528 
15, 873 

596.7 

868. 5 

283.2 
363.0 

879.9 
1,231.6 

4.4 
5.5 

2.1 
2.3 

6.5 
7.8 

12, 648. 1 
14,641.5 

8 

No.  10 

8 

Total 

29, 401 
3,675 

1,465.2 
183. 2 

646.2 
80.8 

2,111.4 
264.0 

5.0 

2.2 

7.2 

27, 289. 6 
3,411.0 

16 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

60, 554 

(58, 684) 

3,611 

(3,668) 

2, 638. 3 

3, 744. 5 

5.2 

■■(2."  2) 

7.4 

46,809.5 

1 

(1,292.3) 

J         ^"^ 

Average | 

188.4 

267.4 

3,343.6 

(80.8) 

Third  subperiod: 

No.    7 

No.  10 

13,491 
15, 974 

707.2 
571.0 

304  5 
369.5 

1,011  7 
940.5 

6.2 
3.6 

2.3 
2.3 

7.5 
5.9 

12,479.3 
15, 033.  6 

12 
12 

Total           .     . 

29,  466 
8,683 

1,278.2 
159.  8 

674.0 
84.3 

1,962.2 
244  0 

4.3 

2.3 

6.6 

27,512.8 
3,439.1 

24 

Average 

Subperiods  l,2,and  3: 
Total 1 

80,019 

(88,149) 

3,637 

(3,673) 

3,916.5 

5, 696.  7 

4.9 

"(2."  2) 

7.1 

1 
74  322  ?  Il 

(1,966.3) 

]■        ^° 

Average | 

178.0 

258.9 

3, 378. 3 

(81.9) 



BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


391 


Table  LXXVII. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 
Three  ixien. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
mini.s- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
Xo.7 

Calories. 
23,205 
28,030 
25, 241 

Calories. 

1.070.5 

1,161.1 

9.51.3 

Calorics. 

.574.8 
677.7 
485. 6 

Calories. 
1,645.3 
1,738.8 
1,436.9 

Per  cl. 
4.6 
4.1 

3.8 

Per  ct. 
2.5 
2.1 
1.9 

Per  ct. 
7.1 
6.2 

5.7 

Calories. 
21,. 5.59. 7 

Grams. 

No.  10 

No.  12 

26,291.2  1 

23,804.1  ! 

Total     

76,476       3,182.9 
3,642           151.6 

1,638.1 
78.0 

4,821.0 
229.6 

4.2 

2.1 

6.3 

71,6.55  0 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.T 

3,412.4 

4.0 
1      4.0 

4.0 

12, 943 
8.210 

879.8 
293.3 

292.4 

1, 172. 2 
460.9 

6.8 
3.6 

2.3 

■■(2.' 2) 
2.0 

9.1  i  11,770.8 
5.6        7  749  1 

^*^'" )        nfi:340i 

(353.  7) 
298.0 

No.12 

1.5,115 

622. 5 

920.5 

4.1 

6.1 

14,194.5 

.<{fi  968  1     1    795  6 

2, 553. 6 

4.9 

"(2.'i) 

7.0 

33,714  4    1     

Total {       (^Y.M) 

(944.1) 

>    12. 0 

Average | 

3,627 
(3,700) 

179. -6 

255.4 

3  371  6 

(78.7) 

Second  subperiod: 

No.7 

No.  10 

No.  12 

13,528 
15, 873 
12,862 

596.  7 
868.5 
441.7 

283.2 
363.0 
313.4 

879.9 

1,231.5 

755. 1 

4.4 
5.5 
3.4 

2.1 
2.3 
2.4 

6.5     12,648.1          8.0 

7.8  j  14,641.5          8.0 

5.9  !  12,106.9          8.0 

Tf>tal 

42,263 
3, 522 

1,906.9 
158.9 

959.6 
80.0 

2, 866. 5 
238. 9 

4.5 

2.3 

6.8     39  S9fi  ."S 

24.0 

Average 

3, 283. 1 



Third  subperiod: 
No." 

13.491 
15,974 
7,333 

707.2 
571.0 
40C.0 

304.5 
369.5 
277.9 

1,011.7 
940.5 
683.9 

.5.2 
3.6 
5.5 

2.3 
2.3 

3.8 

7.5     12  479  Jl 

12  0 

No.  10 

5.9 
9.3 

15,033.5 
6,649.1 

12.0 

iJo.l2 

3.0 

Total 

36,798 
3,066 

1,684.2 
■     140.4 

951.9 
79.3 

2,636.1 
219.7 

4.6 

2.6 

7.2 

34,161.9 
2, 846. 3 

27  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1 ,2,and  3; 

78,531  I     3-702.5 

5,420.1 

4.7 

"(2.'2) 

6.9 

73,110.9 

j-    36.0 

(86,6<11) 
3,570 
(3,611) 



(1,903.7) 

) 

168.3 

24fi.  4 

3, 323. 6 

^ 

(79.3) 

892 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXVIII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  III. 
IsTo.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 
(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Calories. 
3,039 
3,234 
2,759 
3,106 
2,870 
2,795 
3,055 
2,614 
2,943 

Calories. 
212.02 
167. 95 
106. 97 
152. 79 
127. 03 
139.21 
87.64 
158. 86 
261.59 

Calories. 
92.9 

10.5.2 
91.2 
90.9 
91.2 
98.9 
95.0 

100.2 
98.1 

Calories. 
304.92 
273. 15 
198. 17 
243. 69 
218. 23 
238. 11 
182. 64 
259. 06 
359. 69 

Per  ct. 
7.0 
5.2 
3.9 
4.9 
4.4 
5.0 
2.9 
6.1 
8.9 

Per  ct. 
3.0 
3.2 
3.3 
2.9 
3.2 
3.5 
3.1 
3.8 
3.3 

Per  ct. 

10.0 
8.4 
7.2 
7.8 
7.6 
8.5 
6.0 
9.9 

12.2 

Calories. 
2, 734. 08 
2, 960. 85 
2,-560.83 
2, 862. 31 
2, 651. 77 
2,656.89 
2, 872. 36 
2, 354. 94 
2,583.31 

Gra7ns. 

20        

21 : 

22 

23        

24 

25 

26     

27 

Total            

26,415 
2,935 

1,414.06 
357.12 

863. 60 
95.95 

2,277.66 
253. 07 

5.3 

3.3 

8.6 

24, 137. 34 
2,681.93 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

2,939 
3, 053 
3,002 
2,925 

68.51 
284. 80 
174.91 
148.  79 

102.0 
103.2 
96.0 
96.3 

170. 51 
388. 00 
270. 91 
245. 09 

2.3 
9.3 
5.8 
5.1 

3.5 
3.4 
3.2 
3.3 

5.8 
12.7 
9.0 
8.4 

2,  768. 49 
2, 665. 00 
2, 731. 09 
2,679.91 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total         

11,919 
2,979 

677. 01 
169. 25 

397. 50 
99.38 

1,074.51 
268.  63 

5.6 

3.4 

9.0 

10, 844. 49 
2, 710. 37 

4  0 

Average 

Second  .subperiod; 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

7 

3,197 
2,740 
3,011 
2,967 

119.22 

188. 22 

170. 94 

97.23 

100.5 
90.3 
90.2 
86.6 

219.72 
278. 52 
261. 14 
183. 83 

3.7 
6.9 
5.7 
3.3 

3.2 
3.3 
3.0 
2.9 

6.9 

10.2 

8.7 

6.2 

2, 977.  28 
2,461.48 
2, 749. 86 
2, 788. 17 

4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average 

11,915 
2,979 

575. 61 
143.  90 

367.6 
91.9 

943.21 
235. 80 

4.8 

3.1 

7.9 

10, 971. 79 
2, 743. 20 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.8 

9 

10 

11 

2,413 
3,017 
3,037 
2,218 

113. 29 
101.22 
156. 10 
40. 26 

89.8 
85.8 
89.0 
89.0 

203. 09 
187. 02 

245. 10 
129. 26 

3.7 
3.4 
5.1 
1.8 

.  4.7 
2.8 
3.0 
4.0 

8.4 
6.2 
8.1 

5.8 

2, 209. 91 
2, 829. 98 
2, 791. 90 
2, 088. 74 

3.0 
2.0 
3.0 
2.0 

Total 

10,685 
2,671 

410.87 
102. 72 

353.6 
88.4 

764. 47 
191. 12 

3.8 

3.4 

7.2 

9, 920. 53 
2,479.88 

10  0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

34, 519 

2,877 

1,663.49 
138.62 

1,118.70 
93.23 

2, 782. 19 
231. 85 

3.2 

4.8 

8.0 

31,736.81 
2, 645. 15 

26.0 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.l2 

2,217 
3,008 
3,056 
2,723 
2,979 
2,799 
3,239 
2,940 

135.  32 
123. 64 
156.15 
112. 60 
86.01 
143. 24 
163. 86 
115.70 

92.2 
96.3 
103.4 
95.8 
90.8 
93.2 
89.5 
81.7 

227. 52 
219. 94 
269. 55 
208.40 
176.81 
236. 44 
253. 36 
.97.40 

6.1 
4.1 
5.1 
4.2 
2.9 
6.1 
5.0 
3.9 

4.2 
3.2 
3.4 
3.5 
3.0 
3.3 
2.8 
2.8 

10.3 
7.3 
8.6 
7.7 
5.9 
8.4 
7.8 
6.7 

1,989.48 
2, 788. 06 
2, 796. 45 
2, 614. 60 
2, 802. 19 
2, 562. 56 
2,986.64 
2, 742. 60 

13.   .     .. 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

22, 961 
2,870 

1,036.52 
129. 56 

742. 90 
92.86 

1, 779.  42 
222.42 

4.5 

3.2 

7.7 

21,181.58 
2, 647. 58 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


39a 


Table  LX.XYUI.— Calories  balances  for  Series  ///—Continued. 
]sro.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  "food.  I 

2 

n  feces. 

3             4 

In  feces 
In          and 
urine,      urine. 

(2+3) 

5      1 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6             7 

,„       In  feces 
In          and 

(3-1)        (4H-1) 

1- 

8              9 

Boric- 
Balance,       acid 
(1—4)      admin- 
istered.. 

Fore  period. 
j903^reb  19 

Calories. 
3,071 
3,481 
3,154 
3,310 
3,290 
3,150 
3,256 
2,675 
3,410 

Calories.  ( 
161. 34 
131.26 
95.02 
149. 73 
118. 09 
65.63 
113. 33 
157. 46 
140. 53 

':!alories.  C 
81.7 
82.8 
80.5 
83.0 
86.9 
89.7 
86.1 
87.7 
90.5  1 

?atorjes. 
243. 04 
214.06 
175. 52 
232. 73 
204. 99 
155. 33 
199. 43 
245. 16 
231. 03 

Perct. 
5.2 
3.7 
3.0 
4.5 
3.6 
2.1 
3.5 
5.9 
4.1 

Per  ct. 
2.7 
2.4 
2.6 
2.5 
2.6 
2.8 
2.6 
3.3 
2.7 

Per  ct. 
7.9 
6.1 
5.6 
7.0 
6.2 
4.9 
6.1 
9.2 
6.8 

Calories. 

2.827.96  . 
3,266.94    . 
2,978.48    . 
3,077.27    . 
3,085.01    . 
2,994.67    . 
3,0.56.57    . 
2,429.84 

3. 178. 97 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

2" 

Total 1 

Average 1 

28,797   1,132.39 
3,200       125.82 

768.9   1 
85.4 

,  901. 29 
211.25 

3.9 

2.7 

0.6  1  26,895.71 
1    2,988.75 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 i 

3,387 
3, 181 
3,377 
3,721 

150. 62 
126. 19 
117.96 
106.69 

89.1 
90.3 
93.2 

82.8 

239.72 
216. 49 
211.16 
189. 49 

4.5 
4.0 
3.5 
2.9 

2.6 

2.8 
2.8 
2.2 

7.1 
6.8 
6.3 
5.1 

3,147.28 
2, 964. 51 
3,165.84 
3,531.61 

1.0' 
1.0' 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

13,666 
3,416 

3,285 
1,911 
1,937 
2,131 

501.46 
125.36 

355. 4       856. 86 
88.8       214.22 

3.7 

2.6 

6.3 

12,809.14 
3,201.78 

4.0 

Pecond  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.4 

5 

6 

97.66 
38.19 
(«) 
C) 

88.5 
75.0 
68.8 
79.2 

186. 16 

113.19 

68.80 

79. 20 

3.0 
2.0 

2.7 
3.9 
3.6 
3.7 

5.7 
5.9 
3.6 
3.7 

3,098.84 
1, 797. 81 
1,868.20 
2,051.80 

4.0 

2.O. 

.0 

1.0 

Total 

Average 

9,2t^l 
2,316 

135.85 
33.96 

311.5 
77.9 

447. 35 
111.  84 

1.5 

3.3 

4.8  j     8,816.65  1          7.0' 
2,204.16  1 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

1,469 
1,837 
2,316 
3,259 

114.92 

116.11 

66. 26 

78.16 

78.2 
79.6 
81.4 
82.6 

193. 12 
195. 71 
147.66 
160. 76 

7.8 
6.3 
2.9 
2.4 

5.3 
4.4 
3.5 

2.5 

13.1 

10.7 

6.4 

4.9 

1, 275. 88 
1,641.29 
2, 168. 34 
3,098.24 

.0 
.0' 
.0 
.0' 

Total 

Average 

8,881 
2,220 

375.45       321.8 
93.86  '      80.4 

697. 25 
174.31 

4.3 

3.6 

7.9 

8, 183. 75 
2, 045. 69 

.0' 

Entire  preservative 
periofl: 

Total 

Average 

'      31,811 
1        2, 651 

1,012.76 
84.40 

988.7 
82.4 

2,001.46 
166. 79 

3.2 

3.1 

6.3 

29, 809. 54 
2,484.21 

11.0 

After  period. 

1903— Mar.  12 

13 

14 

15      

3, 2.59 
2,924 
3,432 
3,179 
3,699 
3,466 
i        3,5.58 
.|        3,827 

141.45 
104.12 
133. 10 

98. 85 
147.23 
148.18 
123.07 

59.58 

86.2 
82.  H 
86.1 
73.1 
80.1 
79.5 
70.6 
71.6 

227. 65 
186. 92 
219.20 
171.95 
227. 33 
227. 68 
193. 67 
131.18 

4.3 
3.6 
3.9 
3.1 
4.1 
4.3 
3.4 
1.5 

2.7 
2.8 
2.5 
2.3 
2.2 
2.3 
2.0 
1.9 

7.0 
6.4 
6.4 
.5.4 
6.3 
6.6 
5.4 
3.4 

3,031.35 
2,737.08 
3,212.80 
3,007.05 
3,371.67 
3, 238. 32 
3,364.33 
3, 695. 82 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

Average 

.i      27,241 
.1        3,406 

955.58       630.0 

1.58.5.  .58 
198.20 

3.5 

2.  a 

5.8 

25.658.42 
.     3,207.30 

i 

1 

a  No  movement. 


394 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXVIII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
ISTo.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-M) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
min- 

is- 
tered. 

Fore  pei-iod. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Calories. 
2,859 
2,732 
[2, 846] 
3,102 
3,060 
2,858 
3,105 
2,828 
2,822 

Calories. 
173. 28 

66.31 
[110.08] 
129. 26 
183.00 

56.37 
109. 55 
135.52 

94.43 

Calories. 
63.6 
72.3 
Lost. 
82.1 
93.5 
74.7 
82.1 
79.0 
67.1 

Calories. 
236.88 
138.61 

Per  at. 
6.1 
2.4 

4.2 
6.0 
2.0 
3.5 
4.8 
3.3 

Per  ct. 
2.2 

2.7 

Per  ct. 
8.3 
5.1 

Calories. 
2, 622. 12 
2, 593. 39 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

211.  36 
276. 50 
131.07 
191. 65 
214.  .52 
161.53 

2.6 
3.0 
2.6 
2.7 
2.8 
2.4 

6.8 
9.0 
4.6 
6.2 
7.6 
6.7 

2,890.64 
2, 783.  50 
2,726.93 
2,913.35 
2,613.48 
2, 660. 47 

23 

24 

•25 

26 

27 

Total ..| 

Average } 

23, 366 

[26,212] 

2,921 

[2, 912] 

614.4     1,562.12 

■"■i4."6i 

2.6 

6.7 

21,803.88 

[1, 057. 80] 

76.8 

195. 26 

2, 725.  74 

m7.531 

' 

Preservative  period. 

JFirst  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1. 

2 

2,952 
2, 933 
(2,981) 
2,995 

78.87 
109.83 

Lost. 
101.90 

69.8 
76.1 
(66.8) 
72.9 

148.67 
185. 93 

2.7 
3.7 

2.3 
2.6 

5.0 
6.3 

2,803.33 
2, 747. 07 

LO 
1.0 
1  0 

3 

174. 80 

3.4 

5.8 

2,820.20 

1.0 

Total 1 

8,880 

290. 60 

(285."6)' 
■(7i:4)' 

509.40 

3.3 

""(2.4) 

5.7 

8, 370. 60 

]■      4.0 

f     '  '2'9fin' 

96.87 

169.80 

2,790.20 

Average < 

(2, 965) 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

7 

3, 160 
3,002 
2,666 
2,719 

143. 90 

38.30 

157. 20 

106. 97 

71.8 
30.3 
64.1 
58.3 

215. 70 

68.60 

221.30 

165. 27 

4.5 
1.3 
5.9 
3.9 

2.3 
1.0 
2.4 
2.2 

6.8 
2.3 
8.3 
6.1 

2,944.30 
2,933.40 
2, 444.  70 
2,563.73- 

4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average 

n,547 

2,887 

446.37 
111.59 

224.5 
56.13 

670.87 
167. 72 

3.9 

1.9 

5.8 

10,876.13 
2, 719. 28 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

2,641 
2,406 
2, 377 
2, 181 

55.09 

169. 85 

70.33 

43.56 

92.6 
60.2 
64.2 
57.1 

147. 69 
230. 05 
134. 53 
100. 66 

2.1 
7.1 
3.0 
2.0 

3.6 
2.5 
2.7 
2.6 

5.6 
9.6 
5.7 
4.6 

2, 493. 31 
2, 175. 95 
2, 242. 47 
2,080.34 

3.0 
3.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

9, 605 
2,401 

338. 83 
84.71 

274.1 
68.52 

612. 93 
153. 23 

3.5 

2.9          6.4 

8,992.07 
2, 247. 77 

11.0 

f 

30,032 

(33,013) 

2,730 

(2,751) 

],075.80 

(784.'2)' 
'(65."  35) 

1, 793. 20 

3.6 

■■■(2."4) 

6.0 

28,238.80 

1    27.0 

Average | 

97.80 

163. 02 

2, 566. 98 

After  period. 
1903— Mar.  12 

2,355 
2,851 
2,473 
2,534 
2,947 
(2,923) 
2, 739 
2,685 

142. 78 
63.55 

132.13 
57.44 

218. 21 
Lost. 

127. 50 

138.01 

52.9 
72.0 
70.0 
73.6 
65.9 
(56.7) 
62.1 
61.1 

195. 68 
135. 55 
202. 13 
131.04 
284.11 

6.1 
2.3 
5.4 
2.3 
7.4 

2.2 
2.5 
2.8 
2.9 
2.2 

2.2 
2.3 

8.3 
4.8 
8.2 
6.2 
9.6 

2,159.32 
2,716.45 
2, 270. 87 
2,402.96 
2,662.89 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

189. 60 
199. 11 

4.7 
5.1 

6.9 
7.4 

2, 549. 40 
2,485.89 

19 

Total 1 

18, 584 

(21,507) 

2,  655 

(2, 688) 

879. 62 

(5i4."3)' 
'(64."  29) 

1, 337. 22 

4.7 

""(2.'4) 

7.2 

17,246.78 

Average i 

125.  66 

191. 03 

2, 463. 97 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


395 


Table  J.XX\1U.— Calories  balances  for  Series  //J— Continued. 
No.  4. 


Period  ami  datf. 


1  2 

In  food.    In  feces. 


Foreperio'l.  i 

Calorieg.    Calories. 
1903— Feb.  19 Absent 


2,924 

2,801  I 
(2,611) 
3,142 
2,889  j 
3,441  1 
2,766  ' 
2,994  i 


116.49 

66. 92 

(«) 

64.30 
12.5. 47 
130. 29 
142. 28 

98. 42 


a 


In 
urine. 


4 

In  fece.s 

and 

urine. 

1    (2+3) 


Calories}  Calories. 


Total. 


Average . 


f  20,957  i     744.17 

■\      (23,56«) 

(  2,994  I     106.31 

■\        (2,946) 


66.3 
64.4 
((6.6) 
99.2 
85.2 
76.6 
94.1 
70.8 


182.  79 
131.32 

163,56 
210. 67 
206. 89 
236. 38 
169. 22 


In 
feces. 

(2-1) 


In 
urine. 
(3+1) 


In  feces 
]    and 
.  urine. 

I  (4-1) 


Per  cl.  1  Per  cl. 


4.0 

2.4 

i'o' 

4.3 
3.8 
5.1 
3.3 


2.3 

2.3 
(2.6) 
3.2 
3.0 
2.2 
3.4 
2.4 


Per  ct. 


6.3 

4.7 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Calories. 


2,741.21 
2,669.68 


5.2 
7.3 
6.0 

8.5 


2, 978. 50 
2, 678. 33 
3,234.11 
2, 529. 62 
2, 824. 78 


|l, 300.77  I        3.6    6.2 

(623.2) '       (2.6): 

185.82  I • 

(77.9)' 1 1 


Preservative  prriod. 


First  subperiml: 
1903— Feb.  2>*  . 
Mar.    1 


2,676 
3,042 
2,988 
3, 541 


116.34 
210. 10 
102. 02 
157.19 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


12, 247 
3, 062 


585. 65 
146.41 


Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 

5  ... 

6  . . . . 


3,049 

2,778 
2, 359 
2,160 


110.58 

145. 34 

79.74 

123. 21 


Total 

Average . . . 

Third  subperio<^l: 

1903— Mar.    «  . . 

9  .. 

10  .. 

11  .. 


10,346 
2,586 


4.58.  87 
114.72 


2,296 
2,017 
2, 373 
1,223 


102.82 
78.95 
131. 36 
122.18 


Total  ... 
Average 


7,909 
1,977 


43').  31 
108. 83 


Entire  preservative 
periofJ: 

Total 

Average 


30,  .502   1,479.83 
2, 542       123. 32 


89.4 
79.5 
94.3 
90.9 


205. 74 
289.60 
196. 32 
248. 09 


4.4 
6.9 
3.4 
4.4 


3.3 
2.6 
3.2 
2.6 


354.1       939.75 
88.5       234.94  L 


80.3 
37.8 
72.0 
68.8 


258.9 
64.7 


190. 88 
183. 14 
151.74 
192. 01 


3.6 
5.2 
0.4 
5.7 


2.6 
1.4 
3.0 
3.2 


717.77 
179.44 


2.5 


62.9 
64.7 
72.0 
59.7 


259.3 
64.8 


872. 3 
72.6 


165. 72 
143. 65 
203. 36 
181.88 


4.5 
3.9 
5.5 
10.0 


694.61 
173. 65 


2,352.13 
196.01 


After  jierio'l. 


19C8— Mar. 


(1,984). 

(2,164) 
2,642 
2,103 

12, 588] 
2,547  I 
2,6.52 


Lost. 

Lost. 
•    ('') 
138. 28 
[112.68] 

77.70 

96.99 


Total 


Average . 


9,94J  i 
(14,0921 
tl2,532Ji 

2,4H«  ; 

(2.349) 
(2,506)1 


[425. 65] 


[85.181 


5.5 


2.7 
3.2 
3.1 
4.9 


2.8 


(55.2 
(.56. 6) 
55. 9 
59.1 
Lf)st. 
62. 6 
69.9 


(3.59.3) 


(69.9) 


.55. 90 
197.38 


140.30 
166.89 


6.6 
[4.4] 
8.0 
3.7 


560.47 


[3.4] 


7.7 
9.5 
6.6 
7.0 


6.3 
6.6 
6.4 

8.9 


7.1 
8.6 
14.9 


18, 656. 23 


2,808.03 


2, 470.  26 
2, 752. 40 
2,791.68 
3, 292. 91 


11,307.25 
2, 827. 06 


2,858.12 
2,594.86 

2,207.26 
1,967.99 


9, 628. 23 
2, 407. 06 


2,130.28 
1,873.35 
2,169.64 
1,041.12 


7,214.39 
1,803.35 


2.8) 
(2.6) 
2.1 
2.8 


2.5 
2.6 


(2.6) 


2.1 
9.4 


5.5 
6.3 


6.6 


28, 149. 87 
2, 345. 82 


3, 586. 10 
1,90.5.62 


2,  Am.  70 
2,48.5.11 


9, 383. 53 


2,  .34.5. 88 


a  Diwarded. 


bNo  movement. 


396 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEKVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXVIII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

-    5 

In 
feces. 

(2-^1) 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb.  19 

Calories. 
3,176 
3,506 
3,482 
3,694 
3,224 
3,396 
3,717 
3,044 
3,506 

Calories. 

85.12 

43.84 

71.89 

320.  99 

174. 26 

68.05 

116.72 

254. 59 

43.75 

Calories. 
79.7 
90.9 
99.3 
88.1 
86.3 

101.1 
96.6 

103.4 
96.0 

Calories. 
164. 82 

134. 74 
171. 19 
409. 09 
260.  56 
169. 15 
213. 32 
357.  99 

139. 75 

Per  ct. 
2.7 
1.2 
2.1 
8.7 
5.4 
2.0 
4.3 
8.4 
1.3 

Per  ct. 
2.6 
2.6 
2.8 
2.4 
2.7 
3.0 
3.6 
3.4 
2.7 

Per  ct. 
5.2 
3.8 
4.9 

11.1 
8.1 
5.0 
7.9 

11.8 
4.0 

Calories. 
3,011.18 
3,371.26 
3, 310. 81 
3, 284.  SI 
2, 963. 44 
3, 226. 85 
3, 503.  68 
2, 686. 01 
3, 366. 25 

Grams. 

20. 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

30, 745 
3,416 

1,179.21 
131. 02 

841.4 
93.49 

2, 020. 61 
224.  51 

3.8 

2.8 

6.6 

28, 724. 39 
3,191.49 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

3,557 
3,808 
3,831 
3,533 

214. 81 

16.70 

158.  79 

241.  90 

93.4 

95.6 

94.1 

101.0 

308. 21 
112. 30 
252. 89 
342.90 

6.1 

.4 

4.1 

6.9 

2.6 
2.5 
2.5 
2.8 

8.7 
2.9 
6.6 
9.7 

3, 248.  79 
3,  695.  70 
3,578.11 
3,190.10 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

14,  729 
3,682 

632. 20 
158. 05 

384.1 
96.02 

1,016.30 
254. 07 

4.3 

2.6 

6.9 

13,  712.  70 
3, 427. 93 

4.0 

Average 

Second  subperiou: 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

7 

3,752 
3, 695 
3,542 
3,085 

136. 22 

95.07 

220. 29 

127.  09 

100.0 

93.2 

•      83.2 

85.2 

236. 22 
188. 27 
303. 49 
212. 29 

3.6 
2.6 
6.2 
4.1 

2.7 
2.5 
2.4 
2.8 

6.3 
5.1 
8.6 
6.9 

3, 516.  78 
3, 606.  73 
3, 238. 51 
2,872.71 

4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total 

14, 074 
3,518 

578. 67 
144. 67 

361.6         940.27 
90.4     1     235.07 

4.1 

2.6 

6.7 

13,133.73 
3, 282. 93 

12  0 

Average ... 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

2, 831 
2,887 
2,303 
2,138 

112.  51 
29. 49 
64.34 
26.32 

80.3 
81.3 
79.7 

77.2 

192. 81 
110.79 
144. 04 
102. 52 

4.0 
1.0 

2.8 
1.2 

2.8 
2.8 
3.5 
3.6 

6.8 
3.8 
6.3 

4.8 

2,638.19 
2, 776.  21 
2, 158.  96 
2, 035. 48 

3.0 
3.0 
2.2 
3.0 

Total 

10,159 
2, 640 

231. 66 
57.92 

318. 50 
79. 62 

550. 16 
137. 54 

2.3 

3.1 

5.4 

9, 608. 84 
2, 402. 46 

11  2 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

38, 962 
3,247 

1, 442. 53 
120. 21 

1,064.20 
88.68 

2,606.73 
208.89 

3.7 

2.7 

6.4 

36,  455. 27 
3, 038. 11 

27  2 

Average 



After  period. 
1903— Mar.l2 

2,358 
2,954 
3,620 
3,510 
3,731 
3,635 
3,987 
3,734 

208. 08 
130. 19 
173. 53 

(«) 
116.32 
182. 87 

35.00 
130. 34 

86.7 
84.1 
97.2 
90.2 
87.9 
93.0 
89.5 
89.0 

294. 78 
214. 29 
270.73 
90.20 
204. 22 
275. 87 
124. 50 
219. 34 

8.8 
4.4 
4.8 

"'"s.'i" 

5.0 

.9 

8.5 

3.7 
2.9 
2.7 
2.6 
2.4 
2.6 
2.2 
2.4 

12.6 
7.3 
7.5 
2.6 
5.5 
7.6 
3.1 
5.9 

2,063.22 
2, 739.  71 
3, 349. 27 
3,419.80 
3, 526.  78 
3,359.13 
8, 862. 50 
3,514.66 

13 

14 

15 

16... 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

27, 529 
3,441 

976. 33 
122.04 

717.6 
89.7 

1,693.93 
211. 74 

3.6 

2.6 

6.2 

25, 835. 07 
3, 229. 26 

Average 



".No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


897 


T.\BLE  LXXVIII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
ISTo.  G. 


1 

Period  and  date.        ^     , 

In  food. 

1 

•2             3 

In  feces.    J-^^ 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2^3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

T 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 
iyO-j_Feb.l9 

Calories. 
2,438 
2,  423 
2,493 
2,361 
2,786 

Calories.  Calories. 

(a)       i       48.7 

Calories. 

48.70 
117.  97 
371.30 
195.  59 

68.  .50 
163. 13 
189. 37 
219. 69 

76. 20 

Per  ct. 

""i'.s 

12.4 
5.9 

""3.'2' 

3.9 
5.2 

Per  ct. 
2.0 
2.6 
2.5 
2.4 
2.5 
2.4 
2.7 
2.8 
2.8 

Per  ct. 
2.0 
4.9 

14.8 
8.3 
2.5 
5.6 
6.6 
8.0 
2.8 

Calories. 
2,389.30 
2, 305. 03 
2,121.70 
2, 165. 41 
2,717.50 
2, 733. 87 
2, 671. 03 
2, 527. 31 
2, 603. 80 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

56. 27 
309. 50 
139. 89 

(«) 

92. 93 
111.87 
143. 39 

(«) 

61.7 

61.8 
55.  7 
68.5 
70.2 
77.5 
76.3 
76.2 

24 

2,897 
2,861 
2, 747 
2,680 

23. 686 
2, 632 

25 

26 

0- 

Total 

Average 

853. 85 
94.87 

596.6 
66.3 

1,4.50.45 
161.16 

3.6 

2.5 

6.1 

22,235.55 
2, 470. 62 

Preserrative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

1. 922 
1,703 
2, 221 
3, 192 

192. 79 

218.99 

163. 98 

81.80 

76.4 
73.8 
63.8 
85.7 

269. 19 
292. 79 
227. 78 
167.50 

10.0 
12.9 
7.4 
2.5 

4.0 
4.3 
2.9 
2.7 

14.0 
17.2 
10.3 
5.2 

1,652.81 
1,410.21 
1,993.22 
3,024.50 

1.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

Total       

9.038 
2, 259 

657. 56 
164. 39 

299.7 
74.9 

957. 26 
239. 32 

7.3 

3.3 

10.6 

8, 080.  74 
2,020.19 

1  0 

Average 

Second  subperiod : 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

7 

2, 585 
2, 550 
2,719 
2, 986 

144.21 
240. 55 
194. 32 
182. 94 

86.7 
79.6 
69.3 

84.5 

230. 91 
320. 15 
263. 62 
267. 44 

5.6 
9.4 
7.2 
6.2 

3.5 
3.2 
2.5 
2.8 

8.9 

12.6 

9.7 

9.0 

2, 354. 09 
2,229.85 
2, 4.55. 38 
2, 718.  56 

.0 

.0 

1.0 

2.0 

Total 

10,840 
2,710 

762. 02 
190.50 

320.1 
80.0 

1,082.12 
270. 53 

7.0 

3.0 

10.0 

9,757.88  1          3.0 

Average 

2,439.47  ! 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9  

10 

11 

2,748 
2,497 
2, 621 
2,  .568 

186.  .58 
134.61 

(«) 
158. 56 

58.6 
69.7 
69.8 
68.6 

245. 18 

204. 31 

69.80 

227. 16 

6.8 
5.4 

■'■'6."2' 

2.1 
2.8 
2.7 
Q.6 

8.9       2,502.82 
8.2       2,292.69 

2.7  i    2,551.20 

8.8  2,340.84 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

Total 

10,434  1     479.75 
2,608  1     119.92 

266.7 
66.7 

746. 45 
186. 61 

4.6 

2.5 

7.2 

9  687  55           l'.^"  0 

Average 

2,421.89 



Kntire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

30,312 
2, 526 

1,899.33 

158.  28 

886.  5 
73.8 

2,  785. 83 
232. 15 

6.3 

2.9 

9.2  i  27.  .526. 17 

16.0 

Average 

2,293.85 

After  period. 

1903— Mar.  12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

2,622 
2. 472 
2,  >W, 
2,819 
2.H?- 
3,017 
2, 735 
(2.712) 

175.75 
157. 33 

64.27 
133.16 
145. 40 
152.80 
2.52. 70 

Lost. 

80.9 
75.0 
80.6 
84.6 
66.3 
72.7 
70.9 
(7-..  7) 

2.56.  65 
232.  33 
144.87 
217.66 
211.70 
225.  50 
323. 60 

6.7 
6.4 
2.3 
4.7 
5.1 
5.1 
9.2 

3.1 
3.0 
2.9 
3.0 
2.4 
2.4 
2.6 
(2.6) 

9.8 
9.4 
5.2 
7.7 
7.5 
7.5 
11.8 

2, 365. 35 
2, 239. 67 
2,661.13 
2,601.34 
2,61.5.:i0 
2,791.50 
2,411.10 

• 

Total { 

19.298 

(22,010) 

2,7.57 

(2,751) 

1,081.41 

'(662.'6) 
■■(75:3) 

1,612.31 

6.6 

■■■(2.'7) 

8.4 

17,685.69 

Average | 

154.49 

230. 33 

2,626.67 

a  No  movement. 


398 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXIX. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  III. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-Hl) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
aCid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered.. 

Fore  period. 
No.  1 

Calories. 

26,415 

23, 366 
[26,212] 

20, 957 
(23,568) 

30, 745 

Calories. 
1,414.06 

Calories. 
863. 60 
614. 40 

Calorics. 
2,211. m 
1, 562. 12 

Per  ct. 
6.3 

""■[4."  6] 
3.6 

Per  ct. 
3.3 
2.6 

Perct. 
8.6 
6.7 

Calories. 
24, 137. 34 
21,803.88 

Gh-ams. 

No.3 { 

No.4 1 

No.  5 

[1, 057. 80] 
744. 17 

1, 300. 77 

'"(2.'6) 
2.8 

6.2 

19,656.23 

(623. 20) 
841. 40 

1,179.21 

2, 020. 61 

3.8 

6.6 

28,724.39 

f 

101, 483 

(104, 094 

[104,329] 

3,075 

(3,062) 

[3  069] 

7, 161. 16 

i 

7.1 

94,321.84 

Total               \ 

(2,942.60) 

(2.8) 

[4, 395. 24] 

[4.2] 

217. 00 

2,858.00 

Average \ 

(86.55) 

riM  W1 

:::::::::;: 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.l 

XT            O                                                          f 

11,919 

8,880 
(11,861) 
12, 247 
14,729 

677. 01 
290. 60 

397. 50 

1, 074. 51 
509.40 

5.6 
3.3 

.  3.4 

■■(2."4) 
2.9 
2.6 

9.0 
5.7 

10, 844. 49 
8,370.60 

4.0' 

}      4.0 

4.0 
4.0 

No.  3 < 

No.4 

No.5 

(285. 60) 
3.54. 10 
384. 10 

.685.65 
632. 20 

939. 75 
1,016.30 

4.8 
4.3 

7.7 
6.9 

11,307.25 
13,712.70 

Total 1 

47,775 

(50, 756) 

3,185 

(3,172) 

2,18.5.46 

3, 639. 96 

,.6 

"'"(2."8) 

7.4   44,235.04 

1    16.0 

(1,421.30) 

Average ■; 

145. 70 

236.00 

2,  949. 00 

(88. 83) 

1 

Second  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.3 

No.  4 

No.5 

11,915 

11, 547 

10,346 

.  14, 074 

575.61 
446.37 
462. 47 
578.67 

367. 60 
224. 50 
258. 90 
361. 60 

943. 21 
670.87 
721. 37 
940. 27 

4.8 
3.9 
4.5 
4.1 

3.1 
1.9 
2.5 
2.6 

7.9 
5.8 
7.0 
6.7 

10, 971.  79 
10, 876. 13 
9,624.63 
13,133.73 

12.0- 
12.0. 
12.0 
12.0. 

Total 

Average 

47, 882 
2,993 

2, 063. 12 
128.95 

1,212.60 
75.79 

3,275.72 
204,  73 

4.3 

2.5 

6.8 

44,606.28 
2, 788. 27 

48.0 

Third  subperiod: 
No.  1 

• — 

10, 685 
9,605 
7,909 

10, 159 

410. 87 
338.83 
435. 31 
231. 66 

353. 60 
274. 10 
2.59. 30 
318. 50 

764  47 
Cl..d3 
694.  61 
550. 16 

3.8 
3.5 
5.6 
2.3 

3.4 
2.9 
3.3 
3.1 

7.2 
6.4 
8.8 
5.4 

9, 920. 53 
8, 992. 07 
7, 214. 39 
9,608.84 

10.0' 

No.3 

No.  4 

11.0' 
9.7 

No.  5 

11.2 

Total 

38,3.58 
2,397 

1,416.67 

88.54 

1,205.50 
75. 35 

2,622.17 
163. 89 

3.7 

3.1 

6.8 

35, 735. 83 
2,233.11 

41.9 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 
No.  1 

34,519 
30, 032 
(33,013) 
30,502 
•      38,962 

1,663.49 
1, 075. 80 

1, 118. 70 

2,  782. 19 
1, 793. 20 

3.2 
3.6 

4.8 

■■(2."4) 
2.8 
2.7 

8.0 
6.0 

31,736.81 
28, 238. 80 

26.0' 

No.3 1 

1    27.0 

(784.20) 

872. 30 

1,064.20 

No.4 

No.5 

1,483.43 
1,442.53 

2, 355. 73 
2, 506. 73 

4.9 
3.7 

7.7 
6.4 

28,146.27 
36,456.27 

26.7 
27.2 

Total I 

134,015 

(136, 996) 

2,851 

(2,854) 

5, 665. 25 

9, 437. 85 

4.2 

"(2.'8) 

7.0  'l24.577.15 

105.9 

(3, 839. 40) 

f 

120.54 

200.81 

2, 650. 19 

Average < 

(79.99) 

^ 

After  period. 
No.  1 

22,961 
18, 584 
(21,507) 
9,944 
(14, 092) 
[12, 532] 
27,529 

1,036.52 
879. 62 

742. 93 

1,779.42 
1,337.22 

4.5 
4.7 

3.2 

"■(2.' 4) 

7.7 
7.2 

21,181.68 
17, 246.  78 

No.3  1 

(514. 30) 

I 

660.47 

6.6 

9,383.53 

No.  4 { 

(359. 30) 

(2.5) 

1 

[425. 65] 
976. 33 

[3.4] 
3  C 

No.  5 

717. 60 

1,693.93 

9    fi 

6.2 

25,836.07 

o.  o   1 

1 

79, 018 
(86,089) 
[81,606] 
2,927 
(2,870) 
[2,914] 

5,371.04 

1     .  .1 

6.8  73.646.96 

Total }. 

(2,334.10) 

(2.7) 

[3,318.12] 

;   [4-1] 

198.93 

2,728.07 

Average I 

(77.80) 

' 1 

[118. 50] 

1 

1 

1 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


399 


Table  LXXIX. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  //J— C'uutiniied. 

Five   iTien. 


Period. 


1  2 

In  food.     In  feces. 


Fore  period. 


Xo.l. 
No.  2. 

yo.3. 

No.  4. 
No.  5. 


Total 


Average . 


•] 


JPreserratire  period. 

First  subperiod: 

No.l 

Xo.2 


Xo.3.. 

Xo.4.. 
No.  5.. 


Total . 


Average . 


Second  subperiod: 

No.  1 

N0.-2 

Xo.3 

Xo.4 

Xo.  0 


Total . . . . 
Average . 


Third  subperiod: 
Xo.l 


No.  2. 
No.  3. 
No.  4. 
No.  5. 


Total . . . . 
Average. 


Entire  preHer\'atlve 
penfxl : 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.3 1 


No.  4. 

No.  5. 


Total 


Averajfe . 


Calories. 
26, 415 

28, 797 

23, 366 
[26,21-J] 

20, 957 
(23,568) 

30,745 


130, 280 

(132,891) 

[133,126) 

3,102 

(3,090) 

[3, 09t;] 


11,919 
13,666 
.  8, 880 
(11,861) 
12, 247 
14, 729 


61,441 

(64,422) 

3, 234 

(3,221) 


Calories. 
1,414.06 
1, 132. 39 


[1,057.80] 
744. 17 


[5, 527. 63] 


[128. 55] 


677. 01 
501.46 
290.60 


585. 65 
632. 20 


3 


In  urine. 


Calories. 
863. 60 
768. 90 
614. 40 


(623.20) 
841.40 


(3,711.50) 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 


Calories. 
2, 277. 66 
1, 901.  29 
1, 562. 12 


1, 300. 77 


2, 020. 61 


9, 062. 45 


215. 77 


(863.10) 


397. 50 
355.40 


1, 074. 51 

856. 86 
509. 40 


(285.60) 
354.10 
384.10 


939. 75 
1,016.30 


(1,776.70) 
""'(88."  84) 


4, 396. 82 
'""23i."4i 


11,915 
9, 264 
11,547 
10,340 
14,074 


57, 146 
2, 8.57 


575. 61 
135. 85 
446. 37 
462. 47 
578. 67 


2,198.97 
109. 95 


10,685 
8,881 
9,605 
7,909 

10, 159 


47, 239 
2,362 


34,519 
31,811 
30,032 
(:«,013) 
30,502 
38,  %2 


165, K2C 
(108, 807  J 
2,811 
(2,813) 


410. 87 
376. 45 
338.83 
435. 31 
231. 66 


1,  792. 12 
89. 01 


1,663.49 
1,012.76 
1,075.80 


1,4K3.43 
1,442.53 


6,678.01 


113.19 


367. 60 
311. 50 
224. 50 
258. 90 
361. 60 


1,524.10 
76.20 


353.60 
321.80 
274. 10 
2.59. 30 
318.50 


1,527.30 
70.37 


1,118.70 
988.70 


(784.20) 

872. 30 

1,064.20 


(4,828.10) 


(80.47) 


943. 21 
447. 35 
670. 87 
721.37 
940. 27 


3, 723. 07 
186. 15 


764.47 
697. 25 
612. 93 
694. 01 
550.10 


3,319.42 
165.97 


2, 782. 19 
2,001.40 
1,793.20 


2,  .355.  73 
2, 506. 73 


11,439.31 


19A.  89 


In 
feces. 

(2-1) 


Per  et. 
5.3 
3.9 


6 


In 
urine. 
(3^1) 


[4.0] 
3.6 


Peret. 
3.3 

2.7 
2.0 


(2.o; 

2.8 


[4. 2] I. 


(2.8) 


5.6 
3.7 
3.3 


4.8 
4.3 


3.4 
2.0 


(2.4) 
2.9 
2.6 


In 

feces 
and 

urine. 

(4h-1) 


Per  ct. 
8.6 
6.6 
6.7 


6.2 


9.0 
6.3 

5.7 


7.7 
6.9 


4.8 
1.5 
3.9 
4.5 
4.1 


3.8 
4.3 
3.6 
5.6 
2.3 


3.2 
3.2 
3.6 


4.9 
3.7 


4.0 


(2.8) 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Calories. 
24, 137. 34 
26,  895.  71 
21, 803. 88 


19,656.23 


2S,  724. 39 


121,217.55 


2, 880. 23 


10,844.49 
12, 809. 14 
8, 370. 60 


11,307.25 
13, 712. 70 


57, 044. 18 
3,"  662.' 59' 


3.1 
3.3 
1.9 
2.5 
2.6 


2.7 


3.4 
3.6 
2.9 
3.3 
3.1 


4.8 
3.1 


(2.4) 
2.8 
2.7 


(2.9) 


7.9  10,971.79 
4.8  1  8,816.05 
5.8  10,876.13 
7.0  9,624.63 
6.7   13,133.73 


6.5   53,422.93 
2, 670. 85 


7.2 
7.9 
6.4 
8.8 
5.4 


8.0 
6.3 
6.0 


7.7 
6.4 


9, 920. 53 
8, 183.  75 
8, 992. 07 
7,214.39 
9,  ()08.  84 


43, 919.  58 
2, 196. 03 


31,736.81 
29,809.51 
28, 238.  80 


28,116.27 
36, 455. 27 


154,386.09 


400 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXX. — Calories  balances  for  Series  IV. 
No.  7. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2  +  3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fo7'e  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Calories. 
2,159 
2,680 
2,547 
3,165 
.2,906 
2, 924 
3,036 
2,943 

Calories. 
139. 83 
176. 92 
150. 18 
119. 45 
143. 40 

95.77 
251. 37 

83.26 

Calories. 
36.0 
70.3 
61.0 
68.9 
46.5 
55.3 
64.2 
58.5 

Calories. 
175. 83 
247. 22 
211.18 
188. 35 
189. 90 
151.07 
315. 57 
141.  76 

Per  ct. 
6.5 
6.6 
5.9 
3.8 
4.9 
3.3 
8.3 
2.8 

Per  ct. 
1.7 
2.6 
2.4 
2.2 
1.6 
1.9 
2.1 
2.0 

Per  ct. 
8.1 
9.2 
8.3 
6.0 
6.6 
5.2 
10.4 
4.8 

Calories. 
1,983.17 
2, 432.  78 
2, 335.  82 
2,976.65 
2, 716. 10 
2,772.93 
2, 720. 43 
2,801.24 

Grams. 

Total 

22,360 
2,795 

1,160.18 
145. 02 

460.7 
57.6 

1, 620. 88 
202.  61 

5.2 

2.1 

7.2 

20, 739. 12 
2, 592.  39 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

Pirst  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

2,929 
2,908 
2,886 
2,979 

167. 86 
257. 67 
198. 19 
141. 38 

72.5 
57.2 
65.8 
64.5 

240. 36 

314. 87 
263. 99 

205. 88 

5.7 
8.9 
6.9 

4.7 

2.5 
2.0 
2.3 
2.2 

8.2 

10.8 

9.1 

6.9 

2, 688. 64 
2,593.13 
2, 622. 01 
2,773.12 

0.6 
.5 
.6 
.5 

Total 

11,702 
2, 926 

765. 10 
191.28 

260.0 
65.0 

1,025.10 
256.28 

6.6 

2.2 

8.8 

10, 676. 90 
2, 669. 22 

2.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.l 

2 

2, 798 
Dropped. 

(a) 

48.4 

48.40 

1.7 

2, 749.  60 

1.0 

[ 

a  No  movement. 


BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


401 


Table  LXXX. — Caloi'ies  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
No.  8. 


Period  and  date. 

1                 2 

In  food.  '  In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

Calories. 
4,781 
4,330 
4,384 

Calories. 
30.39 
127. 19 
82.44 
Lost. 

C) 
199. 85 
174.  .52 

Calories 
72.8 
83.2 
80.7 

Calories. 
103. 19 
210. 39 
163. 14 

Per  at. 
0.7 
3.0 
1.9 

Per  ct. 
1.5 
1.9 
1.8 

Per  ct. 
2.2 
4.9 
3.7 

Calories. 
4, 677. 81 
4, 125. 61 
4, 220. 86 

Grams. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

3,333 
3,822 
3,973 
3,75(3 

73.9 
98.6 
S3.1 
95.1 

73.90 
298.45 
257. 62 

95. 10 

""'5.'2' 
4.4 

2.2 
2.6 
2.1 
2.6 

2.2 
7.8 
6.5 
2.5 

3, 2,59. 10 
3, 523. 55 
3,715.38 
3, 660. 90 

Total 

28,385  i     614.39 
4,055  !      <S7.77 

587.4     1,201.79 
83.  91       171. 68 

2.1 

2.1 

4  2  :  ''T  is:^  91 

Average 

3, 883. 32 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

3,769 
3,  759 
3, 851 
3, 743 

112.44 
222. 76 
230. 04 
1.50. 57 

66.4 
85.5 
90.9 
87.6 

178. 84 
308. 26 
320. 94 
238. 17 

3.0 
5.9 
6.0 
4.0 

1.7 
2.3 
2.3 
2.4 

4.7 
8.2 
8.3 
6.4 

3, 590. 16 
3, 450. 74 
3,530.06 
3,504.83 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

15,122  1     71.5.81 
3,780       178.95 

330.4 
82.6 

1,046.21 
201. 55 

4.7 

2.2 

6.9 

14,07.5.79 
3, 518. 45 

2.0 

Average 

Second  .^ubperiod: 

1903— Apr.l 

2 

3,900 
3,333 
3,613 
3,313 

(a) 
227. 38 

97.47 
205. 76 

8.5.1 
79.5 
81.8 
80.0 

85.10 
300. 88 
179. 27 
285. 76 

""e.s 

2.7 
0.2 

2.2 
2.4 
2.3 
2.4 

2.2 

9.2 

.    5.0 

8.6 

3,814.90 
3,026.12 
3, 433.  73 
3, 027.  24 

1.0 
1  0 

3 

4 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

14,1.59  1    5.30.61 
3,  .540  ;     132.65 

326. 4 
81.6 

H57. 01 
214. 25 

3.8 

2.3 

6.1 

13,301.99 
3, 326.  75 

4.0 

Average 

Subperiods  l  and  2: 
Total 

29,281    1,246.42 
3,660  1     1.5.5.80 

656.8 
82.1 

1,903.22 
237.  90 

4.3 

2.2 

6.5 

27, 377.  78 
3, 422. 10 

6.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Apr  0 

3,517         (a) 
3,916       115.48 
3,901        180.69 
4, 110       160.  07 
3,6.55       125.57 

73.0 
96.9 
89.2 
79.5 
79.9 

73.00 
212. 38 
209. 89 
239. 57 
205.  47 

""•2.9 
4.0 
3.9 
3.4 

2.1 
2.5 
2.3 
1.9 
2.2 

2.1 
6.4 
6.9 
5.8 
5.6 

3,444.00 
3,  703.  62 
3,631,11 
3, 870.  43 
3, 449.  .53 

1.0 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

19,099       581.81 
3,820       110.36 

418.5 
83.7 

1,000.31           3.0 

2.2 

5.2 

18, 098. 69 
3, 169. 94 

5.0 

A  verage 

200.00 

Subperiod.'<l,2,and3: 
Total 

48,3X0  'l,  828. 23 
3,722  !     140.63 

1,075.30 
82.  72 

2, 903.  .53 
223. 35 

3.8 

2.2 

6.0 

4.5,476.47 
3, 498. 65 

11.0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

3, 690 
3,723 
3,434 
3,618 
3.584 

119.25 
112.39 
178. 07 
107.  .59 
125.00 

71.2 
K0.5 
70.1 
.54.7 
66.8 

190. 45 
192.89 
248.  77 
102.  29 
191.80 

3.3 

3.0 
.5.2 
3.0 
3.5 

1.9 
2.2 
2.0 
1.5 
1.9 

6.2 
5.2 
7.2 
4.5 
5.4 

3, 505.  .55 
3,530.11 
3,18,5.23 
3, 4.55,  71 
3, 392. 20 

2.0 
2,0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

18,055 
3,611 

W2.  90 

:«3.  3 

986.20           3.6 

1.9 

5.5 

17, 068. 80 
3, 413.  76 

11.0 

Average 

128.  .58       68.66 

197.24 

1 



Entire   preservative 
peri'Kl: 

Total 

66,435  2,471.13   1,418.60 
3,691       137.28        78.81 

8,889.73          .3.7 

2.2 

5.9 

62, 646. 27          22. 0 

Average 

216. 10 

3,474.90  • 

A/ler  period. 

1903-Apr.  1.") 

10 

3,798       100.53       76.0 
8,6.53       124.05       68.9 

176. 53 
192.95 
220. 90 
103. 72 
2.5K.  96 
2.56. 78 
89.90 
300.01 

2.6 
3.4 
4.0 
8.1 
5.7 
4.4 

""e.'e" 

2.0 
1.9 
2.0 
2.4 
2.8 
2.3 
2.7 
2.0 

4.6 
5.3 
6.0 
5.6 
8.5 
6.7 
2.7 
8.6 

3,621.47 
3, 460  05 

17 

3,076 
2,9.59 
8,0:« 
8, 851 

148.36  1    72.6 
91.32       72,4 
174.26       84.7 
109.98        86. 8 

3, 4.55, 04 

1« 

2,795.28  i 

19 

2,7''4.0I    

20 

3.694.22    

21 

3,318         ('!)       1    89.9 
8,474       2:51.24  '    68.8 

3,228.10    

22 

3,173.96    

Total 

27,762  i  1,039. 74 
3  470  1    i9fl  07 

620. 1 

1.0.59.84  1 

8.8 

2.2 

6.0  1 

26,102.16    

Average 

77  31  1    2n7  4«  1 

3,262.62    

1 

^J 

4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 2ii 


'I  No  luovetnent. 


402 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXX. — Calories  balances  for  Series  I]' — Continued. 
I^To.  0. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  f  ecos. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23... 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Calories. 
2,747 
3,248 
3, 028 
3,529 
3,129 
3,425 
3,410 
3,430 

Calories. 
174. 09 

92.10 
175. 89 
148. 99 
119. 83 
122.  65 
143.12 

75.55 

Calories. 
80.0 
93.7 
86.9 
83.2 
90.3 
100.5 
90.0 
95.0 

Calories. 
254.09 
185. 80 
262.  79 
232. 19 
210. 13 
223.15 
233. 12 
170.  55 

Per  at. 
6.3 
2.8 
5.8 
4.2 
3.8 
3.6 
4.2 
2.2 

Per  ct. 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.4 
2.9 
2.9 
2.6 
2.8 

Per  ct. 
9.2 
5.7 
8.7 
6.6 
6.7 
6.5 
6.8 
5.0 

Calories. 
2,492.91 
3,062.20 
2, 765. 21 
3, 296. 81 
2,918.87 
3,201.85 
3,176.88 
3, 259. 45 

Grams. 

Total 

25, 946 
3,243 

1,052.22 
131.53 

719.6 
89.95 

1,771.82 
221. 48 

4.1 

2.8 

6.9 

24, 174. 18 
3,021.52 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

3,239 
3,369 
3,425 
3,407 

138. 66 
151.65 
132. 19 
129.83 

91.8 
95.9 
96.4 
89.3 

230. 46 
247. 55 
228.59 
219.13 

4.3 
4.5 
3.9 

3.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.6 

7.1 
7.3 
6.7 
6.4 

3, 008. 54 
3,121.45 
3,196.41 

3,187.87 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

13,440 
3,360 

552. 33 
138. 08 

373.4 
93. 35 

925.  73 
231.43 

4.1 

2.8 

6.9 

12,514.27 
3, 128. 57 

2.0 

Average 



2.6 
2.8 
2.7 
2.7 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.l 

2 

3.__ 

4 

3,314 
3, 162 
3,392 
3,656 

134.10 

(«) 
221. 86 

(") 

87.0 
88.1 
91.3 
97.4 

221. 10 
88.10 

313.16 
97.40 

4.1 
"'"'6."5' 

6.7 
2.8 
9.2 
2.7 

3,092.90 
3, 073. 90 
3, 078. 84 
3, 558. 60 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

13, 524 
3,381 

355. 96 
88.99 

363.8 
90.95 

719. 76 
179. 94 

2.6 

2.7 

5.3 

12, 804. 24 
3,201.06 

4.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

26,964 
3,370 

908. 29 
113. 54 

737.2 
92.15 

1, 645. 49 
205. 69 

3.4 

2.7 

6.1 

25, 318. 51 
3,164.31 

6.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

3,192 
3,313 
3,473 
3,  .562 
3, 293 

124. 30 
169.  66 
108.  90 
186. 32 
58.77 

87.4 
98.1 
97.8 
91.2 
97.3 

211.70 

267. 76 
206. 70 
277. 52 
156. 07 

3.9 
5.1 
3.2 
5.2 

1.8 

2.7 
3.0 
2.8 
2.6 
2.9 

6.6 
8.1 
6.0 

7.8 
4.7 

2,980.30 
3, 045. 24 
3,266.30 
3, 284. 48 
3,136.93 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

16, 833 
3,367 

647. 95 
129. 59 

471.8 
94.36 

1,119.75 
223.95 

3.9 

2.8 

6.7 

15,713.25 
3, 143. 05 

5.0 

Average  . . 

Subperiods  1,2,  and  3: 
Total 

43, 797 
3,369 

1,  556.  24 
119.71 

1,209.0 
93.0 

2, 765. 24 
212. 71 

3.6 

2.7 

6.3 

41,031.76 
3,156.29 

11  0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

3,290 
3,285 
3,249 
3,573 
3,348 

112.35 
184. 61 
127. 58 
88.13 
102. 84 

95.4 
94.4 
90.2 
81.1 
86.4 

207.  75 
279.01 
217.  78 

169. 23 

189. 24 

3.4 
5.6 
3.9 
2.5 
3.1 

2.9 
2.9 
2.8 
2.2 
2.6 

6.3 

8.5 
6.7 
4.7 
5.7 

3, 082. 25 
3,00.5.99 
3,031.22 
3,403.77 
3, 158. 76 

2.0 

•2.a 

2.0 
2.0' 
3.0 

Total 

16,745 
3,349 

615. 51 
123. 10 

447.5 
89.5 

1,063.01 
212. 60 

2.6 

3.7 

6.3 

15,681.99 
3, 136. 40 

11  Oi 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

60,542 
3,363 

2,171.75 
120. 65 

1,656.50 
92.03 

3,828.25 
212. 68 

3.6 

2.7 

6.3 

56, 713.  75           22. 0 
3,150.32  1 



After  period. 

1903— Apr.  15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

3,  405 
3,527 
3,203 
3,474 
3,235 
3,405 
3,123 
3,197 

91.93 
141. 21 
162. 04 
158. 72 
136. 10 
141.69 

43.88 
122.  99 

84.7 
82.1 
89.5 

113.8 
XO.  4 

100.5 
94.1 
89.2 

176. 63 
223. 31 
251.  .54 
272. 52 
216.50 
2J2.19 
137. 98 
212. 19 

2.7 
4,0 
5.1 
4.5 
4.2 
4.2 
1.4 
3.8 

2.5 
2.3 
2.8 
3.3 
2.5 
2.9 
3.0 
2.8 

5.2 
6.3 
7.9 
7.8 
6.7 
7.1 
4.4 
6.6 

3, 228. 37 
3, 303. 69 
2,951.46 
3,201.48 
3,018.50 
3, 162. 81 
2, 985. 02 
2,984,81 

::::;;:: 

Total 

26, 569 
3,321 

998.56 
124. 82 

734.3     1,732.86 
91.79       216.61 

3.7 

2.S 

6.5 

24, 836. 1 1 
3,104.39 

Average 

1 

"No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


403 


Table  LXXX. — Calories  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
No.  lO. 


Period  niid  date. 

1 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

3      1       4 

In  feces 
In          and 
urine,     urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3+1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fon-  periotl. 

19113— Mar.  20 

21 

22       ..     . 
23 

24 : 

25 

26 

Calorieg. 
3, 135 
3,  o37 
3,027 
3, 289 
3,837 
4,032 
4,295 
4. 105 

Calories. 
119.47 
130. 52 
91.65 
98.17 
130. 93 
1.50. 99 
146.  (U 
158.11 

Calories. 

84.4 
93.1 
91.8 
86.6 
87.1 
107.8 
100.9 
91.8 

Calories. 
203. 89 
223.62 
183. 45 
184.77 
218. 03 
2.58. 79 
247. 54 
249. 91 

Per  ct. 
3.5 
3.7 
3.0 
3.0 
3.4 
3.7 
3.4 
3.9 

Perct. 
2.4 
2.6 
3.1 
2.6 
2.3 
2.7 
2.4 
2.2 

Perct. 
5.9 
6.3 
6.1 
5.6 
5.7 
6.4 
5.8 
6.1 

Calories.     Grams. 

3,231.13    

3,313.38    

2, 843.  .55  ' 

3, 104. 23  j 

3,618.97  I 

3,773.21  i 

4,047.46  ' 

3,8.5.5.09  j 

Total 

Average 

29,  557 
■?,.  (Wo 

1,026.48 
128. 31 

743.5 
92.94 

1, 769. 98 
221.25 

3.5 

2.5 

6.0 

27, 787. 02  ' 

3,473.75    

Prcinnntive  period. 

First  suhperiod: 

1903— Mar.  2X 

29 

30 

31 

Total 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.l 

2 

3....1... 
4 

Total 

Average 

3,825 
3,8.58 
3, 006 
3. 845 

247. 62 
206.77 
119.89 
247.99 

96.9 
91.2 
88.6 
86.9 

344.52 
297.97 
208. 49 
334.89 

6.5 
5.3 
3.3 
6.4 

2.5 
2.4 
2.5 
2.3 

9.0 
.7.7 
5.8 
8.7 

3,480.48  ,         0.5 
3,560.03  1            .5 
3,397.51  j            .5 
3,510.11              .5 

15,134       822.27 
3. 784       205.  .57 

363.6      1,185.87 
90.90  1    296.47 

5.4  ,        2.4  .        7.8 

13,948.13            2.0 
3, 487.  .53    

3,838 
3.  .i23 
3.  774 
3. 939 

112. 88 
196. 31 
134. 79 
103. 30 

87.5 
66.6 
107.0 
82.8 

200.38 
262. 91 
241.  79 
186. 10 

2.9          2.3          5.2       3,637.62  '          1.0 
5.4          1.9          7.3       3,360.09             1.0 
3.6          2.8  1        6.4       3,.532.21  >          1.0 

2.6          2.1  '        4.7  ;    3,7.52.90            1.0 

1.5,174 
3,794 

.547.28 
136. 82 

343.9 
8.5.98 

891.18 
222. 80 

3. 6           2.  3           5. 9 

14,282.82            4.0 
3,570.70    

.Subperio<ls  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 

Third  .subperiod: 
1903_Apr..i. 

30,308 
:i,  7^8 

1,369.55 
171. 19 

707.5 
88.44 

2,077.05 
259.63 

4.5  j        2.4 

6.9 

28,230.95            6.0 
3,528.37    

3  7:<5 

128. 36 
13.5.  44 
IM.  18 
167. 70 
151.45 

86.0 
71.7 
97.1 
80.1 
74.9 

214.36 
207. 14 
257.28 
247.80 
226. 35 

3.4 
3.5 
4.1 
4.2 

4.0 

2.3 
1.9 
2.4 
2.0 
1.9 

5.7       3,520.64            1.0 

6 

7 

fi 

9 

3, 8.53 
3,930 
3, 9.S7 
3,818 

5.4  1    3,64.5.86            1.0 

6.5  1    3,672.72            1.0 
6.2       3,739.20  '          1.0 
5.9       3,591.65            1.0 

Total 

Average 

19,  :i23 
3, 865 

743. 13 
148. 63 

409.8 
81.96 

1,1.52.93 
230.  .59 

3.9  j        2.1 

6.0 

18,170.07            5.0 
3,6:i4.41    

SiibperiodM  1, 2,  and  3: 

Total 

Average 

49,631 

3,818 

2,112.68 
162.51 

1,117.3 
85. 95 

3,229.98 
248. 46 

4.3  1        2.2 

1 

6.5 

46,401.02  i        11.0 
3,  .569. 54    

1 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

3, 766 
3, 969 
3,801 
3, 928 
3,  749 

41.69 
277. 26 
137. 6;i 

60.  61 
231.74 

71.2 
92.6 
85.4 
7.5.3 
.56.4 

112.89 
369. 86 
223. 03 
13.5.91 
291.14 

1.1          1.9 
7.0          2.3 
3.6  :        2.3 
1.6          1.9 
6.3          1.5 

3.0 
9.3 
5.9 
3.5 

7.8 

3,a53.11  '          2.0 
3,599.14  ;          2.0 
3,  .580. 97            2.0 
3,792.09  1          2.0 
3,457.86  1          3.0 

Total 

19,216 
3,843 

7.51.93     380.9 
150. 39       76. 18 

1,132.83 
226.  .57 

3.9  1        2.0 

5.9 

18,083.17  i        11.0 

Average 

8,616.43  1 

Entire   i)re)*ervative 
Ih.tI<hI: 

Total 

6ft. 847 
3. 825 

2,8«H.61 
l.'«.  15 

1,498.2 
83.23 

4, 362. 81 
242. 38 

4.1 

2,2 

d.s 

64,484.19          22.0 

Average 

8,582.62    



A/lrr  piriixl. 
]'{i\ A  fir  1.5 

Absent. 
1,704 
2,  .574 
2,484 
3, 386 
3,398 
3, 72 1 

1 

10 

r':::::i'":": 

1 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

21 

60.  79 

"') 

"') 
1M3.69 
1.5:1.81 
222. 96 

71.  C     1     132.39 
58. 1     !      58. 1 
79. 4           79. 4 
72. 0         2:i5. 69 
107.6         261.11 
61.7         287.66 

8.6 

""b'.'b 
4.5 
6.0 

4.2 
2.3 
8.2 
2.1 
3.2 
1.7 

7.8  i     i,67i.6i 
2.3       2,51.5.90 
3.2  !    2,404.60 

7.6  3,130.31 

7.7  8,136.59 
7. 7       3, 4*1. 34 



Total 

Average 

17,270 

2,878 

621.2.5 
103.  .54 

453.4      1,074.65 
75  57  i     ■""  " 

3.6 

2.0 

6.2 

16,195.35 
2,698.89 



..   .. 

"Dlwarded. 


bUo  movement. 


404 


INFLUElSrCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Tablk  LXXX. — Calories  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued. 
ISTo.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  lyeriod  (ex- 
cluded) . 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

Calories. 
3,  .553 
3  193 
3, 152 
(3,456) 
3,206 
3,243 
3,463 
3,437 

Calories. 
110.63 

80.53 
110. 82 

Lost. 

48.00 
158. 09 

65. 52 
107. 30 

Calories. 
69.6 
7.5.6 
91.4 
(73.1) 
104.7 
86.7 
75.2 
84.1 

Calories. 
180. 23 
1.56. 13 
202. 22 

Per  cl. 
3.1 
2.5 
3.5 

Per  ct. 
2.0 
2.4 
2.9 

3.3 
2.6 
2.2 
2.5 

Per  ct. 
5.1 
4.9 
6.4 

Calories. 
3, 372.  77 
3, 036. 87 
2, 949.  78 

Grams. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

152.  70 
244. 79 
140.  72 
191.40 

1.5 
4.9 
1.9 
3.1 

4.8 
7.5 
4.1 
5.6 

3, 053. SO 
2,  998.  21 
3, 322.  28 
3, 245. 60 

Total 1 

23, 247 
OR.  7031 

680. 89 

(660. 4) 

1,268.19          3.0 

■■"(2.'5) 

5.5 

21, 978. 81 

(         3_  321 

97.27 

(82.  55) 

181. 17 



3, 139. 83 

Average \ 

(3,338) 



( 

Preservative  period 
[excluded). 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

3,238 
3,438 

121.  90 
98.26 

80.9 
89.4 

202. 80 
187. 66 

3.8 
2.9 

2.5 
2.6 

6.3 
5.5 

3, 035. 20 
3, 250.  34 

5.0 
5.0 
0.0 

Total       

6,676 
3,338 

220. 16 
110. 08 

170.3 

85. 15 

390. 46 
195. 23 

3.3 

2.5           5. 8  i     6.285.54 

1.0 

-Average 

3,142.77  1 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  31 

Apr.    1 

2 

3  ........ 

701 
1,699 
2,138 
3,143 

96.18 
50.08 
96.69 

63.0 

4.5.8 
66.8 
64.7 

63. 00 
141.98 
116.88 
161.  39 

""'5."7' 
2.4 
3.1 

9.0 

2.7 

■  3.1 

2.0 

9.0 
8.4 
5.5 
5.1 

638. 00 
1, 557. 02 
2,021.12 
2, 981. 61 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

Total            

7,681 
1,920 

242. 95 
60.74 

240.3 
60.07 

483. 25 
120. 81 

3.2 

3.1           6.3 

7, 197. 75  j          0. 0 

Average 

1,799.19  ' --- 

Preservative  period. 

1903— Apr.  4 

,5 

3,313 
3, 332 
3,050 
3,474 
3,322 
2,761 
3,290 
3,109 
3,288 
3,187 
3,239 

185.  49 
120.  85 
116.47 
183. 90 
104. 26 
126. 23 

81.94 
128. 14 
146. 21 
147. 26 

89.67 



79.0 
81.6 
64.1 
80.4 
70.9 
67.4 
78.4 
77.6 
77.6 
77.7 
72.6 

264.49 
202. 45 
180.  .57 
264.  .30 
175. 16 
193.  63 
160. 34 
205. 74 
223.81 
224. 96 
162. 27 

5.6 
3.6 
3.8 
5.3 
3.2 
4.6 
2.5 
4.1 
4.4 
4.6 
2.8 

2.4 
2.5 
2.1 
2.3 
2.1 
2.4 
2.4 
2.5 
2.4 
2.5 
9-2 

8.0 
6.1 
5.9 
7.6 
5.3 
7.0 
4.9 
6.6 
6.8 
7.1 
5.0 

3, 048. 51 
3,129.55 
2,  869. 43 
3, 209.  70 
3,146.84 
2,  567. 37 
3, 129. 66 
2, 903. 26 
3,064.19 
2, 962. 04 
3, 076. 73 

0.5 
1  0 

6 

1.0 
1.0 

8            

1.0 

9 

10 

11       .   .. 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

12 

13 

2.0 
2  0 

14  . 

3  0 

Total    

.35,365 
3,215 

1,430.42 
130. 04 

827.3 
75.21 

2,2.57.72 
205. 25 

4.1  j        2.3 

6.4 

33, 107.  28 
3, 009.  75 

14.5 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

3,214 
3,052 
3,105 
2,775 
3,064 
2, 930 
3,246 
3,231 

50.94 
49.00 

(") 
328.  30 

42.96 
138.  U 

40.  .53 
113.  97 

67.6 
66.8 
73.4 
80.3 
71.5 
69.0 
81.8 
72.6 

118.  54 
11.5.80 
73.40 
408. 60 
114.46 
207. 14 
122. 33 
186.  .57 

1 
1.6           2.1 

1.6    :           2.2 

2.4 

11.8  !        2.9 
1.4             2-3 

3.7 

3.8 
2.4 
14.7 
3.7 
7.1 
3.8 
5.8 

3, 095. 46 
2, 936. 20 
3,031.60 
2,366.40 
2, 949. 54 
2, 722. 86 
3, 123. 67 
3,044.43 

16.... 

17 

18 

19 

20 

4.7 
1.3 
3.5 

2.4 
2.5 
2.3 

21 

22 

Total 

24, 617 
3,077 

763,  84 
95.48 

583.0 
72.88 

1,346.84 
168.36 

3.1  j        2.4          5.5 

23,270.16 
2, 908.  64 

Averaa:e 

1 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


405 


Table  LXXX. — Calorics  halanres  for  Series  7T' — Continued. 

isTo.  la. 


1 

Period  and  date.       ,     , 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 
admin- 
istered. 

Fore  period  {ex- 
duded). 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

24 

2.5 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

Preservative  periml 
(excluded). 

1903— Mar.  2S 

•29 

30 

31 

Total 

Average 

Fore  period. 

1903— Apr.  3 

i 

r> 

Total 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

1903— Apr.   C 

Calories. 
2, 732 
2,927 
3,071 
3,198 
2, 986 
3,374 
3,379 
3,350 

Calories. 
158.88 
246.30 
63.43 
206. 60 
167. 58 
178. 58 
138. 76 
188.91 

Calories. 
68.4 
85.7 
82.5 
88.1 
69.6 
74.3 
87.1 
77.6 

Calories. 
227. 28 
332. 00 
145.93 
294. 70 
2.37. 18 
252. 88 
225. 86 
266. 51 

Per  at. 
5.8 
8.4 
2.1 
6.4 
6.6 
6.3 
4.1 
5.7 

Per  ct. 
2.5 
2.9 
2.7 
2.8 
2.3 
2.2 
2.6 
2.3 

Per  ct. 
8.3 
11.3 
4.8 
9.2 
7.9 
7.6 
6.7 
8.0 

Calories. 
2,504.72 
2, 595. 00 
2,926.07 
2,903.30 
2,748.82 
3,121.12 
3, 153. 14 
3,083.49 

Grams, 

25,017 
3,127 

1,319.04     633.3 
168.63  )     79.2 

1,982.34!        6.4  i        2.5          7.9,23,034.66  1 

247.79  ' [ 2,879.21  j 

3,183 
3,244 
3,322 

(«) 

93.57 
141.12 
227.62 



76.3 
80.1 
68.9 

169. 87 
221.22 
296.  .52 

2.9 
4.3 
6.8 

2.4 
2.6 
2.1 

5.3 
6.8 
8.9 

3,013.13 
3,022.78 
3,025.48 

0.5 
.5 
.5 

9, 749       462. 31 
3,250       154.10 

225. 3 
7.5.1 

687. 61 
229. 20 

4.7 

2.3 

7.0 

9,061.39 
3,020.80 

2.0 

1,913       104.  a5 
3, 397         94. 49 
3,305       133.52 

65.5 
67.0 
74.1 

170. 35 
161.49 
207. 62 

5.5          3.4 
2. 8          2. 0 
4.0          2.2 

8.9 
4.8 
6. '2 

1,742.65 
3,235.51 
3, 157. 38 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

8, 075       332. 86 
2,892       110.95 

206.6 
68.9 

539. 46 
179. 82 

3.8          2.4 

6.2 

8,136.54 
2,712.18 

0.0 

3,359       174.60 
3,341       146.36 

79.8 
77.2 

254.40 

5.2 
4.4 
1.2 
1.2 
3.6 

""b.i' 

4.7 
3.5 

2.4 
2.3 
2.1 
2.4 
2.9 
2.0 
2.3 
2.0 
2.6 

7.6 
6.7 
3.3 
3.6 
6.5 
2.0 
7.4 
6.7 
6.1 

3,104.60 
3,117.44 
3,084.22 
3,171.11 
2,352.48 
2,810.80 
2,939.38 
3,201.64 
2,710.35 

1.0 

1  0 

8 

9 

10 

11 

3, 189 
3,291 
2,  .516 
2,868 

37.28 
41.39 
89. 32 

161.62 
161.06 
100.55 

67.5     1     104.78 
78.5         119.89 
74. 2     ;     103. 62 
67.2          67.20 
74. 1         2.35. 62 
67.4     1    228.46 
74.1         174.65 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

12 

3,175 
3,430 

2,885 

2  0 

13 

2.0 

11 

3.0 

Total 

28,054  i    912.08 
3,117  1     101.34 

650.00    1,6(;2.08 
72.22  !     173.  .50 

3.3 

2.3 

5.6 

26,491.92 
2,943.44 

13.0 

Average 

A/ler  period. 

1903— Apr.  15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

1,017 
953 
3,016 
3, 470 
3,081 
3,187 
2,920 
3,005 

C) 
134.33 

82. 21 
249. 66 
155.82 
217. 69 
72. 35 
99.28 

42.7  42.70 

68. 5  202. 83 
.53.1         136.31 

70. 6  320. 26 

63.8  219.62 
61.0         278.69 
60.8    1    133.15 
67. 4     !    166. 68 

"'u.i' 

2.7 
7.2 
.5.0 
6.8 
2.5 
3.3 

4.2 
7.2 
1.8 
2.0 
2.1 
1.9 
2.1 
2.2 

4.2 
21.3 
4.6 
9.2 
7.1 
8.7 
4.6 
5.5 

974.30 
750. 17 
2,880.69 
3, 149. 74 
2,861.38 
2,908.31 
2, 786. 85 
2,8.38.32 

:::::::: 

Total 

Average 

20,649    1,011.34 
2,681  1     126. 4'2 

487.90    1,499.24 
60.99       187.41 

4.9  1        2.4 

7.3 

19, 149. 76 
2,393.59 

1 

uDiffcarded. 


b  No  movement. 


406 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXI. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  IV. 
Tlii-ee  iXLen. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1). 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
mini-s- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.  8           

Calories. 
28, 385 
25, 946 
29, 557 

Calories. 

614. 39 

1,052.22 

1,026.48 

Calories. 
587. 40 
719.  60 
743. 50 

Calories. 
1,201.79 
1,771.82 
1,769.98 

Per  ct. 
2.1 
•4.1 
3.5 

Per  ct. 
2.1 
2.8 
2.6 

Per  ct. 
4.2 
6.9 
6.0 

Calories. 
27,183.21 
24, 174. 18 
27, 787. 02 

Grams. 

No.  9 

No.  10 

Total 

83,888 
3,647 

2, 693.  09 
117. 09 

2, 060. 60 
89.16 

4, 743. 69 
206. 24 

3.2 

2.5 

5.7 

79,144.41 
3, 440. 76 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  8 

15, 122 
13, 440 
15, 134 

715. 81 
552. 33 

822. 27 

330. 40 
373. 40 
363. 60 

1, 046. 21 
925.73 

1, 186. 87 

4.7 
4.1 
5.4 

2.2 
2.8 
2.4 

6.9 
6.9 

7.8 

14, 075. 79 
12,514.27 
13,948.13 

2 

No.  9 

2 

No.  10 

2 

Total 

Avei-age 

43, 698 
3,641 

2, 090. 41 
174. 20 

1, 067. 40 
88.95 

3,167. 81 
263. 15 

.   4.8 

2.4 

7.2 

40,538.19 
3,377.85 

6 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  8  .-■ 

14, 159 
13, 524 
15, 174 

530. 61 
355.  96 
547. 28 

326.40 
363. 80 
343. 90 

857. 01 
719. 76 
891.18 

3.8 
2.6 
3.6 

2.3 

.    2.7 

2.3 

6.1 
5.3 
5.9 

13, 301. 99 
12, 804. 24 
14,282.82 

4 

No.  9 

4 

No.  10 

4 

Total     ... 

42,857 
3, 571 

1,433.85 
119. 49 

1, 034. 10 
86.17 

2, 467. 95 
205. 66 

3.3 

2.4 

6.8 

40, 389. 05 
3, 365. 34 

12 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

No.  8  ...  .^ 

No.  9 

29,281 
26, 964 
30, 308 

1, 246. 42 

908. 29 

1, 369.  .55 

666. 80 
737. 20 
707. 60 

1, 903. 22 
1,645.49 
2, 077. 05 

4.3 
3.4 
4.5 

2.2 
2.7 

2.4 

6.5 
6.1 
6.9 

27, 377. 78 
26, 318. 61 
28,230.95 

6 
6 

No.  10 

6 

Total 

Average 

86, 563 
3,606 

3,524.26 
146. 84 

2, 101. 50 
87.56 

5, 625. 76 
234. 40 

4.1 

2.4 

6.5 

80, 927. 24 
3, 371. 60 

18 

Third  subperiod: 
No  8  . 

19, 099 
16,833 
19, 323 

581. 81 
647. 95 
743. 13 

418. 60 
471. 80 
409. 80 

1,000.31 
1, 119.  75 
1,152.93 

3.0 
3.9 
3.9 

2.2 

2.8 
2.1 

6.2 
6.7 
6.0 

18,  098. 69 
15, 713. 26 
18, 170. 07 

5 

No.  9 

No.  10 

6 
5 

Total 

55,255 
3,684 

1,972.89 
131. 53 

1, 300. 10 
86.67 

3, 272.  99 
21820 

3.6 

2.3 

5.9 

61,982.01 
3, 465. 80 

15 

Average 

Subperiods  1,2,  and 
3: 
No.  8 

48, 380 
43, 797 
49, 631 

1, 828. 23 
1,566.24 
2,112.68 

1,075.30 
1, 209. 00 
1,117.30 

2, 903. 53 
2, 765. 24 
3,229.98 

3.8 
3.6 
4.3 

2.2 
2.7 
2.2 

6.0 
6.3 
6.5 

46, 476. 47 
41,031.76 
46, 401. 02 

11 

No.  9 

11 

No.  10 

11 

Total 

141, 808 
3,636 

5, 497. 15 
140.95 

3,401.60 
.      87. 22 

8, 898. 76 
228. 17 

3.9 

2.4 

6.3 

132, 909. 25 
3,407.83 

33 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 
No.  8 

18, 055 
16, 745 
19, 216 

642.90 
615. 51 
761. 93 

343. 30 
447. 60 
380. 90 

986. 20 
1,063.01 
1, 132. 83 

3.6 
2.6 
3.9 

1.9 
3.7 
2.0 

6.6 
6.3 
5.9 

17, 068. 80 
15,681.99 
18, 083. 17 

11 

No.  9 

11 

No.  10 

11 

Total 

54, 016 
3,601 

2, 010. 34 
134. 02 

1, 171. 70 

78.12 

3, 182. 04 
212. 14 

3.7 

2.2 

6.9 

50,833.96 
3,  388. 86 

33 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 
No.  8 

66, 435 
60,542 
68,847 

2, 47] .  13 
2,171.75 
2, 864. 61 

1,418.60 
1, 666. 60 
1,498.20 

3,889.73 
3, 828. 25 
4, 362. 81 

3.7 
3.6 

4.1 

2.2 
2.7 
2.2 

5.9 
6.3 
6.3 

62,548.27 
66, 713. 75 
64,484.19 

oo 

No.  9 

No.  10 

22 
22 

Total 

195, 824 
3,626 

7,507.49 
139. 03 

4, 573. 30 
84.69 

12, 080.  79 
223. 72 

3.8 

2.4 

6.2 

183, 743. 21 
3,402.28 

66 

Average 

After  period. 
No.  8 

27, 762 
26, 569 
17,270 

1, 039. 74 
998. 56 
621.25 

620. 10 
734. 30 
453. 40 

1,659.84 
1,732.86 
1,074.66 

3.8 
3.7 
3.6 

2.2 

2.8 
2.6 

6.0 
6.6 
6.2 

26, 102. 16 
24, 836. 14 
16, 195. 35 

No.  9 

No.  10 

Total 

71, 601 
3,255 

2,059.55 
120. 89 

1,807.80 
82.17 

4,467.a5 
203. 06 

3.7 

2.5 

6.2 

67, 133. 65 
3,051.94 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


407 


Tablk  LXXXI. — Summari/  of  calories  balances  for  Series  /T' — Continue<l. 


Period. 


In  food.     In  feces. 


4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 


5  6      j      7 

I     In 

In    I     In       feces 

feces,  urine,     and 

(2-^1)  '  (3-^1)   urine. 

(4^1) 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Calories.     Caktries.    Calories.    Calories.    Per  ct. 
7,681       -242.9.5         240.3  483.25         3.2 

8,675         332.86         206.6     '      539.46         3.8 


Per  ct. 
3.1 

2.4 


2. 337 


575. 81 
82. 26 


446.90  I  1,022.71 
63.84  I      146.10 


35,365  ,  1,430.42 
28,054  '      912.08 


827.3 
650.0 


2,257.72 
1,562.08 


63,419     2,342.50  \  1,477.30     3,819.80 
3,171         117.12  73.87  I      190.99 


4.1 
3.3 


2.3 
2.3 


Per  ct.  Calories. 
6.3  7,197.75 
6.2  :     8,135.54 


9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Gravis. 
0.0 
0.0 


6.3     1.5,333.29          0.0 
i    2,190.90  ' 


6:4 
5.6 


33, 107. 28         14. 5 
26, 491. 92         13. 0 


24,  617         703. 84 
20, 649     1,  Oil.  34 


583.0 

487.9 


1, 346. 84 
1,499.24 


3.1 
4.9 


4-5,266     1,77.5.18     1,070.90  i  2,846.08 
2,829         110.95  66.93  |      177.88 


2.4 
2.4 


6.0  59,  .599. 20 
I  2,980.01 

5. 5  23. 270. 16 

7.3  :  19,149.76 

6. 3  42, 419. 92 
2,651.12 


Five  men. 


Fore  period. 

No.  7 

No  s 

22,360 

28,385 
25,946 
29,  .557 
2.5,017 

1,160.18 
614.39 
1,052.22 
1,026.48 
1,349.04 

460.7 
587.4 
719.6 
743. 5 
633.3 

1,620.88 
1,201.79 
1,771.82 
1,709.98 
1,982.34 

5.2 
2.1 
4.1 
3.5 
5.4 

2.1 
2.1 
2.8 
2.5 
2.5 

7.2 
4.2 
6.9 
6.0 
7.9 

20, 739. 12 
27, 183. 21 
24,174.18 
27,  7X7. 02 
23,034.66 

No.9 

No.  10 

No.12 

Total 

Average 

131,265 
3, 306 

.5,202.31 
133.39 

3, 144. 5 
80.6 

8, 346. 81 
213. 99 

4.0 

2.4 

6.4 

122,918.19 
3, 1.52. 01 

1 

Preaerratire  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.  7 

11,702 
15, 122 
13,440 
1.5,134 
9,749 

7fi5. 10 
71.5.81 
.5.52. 33 
822.27 
462. 31 

260.0 
330.4 
373.4 
363.6 
225.3 

1,025.10 
1,046.21 

925.  73 
1,18.5.87 

687. 61 

6.5 
4.7 
4.1 
5.4 
4.7 

2.2 
2.2 
2.8 
2.4 
2.3 

8.8 
6.9 
6.9 
7.8 
7.0 

10, 676. 90 
14,  075. 79 
12;  514. 27 
13s  948. 13 
9,061.39 

2 

No.  8 

No.9 

No.lO 

No.12 

2 
2 
2 
2 

Total 

Average 

65, 147 
3,429 

•i,Z\T.>"l 
174.62 

1,. 5.52. 7 
81.7 

4,.H70.5J 
256. 32 

.5.1 

2.4 

7.5 

60,276.48 
3,172.68 

10 

1 

408 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH- 


Table  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  V. 
ISTo.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-M) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-M) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-M) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
933    Apr  24 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Lost. 
104.60 

90.48 
100. 94 
117.15 
119. 39 

93.37 
204. 64 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Perct. 

Perct. 

Per  ct. 

Calories. 

Grams. 

25 

3,575 
3,476 
3,389 
3,091 
3,504 
3,460 
3,808 

95.6 
96.3 
94.7 
92.5 
91.7 
98.6 
95.8 

200. 20 
186.78 
195.64 
209. 65 
211.09 
191.97 
300. 44 

2.9 
2.6 
3.0 
3.8 
3.4 
2.7 
5.4 

2.7 
2.8 
2.8 
3.0 
2.6 
2.8 
2.5 

5.6 
5.4 
5.8 
6.8 
6.0 
5.5 
7.9 

3,374.80 
3, 289. 22 
3,193.36 
2,881.35 
3, 292. 91 
3,268.03 
3,507.56 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

Total 

24, 303 
3,472 

830.57 
118. 65 

66-5.20 
95.03 

1,495.77 
213. 68 

3.4 

2.7 

6.2 

22,807.23 
3,258.32 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

3,336 
3,440 
3,506 
3,715 
3,934 
3,847 
4,212 
4,047 
3,462 
3,459 
3,165 
3, 312 

208. 97 
56.51 
160. 02 
112. 69 
151.14 
213.24 
76.92 
156. 25 
215.18 
110.00 
147.11 
108. 61 

96.6 
101.3 
93.6 
93.2 
97.2 
96.5 
92.3 
90.9 
93.2 
91.1 
97.8 
89.1 

305. 57 
157. 81 
253. 62 
205. 89 
248.34 
309.74 
169.22 
247.16 
308. 38 
201. 10 
244. 91 
197. 71 

6.3 
1.6 
4.6 
3.0 
3.8 
5.5 
1.8 
3.9 
6.2 
3.2 
4.6 
3.3 

2.9 

2.9 
2.7 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.2 
2.2 
2.7 
2.6 
3.1 
2.7 

9.2 
4.6 
7.2 
5.5 
6.3 
8.1 
4.0 
6.1 
8.9 
5.8 
7.7 
6.0 

3,030.43 
3,282.19 
3,251.38 
3,509.11 
3,685.66 
3,537.26 
4,042.78 
3,799.85 
3,153.62 
3, 257. 90 
2,920.09 
3,114.29 

0.5 
.5 

.5 
.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

'.t 

Total 

43,434 
3,620 

1,716.64 
143. 05 

1, 132. 8 
94.4 

2,849.44 
237.45 

4.0 

2.6 

6.6 

40,584.56 
3,382.55 

6.0 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

3,472 
3,294 
3,218 
3,425 
3,217 
3,481 
3,443 
3,445 
3,218 
3,498 
3,711 
3,266 

122. 06 
188.33 
175. 86 
49.14 
113.  51 
113. 12 
174. 27 
121.26 
123. 65 
105. 12 
140.  62 
111.30 

100.9 
89.6 
95.5 
91.6 
92.8 
94.8 
88.3 
96.0 
96.2 
99.2 
95.7 
99.2 

222. 96 
277. 93 
271.36 
140. 74 
206.  31 
207. 92 
262. 57 
217.26 
219. 85 
204.32 
236.32 
210. 50 

3.5 
5.7 
5.5 
1.4 
3.5 
3.2 
5.1 
3.5 
3.8 
3.0 
3.8 
3.4 

2.9 
2.7 
3.0 
2.7 
2.9 
2.7 
2.6 
2.8 
3.0 
2.8 
2.6 
3.0 

6.4 

8.4 
8.4 
4.1 
6.4 
6.0 
7.6 
6.3 
6.8 
5.8 
6.4 
6.4 

3,249.04 
3, 016. 07 
2,946.64 
3,284.26 
3,010.69 
3,273.08 
3,180.43 
3,227.74 
2, 998. 15 
3,293.68 
3,474.68 
3,065.50 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

40, 688 
3,391 

1,538.24 
128. 19 

1,139.8 
94.9 

2,678.04 
223. 17 

3.8 

2.8 

6.6 

38,009.96 
3, 167. 83 

6.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 

Average 

84, 122 
3,505 

3,254.88  :2,272.60 
135.62  1       94.69 

5, 527. 48 
230.  31 

3.9 

2.7 

6.6 

78, 594. 52 
3, 274. 69 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— May  26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

3,330 
3,126 
3,229 
3, 654 
2,949 
(3,277) 
3,333 
3,251 
3,320 
3,559 
3,441 
3,187 

186.  68 
101. 14 
156. 52 
115.41 
110. 89 
Lost. 
239. 43 
116. 02 
153.  77 
133. 14 
145. 91 
131.11 

94.9 

101.9 
97.7 
95.9 
97.6 

(90.8) 
97.7 
99.3 
97.8 

106.7 
96.3 

102.4 

281. 58 
203. 04 
254.22 
211. 31 
208. 49 

5.6 
3.2 
4.8 
3.2 
3.8 

2.8 
3.3 
3.0 
2.6 
3.3 
(2.8) 
2.9 
3.1 
2.9 
3.0 
2.8 
3.2 

8.5 
6.5 
7.9 
5.8 
7.1 

3,048.42 
2,922.96 
2, 974. 78 
3,442.69 
2,740.51 

0.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 

June  1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

337. 13 
215. 32 
2.51. 57 
239. 84 
242. 21 
233.  51 

7.2 
3.6 
4.6 
3.7 
4.2 
4.1 

10.1 
6.6 
7.6 
6.7 
7.0 
7.3 

2,996.87 
3,036.68 
3, 068. 43 
3,319.16 
3, 198. 79 
2, 953. 49 

.5 
.5 
.5 
..5 
.5 
.5 

Total < 

36, 379 

(39, 656) 

3,307 

(3, 305) 

1,590.02 
""l44.'55" 

2,678.22 

4.4 

"(3.' 6) 

7.4 

33, 700. 78 

6.0 

(1,179.0) 

Average ^ 

243.47 

3, 063. 53 

(98.2) 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


409 


Table  LXXXII.  —  Calories  balances  for  Series  T' — Continued. 
USTo.  1— Continued. 


1 

Period  and  date.        ,     ,     ^ 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

.    7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Presenative  period — 
Continued. 

Subperiods  1, 2.  and  3: 

Calories, 

V7(\  .Sdl 

Calories. 
4, 844. 90 

Calories. 

Calories. 
8, 205. 70 

Perct. 
4.0 

Perct. 
"(2.'8) 

Per  ct. 
6.8 

Calories. 
112,296.30 

Grams. 
18. 0' 

Total 1  (i2§;778) 

Average {       ,3.4« 

(3,4.51.6) 

138.43 

234.45 

3, 208. 55 

(95.9) 

::::::::::::: 

•  '       ' 





Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June    7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

3,449 
3, 162 
3, 696 
3,519 
3,407 
3,450 
3,239 
3,279 
3,162 
3,436 
3,452 
3, 527 
3, 682 
3, 515 

118. 25 
138.44 
163. 31 
161.  82 
177. 53 
189.43 
173. 14 
99.77 
88.88 
217.50 
164.30 
202.84 
259.22 
168. 13 

97.2 
92.5 

86.9 
91.8 
96.1 
96.2 

100.1 
99.3 

100.4 
98.4 
92.0 
96.3 
93.5 
89.3 

215.45 
230.94 
2.50.21 

253. 62 

273. 63 
285. 63 
273. 24 
199.07 
189. 28 
315.90 
2.56. 30 
299. 14 
352. 72 
257. 43 

3.4 
4.4 
4.4 
4.6 
6.2 
5.5 
6.3 
3.0 
2.8 
6.3 
4.8 
6.8 
7.0 
4.8 

2.8 
2.9 
2.4 
2.6 
2.8 
2.8 
3.1 
3.0 
3.2 
2.9 
2.7 
2.7 
2.5 
2.5 

6.2 
7.3 
6.8 
7.2 
8.0 
8.3 
8.4 
6.1 
6.0 
9.2 
7.4 
8.5 
9.6 
7.3 

3,233.56 
2, 931.  Of) 
3,445.79 
3,265.38 
3,133.37 
3, 164. 37 
2,96.5.76 
3, 079.  93 
2,972.72 
3, 120. 10 
3, 195. 70 
3, 227. 86 
3, 329. 28 
3,257.57 

0.5 

.5. 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5. 
.5 
.5 
.5. 
.5. 
.5. 
.5 
.5- 
.5- 

Total 

47, 975 
3, 427 

2, 322. 56 
165. 90 

1, 330. 0 
95.0 

3, 652. 56 
260. 90 

4.8 

2.8 

7.6 

44,322.44 
3, 166. 10 

7.0' 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

Average | 

168,476 

(171,753) 

3,438 

(3,435) 

7, 167. 46 

11,858.26 

4.3 

"(2.' 8) 

7.0 

166, 617.  74 

25.0" 

(4,781.6) 

146. 27 

242.01 

3, 195. 99 

(95.6) 

After  period. 

190:i— June  21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

26 

27 

3,250 
3,483 
3,539 
3,369 
3,536 
3,079 
(3,298) 
3, 527 
3,240 

266.83 
108. 42 
230. 16 
2(«.  46 
188.26 
298. 26 
Lost. 
165.88 
150.80 

98.2 
87.2 
91.7 
98.3 
95.9 
89.1 

(95.3) 
96.4 

100.8 

365.03 
196. 62 
321.86 
307. 76 
284.16 
387. 36 

8.2 
3.1 
6.5 
6.2 
5.3 
9.7 

3.0 
2.5 
2.6 
2.9 
2.7 
2.9 
(2.9) 
2.7 
3.1 

11.2 
5.6 
9.1 
9.1 
8.0 

12.6 

2, 884. 97 
3,287.38 
3,217.14 
3,061.24 
3,261.84 
2,691.64 

:;::::: 

28 

29 

262. 28 
251.60 

4.7 
4.7 

7.4 

7.8 

3,264.72 
2,988.40 

Total 1 

27,023 
ran  S9I 1 

1,618.07 

"(862.' 9) 

2,375.67 

6.0 

■"(i's) 

8.8 

24,647.33 

Average |       ^^'I^^^, 

202. 26 

296.96 

3,081.04 

(94.8) 

' 

410 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
JSTo.   S. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Apr.   24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

Calories. 
3,731 
3,577 
3,492 
3,313 
(3,149) 
2,969 
3,064 
3,238 

Calories. 
123.  37 
122. 18 
136. 31 

(«) 
Lost. 
68.35 
87.64 
104. 47 

Calories. 
79.1 
87.2 
78.7 
84.7 
(84.2) 
84.2 
80.6 
80.5 

Calories. 

202. 47 

209.  38 

215. 01 

84.70 

Per  ct. 
3.3 
3.4 
3.9 

Per  ct. 
2.1 
2.4 
2.3 
2.6 
^2.6) 
2.8 
2.6 
2.5 

Per  ct. 
5.4 
5.9 
6.2 
2.6 

Calorie.''. 
3, 528. 53 
3, 367. 62 
3, 276. 99 
3,228.30 

Grams. 

29 

30 

May     1 

152. 55 
168.  24 
184.  97 

2.3 
2.9 
3.2 

6.1 
5.5 
6.7 

2,816.45 
2, 895.  76 
3, 053. 03 

Total 1 

Average ■! 

23, 384 

(26, 533) 

3,341 

(3,317) 

642. 32 

"(659.' 2) 

1,217.32 

2.7 

"(2.'5) 

5.2 

22, 166. 68 

91.76 

173.  90 

3, 167. 10 

(82.4) 

Treservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

3, 122 
3,515 
3, 420 
3, 433 
3,716 
3,  :583 
3,  .582 
3, 5.54 
3,014 
3,196 
3, 283 
3,419 

125. 89 
129. 62 

81.10 

91.27 
112. 19 
140.  96 
108. 45 

77.40 
112.  62 
129.  55 
113. 32 

91.41 

84.5 
82.4 
93.1 
82.3 
91.2 
74.7 
78.1 
78.0 
68.9 
72.5 
82.8 
72.7 

210. 39 
212. 02 
174. 20 
173.  67 
203.  39 
215.  66 
186.  55 

155. 40 
181. 52 
202. 05 
196. 12 
164.11 

4.0 
3.7 

2.4 
2.7 
3.0 
4.2 
3.0 
2.2 
3.7 
4.1 
3.5 
2.7 

2.7 
2.3 
2.7 
2.4 
2.5 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.3 
2.3 
2.5 
2.1 

6.7 
6.0 
5.1 
5.1 
5.6 
6.4 
6.2 
4.4 
6.0 
6.3 
6.0 
4.8 

2,911.61 
3, 302. 98 
3, 245. 80 
3, 269. 43 
3,512.61 
3, 167. 34 
3, 395. 46 
3, 398. 60 
2, 832. 48 
2,993.95 
3, 086. 88 
3,254.89 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.6 
.5 

Total 

40,  637 
3,386 

1,313.78 
109. 48 

961.2 
80.1 

2, 274.  98 
189. 58 

3.2 

2.4 

6.6 

38, 362. 02 
3,196.42 

6.0 

Average 

■Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24....... 

25 

2,886 
3,391 
3,364 
2,695 
3,. 563 
3,051 
2, 662 
3,104 
2, 974 
2, 875 
2,911 
3,180 

103. 79 

109. 83 

102.  63 

93.29 

103. 28 

125. 15 

87.26 

85.59 

92.66 

125.12 

81.15 

96.67 

79.4 
74.9 
84.7 
74.3 
80.7 
73.7 
78.7 
71.6 
70.1 
78.0 
70.0 
71.2 

183. 19 
184.  73 
187.33 
167. 69 
183. 98 
198. 85 
165. 96 
157. 19 
162.  76 
203. 12 
161. 15 
167. 87 

3.6 
3.2 
3.1 
3.5 
2.9 
4.1 
3.3 
2.8 
3.1 
4.4 
2.8 
3.0 

2.8 
2.2 
2.5 
2.8 
2.3 
2.4 
3.0 
2.3 
2.4 
2.7 
2.4 
2.2 

6.3 
5.4 
5.6 
6.2 
5.2 
6.5 
6.2 
5.1 
5.5 
7.1 
5.2 
5.3 

2, 702. 81 
3, 206. 27 
3, 176. 67 
2, 527. 41 
3,379.02 
2,852.15 
2, 496. 04 
2, 946. 81 
2,811.24 
2, 671. 88 
2,759.86 
3,012.13 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 

Total 

36,656 
3,055 

1, 206. 42 
100.64 

907.3 
75.6 

2,113.72 
176. 14 

3.3 

2.5 

6.8 

34,542.28 
2, 878. 86 

6  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

77, 293 
3, 221 

2,520.20 
105.01 

1, 868. 5 
77.9 

4,388.70 
182.  86 

3.3 

2.4 

5.7 

72, 904. 30 
3, 038. 14 

12  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— May  26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

June  1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

2,800 
2,968 
2,756 
2,699 
2,332 
2,348 
2,495 
2,733 
1,853 
2,484 
1,862 
2,517 

123. 70 
86.90 

157. 37 
53.93 
91.57 
87.00 

154. 71 
85.88 

114. 83 
77.71 
53.64 

115. 78 

77.7 
77.2 
66.6 
76.0 
80.3 
77.3 
73.0 
63.6 
61.6 
59.8 
55.2 
68.5 

201. 40 
164. 10 
223. 97 
129. 93 
171.87 
164. 30 
227. 71 
149. 38 
176. 43 
137.  61 
108. 84 
184.  28 

4.4 
2.9 
5.7 
2.0 
3.9 
3.7 
6.2 
3.1 
6,2 
3.1 
2.9 
4.6 

2.8 
2.6 
2.4 
2.8 
3,4 
3.3 
2.9 
2.3 
3.3 
2.4 
3.0 
2.7 

7.2 
5.5 
8.1 
4.8 
7.4 
7.0 
9.1 
5.5 
9.5 
5.5 
5.8 
7.3 

2, 598.  60 
2, 803.  90 
2, 532. 03 
2,569.07 
2, 160. 13 
2, 183. 70 
2, 267. 29 
2, 583. 62 
1,676.57 
2, 346. 49 
1,763.16 
2, 332. 72 

0.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 

Total 

29,847 
2,487 

1, 203. 02 
100. 26 

836.7 
69.7 

2, 039.  72 
169. 98 

4.0 

2.8 

6.8 

27,807.28 
2, 317.  02 

6  0 

Average 

1 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


411 


Table  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  ]' — Continued. 
IN'o.  XJ — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 


In  food. 


In  feces. 


In 
urine. 


In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 


In 


6 


In 


fece.«.    urine. 
(2-1)     (3^1) 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Fore  periixJ. 

Subperiodsl,2.und3: 

Total 

Average 


Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June    7 


9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 


AJler  period. 


1903— June  21 . 
22. 
23. 
21. 
2.1. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


Total  . . . . 
A  verage . 


Calories. 

107,140 

2,976 


Calories. 

3, 723. 22 

103. 42 


Calorics. '  Calories. 
0.5.2   6,428.42 
1       178.  .57 


2,418 
2,738 
1,970 
2,  .551 
2,417 
2,997 
2,400 
2,  .5H9 
2,787 
2,  .584 
2,764 
2,390 
3,007 
2, 712 


36, 324 
2,  .595 


111.60 
26. 98 
143. 19 
70.01 
72.25 
212. 42 
102.07 
39.13 
114.68 
104. 69 
161. 78 
129.64 
152. 84 
268.85 


54.4 

56.8 
49.1 
.58.4 
61.0 
55.7 
62.5 
60.6 
56.6 
76.6 
69.6 
71.0 
68.9 
67.9 


Per  at. '  Per  ct. 
3.5  :      2.5 


Pa-  ct.     Calories. 

6.0   100,711.58 

I     2,797.43 


Grams. 
18.0 


166.00 
83.78 
192. 29 
128. 41 
133. 25 
268.12 
164. 57 
99.73 

171. 28 

181. 29 
231. 38 
200. 64 
221.74 
336. 75 


4.6 
9.9 
7.3 
2.7 
3.0 
7.1 
4.3 
1.5 
4.1 
4.1 
5.9 
5.4 
5.1 
9.9 


2.2 
2.1 
2.5 
2.3 
2.5 
1.9 
2.6 
2.3 
2.0 
3.0 
2.5 
3.0 
2.3 
2.5 


1,710.13 
1-22. 15 


869.1  ,2,  .579. 23 
62.1       184.23 


4.7 


2.4 


6.9 
3.1 
9.8 
5.0 
5.5 
8.9 
6.9 
3.9 
6.1 
7.0 
8.4 
8.4 
7.4 
12.4 


7.1 


143, 464 
2,869 


5,433.35 
108. 67 


3,  .574. 3   9,007.65 
71.5  1     180.15 


2,287 
2,838 
2,863 
3,228 
2,902 
3, 107 
3, 145 
3,211 
2,930 


112.77 
119.74 
145. 04 
226. 41 
180.51 
117.42 
170.11 
103. 43 
98.38 


68.7 
67.2 
67.2 
76.9 
79.1 
77.8 
94.2 
84.3 
82. 3 


1S1.47 

4.9 

186.  94 

4.2 

212. 24 

5.1 

303. 31 

7.0 

2.59.  61 

6.2 

195.22 

3.8 

264.  31 

5.4 

187.73 

3.2 

180.  68 

3.4 

3.0 
2.4 
2.3 
2.4 
2.7 
2.5 
3.0 
2.6 
2.8 


6.3 


7.9 
6.6 
7.4 
9.4 
8,9 
6.3 
8.4 
5.8 
6.2 


26,511 
2,946 


1,273.81 
141.53 


697.7   1,971.-51 
77.5  ;    219.06 


2, 2.52. 00 
2,6.54.22 
1,777.71 
2, 422.  .59 
2,283.75 
2, 728. 88 
2,2*5.43 
2, 489. 27 
2, 615.  72 
2, 402. 71 
2,532.62 
2, 189. 36 
2, 785. 26 
2, 375. 25 


33, 744.  77 
2,410.77 


134,456.35 
2, 689. 13 


2. 105. 53 
2,651.06 
2, 650. 76 
2,924.69 
2, 642. 39 
2.911.78 
2, 880. 69 
3,023.27 
2,749.32 


24, 539. 49 
2, 726. 94 


20.5 


412 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
INTO.  3. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 

(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
ter«d. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Apr  24 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Lost. 

65.87 
137. 57 

48.96 
190.33 
115. 76 

89.55 
169. 01 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Per  ct. 

Perct. 

Perct. 

Calories. 

Grams. 

2, 314 
2,619 
2,535 
2,737 
3,378 
2,320 
2,941 

62.4 

84.8 
76.1 
89.4 
74.8 
72.1 
65.9 

128. 27 
222. 37 
125. 06 
279. 73 
190. 56 
161. 65 
234. 91 

2.8 
5.3 
1.9 
7.0 
3.4 
3.9 
5.8 

2.7 
3.2 
3.0 
3.3 
2.2 
3.1 
2.2 

5.5 
8.5 
4.9 
10.2 
5.6 
7.0 
8.0 

2,185.73 
2, 396. 63 
2, 409. 94 
2, 457. 27 
3, 187. 44 
2, 158. 35 
2, 706. 09 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

May   1 

Total 

18, 844 
2, 692 

817.  05 
116. 72 

525.5 
75.1 

1, 342. 55 
191.  79 

4.3           2.8 

7.1 

17,501.45 
2, 500. 21 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mav    2 

3 

4 

1,775 
2,162 
[2, 688] 
2,984 
3,211 
3,543 
3,766 
3,745 
3, 154 
2,852 
3,223 
2,916 

106. 63 
124. 69 

[119. 88] 

95.64 

79.00 

139. 24 

103. 66 

115. 07 

108. 08 
100. 97 

173. 64 
121.66 

75.8 
64.7 
Lost. 
71.2 
68.9 
73.0 
65.7 
70.8 
73.7 
71.8 
69.6 
64.9 

182.43 
189. 39 

6.0 
5.1 
[4.5] 
3.2 
2.5 
3.9 
2.8 
3.1 
3.4 
3.5 
5.4 
4.1 

4.3 
2.6 

10.3 
7.  7 

1, 592. 57 
2, 272. 61 

0.5 
.5 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

166.84 
147.  90 
212. 24 
169. 36 
185.87 
181.  78 
172.  77 
243. 24 
186. 56 

2.4 
2.1 
2.1 
1.7 
1.9 
2.3 
2.5 
2.2 
2.2 

5.6 
4.6 
6.0 
4.5 
5.0 
5.8 
6.1 
7.5 
6.4 

2,817.16 
3, 063. 10 
3, 330. 76 
3,596.64 
3, 559. 13 
2,972.22 
2, 679. 23 
2, 979. 76 
2,729.44 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 

m     i     ,                               f 

.qa  631 

770.1 

2, 038. 38 

■■■[3."8]" 

2.3 

6.1 

31,592.62 

6  0 

Total {      [36;§i§j 

[i,  388.  ie] 

^^e^&Se {       r3:0271 

70.0 

185.32 

2,872.68 

ril5. 681 

1 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2,861 

2,994 

3,271 

2,852 

3,223 

2,621 

2,725- 

3,387 

2,983 

2, 928 

2,710 

2,472 

143.62 
105. 61 
111.93 
158. 83 

82.31 
114:53 

78.66 
119. 24 
173.44 
109.52 
124.48 
115.  74 

71.5 
73.4 
76.7 
88.0 
71.4 
64.4 
77.6 
88.3 
73.4 
69.1 
70.6 
76.3 

215. 02 
179. 01 
188. 63 

246. 83 
153.  71 
178.  93 
1.56. 26 
207. 54 

246. 84 
178. 62 
195.  08 
192. 04 

5.0 
3.5 
3.4 
5.6 
2.6 
4.4 
2.9 
3.5 
5.8 
3.7 
4.6 
4.7 

2.5 
2.5 
2.3 
3.1 
2.2 
2.5 
2.8 
2.6 
2.3 
2.4 
2.6 
3.1 

7.5 
6.0 
5.8 
8.7 
4.8 
6.8 
5.7 
6.1 
8.3 
6.1 
7.2 
7.8 

2. 645. 98 

2. 814. 99 
3,082.37 
2, 605. 17 
3, 069. 29 
2,442.07 
2, 568.  74 
3, 179. 46 
2,  736. 16 
2, 749. 38 
2,514.92 
2,279.96 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

35, 027 
2, 919 

1,437.81 
119. 82 

900.7 
75.1 

2, 338. 51 
194. 88 

4.1 

2.6 

6.7 

32. 688. 49 
2. 724. 04 

6  0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

68. 658 

1,670.8 

4,376.89 

■■"[4.'6i" 

2.4 

6.4 

64,281.11 

1''  0 

Total {     pi;346] 

[2,825.97] 

''^^'^se {     rlwl 

72.6 

190. 30 

2,  794. 83 

[117. 75] 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— May  26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

2,792 
2,976 
3,140 
2,890 
2,526 
(2,922) 
2,751 
2,897 
2,992 
3,124 
2,768 
3,064 

153. 16 
106.  65 
179. 19 

98.63 
177. 76 

Lost. 
159. 84 

60.01 

97.22 
121.41 
101.30 
107. 04 

76.4 
74.9 
80.9 
55.7 
98.3 
(84.2) 
84.0 
76.3 
76.6 
76.1 
62.4 
75.8 

229. 56 
181. 55 
260. 09 
154.  33 
276. 06 

5.5 
3.6 
5.7 
3.4 
7.0 

2.7 
2.5 
2.6 
1.9 
3.9 
(2.9) 
3.1 
2.6 
2.6 
2.4 
2.3 
2.5 

8.2 
6.1 
8.3 
5.3 
10.9 

2, 562. 44 
2,  794.  45 
2, 879. 91 
2,  735. 67 
2.249.94 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

June  1 

2....... 

3 

•  4 

5 

6 

243. 84 
136. 31 
173. 82 
197.51 
163.  70 
182. 84 

5.8 
2.1 
3.2 
3.9 
3.7 
3.5 

8.9 
4.7 
5.8 
6.3 
5.9 
6.0 

2, 507. 16 
2,  760. 69 
2,818.18 
2,926.49 
2, 604. 30 
2,881.16 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 1 

31,920 

(34, 842) 

2,902 

(2, 904) 

1,362.21 

2, 199. 61 

4.3 

"(2.'6) 

6.9 

29, 720. 39 

6  0 

(921.6) 

Average | 

123.83 

199. 93 

2, 702. 07 

(75.1) 



BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


413 


Tablk  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
I>3"o.  3 — Continued. 


i       1  .     ;       S 

Period  and  date. 

i  In  food.  ,  In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preserrative  period — 
Continued. 

Subperiodsl.'J.andS: 
f 

Calories. 
100, 578 
(103,  .500) 
[103, 266] 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Calories. 
6,  .576. 50 

Per  et. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
6.5 

Calories. 
94,001.50 

Grams. 
18  0 

Total \ 

(2,592.4) 

(2.5) 

14. 188.  in 

[4.0] 

[                    1 

( 

2,9.58    ." - 

193.46 

2,764.54  \. 

Average < 

(2,9.57) 

(74.1) 

[2,  9.50] 

ril'J.661 

1 

' 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903-June  7 

8.. 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

3,033 
3,001 
3,265 
3, 135 
3,367 
2,988 
2,883 
2,860 
2, 921 
2,817 
3,017 
3,181 
2,977 
3, 039 

49.54 
1.54. 07 
114.87 
125. 05 
144. 48 

65. 07 
13.5. 19 
139. 13 

88.14 
190.00 
158.24 
214.06 

48.91 
248. 18 

79.1 
73.0 
68.4 
63.7 
75.3 
75.0 
79.2 
81.6 
78.  3 
78.1 
77. 5 
73.4 
74.8 
73.7 

128.64 
227.07 
183. 27 
188. 75 
219. 78 
140. 07 
214.39 
220. 73 
166. 44 
268. 10 
235.  74 
287. 46 
123. 71 
321. 88 

1.6 
5.1 
3.5 
4.0 
4.3 
2.2 
4.7 
4.9 
3.2 
6.7 
5.2 
6.7 
1.6 
8.2 

2.6 
2.4 
2.1 

IS 

1? 

2.9 
2.5 
2.8 
2.6 
2.3 
2.5 
2.4 

4.2 

7.6 
.5.6 
6.0 
6.5 
4.7 
7.4 
7.7 
.5.7 
9.5 
7.8 

.9.0 
4.2 

10.6 

2, 904. 36 
2, 773. 93 
3,081.73 
2, 946. 25 
3,147.22 
2, 847. 93 
2, 668. 61 
2,639.27 
2, 754.  .56 
2,  .548. 90 
2,781.26 
2,893.54 
2, 853. 29 
2,717.12 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

42,  isA     1. 874.  93 
3.035         133.92 

1,0.51.1    2,926.03 
75. 1       209. 02 

4.4 

2.5          6.9 

39,  .5.57.  97 
2,  825.  98 

7.0 

1 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

143, 062 
r  1 45,  9H4  I 
[14.5.7.501 

9, 502. 53 

6.6 

133, 569. 47         55  0 

(3,643.5) 

(2.5) 

16. 063.111 

[4.2] 

(    '     2.'.IX0'  ' '. 

197.97 

2,  782. 03 

.Average •] 

(2, '.)7i); 
[2,  974] 

(74.3) 

' 

(123.741 

After  period. 

1903-.June  21 

22 

23 

2,775         1.55.38 
3,036         150.54 
3,7.36  '      108.80 
3,071  1      249.98 
3, 430  1      223. 12 
3,472         171.83 
3,  .361  j      145.96 
3,810  '      211.89 
3,000         104.50 

1 

80.3       23.5.68 

61.5  212.04 

83.0  191.80 

82. 1  332. 08 

77. 6  300. 72 
82. 9       254.  73 
SO.  3       226. 26 
81.0       292.89 
81.6       186.10 

5.6 
5.0 
2.9 
8.1 
6.5 
4.9 
4.3 
5.6 
3.5 

2.9 
2.0 
2.2 
2.7 
2.3 
2.4 
2.4 
2.1 
2.7 

8.5 
7.0 
5.1 
10.8 
8.8 
7.3 
6.7 
7.7 
6.2 

2,-539.32 
2,823.96 
3, 544. 20 
2,738.92 
3, 129. 28 
3,217.27 
3, 134. 74 
3,517.11 
2,813.90 

24 

2.5 

26 

27 

•      28 

29 

Total 

Average 

29, 691 
3,299 

1,. 522. 00 
169. 11 

710.3   2,232.30 
78.  9       248. 03 

5.1 

2.4 

7.5 

27, 4.58.  70 
3, 050.  97 

414 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


T.\BLE  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
ISTo.  4. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6. 

In 
urine. 

(3h-1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Foi'e  period. 
1908 — Apr.  24 

Calories. 
3,595 
2, 851 
2,768 
2,795 
3,244 
1,779 
2,721 
2,668 

Calories. 

81.54 

(«) 

135.  74 
120. 91 
103. 38 

82.76 
129. 56 
192.  93 

Calories. 
67.6 
77.2 
72.1 
86.6 
86.6 
73.7 
76.2 
88.6 

Calories. 
149. 14 
77.20 
207. 84 
207.  51 
189.  98 
156.  46 
205.  76 
281.53 

Per  ct. 
2.3 

""i.9 
4.3 
8.2 
•4.7 
4.8 
7.2 

Per  ct. 
1.9 
2.7 
2.6 
8.1 
2.7 

'"'i's' 

3.3 

Per  ct. 
4.1 
2.7 
7.5 
7.4 
5.9 
8.8 
7.6 
10.6 

Calories. 
3,445.86 
2, 773. 80 
2,560.16 
2,587.49 
8, 054.  02 
1,622.54 
2, 515.  24 
2, 386. 47 

Orams. 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

Mav   1 

Total 

22,421 
2,803 

846.82 
105. 85 

628.6 
78.6 

1,.475. 42 
184. 43 

8.8 

2.8 

6.6 

20, 945.  58 
2, 618. 57 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

2,845 
2,796 
2,741 
3,301 
3, 049 
2,692 
3,239 
2,932 
2,414 
2,453 
2,530 
2,423 

(a) 
159. 96 

83.32 
115.  04 

76.80 
122. 25 
122. 39 
151.  85 

61.56 
124. 13 
138. 04 
103. 72 

18.4 
69.1 
80.5 
67.8 
84.1 
69.3 
73.2 
70.1 
71.7 
72.1 
76.9 
71.7 

18.40 
229. 06 
163. 82 
182.  84 
160.  90 
191. 55 
195. 59 
221. 95 
133.26 
196. 23 
209.  94 
175. 42 

""'5.'7" 
3.0 
3.5 
2.5 
4.5 
3.8 
5.2 
2.6 
5.1 
5.3 
4.3 

0.6 
2.5 
2.9 
2.1 
2.8 
2.6 
2.3 
2.4 
3.0 
2.9 
3.0 
3.0 

0.6 
8.2 
6.0 
5.5 
5.3 
7.1 
6.0 
7.6 
5.5 
8.0 
8.3 
7.2 

2,826.60 
2, 566. 94 
2, 577. 18 
3,118.16 
2,888.10 
2, 500. 45 
3, 043. 41 
2, 710. 05 
2, 280. 74 
2, 256. 77 
2,320.06 
2, 247. 58 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total         

33, 415 

1,254  06 
104.50 

824.9 
68.7 

2,078.96          3.8 
173.25  1 

2.5 

6.2 

31,330.04 
2, 611.  75 

6.0 

Average 

2, 7S5 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

15 

16..;.... 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

2,616 
2,990 
3,057 
2,  .500 
8, 254 
2,852 
2,759 
2,952 
2,904 
3,101 
2,966 
2,881 

127.  04 
115.  33 
141.  99 
109.  34 
118.96 
262.  64 

■        («) 
39.38 
193. 03' 
162. 77 
106.  28 
82.81 

88.5 
67.8 
86.5 
80.2 
90.3 
83.8 
73.1 
81.5 
82.3 
85.4 
80.6 
82.2 

215. 54 
183. 13 
228. 49 
189.  54 
204. 26 
346.44 
73.10 
120.  88 
275.  38 
248. 17 
186. 88 
165.  01 

4.9 
3.9 
4.6 
4.4 
3.5 
9.2 

""i'.z 

6.6 
5.2 
3.6 
2.9 

3.4 
2.3 
2.8 
3.2 
2.8 
2.9 
2.6 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.7 
2.9 

8.2 
6.1 
7.5 
7.6 
6.3 
12.1 
2.6 
4.1 
9.5 
8.0 
6.3 
5.7 

2, 400. 46 
2, 806. 87 
2, 828.  51 
2,310.46 
3, 049. 74 
2, 505.  56 
2,685.90 
2, 831. 12 
2,  628. 67 
2,852.83 
2, 779. 12 
2,  715.  99 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total    

34, 882 
2,903 

1,454.57 
121.  21 

982. 2 

•2.  43fi_  77 

4.2 

2.8 

7.0 

32, 395.  28 
2, 699. 94 

6.0 

Average 

81.85     '203.06 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total  .... 

68, 247     2, 708. 63 
2,844         112.86 

1,807.1     4,515.73 
75. 3         188. 16 

4.0 

2.6 

6.6 

63,781.27 
2, 655. 84 

12.0 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 
Table  LXXXII.—' 'a^orfVs  bahncesfor  Series  T'— Continued. 


415 


No. 

r>. 

1 

'i 

3              4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

In  feces 

In     ! 
feces. 

(2^1) 

,„      In  fece> 

Borax 

Period  and  date. 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

In           and 
urine,      urine. 
(2+3) 

urine. 
(3-^1) 

1 

and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

Balance. 

(1-4)      1 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

J'oie  i>eriijd. 

Calorics. 

Calorics. 

Calories.  Calories. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Calories.    Grams. 

1903— Apr.-24 ; 

4,117 

118. 60 

82.3       200.90 

2.9 

2.0 

4.9 

3,916.10  ; 

3.  .586 

42. 64 

94.5 

137. 14 

1.2 

2.6 

3.8 

3, 448. 86 

lid    

3, 655 

3,871 

185. 78 
205. 75 

91.6 
192.  7 

277.  38 
398. 45 

5.1 
5.3 

2.5 
5.0 

7.6 
10.3 

3,377.62 
3, 472.  55 

• 

27 

28     ' 

4,254 

(a) 

90.4 

90.40 

2.1 

2.1 

4, 163. 60 

29 

3,723 

91.99 

94.4 

186.39 

2.5 

2.5 

5.0 

3,536.61 

30        

3,795 

158.59 

98.1 

256.69 

4.2 

2.6 

6.8 

■  3, 538. 31 

May  1 

3,888 

183.19 

95. 2       278. 39 

4.7 

2.5 

7.2 

3,609.61 

Total 

30, 889       986. 54 

839.2    1,825.74 

3.2 

2.7 

5.9 

29,063.26 

Average 

3,861 

123.32 

104. 9       228. 22 

3, 632. 78 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903 — Mav   2 

3, 772 

74.73 

95.3 

170.03 

2.0 

2.5 

4.5 

3,601.97 

0.5 

■    3 

3,830 

77.07 

96.4 

173.47 

2.0 

2.5 

4.5 

3, 656. 53 

.5 

4         ... 

3,730 

207. 16 

93.7 

300. 86 

.5.6 

2.5 

8.1 

3, 429. 14 

.5 

4, 448 

11.5. 04 

93.1 

208. 14 

2.6 

2.1 

4.7 

4,239.86 

.5 

6 

4,284 

50. 50 

93.2 

143. 70 

1.2 

2.2 

3.4 

4,140.30 

.6 

7 

4,068 

152.91 

93.4 

246. 31 

3.8 

2.3 

6.1 

3,821.69 

.5 

8.   . 

4,885  I     158.13 

93.6 

251.  73 

3.2 

1.9 

5.2 

4,633.27 

.5- 

9 

4,675       193.35 

85.8 

279. 15 

4.1 

1.9 

6.0 

4, 395. 85 

.5 

10 

3,825  ;    177.91 

84.8 

262.  74 

4.7 

2.2 

6.9 

3,562.26 

.5 

11 

3,932 

96.03 

90.6 

186.  63 

2.4 

2.3 

4.7 

3, 745. 37 

.5 

12 

4,220 

132. 32 

82.5 

214.82 

3.1 

2.0 

5.1 

4, 005. 18 

.6 

13 

3,839 

258.42 

91.4 

349. 82 

6.7 

2.4 

9.1 

3,489.18 

.5 

Total     

49,  .508    1,693.60 

1,093.8   2,787.40 

3.4 

2.2 

5.6 

46, 720. 60 

6.0 

Average 

4,126  j     141.13 

91.2       232.33 

3,  S93. 67 

Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mav  14 

3,401 

(«) 

85.2 

85.20 

2.5 

2.5 

3,315.80 

0.6 
.6 

1.5 

4,046 

173.47 

82. 5 

2.55. 97 

4.3 

2.0 

6.3 

3, 790. 03 

lii 

3, 865 

232.89 

92.7 

325.69 

6.0 

2.4 

8.4 

3, 539. 41 

.5 

17 

3, 2.50 

(«) 

97.1 

97.10 

3.0 

3.0 

3, 1.52. 90 

.5 

18 

3,726 

61.50 

93.7 

155. 20 

.      1.7 

2.5 

4.2 

3, 570. 80 

.5 

19 

3,339 

(a) 

85.5 

85. 50 

2.6 

2.6 

3, 253.  50 

.5 

20 

3,321 

228.26 

88.7 

316.96 

0.9 

2.7 

9.5 

3,004.04 

.5 

21 

3, 952 

(a) 

93.9 

93.90 

2.4 

2.4 

3, 868. 10 

22 

3,581 

2.53. 86 

77.8 

331.66 

7.1 

2.2 

9.3 

3,249.34 

.5 

23 

3  407 

2.58. 02 

86.5 

344.52 

7.6 

2.5 

10.1 

3, 062. 48 

24 

25 

3, 679 

99.66 

94.1 

(80  8) 

193. 76 

2.7 

1 

2.6 

(2.1) 

5.3 

3, 486. 24 

.6 
.5 

Total       1 

39,507  :i,307.66 

2,285.36 

3.3 

'(2.'4)' 

5.8 

37,281.6-1 

6.0' 

Average ■', 

3  1597  1     11«  OS 

j     207.76 

C.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

3, 389. 24 

(3,624 

1          ' 

"  (88.2) 

1 

1 



Bubperiofls  1  and  2: 
Total -f 

89  075  '5I'  001  9fi 

5,072.76 

1 

3.4 

■(2."3)" 

5.7 

84,002.24 

12.0 

(92,999 

(2,152.3) 

Average -j 

"  T«i  Aa 

220. 55 

1 

3,652.45 

(3,875) 

"■(89.7) 

Third  subpcrio'l: 
1903— May  2fi 

27 

1 

3,379 
I        1,791 

70.14 

(«) 

93.0 
82.3 

1     163.14 
82.  30 

2.1 

2.8 
4.6 

4.8 
4.6 

3,215.86 
1,708.70 

0.5 
.0 

28 

2, 9:11 

J«) 

86.9 

,      86. 90 

3.0 

3.0 

2,844.10 

.6 

29 

3,254 

261.48- 

78.2 

1     339.68 

8.0 

2.4 

10.4 

2,914.32 

.5 

3f)      .   . 

3,212 

184.48 

97.8 

282.  28 

.5.8 

3.0 

8.8 

2, 929. 72 

31 

3,176       191.82 

9:5. 9 

285. 72 

6.0 

3.0 

9.0 

2, 890. 28 

.6 

2, 789         69. 62 

83.7 

1.53.32 

2.5 

3.0 

5.5 

2, 635. 08 

.5 

2 

;        3,086       169.67 

91.5 

261.17 

5.5 

3.0 

8.5 

2,824.83 

3 

2,9<J7       205.66 

94. 8       3(X).  46 

6.9 

3.2 

10.1 

2, 666. 54 

.6 

4 

3,353         76.19 

91.9       171.09 

2.3 

2.8 

5.1 

3,181.91 

5 

1        2  623  ;       '"^ 

88.6         88.60 

3.4 

8.4 

1    2,534.40 

6 

3,418 

35.979 
2,998 

1    256.01 

106.0       861.01 

7.5 

3.1 
8.0 

10.6 

8,  a56. 99 

1          ••' 

Total 

Average 

1,484.07 
128.67 

1,091.6  2,575.67 
91.0  ,     214.64 

4.1 

7.2 

33, 403. 33 
2,783.36 

5.5 

'I  No  iiiovcini'iit. 


416 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXII. —  Calories  balances  for  Series  Y — Continued. 
I^o.  5 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

» 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

•Subperiods  1,2,  and  3 : 
Total 1 

Average I 

Calories. 

125, 054 

(128, 978) 

3,573 

(3,583) 

Calories. 
4,485.33 

Calories. 
(3,'243.'9) 

Calories. 
7,648.43 

"'2i8."55' 

Per  ct. 
3.6 

Per  ct. 

"(2."5)' 

Per  ct. 
6.1 

Calories. 
117,405.57 

Grams. 
17.5 

128.15 

3,354.47 

(90.1) 

J'ourth  subperiod: 
1903— June  7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

3,330 
3,268 
3,411 
3,439 
3,381 
3,493 
3,220 
2,925 
3,076 
3,172 
3,474 
3,506 
3,657 
3,084 

(a) 

(a) 
300.27 

(a) 

240. 19 

98.42 

342. 03 

(a) 

156. 09 
108.28 
254. 62 

210. 10 
(a) 

292. 99 

74.6 
76.2 
91.2 
95.6 
92.9 
94.8 
97.2 
79.6 
94.1 
91.1 
91.2 
92.1 
86.5 
90.9 

74.60 

76.20 
391.47 

95.60 
333. 09 
193. 22 
439.23 

79.60 

249. 19 
199.  38 
345. 82 

302. 20 
86.50 

383. 89 

'"s'.h" 
'"i'.i" 

2.8 
10.6 

'"h'.b" 

3.4 

7.3 
6.0 

'"g.'s" 

2.2 
2.3 

2.7 
2.8 
2.8 
2.7 
3.0 
2.7 
3.1 
2.9 
2.6 
2.6 
2.4 
2.9 

2.2 
2.3 

11.5 
2.8 
9.9 
5.6 

13.6 
2.7 
8.1 
6.3 

10.0 
8.6 
2.4 

12.4 

3,255.40 
3, 191. 80 
3, 019. 53 
'3,343.40 
3,047.91 
3, 299. 78 
2, 780. 77 
2,845.40 
2,826.81 
2, 972. 62 
3, 128. 18 
3, 203. 80 
3, 570. 50 
2,700.11 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 

Total 

46, 436 
3,317 

2, 001. 99 
143. 00 

1, 248. 0 
89.1 

3, 249. 99 
232. J  4 

4.3 

2.7 

7.0 

43, 186. 01 
3, 084. 86 

7.0 

Average 

JIntire  preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

Average A 

171, 490 

(175,  414) 

3,500 

(3, 509) 

6,487.32 

10,898.42 

3.8 

■(il)' 

6.4 

160,591.50 

24  5 

(4, 491. 9) 

132.39 

222.42 

3, 277. 58 

(89.8) 

After  period. 

1903— June  21 

22 -. 

23.. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

.    3,247 
3,338 
3,491 
3,652 
3,721 
3,419 
3,460 
3,201 
3,011 

(a) 
185.27 

74.66 
199. 00 
275. 42 
195. 66 
140. 83 
226.05 

74.88 

88.1 
77.9 
88.1 
86.2 
95.2 
80.4 
83.4 
87.2 
89.1 

88.10 
263. 17 
162.  76 
285.20 
370. 62 
276. 06 
224. 23 
313.  25 
163. 98 

"""5."6"' 
2.1 
5.4 
7.4 
5.7 
4.1 
7.1 
2.4 

2.7 
2.3 
2.5 
2.4 
2.6 
2.4 
2.4 
2.7 
3.0 

2.7 
7.9 
4.7 
7.8 
10.0 
8.1 
6.5 
9.8 
5.4 

3,158.90 
3,074.83 
3, 328. 24 
3, 366. 80 
3, 350. 38 
3, 142. 94 
3,235.77 
2,887.75 
2, 847. 02 

Total 

30,540 
3,393 

1,371.77 
152.42 

775.6 
86.2 

2, 147. 37 
238. 60 

4.6 

2.5 

7.0 

28,392.63 
3,154.40 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AT^D    BORAX. 


417 


Table  LXXXII. — Calories  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 
T«3"o.  G. 


1 

2        1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

In  feces 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

In  feces 

Borax 

Period  and  date. 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

In 
urine. 

and 
urine. 

and    1 
urine. 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

ad- 
minis- 

(2+3) 

(4-1) 

tered. 

Fore  period. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Calories. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Calories. 

Grams. 

1903— Apr.  24 ' 

2b 

(3,319) 
3,42ii 

Lost 

(46.0) 
60.3 

(1.4) 
1.8 

126.09 

186. 39 

3.7 

5.4 

3,238.61 

26 

2,847 

139. 65 

65.1 

204. 75 

4.9 

2.3 

7.2 

2, 642. 25 

97 

2,966 
2,863 

98.60 
147. 61 

63.6 
66.3 

162.20 
213. 91 

3.3 
5.2 

2.1 
2.3 

5.5 
7.5 

2,803.80 
2, 649. 09 

28 

29 

3,610 

126.95 

68.8 

195. 75 

3.5 

1.9 

,5.4 

3,414.25 

30 

2, 732 

205.55 

69.3 

374.  a5 

7.5 

2.5 

10.1 

2, 457. 15 

May   1 

2, 802 

(") 

6.5.0 

6.5.00 

2.3 

2.3 

2,737.00 

r^               ,                                             ( 

21,24.5 

844.45 

1,302.85 

4.0 

6.1 

19,942.15 

Total 

(•'4  564) 

(504.4) 

(2.1) 

3,03.=> 
(3,070) 

120.  (A 

186. 12 



2, 848. 88 

Average 

(68.0) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  2 

2,712 

154.33 

67.9  . 

222. 23 

6.6 

2.4 

8.0 

2,549.77 

0.5 

3 

3,722 

154.84 

67.8 

222.64 

4.2 

1.8 

6.0 

3, 499. 36 

.5 

4 

2, 4.=S0 

118.05 

63.6 

181.65 

4.8 

2.6 

7.4 

2, 268. 35 

.0 

.5 

3,281 

85.20 

59.0 

144. 20 

2.6 

1.8 

4.4 

3, 136. 80 

.0 

6 

3,29.T 

133.92 

63.6 

197. 52 

4.1 

1.9 

6.0 

3,097.48 

.a 

7 

2,993 

225. 34 

63.3 

288.64 

7.5 

2.1 

9.6 

2, 704.  36 

.5 

8    

3,  .502 

C) 

61.8 

61.80 

1.8 

1.8 

3,440.20 

.0 

9 

3,22.5 

232. 27 

70.2 

302.47 

7.2 

2.2 

9.4 

2, 922.  53 

.0 

10 

2,714 

170. 18 

65.5 

235. 68 

6.3 

2.4 

8.7 

2, 47H.  32 

.0 

11 

2,861 

43.78 

66.9 

110. 68 

1.5 

2.3 

3.9 

2, 750.  32 

.5 

12 

2, 628 

82.06 

64.0 

146. 06 

3.1 

2.4 

5.6 

2, 481. 94 

.5 

13 

2, 762 

140.  71 

68.0 

208. 71 

5.1 

2.5 

7.6 

2,553.29 

.5 

Total 

36,205 

1,. 540. 68 

7S1. 6 

2, 322. 28 

4.3 

2.2 

6.4 

33,882.72 

5.0 

Average 

3,017 

128.39 

65.13 

193.52 

2, 823. 48 

Second  subperiod : 

, 

1903— May  14 

2,807 

102.83 

61.5 

1     164. 33 

3.7 

2.2 

5.9 

2, 642. 67 

0.5 

1.0 

2,9.50 

191.39 

60.8 

252.19 

6.5 

2.1 

8.5 

2, 697. 81 

.5 

16 

2.:m 

105.99 

68.0 

173.99 

4.1 

2.6 

6.8 

2,394.01 

.0 

17 

•2. 627 

47.04 

76.9 

123. 94 

•    1.8 

2.9 

4.7 

2, 503. 06 

.5 

18 

3,043 

134.30 

64.5 

198.80 

4.4 

2.1 

6.5 

2,844.20 

.6 

19 

2,692 

157.25 

67.3 

224. 55 

5.8 

2.5 

8.3 

2, 467. 45 

.5 

20 

2, 6.57 

130.29 

64.7 

1     194.99 

4.9 

2.4 

7.3 

2,462.01 

.5 

21 

2,  H65 

166. 02 

71.1 

1     237.12 

5.8 

2.5 

8.3 

2, 627. 88 

.5 

22 

3, 1.58 

109.  42 

73.8 

1     183.22 

3.5 

2.3 

.5.8 

2,974.78 

.5 

23 

2, 4.57 

120.46 

73.3 

193.  76 

4.9 

3.0^ 

7.9 

2, 263. 24 

.5 

M 

3,201 

175. 25 

70.0 

245. 25 

.5.5 

2.2 

7.7 

2,9.55.75 

.5 

25 

2,641 

89. 82 

68.3 

158.12 

3.4 

2.6 

6.0 

2,482.88 

.5 

Total 

:J3, 666 

1,. 5.30. 06 

820. 2 

2, 3.50. 26 

1        4.5 

2.4 

7.0 

31,31.5.74 

6.0 

Average 

2,K06 

127.  .50 

(W.4 

195.86 

2,610.14 

feiibi>eriodH  1  and  2: 

1 

Total 

69,871 

3,070.74 

1,601.80 

i4,672..'>4 

4.4 

2.3 

6.7 

65, 198.  46 

11.0 

Average 

2,911 

127.95 

66.74 

1     194.69 

2, 716. 31 

Third  KUbperujd: 

1 

19<»-May26 

1,984 

76.84 

70.8 

147.  a 

3.9 

3.6 

7.4 

1,836.36 

0.5 

27 

2,  532 

(«) 

•17.0 

1      67.00 

2.6 

2.6 

2, 4^5. 00 

.5 

28 

2,720 

239.04 

73.3 

312.34 

«.? 

2.7 

11.5 

2,407.66 

.5 

29 

2,905 

251.41 

64. 6 

316.01 

8.7 

1      2.2 

10.9 

2, 588. 99 

.5 

30 

2,311 

50.42 

83.7 

1.34. 12 

2.2 

3.6 

5.8 

2,176.88 

.6 

31 

I        2,617 

97.28 

60.1 

1.57.  :i8 

3.7 

2.3 

6.0 

2, 4.59. 62 

.5 

June  1  

2,080 

162.81 

71.7 

234.  .51 

7.8 

3.4 

11.3 

1,84.5.49 

.5 

2 

2,  7W 

163. 72 

7.5.3 

239. 02 

.5.9 

2.7 

8.7 

2,  .520. 98 

.5 

3 

2,  Wis 

i:«.37 

6.5. 4 

198. 77 

4.7 

2.3 

6.9 

2, 664. 23 

.5 

4 

3.083 

82. 24 

73.0 

:     155. 24 

2.7 

2.4 

5.0 

2,927.76 

.5 

5 

2,  .573 

131.04 

70.3 

.    201.34 

Z.l 

2.7 

7.8 

2,371.66 

.5 

6 

2,.5H5 

71.92 

69.3 

1     141.22 

2.8 

2.7 

6.5 

2,443.78 

.5 

Total 

1      31,013 

1.4«!«.09 

M44.  M 

2.;W4..59 

4.7 

2.7 

7.4 

28,708.41 

6.0 

Averax'* 

'        2..5K4 

1 - 

121.67 

70. 38 

1    192.  a5 

2,391.95 



4242— No.  84,  pt  1—04 27 


418 


IKFLUElSrCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXII. — Caldries  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
ISTo.  6 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
tirine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4+1)- 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period — 
Continued. 

Subperiodsl,  2,  and  3: 
Total 

Calories. 

100,884 

2,802 

Calories. 
4,  .530.  83 

Calories. 

Calories. 

6, 977. 13 

193. 81 

Per  at. 

4.5 

Perct. 
2.4 

Per  ct. 
6.9 

Calories. 
93, 906. 87 
2, 608. 19 

drams. 
17  0 

Average 

125.86  i      67.95 

Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June  7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

2,994 
2,739 
2,689 
2,921 
2,978 
2,666 
2,330 
2,613 
2,  .565 
2,  .580 
2,881 
2,929 
2,274 
(2, 415) 

158. 19 
157.85 
162.81 

56.44 
103. 13 
139. 23 
107. 12 
202. 93 
132. 47 
138.90 

(°) 
253.68 

(«) 

Lost. 

69.3 
62.1 
71.2 
73.6 
63.7 
73.7 
70.1 
70.7 
72.6 
69.9 
62.4 
71.5 
53.4 
f  14,5. 6^ 

227.49 
219. 95 
234.  01 
130.  04 
166. 83 
212.  93 
177.22 
273. 63 
205. 07 
208. 80 

62.40 
325. 18 

53.40 

.5.3 
.5.8 
6.1 
1.9 
3.5 
5.2 
4  6 
7.8 
5.2 
5.4 

""s.i 

2.3 
2.3 
2.6 
2.5 
2.1 
2.8 
3.0 
2.7 
2.8 

■  2.7 
2.2 
2.4 
2.3 

(6.0) 

7.6 
8.0 
8.7 
4.5 
6.6 
8.0 
7.6 

10.5 
8.0 
8.1 
2.2 

11.1 
2.3 

2,766.51 
2, 519. 05 
2.454.99 
2,790.96 
2,811.17 
2,4.53.07 
2,152.78 
2, 339. 37 
2,359.93 
2, 371. 20 
2, 818. 60 
2,603.82 
2, 220. 60 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 

35.159 

1, 612. 75 

2,493.95 

4.6 

'"(2.'7) 

7.1  j  32,662.05 

2  5 

Total {     (37;  574) 

(1,029.8) 

Average {1      ^|™^^ 

124.06 

192. 07 

2, 512. 93 

(73.6) 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

1 

136.043      6. 143.  .58 

9, 474. 08          4. 5 

"(2."5) 

7.0 

126, 568. 92 

19  5 

Total {    (138;  458) 

^^^^^^S^ {       ^1:769^ 

(3,476.1) 

125. 38 

193.35 

2, 582. 65 

(69.5) 



After  period. 

1903— June  21 

22 
23.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

21 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

Total 

Average 

■ 

1 

2,642 
2,713 
2,775 
2,  780 
2, 953 
2,768 
2, 753 
3,200 
2,808 

127. 45 
246. 84 
172. 19 
266. 78 

(«) 

57. 77 
334.  49 
117.  03 

(«) 

145.  6 
71.7 
72.6 
65.9 
76.2 
59.1 
69.0 
67.8 
59.5 

273.05 
318. 54 
244.  79 
332. 68 

76. 20 
116.  87 
403. 49 
184. 83 

59. 50 

4.8 
9.1 
6.2 
9.6 

""y.i' 

12.2 
3.7 

5.5 
2.6 
2.6 
2.4 
2.6 
2.1 

If 

2.1 

10.3 

11.7 
8.8 

12.0 
2.6 
4.2 

14.7 
5.8 
2.1 

2,368.95 
2,394.46 
2,530.21 
2,447.32 
2,876.80 
2,651.13 
2, 349. 51 
3,015.17 
2,748.50 

....... 



2.5,392  ;  1,322.55 
2,821  ;       146.95 

687. 4     2, 009. 95 
76.38       223.  .S3 

•^.2         2.7           7.9 

23, 382. 05 
2,  .597. 67 

1              1 

"  Ko  movemeii  c. 

Table  LXXXIII. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  V. 

Three  inen. 


Period. 


In  food.      In  feces. 


In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 


In 

feces. 
(2-1) 


6 

7 

In 

In 

feces 

urine. 

and 

(3+1) 

urine. 

j  (4-1) 

Balance. 

(1-4) 


Fore  jxriod. 

No.l 

No.3 

No.5 

Total 

Average . . 


Calories. 
24,303 
18,844 
30,889 


Calories. 
830.57 
817. 05 
986.54 


Calories. 
665. 2 
'  525. 5 
839.2 


Calories. 
1, 495.  77 
1,342.55 
1,825.74 


74,036 
3, 365 


2. 634. 16 
119. 73 


2,029.9 
92,3 


4,664.06 
212.  CO 


3.4 

4.3 
3.2 


Per  et. 
2.7 
2.8 
2.7 


Perct. 
6.2 
7.1 
5.9 


3.6 


2.7 


6.3 


Calories. 
22, 807. 23 
17, 501. 45 
29, 063. 26 


69, 371.  94 
3, 153.  00 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


419 


Table  LXXXIII. — '^Kinmanj  of  calories  balances  for  Series  ^' — Continued. 
Three  naen.— Continued. 


Period. 


In  feces.    In  urine. 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 


In 
feces. 
(2+1) 


6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 


In 
feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 


8 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


9 

Preser- 
vative 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Pregervative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.l 


No.  3. 
No.  5. 


Calories.  Calories.   .  Calories.    Calories.  \Perct.Perct. 

43,434  1,716.64  I     1,132.8  I  2,849.44       4.0         2.6 

33,631    1        770.1  I  2,038.38    !      2.3 

[36,319]     [1.388.1611 '   [3.8] 

49,.'i08  1,693.60  |     1,093.8     2,787.40       3.4 


Perct. 
6.6 
6.1 


2.2 


Total 


Average < 


f       126,  .'>73  ' '    2,996.7     7,675.22    

\      [129,261]     [4,798.40] [3.7] 

3,616  ! I  85.6  :      219.29    


2.4 


Calories. 
40, 584. 56 
31,592.62 


46, 720. 60 


Grams. 
6.0 

I      6.0 

6.0 


[3, 591] 


Second  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.  3 


No.o ■! 

ToUil I 

Average i 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total  . . 


40,688 
3.5,027 
39, 567 


[133. 29] 


118,897.78 
""3,'396."7i' 


1,538.24 
1,437.81 
1,307.66 


1,139.8  '  2,678.04 
900.7     2,338.51 
2, 285. 36 


3.8 
4.1 
3.3 


2.8 
2.6 


(43,491)' I   (1,058.5) 


(2.4) 


6.6  38,009.96 

6.7  i  32,688.49 

5.8  i  37,281.64 


ll.i,282  I    4,283.71    7,301.91 

(119,206) (3,099.0) 

3,294  122.39    208.63 

(3.311) j         (86.1) 


(2.6) 


6.3   107,980.09 


1     ['■' 


Average . 


241,855    ' 14,977.13    

245,779) I  (6,095.7) 1 

[244,.>43]i   [9,082.11] [3.7] 

3.455    1 213.96    

(3,462)1 (85.9) 

[3,444]         [127.92] 


(2.5) 


6.2   226,877.87 
".'.'.!'.  "3,' 24i.' 04 


Third  subperiod: 
No.l 


No.  3. 
No.  5. 


Total j 

Average i 

.Subi>eriodsl,2,and  3: 
Total  . . 


36,379       1,590.02    2,678.22       4.4  I 

(:39,656) (1,179.0) j     (3.0) 

31,920  I     1,362.21    2,199.61       4.3  '     .. 

(34.8)2) 921.6    ' (2.6) 

3.1,979  I     1,484.07       1,001.6     2.575.67       4.1         3.0 


7.4  '  33,700.78 
'6.'9'j'29,'726.'39 
'7.2'  '33,'463.'33 


104,278  I     4,436.30    

(110,477) (3,192.2) 

3,0(57  I         130.48    1 

(3,069) I        (88.7) 


7, 4.')o.  50 
'■2i9.'22 


4.3 


(2.9) 


7. 1  I  9(i,  824. 50 
'.'.'.!!|    2,'847.'78 


.\verage 


346,133 
{I     (3.56,256 

I       [:i4«,82l] '[13,518.41] 
3,  328 


Fourth  .subperiod: 

No.  1 

No.  3 

No.  5 


(3,329) 
[3,322] 


47,975 
42,484 
46, 436 


[128.  75] 


6.0 
6.0 

6.0 

18.0 


36.0 


6.0 

6.0 
5.5 


17.5 


'22, 430. 63    ' . . . . 

(9,287.9)1 I     (2.6) 

j   [3.9]  .... 

21.5.68    1.... 

(86.8) ;.... 


6.5   323,702.37         53.5 


2, 322.  .')6 
1,874.93 
2,001.99 


1.330.0  3,652.56 

1.051.1  2,926.03 
1,248.0     :i,249.99 


4.8 
4.4 
4.3 


2.8 
2.5 
2.7 


Total 

A  verage  . . . 

e 

•1 
■1 

•1 

1:56,S95 
3, 2.')9 

6, 199.4H 
147. 61 

3,629.1      9,S2S..58 
86.4  1      -Z^Ol 

4.5 

2.7 

7.2 

127,06C>.42 
3,024.99 

21.0 

p:ntirepreHervati\ 
perifxl : 

4Ki,(nH 

(493,1.511 

[48.5,716] 

3. 308 

(3,310) 

[3,:«>4j 

32,2.59.21 

6.7 

450,768.79 

74.5 

Total 

(12,917.0) 

(2.6) 

[19,717.89] 

[4.11 

■■■::::;;::i:: 

220.95 

3,087.05 

Average... 

■■■■[i34.i4j 

(80.7) 

1 

:::::::  :::::::i:::::::::::i::::::. 

1 

AfUr  jieriotl. 

27,023 
(30,321) 
29,  (Wl 
30.540 

l,<il«.07 

2,875,07 

6.0 

"(2."  8) 
2.4 
2.5 

8.8 

24,647.33 

No.  1 

(852.9) 
710.3 
775. 6 

No.  3 

No.  5 

1,522.00 
1,371.77 

2, 2:52. 30 
2.147.87 

5.1 
4.5 

7.5 
7.0 

27,458.70 
28,392.63 

■{ 

87.251 

(90,5.W) 

3,856 

(3,354) 

4,511.84 

6,755.34 

5.2 

■■(2.'6) 

7.7 

80,498.66 

Total 

(2,338.8) 

173. 53 

2.59.82 

3,096.18 

Average  ... 

(86.6) 

1 

420 


INFLUENCE    OP    FOOD    PEESEHVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXIII. — Summary  of  calories  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 

IFive  inen.. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1  -4) 

9 

Preser- 
vative 

ad- 
minis 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.  1 

Calories. 
24,  303 
23, 384 
(26,533) 
18, 844 
30, 889 
21,245 
(24,564) 

Calories. 
830.  57 
642.  32 

Calories. 
665.2 

Calories. 
1, 496.  77 
1,217.32 

Perct. 
3.4 

2.7 

Per  ct. 
2.7 

■(2."5r 
2.8 
2.7 

■(•i.'i)' 

Per  ct. 
6.2 
5.2 

Calories. 
22, 807. 23 
22, 166. 68 

Ghxims, 

No.2 1 

(659. 2) 
525.5 
839.2 

No.  3 

817. 05 
986. 54 
844. 45 

1, 342. 55 
1,825.74 
1, 302. 85 

4.3 
3.2 
4.0 

7.1 
5.9 
6.1 

17, 501.  46 
29, 063. 26 
19, 942. 15 

No  5 

■NT        U                                                 ( 

(504.4) 

Total 1 

118, 665 

(125,133) 

3,296 

(3,293) 

4, 120. 93 

7, 184. 23 

3.5 

'[■2.  6)' 

6.1 

111,480.77 

(3,193.5) 

Average < 

114.47 

199. 56 

3,096.44 

(84.0) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.l 

43, 434 
40,637 
33, 631 
[36, 319] 
49,508 
36, 205 

1,716.64 
1,313.78 

1,132.8 
961.2 
770.1 

2,849.44 
2, 274.  98 
2,038.38 

4.0 

3.2 

■'If 

4.3 

2.6 
2.4 
2.3 

6.6 
6.6 
6.1 

40, 584. 56 
38, 362. 02 
31,592.62 

6  0 

No.2 

6  0 

1      6.0 
6  0 

NQ.3 { 

[1,388.16] 
1, 693. 60 
1,540.68 

No.  6 

1,093.8 
781.6 

2, 787. 40 
2, 322. 28 

2.2 
2.2 

6.6 
6.4 

46, 720. 60 
33, 882. 72 

No.  6                .     . 

5  0 

Total 1 

203,415 

[206, 103] 

3,448 

[3,435] 

4,739.6 

12, 272. 48 

"[3."7i' 

2.3 

6.0 

191, 142. 52 

29  0 

[7, 652. 86] 

Average | 

80.3 

208. 01 

3, 239. 99 

[127. 65] 

' 

Second  subperiod: 
No.l 

40,  688 
36,  656 
35, 027 
39, 567 
(43,491) 
33;  666 

1,538.24 
1,206.42 
1,437.81 
1,307.66 

1,139.8 
907.3 
900.7 

2, 678. 04 
2,113.72 
2, 338. 61 
2,286.36 

3.8 
3.3 
4.1 
3.3 

2.8 
2.5 
2.6 

■(or 

6.6 

5.8 
6.7 
5.8 

38,009.96 
34, 542. 28 
32, 688. 49 
37, 281. 64 

6  0 

No.2            

6  0 

No. 3 

6  0 

AT         ^                                              f 

}      6.0 
6.0 

(1,068.5) 
820.2 

No.6 

1, 530. 06 

2, 360. 26 

4  5 

7.0 

31,315.74 

Total 1 

185, 604 

(189,628) 

3,146 

(3,159) 

7, 020. 19 

11,765.89 

3.8 

"(2.'5r 

6.3 

173,838.11 

30.0 

(4,  826. 5) 

Average < 

118. 99 

199. 42 

2, 946. 58 

(80.4) 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
( 

389, 019 

(392, 943} 

[391, 707] 

3, 297 

(3, 302) 

[3,292] 

24.038.37 

6.2 

364  980  63         69.0 

Total i 

(9,666.0) 

(2.4) 

[14, 673. 05] 

[3.7] 

\ 

1 

203. 72 

3,093  28  1 

Average < 

(80.4; 

[123. 30] 

■■■ !                 1 

■   "■ 

1            ■■  ■ 

Third  subperiod; 
No.l 1 

36,  379 
(39,656) 
29, 847 
31,920 
(34,842) 
35, 979 
31,013 

1,590.02 

2, 678. 22 

4.4 

■(3.'6)" 
2.8 

■(2. 6)' 
3.0 
2.7 

7.4 

33, 700. 78 

1      6.0 
6  0 

(1,179.0) 
836.7 

No.2 

1,203.02 
1,362.21 

2, 039. 72 
2, 199. 61 

4.0 
4.3 

6.8 
6.9 

27,807.28 
29, 720. 39 

No.3 j 

\      6.0 

5  5 

(921.6) 
1,091.6 

Mi  F, 

No.  5  .... 

1,484.07 
1  460  09 

2, 675. 67 
2, 304. 59 

4.1 

4.7 

7.2 
7.4 

33, 403. 33 

28,708.41 

No.6 

6  0 

Total 1 

165, 138 

(171,337) 

2,847 

(2, 856) 

7,099.41 

11, 797. 81 

4.3 

■(2."8)" 

7.1 

153, 340. 19 

29.6 

(4,873.4) 

Average I 

122. 40 

203.41 

2, 643. 59 

(81.2) 

Subperiods  l,2,and  3: 
1 

554, 157 

(564,280) 

[556, 845] 

3,149 

(3, 152) 

[3, 146] 

35,836.18 

6.5 

518, 320. 82 

88.5 

Total i 

(14,439.4) 

(2.6) 

[21,772.46] 

[3.9] 

f 

203. 61 

2,946.39 

Average i 

(80.7) 

1 

[123. 01] 

.     .   1 

! 

1 

BCRIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


421 


Table  LXXXIII. — S'lmmanj  of  calories  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 

Six  Mien. 


9 

Preser- 

Balance.  i  ^'^"^'^ 

(1-4)  ^r'. 

^        '      I  minis- 

;  tered. 


422  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PEESEEVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 

Table  LXXXIV. — General  summary  of  calories  balances. 


Period  and  series. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 
In 
feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

Fore  period. 

Calories. 
51, 235 
101,483 
n  04  094'! 

Calories. 
2, 231.  6 

Calories. 
1, 152. 5 

Calories. 
3, 384. 1 
7,161.16 

Per  ct. 
4.4 

Per  ct. 
2.2 

Per  ct. 
6.6 
7.1 

Calories. 
47, 850. 9 

f 

94, 321. 84 

III                      \ 

(2,942.6) 

(2.8) 

\        ri04. 3291 

[4,  395. 24] 
2, 693. 09 
2, 634. 16 

[4.2] 
3.2 
3.6 

IV     

83,888 
74,036 

2, 050.  5 
2, 029. 9 

4, 743. 59 
4, 664. 06 

2.5 
2.7 

5.7 
6.3 

79, 144. 41 

V 

69, 371. 94 

f 

259, 407 

(262,018) 

[262, 253] 

3,326 

(3,317) 

[3, 320] 

16, 568. 81 

6.4 

242,838.19 

Total \ 

(7,023.0) 

.    (2.7) 

[9,722.49] 

[3.7] 

1 

212. 42 

3,113.58 

(88.9) 

[123. 07] 

Preservative  period: 
Series  II « | 

80,019 
(88, 149) 
134, 015 
(136,996) 
195,824 
483, 028 
(493,151) 
[485, 716] 

3,916.5 

5, 696.  7 

4.9 

■■■(2.'2) 

""{2.8) 
2.4 

7.1 

74,322  3 

(1,966.3) 

m { 

5, 665. 26 

9, 437. 85 

4.2 

7.0 

124,577.15 

(3,839.4) 
4.  .573.  3 

IV 

7, 507. 49 

12, 080. 79 
32,2.59.21 

3.8 

6.2 
6.7 

183, 743. 21 

( 

450, 768. 79 

V \ 

(12,917.0) 

(2.6) 

■  1 

[19,717.89] 

[4.1] 



( 

812,867 

(825,971) 

[815,555] 

3,291 

(3,291) 

[3,289] 

53, 777. 85 

6.6 

759,089.15 

Total i 

1^21.329.7^ 

(2.6) 

[32,890.63] 

^ 

[4.0] 

f 

.        . 

217. 72 

3,073  28 

Average < 

1          i84.98^ 

[132.62] 

After  period: 

j 

f 

79, 018 
(86,089) 
[81,606] 
71,601 
87, 254 
(90,5.52) 

j 

5,371.04 

6.8 

73,646.  96 

III ] 

M:^:«.  1^ 

(2.7) 

1 

[3, 318. 12] 
2, 659. 55 
4, 511. 84 

^ 

[4.1] 
3.7 
5.2 

IV 

1,807.8 

4,467.35 
6,755.34 

2.5 

■■■(■i'ej 

6.2 
7.  7 

67, 133.  65 

V { 

80, 498. 66 

(2, 338. 8) 

( 

237, 873 

(248,242) 

[240, 461] 

3, 172 

(3,142) 

[3, 164] 

16,593.73 

7.0 

221,279.27 

Total i 

(6,480.7) 

(2.6) 

[10,489.51] 

[4.4] 

1 

221.25 

2, 950. 75 

A  verasre < 

(82.03) 

1 

[138. 02] 

i 

a  Series  II  not  included  in  total;  all  members  ill  in  after  period. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX, 


423 


SOLIDS  TABLES. 

Table  LXXXV. — Solids  balances  /or  Series  I. 
No.  1. 


Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  2*2 

23 

24 

25 

26 


602.8 

29.6 

664.5 

21.3 

655.5 

27.7 

689. 5 

26,  N 

710.0 

21.;! 

Total 3, 322. 3 

Average 6G4.5 


Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27.... 

28.... 

29.... 

30.... 


709.5 
731.5 

666.5 
(698.5) 


126.1 
25.; 


42.6 

30.  C 

26.1 

Lost. 


69. 820 
59. 723 
71.564 
67. 970 
59. 082 


99.420 
81.023 
99. 264 
94. 770 
80.382 


328. 159 
65. 632 


454.  a59 
90. 972 


4.9 
3.2 
4.2 
3.9 
3.0 


11.6 
9.0 

10.9 
9.9 
8.3 


16.5 
12.2 
15.1 
13.7 
11.3 


9.9 


13.7 


74.991 
59.688 
64. 8.50 
(64.100) 


117.591 
90.288 
90.950 


6.0       10.6 

4.2         8.2 

3.9         9.7 


16.6 
12.3 
13.6 


Total 


Average . 


/  2,107.5 

•|  (2,806.0)! 

]  702.5  1 

■\  (701.5) 


99.3 


33.1 


(263.629) 


298. 829 

"'M.'eio' 


(9.4) 


(65. 107) 


503. 380 
583. 477 
5.56. 236 
594. 730 
629. 618 


2,867.441 
573. 528 


591.909 
641.212 
575. 5.50 


1,808.671 


602.890 


Third  .subperiod: 
igfti— Dec.31... 
1903— Jan.    1... 

2... 

3... 


651.5 
661.5 
573. 0 

487.0 


27.5 
14.4 
28.7 
24.8 


55.190  82.690 

67.21«  81.618 

63.370  I  92.070 

69.  .564  94.364 


4.2  '      8.5 

2.2  10.2 

5.0  II. 1 

.5.1  14.3  I 


12.7 
12.3 
16.1 
19.4 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


,  373. 0 
.593. 2 


Kntire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average . . . 


7,802.8 

(8,  .501. 3) 

650.2 

(6.53.9) 


After  iieriod. 
1903— Jan.    4 


711.0 
679. 5 
671.5 
694.0 
672. 5 
(628. 0) 
611.0 
630.0 
628.0 
683.0 


95. 4 
23.8 


2.55. 342 
63. 836 


350. 742 
87.636 


4.0 


10.8 


14.8 


321.4 


26.8 


(847. 130) 
'(65.'i64) 


1,104.430 


92.036 


(10.0), 


29.6 
28.9 
42.1 
38.0 
46.5 
Lwt. 
21.9 
28.4 
33.8 
3:1.6 


Total                  /  *•**•*    • 

'  '"' I  («,fi08.5). 

I  664.5    . 

•I  (660.8)1. 


60.210 
64.982 
65.450 
61.028 
69. 468  I 
(62.670) 
70.380  ; 
.57,140  ! 
75.  WJ 
43. 275 


89. 810 
93. 882 

107.5.50 
99.028 

11.5.968 


4.2 
4.3 
6.3 
5.5 
6.9 


8.6 
9.6 
9.7 
8.8 
10.3 


12.6 
13.8 
16.0 
14.3 
17.2 


92.280 
85. 540 
109.484 
7li.  K75 


3.6  11.5 

4.5  9.1 

.5.4  12.1 

4.9  6.3 


870. 417 


Average , 


(♦530.287) 


5.1 


(63.029) 


96.669 


15.1 
13.6 
17.4 
11.3 


568.810 
579. 882 
480. 930 
392. 636 


2,022.2.58 
605. 564 


6, 698. 370 


658. 164 


621.190 
58.5. 618 
563. 950 
594. 972 
656.532 


518. 720 
544.4(>0 
618.  .516 
606.125 


(9.5) 


14.6  5,110.083 
'667.881' 


424 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXV. — Solids  balances  for  Series  I — Continued. 
No.  S. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

8 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2-^■3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(4-M) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1902— Dec.  16 

Grams. 
543.5 
595.6 
591.6 
591.2 
616.3 
675.8 

Grams. 
21.8 
27.4 
(a) 
40.7 
26.1 
23.4 

Grams. 
55.418 
55. 964 
70.  223 
72. 118 

|l28. 600 

Grams. 
77.218 
83.  364 
70. 223 

112. 818 

178.100 

Per  ct. 
4.0 
4.6 

""6.'9' 
8.8 

Per  ct. 

10.2 

9.4 

11.9 

12.2 

10.0 

Per  ct. 
14.2 
14.0 
11.9 
19.1 

13.8 

Grams. 
466. 282 
512. 236 
621. 377 
478. 382 

Grams. 

17 

18        

19 

20 

21 

1,114.000    

! 

Total     

3, 614. 0 
602.3 

139.4 
23.2 

382. 323 
63.  720 

521.  723 
86. 920 

3.9 

10.6 

14.4 

3,092.277 
615. 380 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

617.7 
636.5 
650.0 
590.0 
649.0 

42.4 
28.8 
26.8 
26.8 
28.8 

68.  610 
65.  608 
72.  525 
.57.  892 
58. 464 

111. 010 
94. 408 
99. 326 
84. 692 
87.  264 

6.9 
4.6 
4.1 
4.6 
4.4 

11.1 
10.3 
11.2 
9.8 
9.0 

18.0 
14.8 
15.3 
14.4 
13.4 

506.690 
642. 092 
5.50.  675 
505. 308 
561.  736 

Total 

3,143.2 
628.6 

153.6 

30.7 

— 

323. 099 
64.  620 



476. 699 
95. 320 

4.9 

10.3 

16.2 

2,666.501 
533. 280 

5 

Average 

Second  subperiod : 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

.29 

30 

612.0 
677.0 
638.0 
653.0 

32.8 
43.5 
29.7 
22.3 

61. 530 
56. 870 
59. 920 
65. 590 

94. 330 
100. 370 
89. 620 
87. 890 

6.4 
6.4 
4.7 
3.4 

10.1 
8.4 
9.4 

10.0 

16.4 
14.8 
14.0 
13.6 

517. 670 
676.630 
548.380 
566. 110 

2 
2 
-2 
2 

Total 

2,580.0 
645.0 

128.3 
32.1 

243.  910 
60. 978 

372.210 
93.078 

6.0 

9.6 

14.4 

2, 207. 790 
561. 922 

g 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— Jan.  1 

2 

3 

649.0 
659.0 
671.0 
531.0 

34.6 
34.8 
20.7 
35.5 

70.942 
50.  240 
69.  920 
50.442 

105.  542 
85. 040 
90. 620 

85. 942 

6.3 
5.3 
3.1 
6.7 

10.9 
7.6 

10.4 
9.6 

16.3 
12.9 
13.6 
16.2 

643. 468 
573. 960 
580.380 
445. 058 

3 
3 
3 
3 

Total          

2, 510. 0 
627.5 

125. 6 
31.4 

241.544 
60. 386 

367. 144 
91.  786 

5.0 

9.6 

14.6 

2, 142. 856 
536. 714 

12 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

8, 233. 2 
633.3 

407.5 
31.3 

808.553 
62.196 

1,216.053 
93.642 

4.9 

9.8 

14.6 

7, 017. 147 
639. 758 

25 

Average 

After  period. 
190»--Jan.  4 •.. 

520.0 
652.0 
570.0 
671.0 
604.0 
656.0 
6'93. 0 
737.6 
731.0 
775.0 

14.1 
27.5 
81.1 
18.5 
82.9 
26.3 
80.7 
60.9 
26.6 
31.6 

55.844 
52. 273 
64. 302 
65. 640 
58. 190 
61.232 
64. 943 
'61.405 
65. 833 
81.402 

69.944 
79. 773 
96. 402 
84. 140 
91. 090 
87.632 
96. 643 

112. 305 
82. 333 

113. 002 

2.7 
6.0 
5.5 
2.8 
5.4 
4.0 
4.4 
6.9 
3.6 
4.1 

10.7 
9.5 

11.3 
9.8 
9.6 
9.3 
9.4 
8.3 
7.6 

10.6 

13.4 
14.6 
16.7 
12.5 
15.1 
13.3 
13.8 
15.2 
11.3 
14.6 

460.056 
472.227 
474. 598 
586. 860 
612. 910 
568. 468 
697. 357 
625. 195 
648.  667 
661. 998 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Total 

6,509.5 
651.0 

290.1 
29.0 

621. 064 
62. 106 

911.164 
91. 106 

4.6 

9.6 

14.0 

6,698.336 
669. 884 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORTC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 

Table  LXXXV.— .S'o//f/,s  halancef^  for  Series  /—Continued. 
No.  3. 


425 


•■      1 

1 

Period  and  date.     '        ,    ., 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5           6           7 

In          In     ^VnT 
feces    urine     ^^j^, 

(2^1)     (o-i-)     (44-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1902— Dec.  16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Grams. 
671.8 
661.4 
674.1 
645. 7 
744.5 
622.  7 

Grains. 
23.6 
38..-> 
18.4 
11.9 
28. 2 
8.0 

Gram.t. 
55. 800 
43.465  t 
54. 182 
71. 308 

■115. 570 

Gram.'i. 
79. 400 
81.965 
72. 582 
83. 208 

151.770 

Per  ct. 
3.5 
5.8 
2.7 
1.1 

2.6 

Per  ct. 
8.3 
6.6 
8.0 
11.0 

8.5 

Per  ct. 
11.8 
12.4 
10.8 
12.9 

11.1 

Grams. 
592. 400 
,579.435 
601.518 
562. 592 

1,215.430 

Trams. 

Total 

Average 

4, 020. 2 
670.0 

128.6  I  340.325 
21.4  I    56.721 

468.925 
78. 154 

3.2 

8.5 

11.7 

3, 551. 375 
591.846 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperidd:          [ 

1902— Dec.  22 , 

23 

24 1 

•25 1 

26 1 

60.3.8 
689.0 
650.0 
607.0 
596.0 

1 

43.6 
23.3 
19.4 
10. 6 
24.0 

61.370 
46.814 
67. 940 
65. 508 
55. 791 

104.970 
70. 114 

87. 340 
76. 108 
79. 791 

7.2 
3.4 
3.0 
1.7 
4.0 

10.2 
6.8 
10.5 
10.8 
9.4 

17.4 
10.2 
13.4 
12.5 
13.4 

498. 830 
618. 886 
562. 660 
630. 892 
516.209 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average ; 

3, 145. 8 
629.2 

120. 9 
24. 2 

297.423  1  418.323 
.59.485  1     83.665 

3.8 

9.5 

13.3 

2,727.477 
546.535 

5.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

29 

30 

652. 0 
636.0 
639.0 
627.0 

27.5 
26.9 
24.4 
12.1 

52.170       V9.670 
54.544       81.444 
53. 136       77. 536 
53. 100       65. 200 

4.2 
4.2 
3.8 
1.9 

8.0 
8.6 
8.3 
8.5 

12.2 
12.8 
12.1 
10.4 

572. 330 
554. 556 
561.464 
661.800 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total    

2,554.0 
638.4 

90.9 

22. 7 

212.950     303.850 
53.238  '     7.5.962 

3.6 

8.3 

11.9 

2,250.150 
562. 438 

8.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

190:J— Jan.    1 

2 

3 

674.0 
536. 0 
391.0 
494.0 

41.2 
21.3 
12.8 
19.3 

61.870  ,  103.070 
72.622       93.922 
48.600  ,     61.400 
43.660  !     62.960 

6.1 
4.0 
3.3 
3.9 

9.2 
13.5 
12.4 

8.8 

15.3 
17.5 
15.7 
12.7 

670.930 
442. 078 
329. 600 
431. 040 

3.0 
7.0 
2.0 
2.5 

Total        

2, 095. 0 
523.8 

94.6 
23.6 

226.7.52     321.352 
.%.688  ;     80.338 

4.5 

10.8 

15.3  1  1,773.648 

14.5 

Average 



Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

7,794.8 
.599.6 

306.4 
23.6 

737. 125 
56. 302 

1,043.525 
80.302 

3.9 

9.5 

13.4 

6,751.275 
519. 298 

27.5 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.   4 

•     588.0 
548.0 
640.0 
668.0 
660.0 
613.0 
665.0 
722.0 
693. 0 
749. 0 

28.2 
9.7 
13.5 
37.7 
22.0 
19.8 
33. 3 
16.3 
26.1 
1            8.2 

44.805 
.51.744 
58. 800 
62. 564 

73.005 
61.444 
72. 300 
100. 2(;4 

4.8 
1.8 
2.1 
5.6 
3.3 
3.2 
5.0 
2.3 
3.8 
1.1 

7.0 
9.  1 
9.2 
9.4 
8.3 
9.5 
8.3 
8.1 
9.1 
8.4 

12.4 
11.2 
11.3 
15.0 
11.6 
12.8 
13.3 
10.4 
12.9 
9.5 

514. 996 
486. 556 
667. 700 
667. 736 
583. 220 
.534. 830 
576. 540 
647.226 
603. 778 
077.982 

0 

H 

.54.7X0  i     76.7M0 
58.370  i     7H.  170 
5.5.160       8H.460 
68.474       74.774 
63.122       89.222 
62.818       71.018 

9          

JO 

11 

12  

13 

Total 

AveraKC 

0,546.0          214.8     570.637     785.437 
654.6  1          21.5       57.064       78.544 

3.3 

8.7 

12.0 

5,760.563  i 

576.056    

426 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXV. — Solids  balances  for  Series  /^Continued. 
3sro.  4. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1902— Dec.  16 

Orams. 
607.5 
(642.1) 
586.4 
561.1 
586.2 
430.3 

Grams. 
16.4 
Lost. 
23.8 
23.9 
20.9 
34.6 

Grams. 
56. 828 

(60.532) 
61. 682 
60. 094 

}ll6. 425 

Grams. 
73. 228 

Per  ct. 
2.7 

Per  ct. 
9.4 
(9.4) 
10.6 
10.7 

11.6 

Per  ct. 
12.1 

Grams. 
534. 272 

Grams. 

18 

19 

20 

21 

86. 482 
83. 994 

171. 826 

4.1 
4.3 

5.5 

14.6 
16.0 

16.9 

500.918 
477. 106 

844. 675 

Total 1 

Average I 

2,771.5 

(3,413.6) 

554.3 

(568. 9) 

119.5 

414. 529 

4.3 

■(io.'i) 

16.0 

2,366.971 

(365. 561) 

23.9 

82. 906 

471. 394 

(59.260) 



Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

543.0 
584.0 
548.0 
480.0 
611.0 

18.6 
31.1 
17.6 
21.9 
39.1 

64.948 
68. 963 
66. 660 
72. 224 
61. 764 

83.448 
100. 053 
84. 150 
94. 124 
100.854 

3.4 
5.3 
3.2 
4.6 

6.4 

12.0 
11.8 
12.1 
16.0 
10.1 

16.4 
17.1 
15.4 
19.6 
16.5 

469. 552 
483. 947 
463. 850 
386. 876 
610. 146 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

2, 766. 0 
553.2 

128.2     334.429  !  462.629 

4.6 

12.1 

16.7 

2, 303. 371 
460. 714 

5.0 

Average 

25.6 

66. 886 

92  486 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

29 

30 

573.0 

582.0 
576.0 
576.0 

25.3 

28.7 
28.9 
26.9 

59.058 
61. 722 
59. 690 

67.848 

84. 358 
90. 422 

88. 690 

84.  748 

4.4 
4.9 
5.0 
4.7 

10.3 
10.6 
10.4 
10.0 

14.7 
15.5 
15.4 

14.7 

488. 642 
491. 578 
487. 410 
491.252 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total :. 

Average 

2,307.0 
576.8 

109.8  ■  238.318 
27.4  •    59.580 

348. 118 
86. 980 

4.8 

10.3 

15.1 

1,968.882 
489. 820 

8.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— Jan.  1 

2 

3 

591.0 
376.0 
494.0 
470.5 

31.9 
16.3 
26.2 

18.2 

69.828 
49. 112 
54. 184 
46. 260 

101. 728 
65. 412 
79.  384 
64.460 

5.4 
4.3 
5.1 
3.9 

11.8 

13.1 

11.0 

9.8 

17.2 
17.4 
16.1 

13.7 

489. 272 
310. 688 
414. 616 
406. 040 

3.0 
1.0 
3.0 
2.6 

Total    

1, 931. 5 
482.9 

91.6 
22.9 

219. 384 
54. 846 

310.984  1        4.7 

11.4 

16.1 

1, 620. 516 
406. 164 

9.5 

Average 

77.  746 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

7, 004. 5 
538.8 

329.6 
26.4 

792. 131 
60.933 

1,121.731 

86.287 

4.7 

11.3 

16.0 

5, 882. 769 
462. 513 

22.5 

Average 

13.4 
10.6 
10.6 
10.1 

9.8 
8.7 
8.7 
6.8 
9.4 
7.3 

After  period. 
1903— Jan.  4  

321.0 
438. 0 
452.0 
529.0 
520.0 
538.0 
532.0 
654.0 
615.  0 
659.0 

25.1 
20.2 
22.9 
26.7 
28.9 
33.8 
17.7 
20.4 
46.8 
62.2 

42. 910 
45. 800 
47.  725 
53. 580 
50. 770 
46. 785 
46. 235 
44.269 
68. 077 
48. 225 

68.010 
66. 000 
70. 626 
80.280 
79. 670 
80. 585 
63.  936 
64. 669 
104. 877 
100. 425 

7.8 
4.6 
5.1 
6.0 
5.6 
6.3 
3.3 
3.1 
7.6 
7.9 

21.2 
16.1 
15.6 
15.2 
15.3 
15.0 
12.0 
9.9 
17.1 
15.2 

252. 990 
372. 000 
381. 376 
448. 720 
440. 330 
457. 415 
468. 065 
589.  331 
510. 123 
558. 576 

5 

6 

7  

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

1             1 

Total 

Average 

5,258.0 
525.8 

294.7 
29.5 

484.376 
48. 438 

779. 076 
77.  938 

5.6         9.2 

14.8 

4,478.924 
447.862 

BOKIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


427 


Table  LXXXV. — Solids  balances  for  Series  I — Continued. 
JSTo.  5. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(24-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8             9 

Boric 

Balance.     %^i'^ 

(1-4^     Imlnis- 
,  tered. 

Fore  period. 
1902— Dec.  16 

Grams. 
.578. 6 
.562. 2 
.581.4 
.574. 8 
607.9 
644.9 

Gravis. 
16.3 
23.7 
26.6 
33.5 
23.5 
40.3 

Grams.    Grams. 
48. 745       K5. 045 

Per  ct. 
2.8 
4.2 
4.6 
5.8 

5.1 

Per  ct. 
8.4 
9.0 
9.5 

^9.8 

9.2 

Per  ct. 
11.2 
13.2 
14.1 
15.7 

14.3 

Grams.     Grams. 
513. 555 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

50. 670 
55. 375 
56.580 

|ll4.752 

74. 370 
81.975 
90. 080 

178.552 

487. 830 
499. 425 
484. 720 

1,074.248 

Total 

3,549.8 

163.9     326.122 

490. 022           4  fi 

9.2 

13.8      ^  059  778 

Average 

.591.6 

27.3  1     .54.354 

81. 6.54 

509. 946 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

.5.54.8 
649.0 
635.0 
600.0 
637.0 

29. 4       .55. 742 
32. 8       63. 287 
25. 6       57. 058 
30.6       54.178 
21.4  [     57.678 

85. 142 
96.087 
82.658 
84. 778 
79. 078 

6.3 
5.1 
4.0 
5.1 
3.4 

10.0 
9.8 
9.0 
9.0 
9.1 

15.3 
14.8 
13.0 
14.1 
12.4 

469. 658 
552. 913 
552. 342 
516. 222 
557. 922 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

Total 

3,075.8 
615.2 

139.8     287.943 
28. 0       57.  .589 

427. 743 
«5.  .589 

4.5 

9.4 

13.  9   '  2  648  0.57 

5 

Average 

.529. 611 

j 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

29 

30 

677.0 
660.0 
648.0 
667.0 

3.3.2 
39.5 
29.8 
34.0 

55. 680 
55. 8.58 
69. 980 
55.000 

88. 880 
9.5.3.58 
99. 780 
89.000 

4.9 
6.0 
4.6 
5.1 

8.2 
8.5 
10.8 

8.2 

13.1  1      588.120 
14.4  !      564.642 
16. 4         548. 220 
13. 3         578. 000 

2 
2 
2 
2 

Total 

2,6.52.0 
663.0 

136.  5 
34.1 

236.  .518 
59. 130 

373.018  1        5.1 

8.9 

14.1   '  2.278.982  i              8 

Average 

93. 230 

669.770  : 

Third  subj^eriod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— Jan.    1 

2 

d.'.'.'.'.'.. 

.597. 0 
716.0 
570.0 
585. 0 

.54.5 
37.7 
33.3 
33.8 

70.  920 
51. 381 
57.  084 
58. 407 

125. 420 
89. 081 
90. 384 
92. 207 

9.1 
5.3 

5.8 
5.8 

11.9 
7.2 
10.0 
10.0 

21.0  i      471.  .5S0              3 
12.4  1      626.919              3 
15.9         479.616              3 
15.8  !      492.793              3 

Total 

Average 

2, 468. 0 
617.0 

159.  3  1  237. 792 
39.8  1    59.448 

397. 092 
99. 248 

6.5 

9.6 

16.1 

2,070.908  ,           12 
517.7.52    

Entire   preservative 
period: 

Total 

8,19.5.8          43.5.6  '  762.253   1,197.853 

5.3 

9.3 

14.6 

6, 997. 947 
538. 257 

25 

.\verage 

6:i0.4  1          33.5       .58.635        92.143 

After  period. 
190:j_jan.4 

644.0 
591.5 
634.0 
642.0 
.584.0 
fKK.O 
612.0 
ftl5. 0 
.573. 5 
613. 0 

23.9 
50.5 
49.4 
24.6 
38.6 
22.6 

.56.  .566       80. 466 
54.614     10.5.114 
58. 177     107.  .577 
56.640       81.240 
64..53X       93.13H 
55.278        77.878 

3.7 
8.5 
7.8 
3.8 
6.6 
3.8 
4.5 
.5.1 
4.2 
3.8 

8.8 
9.2 
9.2 
8.8 
9.3 
9.2 
9.7 
8.6 
9.3 
10.4 

12.  5 
17.8 
17.0 
12.7 
16.9 
12. 9 
14.2 
13.7 

13.  1 
14.2 

.563. 634 

48(i.  386 
.526.  423 
.560.  760 
490. 862 
.524.  122 
.521.870 
5.56.  100 
1%.  122 
.525.  997 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

27. 7       .59. 430 
33. 1       55.  .500 
24. 0       .53. 078 
23.5  i    63.503 

87. 130 
88.  600 
77.078 
87. 003 

Total 

Average 

6,141.0  ,        317.9 
614. 1            :<l  « 

567.324 
56. 732 

885.224 
88. 532 

5.2 

9.2 

14.4 

5, 26.5. 776 
526.568 

428 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXV. — Solids  balances  for  Series  i^— Continued. 
ISTo.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food . 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered.. 

Fore  period. 
1902    Dec  16 

Orams. 
448.7 
540.7 
576.7 
468.2 
379. 2  , 
520. 4 

Grams. 
44.0 
(a) 
23.0 
2.5.6 
tk      29.7 
28.5 

Grams. 
48. 156 
51. 500 
53. 390 
54. 930 

1  85.818 

Grams. 
92.165 
61. 500 
76. 390 
80. 530 

144. 018 

Per  ct. 
9.8 

"""4.'6' 
5.6 

6.6 

Per  ct. 
10.7 
9.5 
9.3 

11.7 

9.5 

Per  ct. 

20.5 

9.5 

13.3 

17.2 

16.0 

Grams. 
356. 545 
489. 200 
499. 310 
387. 670 

755.582 

Grams. 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

Total 

2,932.9 
488.8 

1.50.8 
25.1 

293.  793 
48. 966 

444. 693 
74. 066 

5.1 

10.0 

16.2 

2, 488. 307 
414. 734 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

498.3 
551.0 
499.0 
549.0 
(556.  0) 

47.6 

(a) 
22.6 
26.2 

Lost. 

51. 694 
52. 360 
53. 304 
46. 150 
(54. 496) 

99.  294 
52. 360 
75.  904 
72.  350 

9.6 

""I'.K 
4.8 

10.4 

9.5 

10.7 

8.4 
(9.8) 

19.9 

9.5 

15.2 

13.2 

399.006 
498. 640 
423.096 
476.  650 

Total 1 

2, 097.  3 

(2,653,3) 

524.3 

(530.7) 

96.4 

299. 908 

4.6 

"(9.'7) 

14.3 

1, 797. 392 

5 

(258. 004) 

Average < 

24.1 

74. 977 

449. 323 

(51.601) 

Second  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  27 

28 

29 

30 

571.0 
614. 0 
601.0 
608.0 

(«) 
32.2 
36.2 
18.4' 

37. 985 
62. 968 

49. 880 
49. 424 

37. 985 
96. 168 
86. 080 
67. 824 

'""'5.'2' 
6.0 
3.0 

6.7 
10.3 
8.3 
8.1 

6.7 
15.5 
14.3 
11.2 

533.015 
518.832 
514.  920 
540. 176 

2 
2 
2 

2 

Total 

2, 394. 0 
598.5 

86.8 
21.7 

200. 257 
50. 064 

287  057  i        S  fl 

8.4 

12.0 

2, 106. 943 
626. 736 

8 

Average 

71. 764 

Third  subperiod: 

1902— Dec.  31 

1903— Jan.   1 

2 

3 

567.0 
634.0 
550.0 
516.0 

30.8 
35.2 
28.1 
24.0 

57. 260 
49. 420 
49. 595 
30. 258 

88. 060 
84. 620 
77. 695 
54.  258 

5.4 

5.6 
5.1 

4.7 

10.1 

7.8 
9.0 
6.9 

15.5 
13.3 
14.1 
10.5 

478. 950 
549. 380 
472. 305 
461.  742 

3 
3 
3 
3 

Total    . 

2, 267.  0 
566.8 

118.1 
29.5 

186. 523 
46. 632 

304.  623 
76.156 

6.2 

8.2 

13  4     1  qfi'>  a77 

12 

Average 

490. 644 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 1 

6,758.3 

(7,314.3) 

563.2 

(562.6) 

301.3 

891.588 

4.5 

"(8.' 8) 

13.2 

6, 866.  712 

25 

(644.  784) 

Average | 

25. 1 

74. 299 

488. 901 

(49. 599) 

After  period. 
903— Jan.   4 

567.0 
540.0 
535.5 
599.0 
569.0 
639.0 
615.0 
610.0 
541.5 
677.5 

23.7 
26.3 
29.8 
27.3 
49.9 
(«) 
32.8 
17.8 
20.5 
24.0 

69. 864 
46.  944 
50. 080 
61. 080 
40.  572 
56. 410 
42. 078 
55. 770 
37.  465 
41.318 

93. 664 
72. 244 
79. 880 
88. 380 
90.472 
56. 410 
74. 878 
73.  570 
57. 966 
66. 318 

4.2 
4.9 
6.6 
4.5 
8.8 

""h'.z 

2.9 
3.8 
3.6 

12.3 
8.5 
9.4 

10.2 
7.1 
8.8 
6.8 
9.1 
6.9 
6.1 

16.5 
13.4 
14.9 
14.8 
15.9 

8.8 
12.2 
12.1 
10.7 

9.6 

473.436 
467. 756 
455. 620 
510. 620 
478.  528 
582. 590 
540. 122 
536. 430 
483. 536 
612. 182 

6 

8 

9 

10.. 

11 

12 

13 

Total  . . . 

5,893.5 
589.4 

252.1 
25.2 

500. 581 
50. 058 

752. 681 
75.258 

4.3 

8.5 

12.8 

6, 140. 819 
514. 142 

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


429 


Table  LXXXVl.—Sum 


mar II  of  solids  balances  for  Series  I. 


Six   jnen. 


430 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXVII. — Solids  balances  for  Series  II. 
]Sro.  v. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric- 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903    Jan  19     

Grams. 
(585) 
(660) 
525 
583 
649 
-     607 
667 
596 
622 

Grams. 

(«) 

(«) 
36.8 
31.7 
32.2 
18.2 
40.2 
25.7 
28.7 

Grams. 
(68.870) 
(56.012) 
67. 954 
63. 504 
87. 909 
73. 540 
81. 900 
59. 170 
63. 504 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

(11.8) 
(8.5) 
12.9 
10.9 
13.5 
12.1 
12.3 
9.9 
10.2 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams.- 

20 

21 

104. 754 
96. 204 
120. 109 

91.  740 
122. 100 

84. 870 

92.  204 

7.0 
5.;i 
5.0 
3.0 
6.0 
4.3 
4.6 

20.0 
16.3 
18.5 
15.1 
18.3 
14.2 
14.8 

420. 246 

22 

487.796 

23 

528.891  !     . 

24 

515.260 
644. 900 
511.130 
529. 796 

25 

26  

27 

Total 1 

Average i 

4,249 

(5, 494) 

607 

(610) 

213.5 

710. 954 

5.0 

"(ii-3) 

16.7 

3,538.019    

(622.363) 

30.5 

101.563 

505.437 

(69.151) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Jan.  28 

29 

30 

31 

654 
644 
581 
674 

66.3 
17.5 
31.4 
64.0 

69. 237 

60. 490 
66. 217 
66. 498 

136. 537 
67. 990 
97. 617 

130. 498 

10.1 
2.7 
5.4 

11.1 

10.6 
7.8 
11.4 
11.6 

20.7 
10.6 
16.8 
22.7 

518.463 
676.010 
483. 383 
443. 502 

1 
1 
1 
1 

Total 

2,453 
613 

179.2 

44.8 

252. 442 
63.111 

431. 642 
107.911 

7.3 

10.3 

17.6 

2,021.368 
505. 089 

4 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.l 

2 

3 

4 

654 
587 
608 
617 

59.3 
26.7 
25.5 

68. 700 
67.  394 
61. 880 
68. 308 

68. 700 
126. 694 
88. 580 
93. 808 

'"io.'i" 

4.4 
4.1 

10.5 
11.5 
10.2 
11.1 

10.5 
21.6 
14.6 
15.2 

585. 300 
460. 306 
619. 420 
523. 192 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Total 

2,466 
616 

111.5 

97  9 

266. 282 
66  571 

377.  782 
94  446 

4.5 

10.8 

15.3 

2,088.218 
521. 554 

8 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

4,919 
615 

290.7 
36.3 

518. 724 
64.841 

809. 424 
101.178 

5.9 

10.5 

16.6 

4, 109. 576 
513. 822 

12 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  5 

6 

7 

8 

610 
594 
646 
620 

S3. 3 
30. 2 
40.9 
33.2 

53. 676 
60. 303 
75. 768 
56. 057 

86. 975 
90. 503 
116. 668 
89. 257 

5.5 
5.1 
6.3 
5.4 

8.8 
10.2 
11.7 

9.0 

14.3 
15.2 
18.1 
14.4 

523. 025 
503. 497 
529. 332 
630. 743 

3 
3 
3 
3 

Total 

2,470 
618 

137.6 
34.4 

245. 803 
61.451 

383. 403 
96. 851 

6.6 

10.0 

16.5 

2  086  697  1          r> 

Average 

'522.149    

Subperiodsl,2,and3: 
Total 

7,389 
616 

428.3 
35.7 

764. 527 
63. 711 

1,192.827 
99.402 

5.8 

10.3 

16.1 

6,196.173  i          24 
516.598  ' 

Average 

"Not  collected. 


6  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


431 


Table  LXXXVII. — Solids  balances  fur  Series  //^Continued. 
ISTo.  lO, 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 

(2H-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3+1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4  +  1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19 

Grams. 
(604) 
(807) 
728 
735 
7.52 
780 
738 
737 
699 

Grams. 

(°) 

(«) 
20.2 
29.4 
33.4 
31.5 
40.2 
50.8 
26.8 

Grams. 
(73.930) 
(58.  890) 
67. 662' 
65. 800 
56.  308 
68. 480 
68. 522 
58.568 
62. 720 

Gravis. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

(12.2) 
(7.3) 
9.3 
9.0 
7.5 
8.8 
9.3 
7.9 
9.0 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams, 

•JO 



21 

87. 862 
95. 200 
89.  708 
99. 980 
108.  722 
109. 368 
89. 520 

2.8 
4.0 
4.4 
4.0 
5.4 
6.9 
3.8 

12.1 
13.0 
1L9 
12.8 
14.7 
14.8 
12.8 

640. 138 
639.  SCO 
662. 292 
680. 020 
629. 278 
627. 632 
609.480 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 1 

5, 169 

(6,580) 
738 
(731) 

232. 3 

680. 360 

4.5 

""(8.8) 

13.2 

4, 488. 640 

(580.880) 

Average ■! 

33.2 

97.209 

640. 791 

(64.-542) 

Preservative  period. 

First  .subperiod: 

1903— Jan.  28 

29 

759 

(779) 
763 

("00  J 

29.0 
Lost. 

25.6 
Lost. 

70.248 
(61.585) 

66.980 
(73.380) 

99. 248 

3.8 

9.3 

(7.9) 

8.8 

(10.5) 

13.1 

659. 752 

1 
1 

30 

31 

92.58t) 

3.4 

12.1 

670. 420 

1 
I 

Total 1 

Average | 

1,.522 

(3,001) 

761 

(750) 

54.6 

(272.'i93) 

191.828 

3.6 

"(9.'i) 

12.6 

1,330.172 

4 

27.3 

95. 914 

665. 086 

(68.048) 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  1 

2 

3 

4 

803 
729 
646 
713 

62. 5 
22.8 
38.5 
48.5 

83.918 
57.630 
82. 230 
69. 660 

146.418 
80.430 
120. 730 
118.160 

7.8 
3.1 
6.0 
6.8 

10.5 
7.9 

12.7 
9.8 

18.2 
11.0 
18.7 
16.6 

656. 582 
648. 670 
625. 270 
594. 840 

2 
2 
2 
2 

Total 

Average 

2,891 
723 

172.3 
43.1 

293.  438 
73.359 

465. 738 
116.460 

6.0 

10.2 

16.1 

2, 425. 262 
606. 540 

8 



Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

4,413 

(5,892) 
736 
(736) 

226. 9 
37.8' 

(.565.'63i} 

6.57. 566 

5.1 

■■(9.'6) 

14.9 

3, 765. 434 

12 

Average | 

109. 578 

626. 422 

(70.704) 

■■;;::     :i;:;:::: 

Third  subperiod: 
1903— Feb.  .-. 

8 

741 
701 
723 
736 

54. 5 

54.5 

(ft) 

81.404 
70.050 
71.270 
08.  4.50 

135.904 
70. 050 

125. 770 
68.  450 

7.4 
"■■7.'5' 

11.0 
10.0 
9.9 
9.3 

18.3 

10.0 

17.4 

•    9.3 

605. 096 
630. 9.50 
597. 230 
667.  .550 

3 
3 
3 
3 

Total 

2,901 
725 

109.0 
27.2 

291.174 
72. 793 

400. 174 
99.993 

3.8 

10.0 

13.8 

2,500.826 
625. 006 

12 

Subperifjds  1,2,  and  3: 
Total \ 

7,314 

(8,793) 
731 
(733) 

335.9 

(8.56.' 80.5 ) 

1,057.740 

4.G 

"(9.'7) 

14.5 

6, 256. 260 

24 

1 

33. 6 

105.774 



626.226 

Average < 

(71.400) 



1 

a  Not  collected. 


b  Mo  movement. 


432 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXVIl. — Solids  balances  for  Series  //^Continued. 
ISTo.  13. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In 
urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 

urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Jan.  19  

Grams. 
(693) 
(718) 
666 
741 
726 
759 
815 
703 
750 

Grams. 

(«) 

(« 
23.4 
28.3 
32.9 

30.0 
57.1 
17.0 

Grams. 
(59. 130) 
(61.990) 
73.  762 
63. 929 
58. 800 
69. 815 
58. 648 
68.490 
42. 670 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
(8.6) 
(8.6) 
11.1 
7.3 
8.1 
7.9 
7.2 
8.3 
5.7 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

97.162 
82. 229 
91.  700 
59. 815 
88. 648 
115. 590 
59. 670 

3.5 
3.8 
4.5 

""3.'7' 
8.1 
2.3 

14.6 
11.1 
12.6 

7.9 
10.9 
16.4 

8.0 

568. 838 
658.  771 
634. 300 
699. 185 
726. 352 
587. 410 
690.  330 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

f 

5,160 

(6,571) 

737 

(730) 

188.7 

594. 814 

3.7 

"(8."  6) 

11.5 

4,565.186 

Total i 

(527. 234) 

j 

26.9 


84. 916 

652.084 

(58.582) 

^ 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Jan.  28 

29 

30 

31 

722 
762 
682 
677 

27.9 
27.6 
26.0 

42.7 

63. 919 
71. 102 
71. 000 
62. 019 

91. 819 
98.702 
97.  000 
104. 719 

3.9 
3.7 
3.8 
6.3 

8.9 

9.5 

10.4 

9.2 

12.7 
13.1 
14.2 
15.5 

630. 181 
653. 298 
685.  OUO 
572.281 

1 
1 
1 
1 

Total 

2,833 
708 

124.2 
31.0 

268. 040 
67. 010 

392. 240 
98. 010 

4.4 

9.5 

13.8 

2, 440. 760 
609. 990 

4 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  1 

2 

3 

4 

729 
625 
620 
534 

30.1 

36.2 

6.0 

17.5 

72. 220 
77.  550 
65. 040 
65. 094 

102. 320 
113.  750 
71.040 

82. 594 

4.1 
5.8 
1.2 
3.3 

9.9 
12.4 
12.6 
12.2 

14.0 
18.2 
13.7 
15.5 

626. 680 
611. 260 
448.  960 
451.406 

2 
2 
2 
2 

Total 

2,408 
602 

89.8 
22.4 

279. 904 
69. 976 

369. 704 
92. 376 

3.7 

11.6 

15.4 

2, 038. 296 
509. 624 

s 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

6,241 
655 

214.0 
26.8 

547. 944 
68.  493 

761. 944 
95. 293 

4.1 

10.6 

14.5 

4,479.066 
669.707 

12 

Average 

Third  .subperiod: 

1903— Feb.5 

6 

7 

8 

604 
855 
233 

187 

27.5 
10.7 
23.0 
23.2 

66. 241 
61.  579 
38. 586 
49.  095 

93.741 
72.  279 
61. 586 
72.295 

4.6 
3.0 
9.9 

11.0 
17.3 
16.6 

15.5 
20.4 
26.4 

610. 259 
282. 721 
171.414 
114. 706 

3 
0 
0 
0 

Total 

1,379 
345 

84.4 
21.1 

216.  501 
53.875 

299.  901 

74.975 

6.1 

15.6 

21.7 

1, 079. 099 
270. 025 

3 

Average 

Subperiods  1, 2,  and  3: 
Total  . . . 

6,620 
552 

298.4 
24.9 

763. 445 
63. 620 

1,061.846 
88.620 

4.6 

11.5 

16.0 

5,558.155 
463.480 

15 

Average 

a  Not  collected. 


6  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  433 

Table  LXXXVIII. — Sminnai'!/  of  solids  balances  for  Series  II. 
Twt)    men.. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-hl) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Chram&. 
4. 249 

Gr,ams. 
213.5 

Grams. 

Grams. 
710. 981 

Per  ct. 
5.0 

Per  ct. 
"(ii.'s) 

"(8.'8) 

Per  ct. 
16.7 

Grams. 
3, 538. 019 

Grams. 

} 

} 

^'•■' {;   (6;494) 

^"■^« {i  ^.^^ 

(622. 363; 

232. 3 

680. 360 

4  s 

13.2 

4, 488. 640 

(580.880) 

Total 1 

9,418 

(12,074) 

673 

(671) 

445.8 

1, 391. 341         4. 7 

"(io.'o) 

14.8 

8,026.659 

(1,203.243) 

Average | 

31.8 

99. 339 

573.661 

(66.847) 

Preservative  period. 

Pirst  subperiod: 
No.  7 

2, 4.53 
1,.522 
(3,001) 

179. 2 
54.6 

252. 442 

431. 642 
191. 828 

7.3 
3.6 

10.3 
"(9.i) 

17.6 
12.6 

2,021.358 
1, 330. 172 

4 

1     ' 

No  10                      ' 

(272. 193) 

Total I 

3,  975 

(•^4.54) 

662 

(682) 

233.  8 

"(524.' 635) 

623. 470 
"  103.' 945' 

5.9 

"(9.' 6) 

15.7 

3,351.630 

8 

Average ' 

39.0 

558. 055 

(65.579) 

Second  .subperiod: 
No.  7 

2,466 
2, 891 

111.5 
172  3 

266. 282 

377. 782 
465. 738 

4.5 
6.0 

10.8 
10.2 

15.3 
16.1 

2, 088, 218 
2,425.262 

8 
8 

No.  10 

Total 

A  verage 

5, 357 
670 

283.8         559.720 
3.5.6          69.965 

843. 520 
105.  465 

5.3 

10.4 

15.7 

4,513.480 
564. 535 

16 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 1 

9, 332 

(10,811) 
667 
(676) 

517.6 

1,466.990 

"ioi'sii' 

5.5 

"(io.'o) 

15.7 

7,865.010 

24 

(1,084.355) 

Average | 

37.0 

562.186 

(67.  772) 

Third  subperiod: 

No.7... 

No.  10 

2,470 
2, 901 

137.6 
109.0 

245.803 
291. 174 

383. 403 
400. 174 

5.6 
3.8 

10.0 
10.0 

15.5 
13.8 

2,086.697 
2, 500. 82(i 

12 
12 

Total 

Average 

5, 371 
671 

246. 6 
30.8 

536.977 
67. 122 

783.577 
97.922 

4.6 

10.0 

14.6 

4,587.423 
573. 078 

24 

Subperiod.'il,2,and3: 
Total 1 

14,703 
(16.182) 

764. 2 

2, 250. 567 

5.2 

■(io.'o) 

15.3 

12, 452. 433 

48 

(1,621.332) 

^^'*^'-'*»« (           r674V 

34.7 

102. 262 

565, 738 

(67. 556) 

1 

4242— No.  84,  pt  1— U4- 


-28 


434 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXVIII. — Summary  of  solids  balances  for  Series  II — Continued. 

Three  iTien. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2  +  3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4H-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad-4. 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.7 1 

No.lO 1 

No.  12 j 

Grams. 

4,249 
(5,494) 

5,169 
(6,580) 

5, 160 
(6,571) 

Grams. 
213.5 

Grams. 

Grams. 
710. 981 

Per  a. 
5.0 

Per  ct. 

"(ii'3) 

■"(8.'8) 
"(8."6) 

Per  ct. 
16.7 

Grams, 
3,538.019 

Gravis. 

\ 

\ 

( 

(622.363) 

232.  3 

680. 360 

4.5 

13.2 

4, 488. 640 

(580. 880) 

188.7 

594. 814 

3.7 

11.5 

4,565.186 

) 

(527. 234) 

/ 

Total......../ 

Average \ 

14,  .578 

(18,645) 

694 

(691) 

634.5 

1,986.155 

4.4 

"■(9."3) 

13.6 

12,591.845    

(1,730.477) 
'"(64."  092) 

30. 2 

94. 565 

599.435    

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
No.7 

2,453 
1, 522 
(3,001) 
2,833 

179.2 
54.6 

252. 442 

431.642 
191.828 

7.3 
3.6 

10.3 

■"(9."i) 

9.5 

17.6 
12.6 

2,021.358 
1,330.172 

4 

No.lO / 

No.  12  . 

}     * 

4 

(272. 193) 
268. 040 

124. 2 

392. 240 

4.4 

13.8 

2,440.760 

Total / 

Average / 

6,808 

(8,287) 

681 

(691) 

358.0 

1,015.710 

5.3 

"■(9.'6) 

14.9 

5, 792. 290 

12 

(792.675) 

35.8 

101. 571 

579. 429 

(66.056) 



Second  subperiod: 
No.7 

2,466 
2,891 
2,408 

111.5 
172.3 
89.8 

266.  282 
293. 438 
279. 904 

377.  782 
465. 738 
369. 704 

4.5 
6.0 
3.7 

10.8 
10.2 
11.6 

15.3 
16.1 
15.4 

2,088.218 
2,425.262 
2,038.296 

8 

8 

No.  12 

8 

Total 

7, 765 
647 

373.6 
31.1 

839. 624 
69. 969 

1,213.224 
101. 069 

4.8 

10.8 

15.6 

6,551.776 
545.931 

24 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total / 

14,573 

(16,052) 
662 
(669) 

731.6 

2, 228. 934 

5.0 

■(i6.'2J 

1.5.3 

12,344.066 

.36 

(1, 632. 299) 

1 

Average \ 

33.3 

101. 361 

560. 639 

(68.012) 

Third  subperiod: 
No.7 

2,470 
2,901 
1,379 

137.6 
109.0 
84.4 

245. 803 
291. 174 
215. 501 

383. 403 
400. 174 
299.  901 

5.6 
8.8 
6.1 

10.0 
10.0 
15.6 

15.5 
13.8 
21.7 

2, 086. 597 
2,500.826 
1,079.099 

12 

No.lO 

12' 

No.  12 

3 

Total 

6,750 
562 

331.0 

27.6 

752. 478 
62. 706 

1, 083.  478 
90.  306 

4.9 

11.1 

16.1 

5,666.522 
471. 694 

27 

Average 

Subperiods  1 ,2, and  3: 
Total 1 

21,323 

(22,802) 
627 
(633) 

1,062.6 

3,312.412 

5.0 

■(io.'5) 

15.5 

18,010.588 

63 

(2, 384. 777) 

Average | 

31.3 

97.471 

629, 529 

(66.244) 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


435 


Table  LXXXIX. — s'«//(/.s  hnJancex  for  Series  TIL 
]sro.  1. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3        1 
In  feces. 

3 

[n  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-hl) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 
(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 
654 
688 
583 
688 
629 
610 
649 
592 
643 

Grams. 
42.2 
33.3 
21.1 
30.5 
25.5 
27.7 
17.5 
32.0 
52.5 

Grams. 
70. 766 
64. 482 
63. 284 
71.  795 
61.015 
67. 738 
60. 873 
63. 210 
62. 955 

Grams. 

112. 966 
97. 782 
84. 384 

102. 295 
86. 515 
95. 438 
78. 373 
95.210 

115. 455 

Per  ct. 
6.5 
4.8 
3.6 
4.4 
4.1 
4.5 
2.7 
6.4 
8.2 

Per  ct. 
10.8 

9.4 
10.9 
10.5 

9.7 
11.1 

9.4 
10.7 

9.8 

Per  ct. 
17.3 
14.2 
14.5 
14.9 
13.8 
15.6 
12.1 
16.1 
18.0 

Gram^. 
541.034 
590. 218 
498. 616 
585. 705 
542.485 
514. 562 
570.627 
496. 790 
.527.545 

Gravis. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

5,736 
637 

282. 3 
31.4 

586.118 
65.124 

868. 418 
%.491 

4.9 

10.2 

15.1 

4,867.582 
540. 509 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

■ 

656 
676 
591 
618 

13.4 
56.0 
34.3 
29.5 

66. 493 
67.478 
62. 240 
62. 578 

79.893 
123. 488 
96.540 
92.078 

2.1 
8.3 
5.8 
4.8 

10.1 
10.0 
10.5 
10.1 

12.2 
18.3 
16.3 
14.9 

576. 107 
552. 512 
494. 460 
525. 922 

1 

.  1 

1 

1 

Total 

2,  .541 
635 

133. 2 
33.3 

258. 789 
64.697 

391. 989 
97.997 

5.2 

10.2 

15.4 

2,149.011 
537. 003 

4 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903-Mar.  4 

6 

6 

7 

686 
579 
692 
660 

23.2 
36.7 
33.0 

18.8 

67. 265 
61. 622 
58.437 
62. 798 

90. 465 
98. 322 
91. 437 
81. 598 

3.4 
6.3 
4.8 
2.9 

9.8 
10.7 
8.4 
9.5 

13.2 
17.0 
13.2 
12.4 

595. 535 
480. 678 
600.563 
578.402 

4 
4 
2 
2 

Total 

2,617 
6.54 

111.7 
27.9 

250. 122 
62. 530 

361.822 
90. 455 

4.3 

9.5 

13.8 

2,2.55.178 
563. 545 

12 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

557 
678 
691 
538 

26.8 

24.0 

37.0 

9.5 

65.003 
58.937 
62.475 
62. 847 

91.803 
82. 937 
99. 475 
72.347 

4.8 
3.5 
5.4 
1.8 

11.7 
8.7 
9.0 

11.6 

16.5 
12.2 
14.4 
13.4 

465. 197 
595. 063 
591. 525 
465. 653 

3 
2 
5 
2 

Total 

2, 464 
616 

97.3 
24.3 

249. 262 
62. 316 

346.562 
86.641 

4.0 

10.1 

14.1 

2,117.438 
529.359 

10 

Average 

Entire   preservative 
perifj<l : 

Total 

7,622 
635 

342.2 
28.5 

758. 373 
63.198 

1,100.373 
91.698 

4.5 

9.9 

14.4 

6,521.627 
543. 302 

26 

Average 

.i/Ur  period. 
1903— Mar.l2 

438 
656 
694 
586 
667 
666 
698 
784 

26.0 
27.9 
.35. 0 
25.3 
19.4 
32. 2 
36.9 
26.0 

56.056 
.54.617 
67. 738 
60. 422 
57.  .585 
.59.991 
.57. 947 
52. 685 

81.056 
82.517 
102. 738 
85. 722 
76.9*5 
92.191 
94.847 
78.685 

5.7 
4.3 
5.0 
4.3 
2.9 
4.8 
5.3 
3.3 

12.8 
8.3 
9.8 

10.3 
8.6 
9.0 
8.3 
6.7 

18.5 
12.6 
14.8 
14.6 
11.5 
13.8 
13.6 
10.0 

356. 944 
573. 483 
.591.262 
500.278 
590. 015 
573.809 
603. 153 
705. 315 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Total 

5, 189 
649 

227.7 
28.5 

467.011 
58.380 

694.741 
86.843 

4.4 

9.0 

13.4 

4,494.2.59 
562. 157 

Average 

436 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXIX. — Solids  balances  for  Series  JJJ^Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 

urine. 
(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Qrams. 
678 
753 
659 
798 
731 
695 
711 
596 
743 

Grams. 
34.7 
28.4 
20.4 
32.5 
25.7 
14.3 
24.9 
33.7 
30.5 

Grams. 
58. 322 
57.  727 
59. 417 
68. 134 
61. 260 
64. 606 
53. 508 
58. 212 
60. 294 

Grams. 
93. 022 
86. 127 
79. 817 

100.  634 
86. 960 
78.  906 
78. 408 
91.912 
90.  795 

Per  ct. 
5.1 
3.8 
3.1 
4.1 
3.6 
2.1 
3.6 
5.7 
4.1 

Per  ci. 
8.6 

7.7 
9.0 
8.5 
8.4 
9.3 
7.5 
9.8 
8.1 

Per  ct. 
13.7 
11.4 
12.1 
12.6 
11.9 
11.4 
11.0 
15.4 
12.2 

Grams. 
684. 978 
666. 873 
679. 183 
697. 366 
644. 040 
616. 094 
632. 592 
504. 088 
652. 205 

Grams. 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.l....... 

2 

3 

Total 

Average 

6,364 
707 

245.1 
27.2 

541. 480 
60. 164 

786. 680 
87. 398 

3.8 

8.5 

12.3 

6,577.420 
619. 602 

730 
696 
713 

704 

33.3 

27.8 
26.2 
23.5 

62. 681 
63. 112 
61.  733 
58.  785 

95. 981 
90.  912 
87. 933 
82.  285 

4.6  8.6 
4.0         9.1 

3.7  8.7 
3.3         8.3 

13.1 
13.1 
12.3 
11.7 

634.019 
606. 088 
625. 067 
621.716 

1 

1 
1 
1 

2,843 
711 

110.8 

27.7 

246. 311 
61. 578 

357.  Ill 
89. 278 

3.9 

8.7 

12.6 

2,485.889 
621. 722 

4 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

7 

720 
411 
448 
454 

24.0 
9.4 

C) 

(a) 

64. 254 
53. 121 
47.  702 
53. 626 

88. 254 
62. 521 

47.  702 
53. 625 

3.3 
2.3 

8.9 
12.9 
10.6 
11.8 

12.2 

15.2 
10.6 
11.8 

631. 746 

348. 479 
400. 298 
400. 375 

4 
2 
0 
1 

Total 

Average 

2,033 
508 

33.4 

8.4 

218. 703 
54. 676 

252. 102 
63. 026 

1.6 

10.8 

12.4 

1, 780. 897 
444. 974 

7 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

285 
401 
529 
723 

29.5 
29.8 
16.5 
19.5 

52. 274 
42. 493 
42. 336 
42. 711 

81.774 
72. 293 
58.836 
62.  211 

10.4 
7.4 
3.1 

2.7 

18.3 
10.6 
8.0 
5.9 

28.7 

18.0 

11.1 

8.6 

203. 226 
328. 707 
470. 164 
660. 789 

0 
0 
0 
0 

Total 

1,938 
484 

95.3 
23.8 

179.814 
44. 954 

275. 114 
68.  778 

4.9 

9.3 

14.2 

1,662.886 
415. 222 

0 

.    Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

Average 

6,814 
568 

239.5 
90_n 

644. 828 
53. 736 

884. 328 
73. 694 

3.5 

9.5 

13.0 

5, 929. 672 
494. 306 

11 

After  period. 

1903— Mar.  12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

716 
641 
773 
698 
808 
788 
766 
756 

34.1 
25.2 
32.2 
23.8 
35.5 
34.1 
29.7 
14.2 

48. 069 
62. 178 
70.697 
51. 376 
58.643 
57. 330 
53.920 
52. 234 

82. 169 
77. 378 
102. 797 
76. 176 
94. 143 
91.430 
83. 620 
66. 434 

4.8 
3.9 
4.2 
3.4 
4.4 
4.3 
3.9 
1.9 

6.7 
8.1 
9.1 
7.4 
7.3 
7.3 
7.0 
6.9 

11.5 
12.1 
13.3 
10.8 
11.6 
11.6 
10.9 
8.8 

633. 831 
563. 622 
670. 203 
624.824 
713.857 
696. 670 
682.380 
689. 566 

Total 

Average 

5,946 
743 

228.8 
28.6 

444.347 
55.643 

673. 147 
84. 143 

3.8 

7.4 

11.3 

5,272.863 
668. 867 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


43r 


Table  LXXXIX. — Solids  balance's  for  St-rirs  ///—Continued. 
ISTo.  3. 


1 

Period  and  date.     , 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5      1     6 

In     '     In 
feces,    urine. 

(2H-1)     (3^1) 

T 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fare  period. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 
658 

Grams. 
34.1 
13.0 
[21.6] 
2b.  b 
36.0 
11  1 

Grams. 
51.156 
55. 167 

Grams. 
8.5. 256 
68. 167 

Per  ct. 

5.2 
2.1 

IV 

5.0 
1.7 
3.1 
4.1 

Perct. 
7.8 
8.8 

Per  ct. 
13.0 
10.8 

Grams. 
572. 744 
561.833 

Gravis. 

20 

630 

[644] 
729 
713 
655 

21 

•)■) 

63.  700 
70. 486 
53. 662 
52. 170 
54. 782 
51.670 

89. 200 
106. 486 
64. 762 
73. 870 
81.682 
70. 170 

8.7 
9.9 
8.2 
7.4 
8.4 

12.2 
14.9 
9.7 
10.5 
12.5 

639. 800 
606.514 
590. 238 
628. 120 
569. 318 
787.830 

Ti 

24 

25 

702  '          21.7 
651  1          26.9 

858  1          18  s 

26 

27 

h.  .=S9fi 

452. 793 

639  593  1               1      8  1  1      ^^  d  \  A  qir  Am 

T«ta' {        [6;240] 

[208. 4] 

[3.3] 

56.738 

79.949 

619.551 

[693] 

[23.2] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

680 
667 
658 
671 

15. 5 
21.7 

18.5 
20.3 

47. 804 
63. 96.5 
51. 744 
.56. 183 

63.304 
85. 665 
70. 244 
76.  483 

2.3 
3.3 
2.8 
3.0 

7.0 
9.6 
7.9 
8.4 

9.3 
12.8 
10.7 
11.4 

616. 696 
581.335 

.587. 7,56 
594.517 

1 
1 
1 
1 

Total 

2, 676 
669 

76.0 
19.0 

219. 696 
54. 924 

295.  696 
73. 924 

2.8         8.2 

11.1 

2,380.304 
595. 076 

4 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.4 

5 

6 

7 

693 
659 
631 
603 

27.7 

7.4 

30.0 

20.2 

.56. 093 
56. 228 
59. 991 
53.  096 

83. 793 
63. 628 
89. 991 
73. 296 

4.0 
1.1 

4.8 
3.3 

8.5 
9.5 

8.8 

12.1 
9.7 
14.3 
12.2 

609.207 
595. 372 
541.009 
.529. 704 

4 
4 
2 
2 

Total 

2,  .586 
646 

85.3 
21.3 

225. 408 
56. 352 

310. 708 
77.677 

3.3  1      8.7 

12.0 

2, 275. 292 
.568. 323 

12 

Average 

Third  .subperiod: 

1903-Mar.8 

9 

10 

11 

587 
520 
.5.52 
506 

11.5 
35.5 
14.7 
9.1 

53. 253 
52. 886 
47. 863 
42. 483 

64. 7.53 
88.386 
62. 563 
.51.. 583 

2.0 

6.8 
2.7 
1.8 

9.1 
10.2 

8.7 
8.4 

11.0 
17.0 
11.3 
10.2 

.522. 247 
431.614 
489. 437 
454.417 

3 
3 
2 
3 

Total 

2, 165 
641 

70.8 
17.7 

196.485 
49.121 

267.285 
66. 821 

3.3 

9.1 

12.3 

1,897.715 
474. 179 

l\ 

A  vcrage 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

7,427 
619 

232.1 
19.3 

641.. 589 
53.466 

873. 689 
72.807 

3.1 

8.6 

11.8 

6.3.53.311 
546. 193 

■'7 

Average 

A/ler  period. 
VMT.^—Mar.\2 

494 
612 
.53:$ 
515 
612 
(612) 
.563 
.575 

29.1 
13.2 
27.0 
11.7 
1.5.1 

IX)St. 

'25.  7 
28.0 

38. 651 
49.541 
48. 184 
43.  806 
43.  316 
(41.0.57) 
46. 393 
45. 962 

67. 751 
62. 741 
75. 184 
.5.5..50<i 
58.116 

.5.9 
2.2 
5.1 
2.1 
2.5 

7.8 
8.1 
9.0 
8.0 
7.1 
(6.7) 
8  2 

13.7 
10.3 
14.1 
10.2 
9.5 

426.249 
549. 259 
457.816 
489. 494 
553.  .584 

13 

14 

\h 

16 

17 

18 

72. 093 
73.962 

4  6 

12.8 
12.9 

490. 907 
501.038 

19 

4.9 

8.0 

Total 1 

3,934 

(4,. 546) 

.5<}2 

149.8 

465. 653 

3.8 

■"(7.'9) 

11.9 

3,468.347 

(35<i.910) 

Average | 

21.4 

6«.622 

495. 478 

(44.612) 

1 i 

438 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PKESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  LXXXIX.— /S'oZids  balances  for  Series  III — Continued 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  licriod. 

Grams. 
1903— Feb.  19 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

20 622.5 

21 ;        580.0 

22 (598.01 

24.5 
13.1 
(a) 
13.5 
26.4 
27.6 
30.6 
20.5 

59. 466 
53. 655 
(58.785) 
66. 216 
55. 074 
58.653 
72.  776 
59. 285 

83. 966 
66.  755 

""79."  716' 
81.474 
86.253 
103. 376 

79.785 

3.9 
2.3 

'"i'.o 

4.2 
3.8 
5.0 
3.2 

9.6 
9.2 
9.8 
9.7 
8.9 
8.1 
11.9 
9.2 

13.5 
11.5 

538. 534 
513.245 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

683.0 
620. 0 
722. 0 
609.0 
646.0 

11.7 

13.1 

11.9 

17.0- 

12.4 

603. 284 
538. 526 
635.  747 
505.  624 
566. 215 

4:  482.  5 

156. 2 

581. 325 

3.5 

"(9.'6) 

13.0- 

3, 901. 175 

^°**^ {.  r5!080.51 

(483.850) 

Average i 

640.4 
(635.1) 

22.3 

83.046 



557.354 

(60.481) 

1 

1 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

588.0 
659. 0 
628.0 
658.0 

24.9 
45.0 
21.8 
34.3 

66.028 
58.241 
73.  642 
71.854 

90. 928 
103. 241 

95. 442 
106. 154 

4.2 
6.8 
3.5 
5.2 

11.2 

8.8 

11.7 

10.9 

15.5- 

15.7- 

15.2 

16.1 

497.072 
555.759 
532.558 
551.846 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

.\verage 

2,533.0 
633.0 

126.0 
31.5 

269. 765 
67. 441 

395. 765 
98. 940 

5.0 

10.6 

15.6 

2,137.235 
534.060 

4.0 



Second  subperiod : 

1903— Mar.  4 

5 

6 

7 

635.0 
608.0 
533.0 
473. 5 

22.5 
29.3 
16.0 
24.6 

70. 246 
67.  681 
68.806 
60. 196 

92. 746 
96. 981 

84. 806 
84.796 

3.5 

4.8 
3.0 
5.2 

11.1 
11.1 
12.9 
12.7 

14.6 
15.9 
15.9 
17.9 

542. 254 
511.019 
448. 194 
388. 704 

4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average 

2,249.5 
562.4 

92.4 
23.1 

266. 929 
66. 732 

359.329 
89.832 

4.1 

11.9 

16.0 

1, 890. 171 
472. 568 

12.0 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.    8 

9 

10 

11 

514. 0 
416.0 
543.0 
272.0 

21.0 
16.0 
26.6 
24.6 

47. 574 
50. 803 
52. 920 
43.524 

68. 574 
66. 803 
79. 520 
68. 124 

4.1 
3.8 
4.9 
9.0 

9.2 
12.2 

9.7 
16.0 

13.3 
16.1- 
14.6 
25.0 

445. 426 
349. 197 
463.480 
203. 876 

3.0 
1.7 
3.0 
2.0 

Total 

Average  . .  . 

1,746.0  1          88.2 
436. 0  !          22. 0 

194. 821 
48. 705 

283. 021 
70  755 

5.1 

11.2 

16.2 

1,461.979 
365. 245 

9.7 

Entire   preservative 
period: 
Total  . 

6,527.5 
543. 9 

306.6 
25.  6 

731. 515 
60. 960 

1,038.115 
86.510 

4.7 

11.2 

15.9 

5, 489. 385 
457. 390 

25.7 

Average 

After  period. 

1903— Mar.  12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

437.0 
473.0 
563.5 
442. 5 

[520.0] 
538. 0 
515. 0 

(592. 0) 

C) 
30.0 

C) 

29.9 
[23.7] 
17.0 
20.9 

(a) 

39.038  1      39.038 
42. 380         72.  aSO 
40. 131         40. 131 
39. 984         69. 884 

"ii'.h' 

"'6.'7' 
[4.6] 
8.2 
4.1 

8.9 
9.0 
7.1 
9.0 

"is.'s" 

7.1 
15.8 

397.  962 
400. 620 
523. 369 
372. 616 

17 

18 

19 

47.  334 
52. 452 
(54.018) 

64. 334 
73. 352 

8.8 
10.2 
(9.1) 

12.0 
14.2 

473. 666 
451. 648 

r 

2,  969. 0 

(3,561.0) 

[3, 489. 0] 

494.8 

(508.  7) 

[498. 4] 

365. 119 

12.3 

2,603.881 

Total J 

(315.337) 

(8.9) 

[121.5] 

[3.5] 

f 

60. 853 

433. 947 

Average < 

(45.048) 

[17.4] 

a  Discarded. 


&  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


439 


Table  LXXXIX. — Solid.^  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 


Fore  period. 


1903— Feb.  19. 
•-•O. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 


1 
In  food. 


Grams. 
679 
762 
747 

1. 125 
693 
744 
805 
661 
764 


In  feces. 


3 


Total 6, 980 

Average 776 


Preservative  period. 


First  subperiod : 

1903— Feb.  28. . 

Mar.  1.. 


769 
825 
817 
739 


Total 3,150 

Average 788 


Second  subperiod: 
1903— Mar.  4 


801 
784 
799 
665 


Total 3,049 

Average ,       762 


Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8  . . . 

9... 

10... 

11  ... 


694 
639 
519 

448 


Total 2, 300 

Average 575 


Entire  preservative 
r>eriocf: 

Total 

Average 


8,499 
708 


After  period. 


-Mar.  12  . 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 


477.6 

058 

802 

774 

799 

803 

799 

814 


Grams. 
17.3 
9.0 
14.5 
66.1 
36.0 
14.2 
24.2 
52.8 
9.0 


Toul  . . . . 
Average . 


5,926.6 
740.8 


73. 402 
82. 134 
76. 134 
80.042 
78. 045 
76. 354 
78. 326 
89. 545 
85. 358 


In  feces 

and 
urine. 
(2+3) 


Grams.     Grams.     Per  ct.    Per  ct 


90.702 
91. 134 
90.634 
146.  U2 
114.045 
90.554 
162. 526 
142. 345 
94.358 


In 
feces. 
(2+1) 


6 

In 
urine. 

(3H-1) 


2.5 
1.2 
1.9 
6.0 
5. 2 
1.9 
3.0 
8.0 
1.2 


10.8 
10.8 
10.2 

7.1 
11.3 
10.3 

9.7 
13.5 
11.2 


In 
feces 
and 
urine. 
(4-1) 


Per  ct. 
13.4 
12.0 
12. 1 
13.0 
16.5 
12.2 
12.7 
21.5 
12.4 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


243.1 
27.0 


45.5 
3.5 
33.0 
51.1 


719.340 
79. 927 


962. 440 
106.938 


76. 440 
78.312 
76.009 
77. 518 


121. 940 
81.812 
109.009 
128. 618 


10.3 


13.8 


Grams. 
588.298 
670. 866 
656.366 
978. 858 
578. 9.5.-> 
653. 446 
702. 474 
518. 655 
669. 642 


9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Grants. 


6, 017.  .^60 
669. 062 


133.1 
33.0 


30.0 
20.8 
47.5 
27.3 


125.6 
31.4 


23.7 
6.2 

13.9 
5.5 


49.3 
12.3 


308.0 
2.5.7 


308. 279 
77. 070 


441.379 
110.345 


81. 722 
80. 659 
73.843 
75. 455 


111.722 
101.459 
121. 343 
102. 755 


311.679 
77. 920 


437. 279 
109. 320 


5.9 

9.9 

15.9 

.4 

9.5 

9.9 

4.0 

9.3 

13.3 

6.9 

10.5 

17.4 

647.060 
743. 188 
707. 991 
610. 382 


3.7 
2.7 
5.9 
4.1 


10.2 
10.3 
9.2 
11.3 


14.0 


2,708.621  I 
677.655  :. 


13.9 
12.9 
15. 2 
15.5 


689. 278 
682. 541 
677. 657 
562. 245 


10.2 


14.3 


2,611.721 
652. 680 


71.618 
81. 364 
68.544 
50.774 


95. 318 
87.564 
82.444 
56.  274 


3.4 
1.0 


272. 300 
68.075 


321. 600 
80.400 


892.258  |1,200.258 
74.355   100.022 


10.3 
12.7 
13.2 
11.3 


13.7 
13.7 
15.9 
12.6 


598. 682 
551. 436 
436. 556 
391.726 


11.8 


14.0 


1, 978. 400 
494.600 


3.6  I  10.5 


7,298.742 
607.978 


46.2 
28. 5 
38.0 
(«) 
25.5 
40.4 
7.7 
28.7 


21.5. 0 
26.9 


57.411 
64.878 
84.760 
71.736 
67. 782 
72. 936 
74. 242 
69.580 


103.611 
93. 378 

122. 760 
71.736 
93. 282 

113.336 
81. 942 
98.280 


563. 325 
70. 416 


778. 325 
97.291 


9.7 
4.3 
4.7 


3.2 
5.0 
9.8 
13.5 


12.0 

21.7 

9.9 

14.2 

10.9 

15.3 

10.6 

9.3 

8.6 

11.7 

9.1 

14.1 

9.3 

10.3 

8.5 

12.1 

373. 989 
564. 622 
679. 240 
702.  264 
705.718 
689. 664 
717.058 
715.720 


3.6 


9.5 


13.8 


6, 148. 275 
643.509 


1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 


4.0 


4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
2.0 


3.0 
3.0 
2.2 
3.0 


27.2 


a  No  movement. 


440 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Tablk  LXXXIX. — Solids  balances  for  Series  III — Continued. 
ISTo.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 
In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

0 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903_Feb.  19 

Grams. 
550 
575. 5 
579 
670 
653 
660 
641 
611 
619 

Grams. 

(a) 
11.5 
63.5 
28.5 

(«) 
19.1 
23.0 
29.7 

(«) 

Grams. 
37. 309 
50. 615 
48. 951 
47. 662 
52. 881 
54. 743 
56. 252 
63.302 
55. 860 

Gravis. 
37. 309 
62. 115 

112. 451 
76. 162 
62. 881 
73.843 
79. 252 
83. 002 
55.860 

Per  ct. 

""i'.o 

11.0 
6.0 

'"'i'g' 

3.6 
4.9 

Per  ct. 
6.8 
8.8 
8.5 
8.4 
8.1 
8.3 
8.8 
8.7 

Per  ct. 

6.8 
10.8 
19.4 
13.4 

8.1 
11.2 
12.4 
1:^.6 

Grams. 
512.691 
513. 385 
466. 549 

Grams. 

20 

21          

22 

493.838    

23 

600.119    

24 

586. 167       ... 

25       

561.748  ' 

26 

627.998  ' 

27 

9.0          9.0 

563. 140  1 

Total 

5,458.5 
606.5 

175.3 
19.5 

457.  .576 
60. 842 

632. 875 
70. 319 

3.2 

8.4 

11.6 

4, 825. 625 
636. 181 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Feb.  28 

Mar.  1 

2 

3 

416 
401.5 
491 
628 

40.5 
45.8 
34.2 
17.1 

55. 801 
45.942 
38. 124 
51.411 

96. 301 
91. 742 
72. 324 
68. 611 

9.7 

11.4 

7.0 

2.7 

13.4 

n.4 

7.8 
8.2 

23.1 
22.9 
14.7 
10.9 

319.699 
309. 758 
418.676 
559.489 

1 

0 
0 
0 

Total         

1,936.5 
484  1 

137.6 
34.4 

191.278 
47.820 

328.878 
82. 220 

7.1 

9.9 

17.0 

1,607.622 
401.880 

1 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  4 

6 

6 

7 

557 
567 
585 
652 

30.6 
50.6 
41.3 
38.9 

63. 288 
51.097 
43. 218 
59. 898 

83.888 

101.597 

84. 618 

98. 798 

5.5 
8.9 
7.1 
6.0 

9.6 
9.0 
7.4 
9.2 

15.1 
17.9 
14.5 
15.2 

473. 112 
465.403 
500.482 
553.202 

0 
0 

1 

2 

Total 

2,361 
.590 

161.3 
40.3 

207. 501 
51.875 

368. 801 
92.  200 

6.8 

8.8 

15.6 

1,992.199 
497.800 

3 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  8 

9 

10 

11 

615 
582 
592 
551 

39.0 

28.6 
(«) 
32.5 

42.838 
54.091 
55. 728 
50. 372 

81. 838 
82. 691 
53. 728 
82. 872 

6.3 
4.9 

""b.Q 

7.0 
9.3 
9.1 
9.1 

13.3 

14.2 

9.1 

15.0 

533. 162 
499.309 
538. 272 
468. 128 

3 
3 
3 
3 

Total 

2,340 
585 

100.1 
25.0 

201. 029 
60. 257 

301. 129 

75. 282 

4.3 

8.6 

12.9 

2, 038. 871 
509. 718 

12 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period : 

Total 

Average 

6, 637. 5 
553.1 

399. 0 
33.2 

599. 808 
49. 988 

998. 808 
S3. 234 

6.0 

9.0 

15.0 

5,638.092  j          16 
469. 866  '   . .     .  - 

After  period. 

1903— Mar.  12 

13.. 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

595 
583 
659 
638 
849 
790 
589 
(618) 

36.0 
32.0 
13.2 
27.4 
29.6 
31.2 
52.0 
Lost. 

55. 811 
50.220 
52.628 
55. 248 
42. 022 
47. 836 
48.  686 
(53.577) 

91.811 
82. 220 
65. 728 
82. 648 
71. 622 
79. 036 
100. 686 

6.1 
5.5 
2.0 
4.3 
3.5 
3.9 
8.8 

9.4 
8.6 
8.0 
8.7 
4.9 
6.1 
8.3 
(8.7) 

15.4 
14.1 
10.0 
13.0 
8.4 
10.0 
17.1 

603. 189 
500. 780 
693. 272 
565. 352 
777. 378 
710. 964 
488. 314 

'.'....'.'. 

Total 1 

4,703 

(5,321) 

672 

(665) 

221.4 

573.751 

4.7 

"(7.6) 

12.2 

4,129.249 

(405. 928) 

Average | 

31.6 

81.964 

590.036    

(50.741) 



■       1 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


441 


Table  XC. — Summary  of  solids  Jxthmces  for  Series  III. 
Four  iTien. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-i-l) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borie 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.  1 

Grams. 
5,736 
5.  .596 

Grams. 
282. 3 

Grams. 
586. 1 

Grams. 

««K  J. 

Per  ct. 
4.9 

Per  ct. 
10.2 
8.1 

Per  ct. 
15.1 
11.4 

Grams. 
4,867.6 
4, 956. 4 

Grams^ 

X-          o                                                    1 

452.8          639.6 

-^''•"^ i    r6:2401 

[208.4] 
156.2 

X-         1                                            1 

4, 482.  5 
(5,080.6) 

581.3 

"(9.5) 
10.3 

13.0 

3,961.2 

-^"•■* { 

(483.9) 

71Q  5 

Xo  5 

6  980 

94Q   1 

Qfi->    J 

3.5 

13.8 

6,017.6 

I 

22, 794. 5 
(23,392.5) 
[23, 438. 5] 

3,051.7 

13.4 

19, 742.  8 

Total \ 

(2,667.2) 

(11.4) 

\ 

[890. 0] 

[3.8] 

1 

691 

92.6 

698.5 

Average I        (688) 

(78.4) 

I         r6891 

[26. 2] 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
Ko.  1 

2,541 
2,676 
2,633 
3,150 

133.2 
76.0 
126.0 
133.1 

258.8 
219.7 
269.8 
308.3 

392.0 
295.7 
396.8 
441.4 

5.2 
2.8 
5.0 
4.2 

10.2 
8.2 

10.6 
9.8 

15.4 
11.1 
15.6 
14.0 

2, 149. 0 
2, 380. 3 
2, 137. 2 
2, 708. 6 

4.0' 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

No.  3 

No.  4 

No.  5 

Total 

10,900 
681 

468.3 
29.3 

1  056  6       1  fi''-i  1 

4.3 

9.7 

14.0 

9,375.1 

585.7 

16.0- 

Average 

66.0 

95.3 

Second  subperiod: 
No.  1 

2,617 
2,586 
2, 249. 5 
3,049 

111.7 
85.3 
92.4 

125.6 

250.1 
225.4 
266.9 
311.7 

361.8 
310.7 
359.3 
437.3 

4.3 
3.3 
4.1 
4.1 

9.5 

8.7 

11.9 

10.2 

13.8 
12.0 
16.0 
14.3 

2,255.2 
2, 275. 3 
1,890.2 
2,611.7 

12  0' 

No.  3 ■ 

12  0 

No.  4 

12  0 

No.  5 

12  0 

Total 

10,-501.5 
656 

415.0 
25.9 

1,054.1 
65.9 

1,469.1 
91.8 

4.0 

10.0 

14.0 

9, 032.  4 
564.2 

48  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.  1 

2,464 
2,165 
1,745 
2,300 

97.3 
70.8 
88.2 
49.3 

249.3 
1%.5 
194.8 
272.3 

346.6 
267.3 
283.0 
321. 6 

4.0 
3.3 
5.1 
2.1 

10.1 

9.1 

11.2 

11.8 

14.1 
12.3 
16.2 
14.0 

2,117.4 
1,897.7 
1,  462.  0 
1,978.4 

10  0- 

No.  3 

11  0 

No.  4 

9  7 

No.  5 

11.2 

Total 

8,674      1        805.6 
542      1          19. 1 

912.  9 
57.1 

1,218.5 
76.2 

3.5 

10.5 

14.0 

7, 4.55.  5 
465. 8 

41  9 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
periofl : 

Total 

30,075.5 
627 

1 

1,188.9       3,023.6 
248  1            63.0 

1 
4,212.5         4  0 

10.1       14.0 

25,863.0 
539. 2 

105. 9' 

Average 

87.8 



t 

A/ler  period. 
No.  1 

6,189              227.7          467  n 

694.7 
465. 7 

4.4 
3.8 

9.0 
■■(7.'9) 

13.4 
11.9 

4,494.3 
3, 468. 3 

So.i 1 

3,934              149. 8 

(4,546) 

2,969 
f3,5<il. 
[3,489] 

5,926.6 

(366.9) 

1 

365.1 

i2.3 

2, 603.  9 

No.  : J 

1       (31.5.  a) 

(8.9) 

[121  5]    .. 

13  5> 

NO..0 

215. 0  '        5<18.  3 

778.3 

3.6 

9.5 

13.3 

6, 148. 3 

Totiil > 

18,018.6 
(19,222.6) 

2,303.8 

12.8 

15,714.8 

n .  7(r2. 5 1 

■■[a-fli 

(8.9) 

[18,538.6]        171*01 

621 
f620) 
[618] 

79.4 

541.6 

Average 

(54.9) 

[2:1.8] 



442 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PEESERAVTIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XC. — Summary  of  solids  balances  for  Series  J/J^  Continued. 


ir"ive  men. 


Period. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

T 

In 
feces 

and 
urine. 
(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Ts'o.l 

Ko.2 

Grams. 
5,736 
6,364 
5,596 

Grams. 
282. 3 
245.1 

Grams. 
586.1 
541.5 
452. 8 

Grams. 
868.4 
786.6 
639.6 

Per  ct. 
4.9 

3.8 

"if 

Per  ct. 
10.2 

8.5 
8.3 

Per  ct. 
15.1 
12.3 
11.6 

Grams. 
4, 867.  6 
5,577.4 
4, 956. 4 

Grams. 

ls'0.3 j 

} 

[208. 4] 
156.2 

ATn  a                          /I      4,482.5 

581.3 

"'(9-5) 
10.3 

13.0 

3,901.2 

(483. 9) 
719.3 

jsro.5 

6,980 

243.1 

962.  4 

3.5 

13.8 

6,017.6 

J 

29,158.5 

(29,  756. 5) 

[29,802.5] 

694.2 

(692. 0) 

[693. 1] 

3, 848.  3 

13.2 

25, 310. 2 

1 

Total               1 

'ii,'i35.'i]' 

(2, 783. 6) 

(9.4) 

1. 

[3.8] 

) 

f 

91.6 

602. 6 

1 

Average \ 

(64.7) 

I 

"[26- 4] 

1 

> 

Preservative  period. 

JFirst  subperiod: 
No.  1 

2,541 
2,843 
2,676 
2,533 
3,150 

133.2 
110.8 
76.0 
126.0 
133.1 

258.8 
246.3 
219.7 
269.8 
308.3 

392.0 
357.1 
295.  7 
395. 8 
441.4 

5.2 
3.9 

2.8 
5.0 
4.2 

10.2 
8.7 
8.2 

10.6 
9.8 

15.4 
12.6 
11.1 
15.6 
14.0 

2,149.0 

2, 485.  9 
2, 380. 3 
2, 137. 2 
2, 708. 6 

4 

No.2 

4 

No.3 

4 

No.  4 

4 

No.  5 

4 

Total 

Average 

13, 743 

687 

579.1 
29.0 

1,302.9 
65.1 

1,882.0 
94.1 

4.2 

9.5 

13.7 

11,861.0 
592.9 

20 

1 

Table  XCI. — Solids  balances  for  Series  IV 

JSS'o.   7. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-=-l) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-M) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Grams. 
394 

478 
470 
536 
473 
497 
504 
501 

Grams. 
27.8 
37.8 
30.0 
24.2 
28.8 
19.4 
50.7 
16.5 

Grams. 
29. 845 
62.  742 
45. 924 
57.  944 
40. 378 
47. 485 
53. 124 
45. 474 

Grams. 
57. 645 
90. 542 
75. 924 
82. 144 
69. 178 
66. 885 

103. 824 
61. 974 

Per  ct. 
7.1 
7.9 
6.4 
4.5 
6.1 
3.9 
10.1 
3.3 

Per  ct. 

7.6 
11.0 

9.8 
10.8 

8.5 

9.6 
10.5 

9.1 

Per  ct. 
14.6 
18.9 
16.2 
15.4 
14.6 
13.5 
20.6 
12.4 

Grams. 
336. 355 
387. 458 
894. 076 
452. 856 
403. 822 
430. 115 
400. 176 
439. 026 

Grams. 


Total 

3,852 
482 

235.2 
29.4 

372. 916 
46. 615 

608. 116 
76. 015 

6.1 

9.7 

15.8 

3, 243. 884 
405.  985 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

Tlr.'?!  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

483 
488 
509 
492 

34.5 
53.0 
40.0 
28.6- 

60.  774 
46. 900 
57.  235 
49. 104 

95. 274 
99. 900 
97. 235 

77. 704 

■  7.1 
10.9 
7.9 

5.8 

12.6 
9.6 

n.2 

10.0 

19.7 
20.5 
19.1 
15.8 

387. 726 
388. 100 
411. 765 
414. 296 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

1,972 
493 

1.56. 1 
39.0 

214.013 
53. 503 

370. 113 
92.  628 

7.9 

10.9 

18.8- 

1,601.887 
400.  472 

2.0 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


443 


T.\BLE  XCI. — Solid.')  hala)ic('.')  for  »SV)vV.s/T'— Continued. 
No.  8. 


1      1 

Period  and  date,     i 

1  In  food. 

1 

3       1       3       1       4=       i       5 

In  feces       j^ 
In  feces.  Inurine.    „^P<1       feces. 

j             ;   (2+3)     (-■^> 

6 

In 
uriu6. 
(3h-1j 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Forr  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

i;2 

~2i '..'.'.'.'.'. 

Grams. 

727 
660 
640 
(638 
576 
739 
692 
669 

Grams.   1  Grams. 

7.0       61.320 

29.2  1    6.5.650 

19.0       62.452 

Lost.  1   (49.740 

Grams. 
68.320 
94.850 
81.4.52 


1 

Per  ct. 

1.0 

4.4 

3.0 

Per  at 
8.4 
9.9 
9.8 

(7.8 
8.6 
9.2 
8.7 
9.0 

Per  ct. 
9.4 
14.4 
12.7 

Gramn. 
6.58. 680 
565. 1.50 
568.548 

Grams. 

24 

25 

26 

(«) 
46.7 
40.4 

(«) 

49.590  1     49.590 
67.640  :  114.340 
60. 130     100. 530 
60.050  1     60.050 

' ' '  'e.'s 

5.8 

8.6 
15.5 
14.5 

9.0 

.526. 410 
624. 660 
591. 470 
608. 9.50 

Total 

4,703          142.3  1 

(5,341) '(476.572 

569.132 


3.0 

■■(8.' 9 

12.1 

4, 133. 868 

Averaee            '           ^^^  |         20.3 

I           (668) 

I  i59.572 

81. 305 

.590. 695 

PresfTvattve  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

1 

658 
657 
694 
649 

1 

25.5  1    48.500 
49.5  '    60.208 
50.3       64.638 
33.  0       57. 510 

74.000 
109. 708 
114.  938 

90.510 

3.9 
7.6 

7. 2 
.5.1 

7.4 
9.2 
9.3 
8.9 

11.3 
16.7 
16.6 
13.9 

584.000 
547. 292 
579.  062 
558. 490 

1 

0.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

2, 658 
,            664 

1.58.3  1  230.8.56 
39.6       67.714 

389. 1.56 
97. 314 

6.0 

8.7 

14.6 

2,268.844 
566. 686 

2.0 

Second  snhpcriod: 

1903— Apr.  1 

2 

3 

4 

692 
'505 
644 
593 

2,  .534 
634 

(")        '    62.820 
50.  0       49. 925 
21.3       60.128 
4.5.3  ;     61.090 

62. 820 
99. 925 
81.428 
106. 390 

3.3 

7.6 

9.1 

8.3 

9.3 

10.3 

9.1 
16.5 
12.6 
17.9 

629. 180 
505. 075 
562. 572 
486. 610 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

116.6     233.963 
29. 2       58. 491 

350.  .563 
87.  641 

4.6 

9.2 

13.8 


2, 183. 437 
.546. 359 

4.0 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Ttital 

1                   ,    ■ 

5   192    ;           974    Q       J(U   81 Q 

739. 719          5. 3 
92.465    

0  n  1      -  " 

4,452.281 
556.  .535 

.\verage 

649 
614 

34. 4  1    .58. 103 

Third  .subperiod: 
1903 — Apr  0 

(«)        1    .53.690 
26.3  i    61.290 
41. 6       56. 670 
36. 8       61.  740 
28.8  1    .56.458 

63.690 
87.  .590 
98.  270 
98.  .540 
85. 258 

3.7 
6.3 
5.1 
4.5 

8.7 
8.6 
8.6 
8.5 
8.9 

8.7 
12.3 
14.9 
13.6 
13.5 

660.  310 
626.410 
560. 730 
625. 460 
547. 742 

6 

7 

8 

9 

714 
6.59 
724 
633 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

3,344 

133.5  1  289.848 
26.  7  1    .57. 970 

423. 348 
81.670 

4.0 

8.7 

12.7 

2, 920. 652 
684. 330 

5.0 

Average 

669 

Subperiods  1,2,  and3: 
Total 

8,536 
657 

408.4  1  7.54.667    1,163.067 
31.4  1    .58.0.51        89.467 

4.8 

8.8 

13.6 

7, 372. 933 
667. 533 

11.0 

Average 

fourth  .Kubperiod: 

]9f»3— Apr.  10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

685 
642 
605 
667 
627 

26. 5 
24.2 
38.6 
23.0 
27.0 

.51.005 
60. 820 
58.988 
39. 105 
47.040 

77.  505 
8.5.020 
97.588 
62.105 
74.040 

3.9 
3.8 
6.4 
3.4 
4.3 

7.4 
9.5 
9.8 
6.9 
7.5 

11.3 
13.2 
16.1 
9.3 
11.8 

607. 495 
.566. 980 
607.412 
604.  895 
6.52. 960 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

3,226 
645 

139.3 
27.9 

2.56.9.58 
51.392 

396.258 
79. 252 

4.3 

8.0 

12.3 

2,829.742 
565. 748 

11.0 

A  verage 

r.ntire   t.reservatlve 
period: 

Total 

Average 

11,762 
0.53 

547.7    1,011.625 
30.4        .56.201 

1,5.59.325 
8<i.629 

4.7 

8.6 

■13.3 

10,2a2.675 
66().  371 

22.0 

A/tt^r  perirjd. 

laot-Apris 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

659 
632 

683 
577 
.5.57 
.515 
560 
604 

21.8 
27.0 
»1,7 
19.6 
37.2 
36.0 

(«)       1 
49.6  1 

68.198 
45. 520 

48.  775 
48.  IWJ 
.5<i.  6<>2 
53. 245 
.59.  ;«5 
50. 3:j8 

74.998 
72.  .520 
80. 475 
67.  780 
93.  H\n 
89.  845 
.59.  38j5 
99.9:« 

3.3 
4.8 
4.C 
3.4 

6.7 
7.1 

"8.'2' 
4.7 

8.1 
7.2 
7.1 
8.4 
10.2 
10.3 
10.  6 
8.8 

8.7 

11.4 
11.5 
11.8 
11.7 
l(i.  9 
17.4 
10.6 
16.5 

18.8 

584.002 
5.59.480 
602.  .525 
509. 220 
463.  108 
42.5.  1.55 
500.  615 
504. 062 

Total 

A  vcrage . 

4,787 
698 

228.5  1  41.5.333 
27.9  1    51.917 

79.854 

4, 148. 167 
618. 146 

' 

1 

1 

1 1 

a  No  movement. 


444 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XCI. — Solids  balances  for  Series  IV — Continued- 
ISTo.  9. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax: 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Grams. 
534 
636 
600 
629 
541 
639 
591 
641 

Grams. 
38.8 
20.5 
39.0 
33.0 
26.5 
27.4 
31.7 
16.7 

Grams. 
63. 357 
63.  600 
61.  945 
58. 662 
62. 170 
62.920 
55.500 
61. 120 

Grams. 

102. 157 
84. 100 

100. 945 
91. 662 
88. 670 
90. 320 
87. 200 
77. 820 

Per  ct. 
7.3 
3.2 
6.5 
5.2 
4.9 
4.3 
5.4 
2.6 

Per  ct. 

11.9 

10.0 

10.3 

9.3 

11.5 

9.8 

9.4 

9.5 

Per  ct. 
19.1 
13.2 
16.8 
14.6 
16.4 
14.1 
14.8 
12.1 

Grams. 
431.843 
551.900 
499.055 
537.338 
452.330^ 
548.680 
603. 800 
563.180 

Gravis.. 

Total 

4,811 
601 

233.6 
29.2 

489. 274 
61. 159 

722.874 
90. 359 

4.9 

10.2 

15.0 

4, 088. 126 
510.641 

Average 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperlod: 

1903-Mar.28 

29 

SO 

31 

569 

596 
647 
599 

31.0 
34.5 
29.8 
29.1 

62. 970 
61. 090 
62. 900 
63. 528 

93. 970 
95. 590 
92.  700 
92. 628 

5.4 
5.8 
4.6 
4.9 

11.1 

10.3 

9.7 

10.6 

16.5 
16.0 
14.3 
15.5 

475. 030 
500. 410 
654. 300 
506. 372 

0.5. 
.S 
.S 

Total 

2,411 
603 

124.4 
31.1 

250.488 
62.622 

374. 888 
93.  722 

5.2 

10.4 

15.5 

2,036.112 
509.278 

2  0' 

Average 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  1 

2 

i  ....'.'.'. 
4 

607 

547 
626 
647 

30.5 

(«) 

51.1 
(a) 

57. 780 
62.215 
66.150 
69.559 

88.280 

62.215 

117. 250 

69. 659 

5.0 

""'8."2" 

9.5 

11.4 
10.6 
10.8 

14.5 
11.4 

18.7 
10.8 

518. 720 
484.785 
508. 750 
677. 441 

l.Oi 
l.O* 
l.O' 
1.0 

Total 

2,427  '■■          81.6 

255. 704 
63. 926 

337. 304 
84. 326 

3.4 

10.5 

13.9 

2,089.696 
522. 674 

4. 0' 

Average 

607 

20.4 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

4,838 
605 

206.0 
25.8 

506. 192 
63.274 

712. 192 
89. 074 

4.3 

10.5 

14.7 

4,125.808 
515. 926 

6.0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

559 
617 

588 
644 
580 

28.2 
38.7 
24.8 
42.6 
13.4 

62. 478 
64. 220 
63.  670 
59. 565 
71. 980 

90.678 
102. 920 

88. 470 
102. 165 

85.  380 

5.0 
6.3 
4.2 
6.6 
2.3 

11.2 
10.4 
10.  S 
9.2 
12.4 

16.2 
16.7 
15.0 
15.9 
14.7 

468.322 
514.080 
499. 530 
541. 835 
494. 620 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total    

2, 988 
598 

147.7 
29.5 

321.913 
64. 383 

469. 613 
93. 883 

4.9 

10.8 

15.7 

2  518  387           SO' 

Average 

604.117 

Subperiods  1, 2,  and  3: 
Total 

7,820 
602 

353.  7 
27.2 

828. 105 
63. 700 

1,181.805 
90.900 

4.5 

10.6 

15.1 

6, 644. 195 
511. 100 

11  0 

Average 

Fourth  .subperiod: 

1903— Apr.  10 

]1 

12 

13 

14 

624 
573 
571 
673 
590 

25.2 
40.9 
27.6 
19.4 
22.6 

65. 620 
67. 010 
68. 120 
54.  220 
64.  780 

90. 820 
107.910 
95.  720 
73. 620 
87. 380 

4.0 
7.1 
4.8 
2.9 
3.8 

10.5 
11.7 
11.9 
8.1 
11.0 

14.6 
18.8 
16.8 
10.9 
14.8 

533. 180 
465. 090 
475.  280 
699.  380 
502. 620 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

3,031 
606 

10, 857 
603 

135.7 
27.1 

489.4 
27.2 

319. 750 
63.  950 

455. 450 
91. 050' 

4.5 

10.5 

15.0 

2,575.650 
514.960 

11.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total    

1,147.855 
63.770 

1,637.256 
90.970 

4.5 

10.6 

15.1 

9, 219. 745 
612. 030 

22  0 

Average 

After  period. 

1903— Apr.  15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

62.3 
619 
596 
609 
598 
633 
543 
596 

19.9 
30.6 
35.0 
34.2 
29.0 
30.2 
9.4 
18.5 

59. 750 
63. 390 
61.388 
57. 580 
56.  759 
65. 340 
61. 160 
60.427 

79. 650 
93. 990 
96. 388 
91.  780 
85.  759 
95.  540 
70. 560 
78.  927 

3>2 

4.9 
5.9 
5.6 
4.8 
4.8 
1.7 
3.1 

9.6 
10.2 
10.3 
9.6 
9.5 
10.3 
11. 3: 
10.1 

12.8 
15.2 
16.2 
16.1 
14.3 
15.1 
13. 0 
13.2 

543. 350 
525.  010 
499.  612 
517. 220 
512. 241 
537. 460 
472. 440 
517. 073 



Total            

4,817 
.  602 

206.8 
25.8 

485.794 
60.724 

692. 694 
86. 624 

4.3 

ID.l 

14.4 

4, 124. 406 
615. 476 

Average 

oNo  movement. 


BOEIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


445 


Table  XCI. — Solids  balances  for  Series  I]' — Continued. 
No.  lO. 


Period  and  date. 

1 

In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2^1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3H-1) 

7 

;n  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

CO 

n '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Grams. 
656 
669 
.581 
5riO 
G16 
069 
G86 
C93 

Gram,s. 
23.5 
26.0 
18.0 
19.5 
26.5 
30.7 
29.7 
31.0 

Grams. 
67. 3.50 
65. 360 
69. 630 
59.2>U 
56  780 
64.930 
57.880 
59.210 

Gravis. 
90.850 
91. 3G0 
87. 630 
78.784 
83.280 
95.  G30 
87.  .580 
90.210 

Per  d. 
3.6 
3.9 
3.1 
3.5 
4.3 
4.6 
4.3 
4.5 

Per  ct. 
10.3 
9.8 
12.0 
10.8 
9.2 
9.7 
8.4 
8.5 

Per  ct. 
13.8 
13.7 
15.1 
14.3 
13.5 
14.3 
12.8 
13.0 

Grams. 
565. 150 
577. 640 
493. 370 
471. 216 
532. 720 
573.370 
598.420 
602. 790 

Grams. 

Total 

5, 120 
640 

204.9 
25.6 

.500. 424 

705.324 

4.0 

9.8 

-3.8 

4, 414. 676 
551.847 

Ave«age 

62. 553 

88.153 

Preservative  period.  ■ 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

077 
685 
6.53 
677 

42.0 
42.4 
24.4 
50.4 

66.050 
58.700 
56.860 
58.602 

108.050 
101. 100 
81.260 
109.002 

6.2 
6.2 
3.7 
7.4 

9.8 
8.6 

8.7 
8.7 

16.0 
14.8 
12.4 
16.1 

568. 9.50 
583. 900 
571.740 
567.998 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

2,692 
673 

1.59. 2 

39.8 

240.212  ,  399.412 
60.053       99.853 

5.9 

8.9 

14.8 

2, 292.  .588 
573. 147 

2.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Apr.l 

2 

3 

4........ 

689 
663 

685 

68G 

23.7 
41.5 

28.4 
21.7 

58.545 
44. 432 
72. 921 

57.888 

82.245 
85.932 
101. 321 

79.588 

3.4 
6.3 
4.1 
3.2 

8.5 
6.7 
10.6 

8.4 

11.9 
13.0 
14.8 
11.6 

606. 7.55 
577.068 
583. 679 
606. 412 

1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

Total 

2, 723 
681 

11.5.3 

28.8 

2:33.  786 
58  446 

349. 08» 
«7  9art 

4.2 

8.6 

12.8 

2, 373. 914 
693.754 

4.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

5,415 
677 

274.5 
1          34.3 

473.998     748.498 
59.250       93.550 

5.1 

8.8 

13.8 

4, 666. 502 
683. 4.50 

6.0 

Average 

Third  suVjperiod: 

1903— Apr.  5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

656 
701 
669 
708 
672 

27.0 
28.9 
33.2 
35.9 
32.3 

63.165       90.165 
.51.300       80.260 
67. 222     100.  422 
,    .t(>..5.tO  ;     92.4.50 
56. 305       88. 605 

4.1 
4.1 
5.0 
5.1 

4.8 

9.6 
7.3 
10.0 
8.0 

8.4 

13.7 
11.4 
15.0 
13.1 
13.2 

565.835 
623. 740 
568. 578 
615.550 
583. 395 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

Total 

Average 

3,  409 
.    682 

157.3 
31.5 

294.602     4.51.902 
1     58. 920       90. 420 

4.6 

S.6 

13.2 

2, 957. 098 
591.580 

6.0 

Subperiods  1 , 2,  and  3 

Total 

Average 

1 

8,824 
679 

!        431. 8 
:          33.2 

768.600   1,200.400 
59.123       92.323 

4.9 

8.7 

13.6 

7,623.600 
586. 677 

11.0 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903-Apr.lO 

11 

12 

13 

14 

696 
704 
G78 
708 
076 

9.1 
60.5 
29.7 
13.1 
50.8 

.54.002       63.102 
09.118     129.618 
62. 2(;0       91. 960 
58.662       71.702 
45.160       9.5.960 

1        1.3 

8.6 
4.4 
1.8 
7.5 

7.8 
9.8 
9.2 
8.3 
6.7 

9.1 
18.4 
13.6 
10.1 
14.2 

632.898 
574.382 
686. 040 
636. 238 
.580.040 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.0 

Total 

-Xverage 

3,462 
692 

163. 2 
32.6 

289. 202     4.52. 402 
57.840       90.440 

4.7 

8.4 

13.1 

3, 009.  .598 
601.560 

11.0 

Ktitire  i>re«ervative 
j>erio<l: 

Total 

Average 

12,286 
683 

596.0 
1          33.1 

i                  i 
1,057.802  1,652.802 
1      68.767 1      91.867 

'j        4.8 

8.6 

13.4 

10,633.198 
591.133 

22.0 

1 

After  peri'Kl. 

1903-Apr.l5 

16 

25 

270 
410 
479 
598 
573 
032 

1        ^"> 

1 
80.180       30.180  1 

120.7 

120.7 

t 

6. 180 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

18.0 

(") 
39.fi 
33.3 

48.:; 

60. 540       73. 540 
49. 390       49. 390 
.5<;.710       56.710 
46.610       86.240 
70.240  1  103.510 
45. 280  1     93.  580 

4.8 

"'e.'e' 

5.8 

'      7.6 

22.4 
12.0 
11.8 

7.8 
12.3 

7.2 

27.4 
12.0 
11.8 
14.4 
1       18.1 
1      14.8 

1      196. 460 

1      360. GIO 

422. 290 

1      511.760 

469.  460 

638. 420 

Total 

2. 987 
427 

1 

134.2 
1          19.2 

358. 980     WA.  180 
61  283      7n  iMS 

4.5 

12.0 

16.5 

2,493.820 
366.517 

Average 

1 

» 

"No  movement. 


f'DlKcardod. 


446 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD   PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XCI. — Solids  balances  for  Series  /T''— Continued. 

INTO.  11. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3+1) 

7 

In 
feces 
and 
urine. 

(4H-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period  {ex- 
cluded). 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

22 

23 

Grams. 
681 
591 
618 
(589) 
555 
597 
598 
618 

Grams. 
25.1 
18.5 
25.2 
Lost. 
11.0 
36,5 
16.0 
24.5 

Grams. 
49. 375 
53. 605 
58. 440 

(51.480) 
64.050 
60. 198 
49. 810 
59. 858 

Grams. 
74.475 
72. 105 
83. 640 

Per  ct. 
3.7 
3.1 

4.1 

Per  ct. 
7.2 
9.1 
9.5 
(8.7) 
9.7 
10.0 
8.3- 
9.7 

Per  ct. 
10.9 
12.2 
13.6 

Grams. 
606.  .525 
518. 896 
634. 360 

Grams. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

65. 050 
96.698 
64.810 
84. 358 

2.0 
6.2 
2.5 
4.0 

11.7 
16.2 
10.8 
13.7 

489. 950 
500. 302 
533. 190 
633. 642 

::...:: 

r 

4,258 

(4,847) 

608 

(606) 

155.8 

541.136 

3.7 

"(9.'0) 

12.7 

3,  716. 864 

,                                        1 

(436.816) 

22.3 

77. 348 

530. 652 

Average < 

(54.602) 

Preservative  period 
(excluded). 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

577 

610 

95 

28.0 
22.9 
53.6 

55. 938 
58. 650 
38. 340 

83. 938 
81.  560 
91.  940 

4.9 

3.8 

56.4 

9.7 

9.6 

40.4 

14.5 
13.4 
96.8 

493. 062 

528. 450 

3.060 

0.5 
.5 
.0 

Total 

1, 282 
427 

104.  5 
34.8 

152. 928 
50.976 

257. 428 
86. 809 

8.2 

11.9 

20.1 

1,024.572 
341.191 

1  0 

Average 

Fore  period. 

1903— Mar.  31 ' 

Apr.     1 

2 

i'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

123 

315 
509 
573 

(a) 
20.8 
11.1 
21.5 

34. 220 
26. 995 

38. 700 
41. 708 

34. 220 
47. 795 
49. 800 
63. 208 

'"'h'.h' 

2.2 
3.8 

27.8 
8.6 
7.6 
7.3 

27.8 

15.2 

9.8 

11.0 

88. 780 
267.  205 
459. 200 
609. 792 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

Total 

1,520 
380 

53.4  1  141.623 
13.4  1     3,5.406 

195. 023 
48. 806 

3.5 

9.3 

12.8 

1,324.977 
331. 194 

0  0 

Average 

1 

Preservative  period. 
1903— Apr.   4 

582 
583 
568 
602 
617 
613 
606 
551 
577 
591 
578 

41.5 
27.2 
25.9 
41.0 
23.2 
30.6 
18.2 
28.1 
32.2 
32.9 
19.7 

54. 900 
57. 158 
46.  680 
63. 345 
47. 200 
47. 230 
53.  780 
,  54. 880 
52. 900 
58.  763 
53. 202 

96. 400 
84. 358 
71.580 
94.  346 
70. 400 
77.  830 
71.980 
82. 980 
85. 100 
91.663 
72. 902 

7.1 
4.7 
4.6 
6.8 
3.8 
6.0 
3.0 
5.1 
.6.6 
5.6 
3.4 

9.4 
9.8 
8.0 
8.9 
7.6 
9.2 
8.9 
10.0 
9.2 
9.9 
9.2 

16.6 
14.5 
12.6 
15.7 
11.4 
15.2 
11.9 
15.1 
14.8 
15.5 
12.6 

485. 600 
498. 642 
496. 420 
507. 656 
546. 600 
435. 170 
534. 020 
468. 020 
491.900 
499. 337 
505.098 

0  5 

6 

1  0 

6 

1  0 

7 

1  0 

8 

1  0 

9. 

1  0 

10 

1  0 

11 

1.0 

12 

2  0 

13... 

2  0 

14 

3  0 

Total 

6,368 
579 

320.5 
29.1 

579. 038 
52. 640 

899. 638 
81.776 

5.0 

9.1 

14.1 

5,468.462 
497.224 

14  5 

Average 

After  period. 
1903— Apr.  15 

580 
639 
561 
547 
564 
567 
564 
516 

10.9 
10.5 
(a) 
71.3 

9.2 
29.9 

8.8 
24.8 

49. 486 
45.  350 
47.  775 
51. 320 
50. 960 
49. 617 
54. 948 
53. 508 

60. 385 
66. 850 
47.  775 
122. 620 
60. 160 
79. 517 
63. 748 
78. 308 

1.9 
1.9 

""vi'.Qi 
1.6 
5.3 
1.6 

4.8 

8.5 
8.4 
8.5 
9.5 
9.0 
8.7 
9.7 
10.4 

10.4 
10.4 
8.5 
22.4 
10.7 
14.0 
11.3 
15.2 

519.615 
483. 150 
513.225 
424  380 

. 

16. 

17... 

18 

19... 

503  840  1 

20 

487  483 

21 

500  252 

22 

436  692 

Total  . 

4,437 
556 

165. 4 
20.7 

402. 963 
50.370 

568. 363 
71.045 

3.7 

9.1 

12.8 

3,868.637  i 

483. 955        

Average 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


447 


T.\BLE  XCI. — Solids  halanccRfor  Series  /T"— Continued. 
ISTo.  13. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 

urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2+1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3+1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4+1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period  (ex- 
cluded). 

1903— Mar.  20 

21 

Gravis. 
530 
588 
622 
584 
523 
649 
623 
647 

Grains. 
31.0 
50.0 
13.0 
43.5 
34.9 
36.9 
28.  5 
38.5 

Gramf. 
58. 963 
70.  UiO 
59. 930 
68. 1^50 
60.540 
57. 9S0 
66.190 
60.625 

Grams. 
89. 963 

120. 160 
72. 930 

111.050 
95. 440 
94.880 
94. 690 
99. 125 

Per  ct. 
5.8 
8.5 
2.1 
7.4 
6.7 
5.7 
4.6 
6.0 

Perct. 
11.1 
11.9 

9.6 
11.7 
11.6 

8.9 
10.6 

9.4 

Perct. 
17.0 
20.4 
11.7 
19.1 
18.2 
14.6 
15.2 
15.3 

Grams. 
440. 037 
467. 840 
549. 070 
472. 3.50 
427.  .560 
554. 120 
528. 310 
547.875 

Grams. 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Total 

Average 

4,766 
596 

276. 3 
34.5 

.502.  .538 
62.817 

778.838 
97. 317 

6.8 

10.5 

16.3 

3, 987. 162 
498. 683 

Preservative  period 
(excluded). 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mar.  28 

29 

30 

31 

593 
611 
651 
C) 

20.2 
30.7 
49.1 

58. 9.58 
61.630 
57. 587 

79. 158 
92. 330 
106. 687 

3.4 
5.0 
7.5 

9.9 
.10.1 

8.8 

13.3 
15.1 
16.4 

513. 842 
518. 670 
544. 313 

0.5 
.5 
.5 

.5 

Total 

Average 

1,8.55 
618 

100.0 
33.3 

178. 175 
59. 392 

278. 175 
92. 692 

5.4 

9.6 

15.0 

1, 576. 825 
625. 308 

2.0 

Fore  period. 

1903— Apr.  3 

4 

5 

374 
629 
628 

22.5 
20.1 

28.7 

46.  735 
59. 180 
66. 679 

69.235 
79. 280 
95. 379 

6.0 
3.2 
4.6 

12.5 
9.4 
10.6 

18.5 
12.6 
1.5. 2 

304. 765 
549. 720 
632. 621 

0.0 
0.0 
0.0 

Total 

Average 

1,631 
544 

71.3 

23.8 

172.  .594 
57.  .531 

243. 894 
81.298 

4.4 

10.6 

15.0 

1,387.106 
462. 702 

0.0 

Preservative  period. 
1903— Apr.   6 

657 
.598 
627 
615 
476 
510 
597 
660 
560 

27.3 

31.8 

7.4 

9.0 

19.5 

(6) 

35.0 

3.5.3 

21.8 

71.670 
67.000 
.55. 959 
65. 280 
64. 930 
49.  415 
62. 360 
.59.  .545 
69. 340 

98.  970 
98.800 
63.  3.59 
74. 280 
84. 430 
49.415 
97. 360 
94.845 
91. 140 

4.2 
5.3 
1.2 
1.5 
4.1 

'h'.9 
5.3 
3.9 

10.9 
11.2 

8.9 
10.6 
13.6 

9.7 
10.4 

9.0 
12.4 

15.1 
16.5 
10.1 
12.1 
17.7 
9.7 
16.3 
14.4 
16.3 

5.58. 030 
499.200 
563. 641 
640.720 
391. 670 
460.685 
499. 640 
666.155 
468. 860 

1.0 

1.0 

8 

1.0 

9 

1.0 

10 

1.0 

11 

1.0 

12 

2.0 

13 

2.0 

14 

3.0 

Total 

5,300 
.589 

187.1 
20.8 

.565. 499 
62.  833 

752. 599 
83. 622 

3.5 

10.7 

14.2 

4,547.401 
605. 378 

13.0 

Average 

After  period. 

190:i-Apr.l5 

16 

17 

221.3 
188.0 
578. 0 
634.0 
588.0 
619.0 
.5:i5.0 
.533. 0 

C-) 

27.5 
17.0 
51.7 
32.2 
44.5 
14.8 
20.4 

40. 965 
52.263 
39. 170 
.54.684 
62. 240 
.55.360 
64.068 
52. 165 

40.  965 
79. 763 
.56. 170 
106. 384 
94.440 
99. 860 
68.868 
72.666 

"u.6 
2.9 
8.2 
.5.5 
7.2 
2.8 
3.8 

18.6 
27.8 

6.8 

8.6 
10.6 

8.9 
10.1 

9.8 

18.6 
42.4 
9.7 
16.8 
16.1 
16.1 
12.9 
13.6 

180.335 
108.237 
521.830 
627.616 
493. 560 
619. 140 
466. 1.32 
4<)0. 435 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

::::::: 

Total 

-W'-rage 

3,896.3 

487 

208. 1 
26.0 

410.915 
61.  %4 

619.015 
77.364 

5.3 

10.6 

15.9 

3,277.285 
409. 636 

uDlHCarded. 


bNo  movement. 


448 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD   PRESEKVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


Table  XCII. — Summary  of  solids  balances  for  Series  IV. 
Three   iTieia. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

a 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 

urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3^1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

No.8 1 

No.  9        

Grams. 
4,703 
(5,341) 
4,811 
5,120 

Grams. 
142.3 

Grams. 

Grams. 
509. 132 

Per  ct. 
3.0 

Per  ct. 

"(8'9) 

10.2 

9.8 

Per  ct. 
12.1 

Grams. 
4,133.868 

Grams. 

(476.  572) 
489. 274 
500. 424 

233.6 
204.9 

722. 874 
705. 324 

4.9 
4.0 

15.0 
13.8 

4,088.126 
4, 414. 676 

No.  10 

Total 1 

Average ■! 

14, 634 

(15,272) 

636 

(636) 

580.8 

1, 997. 330 

4.0 

"(9.'6) 

13.6 

12,636.670 

(1,466.270) 

25.3 

86. 888 

549.112 

(61.095) 

■ 

Preservative  period. 

Tirst  subperiod: 
No.  8 

2,658 
2,411 
2,692 

158. 3 
124.4 
159.2 

230. 856 
250. 488 
240. 212 

389. 156 
374. 888 
399. 412 

6.0 
5.2 
5.9 

8.7 
10.4 

8.9 

14.6 
15.5 
14.8 

2,268.844 
2, 036. 112 
2, 292.  588 

2 

No.  9 

2 

No.  10 

2 

Total ... 

7,761 
647 

441.9 
86.8 

721. 556 
60. 130 

1, 163. 456 
96. 930 

6.7 

9.3 

15.0 

6,597.544 
550. 070 

6 

Average 

:Second  subperiod: 
No.8 

2,  534 
2,427 
2,723 

116.6 
81.6 
115.3 

233. 963 
265.  704 
233. 786 

350.  563 
337.  304 
349. 086 

4.6 
3.4 
4.2 

9.2 

10.5 

8.6 

13.8 
13.9 
12.8 

2, 183. 437 
2, 089. 696 
2, 373. 914 

4 

No.  9 

4 

4 

Total 

7, 684 
640 

313.5 
26.1 

723.  453 

60. 288 

1,036.953 

86.  388 

4.1 

9.4 

13.5 

6, 647. 047 
553. 612 

12 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

15, 445 
644 

755.  4 
31.5 

1, 445. 009 
60. 209 

2,200.409 
91. 709 

4.9 

9.4 

14.2 

13, 244.  591 
552. 291 

18 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 
No.8     

3,344 

2,988 
3,409 

133.  5 
147.7 
157.  3 

289. 848 
321. 913 
294.  602 

423. 348 
469.  613 
451.902 

4.0 
4.9 
4.6 

8.7 
10.8 
8.6 

12.7 
15.7 
13.2 

2,920.652 
2, 618.  387 
2,957.098 

6 

No.  9 

5 

No.  10 

5 

Total 

Average 

9,741 
649 

438.5 
29.2 

906. 363 
60. 424 

1, 344. 863 
89.  624 

4.5 

9.3 

13.8 

8, 396. 137 
559. 376 

15 

:Subperiodsl,2,and3: 
Total 

25, 186 
646 

1,193.9 
30.6 

2, 351. 372 
60. 292 

3,  545. 272 
90. 892 

4.7 

9.3 

14.1 

21,640.728 
555. 108 

33 

Average 

Tourth  subperiod: 
No.8 

3,226 
3,031 
3,462 

139.3 
135.7 
163.2 

256. 958 
319.  750 
289.  202 

396. 258 
455. 450 
452. 402 

4.3 

4.5 
4.7 

8.0 
10.5 
8.4 

12.3 
15.0 
13.1 

2, 829. 742 
2,575.550 
3, 009. 598 

11 

No.  9 

11 

No.  10 

11 

Total 

Average 

9,719 
648 

438.2 
29.2 

865. 910 
57. 727 

1, 304. 110 
86.  941 

4.5 

8.9 

13.4 

8,414.890 
561. 059 

33 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total 

34, 905 
646 

1, 632. 1 
30.2 

3,217.282 
59. 579 

4,849.382 
89. 803 

4.7 

9.2 

13.9 

30,055.618 
666. 197 

66 

Average 

After  'period. 
No.8 

4,787 
4,817 
2,987 

223.5 
206.8 
134.2 

41.5.  333 
485.  794 
358. 980 

638. 833 
692.  594 
493. 180 

4.7 
4.3 
4.5 

8.7 
10.1 
12.0 

13.3 
14.4 
16.5 

4,148.167 
4, 124. 406 
2, 493. 820 

No.9 

No.  10.. 

Total 

12, 591 
547 

564.5 
24.5 

1, 260. 107 

54.  787 

1,824.607 
79. 287 

4.5 

10.0 

14.6 

10, 766.  393 
467. 713 

Average 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 

Tahle  XCIII. — S,,i;,Js  haldivrx  for  Serlex  V. 
]V<>.  1. 


449 


4L'42— No.  K4,  (.t  1— (M 2!> 


"iJiwanli'fl. 


450 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XCIII. — Solids  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
jN"o.  1 — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

3 

In 

feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(4-1) 

8              9 

Boric 

Balance.      ^^^"^ 
(1—4,)      1    ^.°". 
^        ''       minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period— 
Continued. 

Fourth  subperiod— 
Continued. 

1903— June  13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

Grams. 
627.0 
674.0 
591.0 
647. 0 
668.0 
654.0 
704.0 
698.0 

Orams. 
39.9 
23.0 
20.9 
50.5 
38.0 
46.8 
59.8 
39.0 

Gi-ams. 
60.763 
59. 621 
58. 509 
59.402 
56. 025 
58. 608 
57.  712 
55. 853 

Grams. 
100. 663 

82.  621 

79. 409 
109. 902 

94.025 
105. 408 
117. 512 

94. 853 

Per  ct. 
6.4 
3.4 

3.5 
7.8 
5.7 
7.1 
8.5 
5.6 

Per  ct. 
9.7 

8.8 
9.9 
9.2 
8.4 
9.0 
8.2 
8.0 

Per  ct. 
16.1 
12.3 
13.4 
17.0 
14.1 
16.1 
16.7 
13.6 

Grams. 
526. 337 
591. 879 
511. 591 
637. 098 
573. 975 
648.  592 
586. 488 
603. 147 

Grams. 
0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

9, 274. 0 
662.0 

535.5 
38.2 

814. 648 
58. 189 

1, 350. 148 
96. 439 

6.8 

8.8 

14.6 

7, 923. 852 
565. 989 

7.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

Total { 

Average -I 

31,574.0 

(32,183.0) 

644.0 

(644. 0) 

1,628.2 
"'33."2' 

4,568.235 

6.1 

"(9.'3) 

14.5 

27, 005. 766 

25.0 

(2,997.148) 

93.229 

551. 138 

lk(i.94k\ 

*■                         ' 

After  period. 

1903— June  21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

588.0 
680.0 
707.0 
646.0 
676.0 
568.0 
(638.0) 
644.0 
620.0 

57.2 
23.0 
49.0 
44.5 
40.4 
64.0 
Lost. 
35.2 
32.0 

60. 000 
54. 383 
62. 196 
57.  722 
59. 780 
57.835 
(60. 143) 
62. 563 
62. 108 

117. 200 
77. 383 
111.196 
102. 222 
100. 180 
121. 835 

9.7 
3.4 
6.9 
6.9 
6.0 
11.3 

10.2 
8.0 
8.8 
8.9 
8.8 

10.2 

9.7 
10.0 

19.9 
11.4 
15.7 
16.8 
14.8 
21.4 

470. 800 
602.617 
595. 804 
543. 778 
675. 820 
446. 165 



28 

29 

97. 763 
94. 108 

6.5 
5.2 

15.2 
15.2 

546. 237 
625.892 

( 

5.  129. 0 

345.3 
"'43.'2' 

821. 887 

6.7 

"(9.' 3) 

16.0 

4, 307. 113 

Total 1    (5;  767.0) 

(636. 730) 

^'■'i^^Se 1        (641.0) 

102. 736 

538. 389 

f59.6371 

' 

N"©.    3. 


Fore  period. 
1903— Apr.  24 

676 
630 
652 
651 

(681) 
550 
560 
584 

29.8 
29.5 
83.7 

(«) 
Lost. 
16.7 
21.6 
25.6 

57. 624 
62. 610 
51.022 
52. 741 
(55. 876) 
54.481 
48. 770 
54. 029 

87.424 
82. 110 
84. 722 
52. 741 

4.4 
4.7 
6.2 

8  5 
8.4 
7.8 
8.1 
(9.6) 
9.9 
8.7 
9.3 

12.9 

13.0 

13.0 

8.1 

588. 576 
547. 890 
567. 278 
598. 259 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

71.181 
70. 370 
79.  629 

3.0 
3.9 
4.4 

12.9 
12.6 
13.6 

478. 819 
489. 630 
504.371 

30 

May  1 

Total 1 

4,303 

(4,884) 

615 

(610) 

156.9 
""22.'4' 

528. 177 

3.6 

"(8."7) 

12.3 

3, 774. 823 

(427.163) 

f 

75.454 

639.546 

Average j 

(53.394) 

1 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod : 

1903— May  2 

3 

586 
636 
657 
627 
649 
696 
576 
606 
676 
608 
595 
624 

31.0 
33.1 
20.0 
22.5 
28.4 
35.4 
26.9 
19.8 
27.7 
31.7 
27.9 
22.3 

54. 242 
54.528 
■  56.560 
50. 300 
63.910 
44. 270 
44. 315 
49. 915 
48. 150 
49. 886 
55. 900 
63. 310 

85. 242 
87. 628 
76. 560 
72. 800 
92. 310 
79.  670 
71.  215 
69.  215 
75. 850 
81. 585 
83. 800 
75.  610 

6.3 

5.2 
3.0 
3.6 
4.4 
5.9 
4.7 
3.2 
4.8 
5.2 
4.7 
3.6 

9.3 

8.6 
8.6 
8.0 
9.8 
7.4 
7.  7 
8.2 
■  8.4 
8.2 
9.4 
8.5 

14.5 
13.8 
11.7 
11.6 
14.2 
13.4 
12.4 
11.4 
13.2 
13.4 
14.1 
12.1 

500.  758 
648. 372 
680. 440 
554. 200 
.556. 690 
516. 330 
504.  786 
536. 785 
500. 150 
526. 415 
.511. 200 
548. 390 

0.5 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

7,336  '    326.2 
611  i       27.2 

625. 285 
52. 107 

951.485 
^9. 290 

4.4 

8.5 

13.0 

6, 384. 515 
531.710 

6.0 

Average 



1 



"No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


451 


Table  XCIII. — Solids  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 
No.  3— Continued. 


Period  and  date. 


Preservative  period- 
Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 

190»— Mavl4 

■  15 


1 
In  food. 


Grams. 
565 
620 
619 
512 
624 
551 
510 
565 
543 
554 
479 
584 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


,726 
560 


Third  subperiod: 
1903— May  26... 


28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
June  1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 


Total  ... 
.\verage 


5-25 
536 
494 
504 
447 
444 
464 
485 
368 
440 
370 
470 


5,  .547 
462 


In 

feces. 


In  urine. 


Grams. 
25.7 
27.1 
25.4 
23.5 
26.0 
34.4 
21.9 
21.4 
22.2 
29.6 
19.2 
22.9 


Grams. 
54.830 
47. 800 
52.528 
61.312 
45. 475 
46. 935 
51. 100 
45. 423 
48. 610 
47. 710 
52. 185 
44. 180 


In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(2+3) 


Grams. 
80. 530 
74. 900 
77.928 
74.812 
71.475 
81. 335 
73.000 
66. 823 
70. 810 
77. 310 
71. 385 
67. 080 


299. 3 
24.9 


588. 088 
49. 007 


887. 388 
73. 949 


28.4 
20.0 
36.5 
12.5 
20.3 
20.2 
36.1 
20.0 
27.0 
18.0 
12.4 
26.3 


49. 515 
49. 225 
42. 630 
48.881 
49. 579 
49.005 
44.636 
42. 336 
39. 524 
42. 634 
35. 512 
43. 884 


77. 915 
69. 225 
79. 130 
61.381 
69. 879 
69. 205 
80.736 
62. 336 
66. 524 
60. 634 
47. 912 
70.184 


23. 1 


537. 361 
44. 780 


815. 061 
67. 921 


Fourth  subperiod: 
1903— June  7.... 

8.... 

9.... 
10.... 
11.... 
12.... 
13.... 
14.... 
15.... 
16.... 
17.... 
]«.... 
19.... 
20.... 


4.50 

25. 0 

518 

6.0 

■m, 

32.0 

525 

15.5 

456 

16.2 

570 

15.2 

469 

22.9 

497 

8.8 

545 

26.  2 

503 

23.8 

.55(; 

36.6 

471 

29.2 

602 

34.5 

.>18 

60.6 

38.031 
37. 632 
33.8.59 
39.337 
40.786 
35. 460 
44.633 
48.  000 
37. 191 
52.  (H6 
47. 330 
45. 071 
46.111 
45. 060 


63. 031 
43. 632 
(■>5. 859 
.54. 837 
56. 986 
.50. 660 
07.  .533 
50.800 
03. 391 
76. 446 
83. 936 
74.271 
80.611 
105. 660 


Total  . . . . 
Average. 


7,096 
507 


352. 5 
25.2 


591.153 
42. 22.S  I 


943. 0511 
67. 404 


In 
feces. 

(2-M) 


Per  ct. 
4.5 
4.4 
4.1 
4.6 
4.2 
6.2 
4.3 
3.8 
4.1 
5.3 
4.0 
3.9 


6 

In 
urine. 

(3^1) 


Perct. 
9.7 
7.7 
8.5 

10.0 
7.3 
8.5 

10.0 
8.0 
9.0 
8.6 

10.9 
7.6 


4.4 


8.7 


5.4 
3.7 
7.4 
2.5 
4.5 
4.5 
7.8 
4.1 
7.3 
4.1 
3.4 
5.6 


9.4 

9.2 

8.6 

9.7 

11.1 

11.0 

9.6 

8.7 

10.7 

9.7 

9.6 

9.3 


9.7 


5.6 
1.2 
8.3 
3.0 
3.6 
2.7 
4.9 
1.8 
4.8 
4.7 
6.6 
6.2 
5.7 
11.1 


5.0 


I<eri 


o.r 

Total 

Average... 

Afltr  iif.riud. 


26,705  ,1,25.5.7 
534         25.1 


2,341.887   3,597.587 
46.838         71.952 


190»— .June  21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 


426 

25.0 

571 

2«.2 

5«7 

32. 2 

626 

50.5 

557 

40.0 

599 

26.0 

ftl9 

88.0 

596 

23.0 

573 

22.0 

48.811 
42. 728 
44.009 
46. 571 
49.050 
5.5. 900 
47. 470 
60.051 
54.029 


73.811 
68.928 
76. 209 
97. 071 
89.0.50 
81.9(X) 
85. 470 
83.051 
70.029 


Total  . . . . 
Average . 


5,164 
574 


282. 
81. 


448.619 
49.847 


781.519 
81.280 


.5.9 
4.6 
6.7 
8.1 
7.2 
4.3 
6.9 
3.9 
3.8 


5. 6 


8.5 
7.3 
8.8 
7.5 
8.9 
0.2 
9.5 
9.7 
6.8 
10.5 
8.5 
9.6 
7.7 
8.2 


8.3 


11.5 
7.5 
7.8 
7.4 
8.8 
9.3 
7.3 

lOl 
9.4 


In  feces 
atid 
urine. 
(4-1) 


Per  ct. 
11.3 
12.1 
12.6 
14.6 
11.5 
14.8 
14.3 
11.8 
13.0 
14.0 
14.9 
11.5 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Grams. 
484. 470 
545. 100 
.541. 072 
437. 188 
552.  .525 
469. 665 
437.000 
498.177 
472. 190 
476. 690 
407. 615 
510. 920 


13.2 


5, 838. 612 
486. 051 


14.8 
12.9 
16.0 
12. 2 
15.6 
1.5.6 
17.4 
12.9 
18.1 
13.8 
12.9 
14.9 


447. 085 
466. 775 
414. 870 
442. 619 
377. 121 
374. 795 
383. 264 
422. 664 
301.476 
379. 366 
322.088 
399. 816 


9 

Boric 
acid 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Grams. 
0.5 
-5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 


14.7 


4,731.939 
394. 079 


14.0 
8.4 
17.1 
10.4 
12.5 
8.9 
14.4 
11.4 
11.6 
1.5. 2 
15. 1 
1.5.8 
13.4 
19.3 


386.  %9 
474. 368 
320.141 
470.163 
399.014 
.519.310 
101.467 
410. 200 
481. 609 
■12(;.  .5.54 
172.061 
396. 729 
.521.389 
442. 340 


13. 3     6, 1,52.  :t47 
439.  .596 


23,107.413 
I  6,778.3.53 


17.3 
12.1 
13.4 
1.5.5 
16.0 
13.7 
13.2 
13.9 
13.3 


3.52.189 
.502. 072 
190.  791 
.528.  iCJi) 
467. 9.W 
517.  100 
5<i3.  5;«) 
512.91'! 
496. 971 


8.7 


1'1.2 


-I,4:{2.4H1 
492.720 


0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


6.0 


0.5 
.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


2.5 


20. 5 


452 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    OlST    HEALTH. 


Table  XCIII. — Solids  balances  for  Series  T" — Continued. 
N^o.  3. 


1 

o 

3 

4 

In  feces 

5 

6 

7 
In  feces 

8 

9 

Boric 

Period  and  date. 

In  food. 

In 

fece.s. 

In  urine. 

and 
urine . 
(2+3) 

feces. 
(2^1) 

urine. 

(3-^1) 

and 
urine. 
(4^1) 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

acid 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 

Gravis. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

1903— Apr.  24 

(619) 
463 

Lost. 

(.52.861) 

(10.2) 

25 

14.0 

37. 318 

51. 318 

3.0 

8.1 

11.1 

411.  682 

26 

518 

29.0 

53. 469 

82. 469 

5.6 

10.3 

15.9 

436. 531 

27 

523 

10.4 

50. 323 

60. 723 

2.0 

9.6 

11.6 

462. 277 

28 

528 

40.4 

60:505 

100.905. 

7.6 

11.5 

19.1 

427. 095 

29 

547 

24.6 

48. 829 

73. 429 

4.6 

8.9 

13.4 

473.  ,571 

30 

•  501 

19.0 

52.  .577 

71.  .577 

3.8 

10.5 

14.3 

429. 423 

May    1 

544 

35.8 

48. 622 

84. 422 

6.6 

8.9 

15. 5 

4.59. 5,58 

Total j 

Average I 

3,624 

173.2 

524. 843 

4.8 

14.5 

3,099.157 

(4,143) 

(404.504) 

(9.8) 

518 
(518) 

24.7 

74. 977 

443. 023 

(.50.  .563) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  2  

490 

23.2 

52. 871 

76. 071 

4.7 

10.8 

15.5 

413. 929 

0.5 

3 

526 

28.0 

43. 389 

71.  389 

.5.3 

8.2 

13.6 

4.54.  611 

.5 

4 

[556] 
532 

[26.0] 
20.8 

[4.7] 
3.9 

.5 

5 

49. 936 

70.  736 

9.4 

13.3 

461. 264 

.5 

6 

594 

17.5 

50. 568 

68. 068 

2.9 

8.5 

11.5 

.52.5.932 

.6 

7 

586 

30.9 

49. 304 

80. 204 

5.3 

8.4 

13.7 

506.  796 

.5 

8 

619 

22.9 

.51.229 

74. 129 

3.7 

8.3 

12.0 

.544. 871 

.5 

9 

659 

2,5.4 

49.  784 

75. 184 

3.9 

7.6 

11.4 

,583.816 

.  r, 

10 

658 

23.2 

66.  .337 

89.-537 

3.5 

10.1 

13.6 

568. 463 

•    .5 

11 

589 

22.0 

.54. 929 

76.  929 

3.7 

9.3 

13.1 

512.071 

.5 

12 

653 

37.2 

.55. 448 

92. 648 

5.7 

8.5 

14.2 

560. 352 

.  5 

13 

583 

26. 5 

52.  .5.57 

79. 057 

4.5 

9.0 

13.6 

503.  943 

.5 

Total 1 

6,489 

576. 352 

853. 9,52 

8.9 

13.2 

5, 635. 048 

6.0 

[7, 04.51 

[303. 6]' 

■■(2,5.'3) 

'[4.3J 

Average | 

590 

(587) 

52. 396 

77. 632 

■512. 368 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— Mav  14 

605 

30.8 

57. 212 

88. 012 

5.1 

9.5 

14.5 

516. 988 

0.5 

15 

595 

23.3 

50. 642 

73. 942 

3.9 

8.5 

12.4 

521. 068 

.5 

16 

614 

24.7 

56.  522 

81.222 

4.0 

9.2 

13.2 

532. 778 

.6 

17 

600 

3.5.0 

.54.  004 

89. 004 

5.8 

9.0 

14.8 

610.  996 

.5 

18 

612 

17.9 

52. 896 

70.  796 

2.9 

8.6 

11.6 

641. 204 

.5 

19 

496 

24.9 

.50. 446 

75. 346 

5.0 

10.2 

15.2 

420. 6.54 

.5 

20 

586 

17.2 

40. 134 

.57.  334 

2.9 

6.8 

9.8 

628. 666 

.5 

21 

674 

26.1 

55. 037 

81.137 

3.9 

8.2 

12.0 

692. 863 

.5 

22 

614 

38.0 

51. 998 

89.  998 

6.2 

8.5 

14.7 

.524.002 

.5 

23 

642 

23.8 

57. 977 

81. 777 

3.7 

9.0 

12.7 

660. 223 

.5 

24 

5.52 

26.9 

5.5.272 

.82.172 

4.9 

10.0 

14.9 

469. 828 

.5 

26' 

702 

25.0 

.52. 876 

77. 876 

3.6 

7.5 

11.1 

624. 124 

.5 

Total  . . . 

7,292 
608 

313.6 
26.1 

635. 016 
.52. 918 

948.616 
79. 051 

4.3 

8.7 

13.0 

6, 343. 384 
528.949 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

Total 1 

Average | 

13, 781 

1,211.368 

1,802.  .568 

8.8 

13.1 

11,978.432 

12.0 

[14,. 3.37] 
599 

[.597] 

[617.2] 

■"■[2.5.' 7] 

[4.9] 

.52. 668 

7S.  372 

620.  628 

Third  snbperiod: 

1903— Mav  26 

600 

33.5 

54. 782 

88.282 

■5.6 

9.1 

14.7 

511.718 

0.5 

27 

591 

23.2 

55. 292 

78.492 

3.9 

9.4 

13.3 

512. 508 

.5 

28 

636 

38.8 

5.5.448 

94. 248 

6.1 

8.7 

14.8 

541. 7,52 

.5 

29 

586 

21.3 

47. 496 

68.  796 

3.6 

8.1 

11.7 

517.  204 

.5 

30 

507 

38.9 

64.  008 

102. 908 

7.7 

12.6 

20.3 

404.092 

.5 

31 

(576) 
.574 

(.56.0.54) 
,52.  399 

(9.7) 
9.1 

.5 

June  1  

34.5 

86. 899 

6.0 

16.1 

487. 101 

.5 

2 

573 

13.1 

65. 607 

68. 707 

2.3 

9.7 

12.0 

504. 293 

.5 

3 

.591 

21.1 

50. 836 

71. 936 

3.6 

8.6 

12  2 

519. 064 

.5 

4 

624 

26.7 

52. 646 

79. 346 

4.3 

8.4 

12.7 

,544. 664 

.5 

5 

582 

22.2 

46. 674 

67. 774 

3.8 

7.8 

11.6 

514. 226 

.5 

6 

636 

22.8 

47. 628 

70. 428 

3.6 

7.5 

11.1 

565.  .572 

.0 

Total / 

6,  .5C0 

296.1 

877.816 

4.6 

13.5 

5,  622. 184 

6.0 

(7,076) 
.591 
(.590) 

(637.  770) 

(9.0) 

Average. 1 

26.  9 

79.  783 

511.217 

(.53. 148) 





BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


453 


Tabi.k  XCIII. — S'o/(</.s  Ixihnicen  for  Serira  ]' — Cnntimied. 
'No.  3 — Continued. 


1 

3 

3 

1 

In  feces 

5 

e 

7 

In  feces 

8 

9 

Koric 

Period  and  date. 

In  food. 

In 
feces. 

In  urine. 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

feces. 
(2-1) 

urine. 
(3+1) 

and 
urine. 

(4  +  1) 

Balance. 

(1-4)    ■ 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

I'reserratirr   period — 

Continued. 

Subperiods  1 ,2. and  'A: 

Uram^. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Prr  cl. 

I'rr  rt. 

Pa-  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

\ 

20, 281 
(20,8.57) 

(i,'849."i38) 

2,  (i80.  384 

13. 2 

17,600.616 

18.0 

Total \ 

(8.9) 

[20,  837] 

[913.3] 

[4.4] 

1 

59ti 
(.596) 
[595] 

78. 835 

1      .517.165 

(.52.833) 

[26.1] 

Fourtli  subperiod: 

1903— June  7 

603 

10.2 

49. 235 

.59. 4.S5 

1.7 

8.2 

9.9 

543. 565 

0.5 

8 

596 

32.1 

47. 970 

80. 070 

5. 4 

8.0 

13.4 

515. 930 

.5 

9 

660 

24.1 

46. 805 

70. 905 

3.7 

7.1 

10.8 

.589. 095 

•5 

iO 

655 

26.4 

44. 494 

70. 894 

4.0 

6.8 

10.8 

584. 106 

.5 

11 

668 

30.3 

52. 173 

82.  473 

4.5 

7.8 

12.3 

585. 527 

.  0 

12 

.591 

13.6 

.55. 125 

68.  725 

2.3 

9.3 

11.6 

.522. 275 

..1 

13 

579 

27.7 

57.619 

85. 319 

4.8 

10.0 

14.8 

493. 681 

.5 

14 

.598 

29.5 

58. 692 

88.192 

4.9 

9.8 

14.7 

,509.  808 

.5 

15 

622 

18.5 

51. 871 

70.371 

3.0 

8.3 

11.3 

.5.51.629 

.5 

16 

586 

40.5 

52.005 

92. 505 

6.9 

8.9 

1.5.8 

493. 496 

.5 

17 

647 

33.6 

45. 644 

79. 244 

.5.2 

7.0 

12.0 

667. 7.56 

.5 

18 

662 

45.2 

49.  602 

94. 802 

6.8 

7.5 

14.3 

.567. 198 

.5 

19 

618 

10.3 

.57. 345 

67.  645 

1.7 

9.3 

11.0 

.550. 355 

..T 

■20 

655 

52.5 

48. 303 

100. 863 

8.0 

7.4 

1.5.4 

.5.54. 137 

.5 

Total 

8, 740 

394.5 

716. 943 

1,111.443 

4.5 

8.2 

12.7 

7, 628.  .557 

7.0 

Average 

624 

28. 2 

.51.210 

79. 389 

.544. 611 

Entire   preservative 

period : 

Total                   ' 

29,021 

(29,  .597) 

[29,  .577] 

605 

(604) 

[604] 

3,791.827 

1.3.0 

25, 229. 173 

25. 0 



(2,5!i6.081) 

(8.7) 

[1.307.8] 

[1.4] 

1 

78. 996 

.526. 009 

Average | 

(52. 367) 

[26.7] 

1 

.1/0  r  jii  riml. 

1903— .Ii'nc  21 

561 

33.0 

.57.  .565 

90. 565 

5.9 

10.2 

16.1 

470. 435 

■>  > 

671 

31.6 

43. 590 

75.190 

4.7 

6.5 

11.2 

.595. 810 

•'3 

822 
670 

23.0 
52.7 

.59. 819 
.54. 121 

82.819 
106.  821 

2.8 
7.8 

7.3 

8.1 

10.1 
1.5. 9 

739.181 
.563. 179 



21 

2-1 

737 

46.9 

.53. 684 

100.  .5K4 

6.4 

7.3 

13.7 

636.416 



2»; 

741 

3.5.9 

62.  965 

98.  865 

4.8 

8.5 

13.3 

642.135 

27 

717 

30.7 

67. 801 

98.  .501 

4.1 

9.1 

13.2 

648. 499 

28 

770 

44.7 

.55. 1.58 

99.  858 

.5.8 

7.2 

13. 0 

670. 142 

29 

6.50 

22.0 

54. 237 

76. 237 

3.4 

8.3 

11.7 

573. 763 

Total 

6,  :«)9 

320. 5 

508.940 

829.  440 

.5.0 

8.0 

13.0 

5,  .539. 560 

.Werage 

707 

3.5.6 

.56.549 

92. 149 

014. 851 

>r<>. 


1              8      '        3 

pi  riid  ati'l  ilalc,        ,     ,       ,           In 

III  food,      f,.,.'.^       1"  urine. 

4             S 

In  feces       , 

(2+8)    p-*-"^^ 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3+1) 

7 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 
(4+1) 

Per  cl. 

10.8 

10.2 
14.5 

8 

HlllllMcc. 
(1       <) 

Grams. 
581.7(0 
459. 740 
439. 494 

» 

Morii.x 

ad- 
iiiinis- 
t<jred. 

'""  I"'""'-             GramH.      Grains.      Gramit. 

|■.•^J;^-Apr.24 <152         17.4           .52.900 

25 .512         (")              .52.260 

26 514         29.0          4.5..50<i 

■27 [505]      [25.8]        I/wt. 

28 5.59,      '22.0:        55.:{(W 

29 !           347         17.7  '        49.520 

■Mi '            512         27.7  j        51.«:«) 

Grams.     Prr  cl. 
lii.  :«K>        2. 7 

52.2(X)    

74.. 506         .5.6 
[5.1] 

Per  rl. 
8.1 
10.2 
8.9 

Grams. 

77.  360         3. 9 
67. 220  :       5.  1 
79.  .'•:«»         5.  1 

9.9 
14.3 
10.1 

13.8 
19.4 
15.5 

481.640 
279. 700 
432. 470 

Mhv   ) '            .502  1      40.8  1        05.890 

l(Mi.690         8.1 

13.1 

21.8        395.310 

„.  .   ,                  f        3,.VJH   1      873.2fl«  1    ifn.m;    1    10.4 

l"t«l 1         M   1031     1180  41                         1                           14.41. 

14.7 

3,070.184  1 

/           '514  !.   ...'...1'"  53.324 
.WerHKe \           ,5,0,      rw  fll 

7,0  409              . ; 

438.591  1 



' 

"No  movement. 


454 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    I'RESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XCIII. — Solids  balances  for  Series  T'— Continued. 
JSTo.  4r — Continued. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In 
feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

7 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— May  2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Grams. 
549 
503 
538 
203 
555 
489 
527 
511 
481 
487 
482 
472 

Grams. 
(«) 
35. 0 
17.7 
34.5 
16.2 
26.1 
25.9 
32.0 
13.4 
26.7 
28.4 
22.2 

Grams. 
58. 685 
55. 980 
62. 480 
55. 070 
57. 1.55 
52. 730 
50.  795 
48. 730 
50. 130 
51.980 
53. 275 
48. 915 

Grams. 
58.685 
90. 980 
80. 180 
89. 570 
73. 355 
78. 830 
76.  695 
80. 730 
63.530 
78. 680 
81. 675 
71.115 

Per  ct. 

'"i'.o 

3.3 
17.0 
2.9 
5.3 
4.9 
6.3 
2.8 
5.5 
5.9 
4.7 

Per  ct. 
10.7 
11.1 
11.6 
27.1 
10.3 
10.8 
9.6 
9.5 
10.4 
10.7 
11.0 
10.4 

Per  ct. 
10.7 
18.1 
14.9 
44.1 
13.2 
16.1 
14.6 
15.8 
13.2 
16.2 
16.9 
15.1 

Grams. 
490.315 
412.020 
457.820 
113. 430 
481.645 
410.170 
450. 305 
430.270 
417.470 
408. 320 
400.325 
400.885 

Gravis. 
0.5 
.5 
.  5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

•■? 
.-") 
.  5 

Total 

5,797 
483 

278.1 
23.2 

645. 925 
■53. 827 

924. 025 
77. 002 

4.8 

11.1 

15.9 

4,872.975 
405. 998 

6.0 

Average 

Second  subporiod: 

1903— Mavl4 

15 

16 

17 

IS 

19.. 

20 

21 

535 
560 
602 
529 
604 
537 
568 
545 
558 
509 
562 
546 

27.6 
11.4 
31.0 
24.1 
22.3 
56.8 
(a) 
8.7 
43.5 
36.3 
23.7 
18.4 

76.715 
50.829 
67.920 
60. 610 
57. 690 
61.446 
59.960 
58.016 
59. 270 
55.445 
55. 777 
57. 005 

104.315 
62. 229 
98.920 
84.710 
79. 990 

118.246 
59. 960 
66. 716 

102. 770 
91.745 
79. 477 
75.405 

5.2 
2.0 
5.1 
4.6 
3.7 
10.6 

""i.'e" 

7.8 
7.1 
4.2 
3.4 

14.3 
9.1 
11.3 
11.4 
9.6 
11.4 
10.6 
10.6 
10.6 
10.9 
9.9 
10.4 

19.5 
11.1 
16.4 
16.4 
13.2 
22.0 
10.6 
12.2 
18.4 
18.0 
14.1 
13.8 

430. 685 
497. 771 
503. 080 
444. 290 
524. 010 
418. 754 
508. 040 
478. 284 
455. 230 
417,255 
482. 523 
470. 595 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.  5 
.  5 
.  .5 
.  5 

23 

24 

25 

.  5 
.5 

Total 

6,655  1     303.8  1      720.683 
555  '      25. 3  '        60. 057 

1,024.483 
85. 374 

4.6 

10.8 

15.4 

5,630.517 
469.626 

6.0 

Average 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
Total 

12, 452 
519 

581.9     1,366.608 
24. 2           56. 942 

1,948.508 
81.188 

4.7 

11.0 

15.6 

10, 503. 492 
437. 812 

12.0 

TvTo.  5. 


Fore  period. 

1903— Apr  24  

502.00 
654. 00 
659. 00 

25.4 

9.2 

40.5 

64. 896 
62. 666 
61.615 

90. 296 
71. 866 
102.115 

5.1 
1.4 
6.1 

12.9 
9.6 
9.3 

18.0 
11.0 
15.5 

411.704 
582. 134 
556. 885 

25 

26 

27 

676. 00 

748. 00 
077. 00 
714.00 
721.00 

44.8 

(«) 

20.1 

85.0 

40.5 

63.181 
.59.  976 
66. 160 
68.  776 
66. 015 

107. 9S1 
59. 976 
86. 260 
103.776 
106.515 

6.6 

'"h'.o 

4.9 
5.6 

9.3 
8.0 
9.8 
9.6 
9.2 

16.0 
8.0 
12.7 
14.5 
14.8 

568.019 
688. 024 
590.740 
610. 224 
614. 485 

28 

29 

80 

Total 

5,351.00 
668. 88 

215. 5 
26.94 

513. 285 
64. 161 

728.785 
91.028 

4.0 

9.6 

13.6 

4,  622. 215 
577. 777 

Average 

1 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 

1903— May  2 

754. 00 

16.4 

64. 600 

81. 000 

2.2 

8.6 

10.7 

673.000 

0.5 

3 

690. 00 

15.3 

71.721 

87.021 

2.2 

10.4 

12.6 

602. 979 

.5 

4 

724. 00 

4.5.5 

68. 679 

114. 179 

6.3 

9.5 

15.8 

609. 821 

.5 

5 

787. 00 

25.3 

62. 975 

88. 275 

3.2 

8.0 

11.2 

698.725 

.5 

6 

759.00 

11.6 

68. 214 

79.814 

1.5 

9.0 

10.5 

679. 186 

.5 

7 

705. 00 

35.7 

63. 039  , 

98. 739 

6.1 

8.9 

14.0 

606. 261 

.5 

8 

788. 00 

36.7 

64. 249 

100. 949 

4.7 

8.2 

12.8 

687. 051 

.5 

9 

794. 00 

44.4 

58.  663 

103. 063 

5.6 

7.4 

13.0 

690. 937 

.0 

10 

725.00 

40.1 

63.092 

103. 192 

5.5 

8.7 

14.2 

621.808 

.5 

11 

756. 00 

21.8 

63. 631 

85. 431 

2.9 

8.4 

11.3 

670. 569 

.5 

12 

793. 00 

29.0 

61.520 

90.  520 

3.7 

7.8 

11.4 

702. 480 

.5 

13 

722.00 

57.0 

61. 877 

118. 877 

7.9 

8.6 

16.5 

603. 123 

.5 

Total    

8, 997.  00 
749. 75 

378.8 
31.57 

772.260 
64.  355 

1,151.060 
95. 922 

4.2 

8.6 

12.8 

7,845.940 
653. 828 

6.0 

Average 

' 

a  No  movement. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


455 


Table  XCIII. — Solhls  balances  for  Series  T'^Continued. 
^N^o.  o — Continued. 


1 

3 

3 

4 

In  feces 

5 

6 

7 
In  feces 

8 

9 

Borax 

Period  and  date. 

In  food. 

In 
feces. 

In  urine. 

and 
urine. 

feces,  urine. 
(2-l)(3-l) 

and 
urine. 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

ad- 
minis- 

(2+3) 

(4-^1) 

tered. 

Preservative  period — 

1 

Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grains. 

Grams. 

Perct.Perct. 

Per  ct. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

1903— MavH 

707.00 

(") 

64. 890 

64. 896 

1    9.2 

9.2 

642. 104 

0.5 

15 

745. 00 

3S.  1 

64.298 

102.398 

5.1  1    8.6. 

13.7 

642. 602 

.0 

16 

649.00 

51.2 

68. 507 

119. 707 

7.9  1  10.6 

18.4 

529. 293 

.5 

17 

092. 00 

(") 

64. 141 

64. 141 

'     9.3 

9.3 

627.859 

.5 

IS 

695. 00 

14.5 

62. 659 

77. 159 

2.1       9.0 

11.1 

617. 841 

..•) 

19 ' 

625.  00 

(«) 

59. 098 

69. 098 

9.5 

9.5 

565. 902 

.0 

20 

675. 00 

56.6 

61.274 

117.874 

8.4  1    9.1 

17.5 

557. 126 

.5 

21 

720. 00 

(«) 

02. 349 

62. 349 

8.7 

8.7 

657.651 

.5 

22 

6S8. 00 

.59.0 

52. 254 

111.2,51 

8.6       7.6 

16.2 

576. 746 

.5 

23 

666.00 

59.1 

62.328 

121.428 

8.9       9.4 

18.2 

544.  572 

.0 

24 

674.00 

22. 5 

72.722 

95.222 

3.3     10.8 

14.1 

578. 778 

.0 

(720.00) 

Lost. 

(61.162) 

(8.4) 

.5 

.^       ,                    ( 

7, 536. 00) 

(8, 262. 00 

685. 00 

(688.00) 

301.0 

995. 526 

4.0    

(9.1) 

13.2 

6, 540. 474 

1      6.0 

} 

Total 

(755.688) 

( 

27.4 

90.  .539 

594. 461 

Average 

(62.974) 

1 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— Mav26 

662. 00 

4.3 

67.424 

71.724 

0.6 

10.2 

10.8 

590. 276 

0.5 

27 

307. 00 

(«) 

50. 549 

50. 549 

16.5 

16.5 

256. 451 

.0 

28 

508.00 

(") 

53. 526 

53.  .526 

10.5 

10.5 

454. 474 

.5 

29 

614.00 

62.3 

56. 560 

118.860 

10.1 

9.2 

19.4 

495. 140 

.0 

30 

632. 00 

22.0 

68. 355 

90.  3.55 

3.5 

10.8 

14.3 

541.645 

.5 

31 

575.00 

44.8 

71.669 

116.469 

7.8 

12.5 

20.3 

458.  .531 

.5 

June  1 

523. 00 

4.0 

60. 094 

64. 094 

0.8 

11.5 

12.3 

458. 906 

.0 

2 

539.00 

38.3 

63. 846 

102. 146 

7.1 

11.8 

19.0 

436. 854 

.0 

3 

519.00 

48.7 

61.317 

110.017 

9.4 

11.8 

21.2 

408. 983 

.5 

4 

.598. 00 

17.7 

59. 903 

77. 603 

3.0 

10.0 

13.0 

520. 397 

.5 

5 

50.5.00 

(") 

53.632 

53.632 

10.6 

10.6 

451.368 

.5 

6 

650.00 

.57.6 

73. 662 

131.262 

8.9 

11.3 

20.2 

518. 738 

.5 

Total 

6,632.00 
553. 00 

299.7 
2.5.0 

740.  537 
61.711 

1,040.237 
86.711 

5, 591. 763 
466.289 

5.5 

Average 

4.5 

11.2 

1.5.7 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— June    7 

64.5.00 

(«) 

51.266 

51.266 

7.9 

7.9 

593. 734 

0.5 

8 

608.00 

(«) 

50. 483 

50. 483 

8.3 

8.3 

557.517 

.5 

9 

637.00 

58.3 

59. 3.55 

117.6.55 

9.2 

9.3 

18.5 

519. 345 

.0 

10 

673.00 

i") 

05.974 

65. 974 

9.8 

9.8 

607.026 

.5 

11 

616.00 

ki 

64. 937 

119.037 

8.8 

10.5 

19.3 

496.  963 

.5 

12 

637.00 

22.0 

70. 080 

92. 680 

3.5 

11.1 

14.5 

544.320 

.  0 

13 

619. 00 

67.2 

71.315 

138.515 

10.9 

11.5 

22.4 

480. 485 

..T 

14 

.552.00 

(") 

54.938 

.54. 938 

10.0 

10.0 

497. 062 

.5 

15 

603.00 

34.9 

62. 681 

97.  .5«1 

5.8 

10.4 

16.2 

505. 419 

.5 

16 

610.00 

24.5 

61.929 

86. 429 

4.0  1  10.2 

14.2 

523.571 

.5 

17 

693. 00 

56.9 

64.467 

121.367 

8.2 

9.3 

17.5 

571.633 

..T 

18 

677.00 

46.8 

66. 567 

113.367 

6.9 

9.8 

16.7 

563. 633 

.  •! 

19 

710.00 

(«) 

59.226 

59. 226 

8.3 

8.3 

6.50.  774 

.  .1 

20 

614.00 

102.2 

65. 489 

167.689 

16.6 

10.7 

27.3 

446.311 

.r> 

Total 

8,891.00 
63.5.00 

406. 9 
33.4 

869.  307 
62.093 

1,336.207 
95. 493 

5.2  1    9.8 

1.5.0 

7,5.57.793 
639.507 

7.0 

Average 



Entire   pre8e^^'ative 
perioa: 

Total j 

Average •; 

32,0.59.00 

(.32,78.5.00) 

6.54.  (XJ 

((Wi.OO) 

1  446.4 

4,523.030 

4.6 

14.1 

27,536.970 

24.5 

(3,137.792) 

(9.6) 

29.5 

92.307 

661. 693 

(62.750) 

A/Ur  jicrujd. 

1903— June  21 

.595. 00 

(") 

6-1.. 51 8 

61.518 

10.8 

10.8 

580.482 

22 

674.00 

40.5 

51.764 

92. 2(M 

6.0 

7.7 

13.7 

681.736 

707.  00 

16.0 

65.  :wi 

SI. 386 

2.3 

9.2 

11.5 

6Z5.614 

21 

716.  0(J 

43.0 

56. 602 

99.  cm 

6.0 

7.9 

13.9 

610.398 

25 

715.00 

69.0 

64. 107 

V£i.  107 

8.3 

9.0 

17.2 

691.893 

26 

643. 00 

42.0 

64.5«;8 

96.  5<W 

0.5 

8.6 

15.0 

i      540.432 

27 

Wit;.  00 

30.2 

69. 025 

89.  225 

4.5 

8.9 

13.4 

676. 776 

28 

4.59,00 

48.4 

K>.  631 

114.031 

10.5 

14.3 

24.8 

844.969 

29 

619.00 

16.0 

00.282 

70. 282 

2.6 

9.7 

12.8 

j      642.718 

Total 

.5,79-1.00 

296.1 

541.883 

836. 9Ki 

1    6.1 

9.4 

1      14.4 

4,957.017 

Average 

CH.OO 

32.8 

60.209 

93.009 

550.091 

1 

1 

oNo  movement. 


456 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XCIII. — Solids  balances  for  Series  T'~Continued. 
3Sro.  6. 


Period  and  date. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In 

feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

It 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Bora.x 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
1903— April  2i 

Grams. 
(603.0) 
495.0 
521.0 
543.0 
512.  0 
557.0 
498.5 
505. 0 

Grams. 
Lost. 
26.7 
30.0 
20.9 
31.3 
27.2 
44.2 
(") 

Grams. 
(38.495) 
45. 455 
48. 090 
42. 210 
47.  757 
47. 195 
49. 470 
45. 510 

(reams. 

Per  ci. 

Per  ct. 
(6.4) 
9.2 
9.2 
7.8 
9.3 
8.6 
9.9 
9.0 

Per  ct. 

""ii.'e' 

15.0 
11.6 
15.4 
13.4 

18.8 

Grams. 
564. 505 
422. 845 
442. 910 
479. 890 
432. 943 
482. 605 
404. 830 
459. 490 

Grams. 

25 

72. 155 
78. 090 
63. 110 
79.  057 
74. 395 
93. 670 

5.4 

5.8 
3.8 
6.1 
4.9 
8.9 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

May    1 

Total.. j 

3,631.5 

180.3 

505. 987 

5.0 

'"(8'6) 

14.0 

3, 125. 513 

(4,234.5)1 

(364.182) 

Average >. 

519.0 

(529.  0) 

2.5.8 

72. 284 

446.  716 

(45. 523) 

Preservative  period. 

First  subperiod: 
1903— Mav  2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

512.0 
563.0 
456. 0 
559. 0 
561.0 
514.0 
539.0 
533. 0 
484.  5 
552. 0 
473.0 
516. 0 

32.8 
34.3 
25.0 
18.1 
28.1 
47.2 

(«) 
48.6 
35.7 
9.2 
17.1 
30.8 

51. 680 
50. 530 
47. 310 
42. 450 
48. 190 
50. 100 
44.955 
48.  515 
49. 392 
46. 865 
48. 835 
51.  730 

84. 480 
84. 830 
72.  310 
60.  550 
76. 290 
97. 300 
44. 9-55 
97. 115 
85.092 
56. 065 
65. 935 
82. 530 

6.4 
6.1 
5.5 
3.2 
5.0 
9.2 

""9."i' 
7.4 
1.7 
3.6 
6.0 

10.1 
9.0 

10.4 
7.6 
8.6 
9.7 
8.3 
9.1 

10.2 
8.5 

10.3 

10.0 

16.  5 
15.1 
15.9 
10.8 
13.6 
18.9 
8.3 
18.2 
17.6 
10.2 
13.9 
16.0 

427. 520 
478.170 
383.  690 
498. 450 
484. 710 
416.  700 
494. 045 
435. 885 
399. 408 
495. 935 
407. 066 
433. 470 

0.5 
.5 
.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
0 
0 

.5 
.5 

Total 

Average 

6, 262.  5 
521.9 

326.9 
27.2 

580. 552 
48. 379 

907. 452 
75.  621 

5.2 

9.3 

14.5 

5,365.048 
446. 279 

5.0 

Second  subperiod: 

1903— May  14 

■  15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

538.0 
536.0 
467.0 
505. 0 
542.  0 
493.0 
521.0 
510.0 
589.0 
427.0 
527. 0 
482. 0 

22.1 
41.5 
23.0 
10.3 
30.1 
34.9 
29.6 
37.5 
23. 8 
26.2 
38.4 
19.4 

49.210 
41.540 
45. 4.55 
53.  310 
44.247 
48. 350 
49.049 
48. 500 
50. 100 
48. 440 
49.  .578 
43. 500 

71.310 
83. 040 
68. 4.55 
63. 610 
74. 347 
83.  250 
78. 649 
86. 000 
73. 900 
74.  640 
87.  978 
62.  900 

4.1 
7.7 
4.9 
2.6 
5.6 
7.1 
5.7 
7.4 
4.0 
6.1 
7.3 
4.0 

9.2 
7.8 
9.7 

10.6 
8.2 
9.8 
9.4 
9.5 
8.5 

11.3 
9.4 
9.0 

13.3 
15.6 
14.6 
12.6 
13.8 
16.9 
15.1 
16.9 
12.5 
17.4 
16.7 
13.0 

466. 690 
452. 960 
398.  545 
441.390 
467.  653 
409. 750 
442. 351 
424.  000 
515. 100 
352. 360 
439. 022 
419. 100 

0.5 

'.f> 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.  5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

6,137.0 
511.0 

336.8 
28.1 

571. 279 
47. 606 

908.079 
75. 673 

5.5 

9.3 

14.8 

5,228.921 
435.  327 

6  0 

Average 

Third  subperiod: 

1903— May  26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

June  1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

365. 0 
512.0 
509.0 
547.0 
457.0 
476.0 
389. 0 
513.0 
551.0 
572.0 
500.0 
483.0 

16.5 

(a) 

51.3 

54.6 

10.9 

20.9 

35.2 

35.2 

28.7 

17.8 

28.2 

15.5 

47. 000 
45.  451 
50.  935 
43. 970 
58. 870 
44. 980 
46. 360 
49. 010 
45. 070 
49. 030 
48. 020 
47.  230 

63. 500 
45. 451 
102. 235 
98.  .570 
69.  770 
65. 880 
81.560 
84. 210 
73. 770 
66. 830 
76.  220 
62. 730 

4.5 

"io.'i' 

10.0 
2.4 
4.4 
9.0 
6.9 
5.2 
3.1 
5.6 
3.2 

12.9 
8.9 

10.0 
8.0 

12.9 
9.4 

11.9 
9.6 
8.2 
8.6 
9.6 
9.8 

17.4 
8.9 
20.1 
18.0 
16.3 
13.8 
20.9 
16.4 
13.4 
11.7 
15.2 
13.0 

301.500 
466. 649 
406. 765 
448. 430 
387. 230 
410. 120 
307. 440 
428. 790 
477. 230 
506. 170 
423. 780 
420. 270 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

Total 

5, 874. 0 
490.0 

314.8 
26.2 

575. 926 
47. 994 

'890.  726 
74. 227 

5.4 

9.8 

15.2 

4,983.274 
415.  773 

6.0 

Average 

Fourth  subperiod: 

1903— June  7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14.    

540.0 
506.0 
509. 0 
556. 0 
552.0 
492.0 
438.0 
488. 0 

34.1 

34.2 
35.4 
12.2 
22.4 
29.5 
22.0 
41.6 

47.  230 
40. 570 
42.  792 
47. 105 
38. 855 
61.465 
49. 070 
49. 220 

81.330 
74.  770 
78. 192 
59. 305 
61.255 
80. 965 
71.070 
90.  820 

6.3 

6.8 
7.0 
2.2 
4.1 
6.0 
5.0 
8.5 

8.7 
8.0 
8.4 
8.6 
7.0 
10.5 
11.2 
10.1 

15.0 
14.8 
15.4 
10.7 
11.1 
16.5 
16.2 
18.6 

458. 670 
431. 230 
430. 808 
496. 695 
490.  745 
411. 035 
366. 930 
397. 180 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.0 
.0 
.0 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


457 


Table  XCIII. — Solids  halances  for  Series  ]' — Continued. 
IN"o.  6— Continued. 


1 


Period  and  date. 


In 
feces 


S 


In  urine. 


J^reserralirc  period — 
Continued. 

Fourth  subperioil — 
Continued. 

1903— ,Iune  1.5 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 


Graiiii'. 

Grams. 

.102.0 

27.1 

J46.0 

28.1 

576.0 

(a) 

569. 0 

73.2 

454.0 

(o) 

(49.5.0) 

Lost. 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2^3) 


In 
feces. 
(2-1) 


6 


In 
urine. 
(3-^1) 


8 

In  feces 
and      Balance, 
urine.  I      (1—4) 
(4-1)  I 


Grams. 
47. 530 
44. 170 
40. 295 
45.475 
34.985 
(45.305) 


Total 


Average 


6,628.0  I    359.8      

(7,123.0)1 '     (624.067) 

510.0         27.7  I 

(.509.0ll I       (44..576) 


Grams. 
74. 630 
72. 270 
40. 295 

118.675 
34.985 


938. 562 


Per  rt. 
.5.4 
6.3 


Entire  preservati 
period: 

Total 

Average 


/  24,901.0 
■\  (2.5,396.0) 

(l  508.0 
•\       (5U8.0) 


1,338.3    3,644.819 

(2,3.51.824) 

27.3    74.384 

I       (47  036) 


Per  ct. 
9.5 
9.9 
7.0 
8.0 
1.1 
(9.2) 


(8.8) 


Per  ct. 
14.9 
16.2 

7.0 
20.9 

1.1 


Grams. 
427. 370 
373. 730 
535. 705 
450. 325 
419. 015 
449. 695 


9 

Borax 

ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


Grams. 
0.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 
.0 


5, 689. 438 


2.5 


437. 803 


(9.3) 


21,256.681 


433.616 


After  period. 
1903— .lune  21.... 


51X).  0 
530. 0 
.555. 0 
.545. 0 
517. 0 
637.0 
560. 0 
600.0 
555. 0 


26.5 

51.3 

36.3 

5.5.2 

(a) 

12.0 

70.0 

24.5 

(a) 


45. 305 
44. 590 
45. 645 
37. 456 
45. 950 
38. 370 
49. 224 
50.  .596 
41. 775 


Total 4,999.0 

Average i        5.55.0 


275. 8 
30.6 


398.911 
44.323 


71. 
95. 
81. 
92. 
45. 
50. 
119. 
75. 
41. 


.5.3 

9.1 

14.4 

9.7 

8.4 

18.1 

6.5 

8.2 

14.7 

10.1 

6.9 

17.0 

8.9 

8.9 

1.9 

6.0 

7.9 

12.5 

8.8 

21.3 

4.1 

8.4 

12.5 

7.5 

7.5 

428. 195 
434.110 
473. 0,55 
452. 344 
471.050 
586. 630 
440. 776 
524. 904 
513.225 


674.711 
74. 968 


13.5     4,324.289 
I      480. 032 


('Xo  movement. 


Tabi.k  XCIV.  —  SiiiiniKtrij  of  noli ih  li((l<nici's  for  Serie-i  ]' 
Three  men.. 


Period. 


In  f(«Kl. 


Jhre  perujd.         \    ^^„,^ 
N<i.  1 4,3:i5.5 

^"■■^ 1    (4,143, 

Xo.5 .5,351 

T,  1.1  /'  13.310.5 

''^^"' 1(13.829.5) 

AV-K.- {^f^ 

Prenfrraiire  period. ' 

Kim!  «ub|»<Ti(Kl: 
Xo.l '    7,715 

^"•■^ \    [7.045) 

No,  5 «,!W7 

...  ,    ,  r    23,201 

'•"«' I[2:j;7,571 

Average {,      [Jj^j 


;j 


In  fece.s.     In  urin< 


I  n  feces 

and 
\irine. 
(2  +  3) 


6 


In     I     In 
feces,   urine. 
(2^1)    (3-1) 


Grams,    i    Grams.    \  Grams.    \Percl. 

196.1  I   425.811  I  621.911    4.5 

173.2  1 524.843  |      4.8 

(404.  ,504) 


216.5         513.286       728.785 


.584.8    1,875.,539 

(1,348.600) 

26.6    1      to.270 

1      (58.417)1 


4.0 


4.4 


389. 4  i       71M.M1X    ),|;(K.2I«|       5.0 

576.352       8.53.952  | 

[30:}.6], 1     [4,3] 

»7K,«         772.2W   1.151.0(K)         4.2 


:  2,097.4:10  3.143.2:10    

11,071.8)' I     [4.6] 

1        69.927  I      W.H27    

('^».») 


Per  ft. 
9.8 


(9.8) 
9.6 


(9.7) 


In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4-M) 


Balance. 

(1-4) 


Per  ct.     Grams. 
14.3     3,7i:i.,5H9 
14.5     3,099.1.57 


13.6     4,622.215 


14.1    11,4:14.961 


9.7 
8.9 


14.8 
13.2 


8.0  I     12.8 
9.0  i    13.5 


6,576,782 
.5,635.048 


9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 


7,845.940 


20,057.770 

his'.m 


6.0 
6.0 
6.0 


458 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Table  XOlV. — Summary  of  solids  balances  for  Series  V — Continued. 
Three  merL — Continued. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 

and 

urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 
(3-1) 

T 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4+1) 

8 
Balance. 

a-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Preservative  period— 
Continued. 

Second  subperiod: 
No.l 

Grams. 
7,630 
7,292 
7,536 
(8,262) 

Grams. 
357.3 
313. 6 
301.0 

Grams. 
706.  217 
635.  016 

Grams. 

1,063.517 

948. 616 

995. 526 

Per  at. 
4.7 
4.3 
4.0 

Per  ct. 
9.3 

8.7 

"(9.'i) 

Per  ct. 
13.9 
13.0 
13.2 

Grams. 
6,566.483 
6, 343. 384 
6,540.474 

Grams. 
6  0 

No.  3 

6.0 

:^T          C                                                     f 

1      6.0 

No.  5 < 

(755. 688) 

Total 1 

A                                f 

22,458 

(23, 184) 

642 

(644) 

971.9 

3,007.659 

4.3 

"(■g.'o) 

13.4 

19,450.341 

18  0 

(2, 096. 921) 

27.8 

85. 965 

556. 035 

Average < 

(58. 248) 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 
I 

45, 659 

(46, 385) 

46, 215] 

652 

6, 150. 889 

13.5 

39, 508.  Ill 

36.0 

Total I 

(4,194.351) 

(9.0) 

[2,043.7] 

[4.4] 

i 

87. 846 

564. 154 

Average •! 



(59. 075) 

s         1 

[28. 8] 

Third  subperiod: 
No.l 1 

X'         r,                                               f 

6,  955 
(7,  564) 

6,500 
(7, 076) 

6,632 

346.0 

1, 016. 352 

5.0 

"(9-6) 

"(9.'6) 
11.2 

14.6 

5, 938. 648 

}      6.0 

1      6.0 
5.5 

(727.465) 

296.1 
""299.7' 

877. 816 

4.6 

13.5 

5,622.184 

No.  3 • 

(637.770) 
740. 537 

No.  5 

1, 040. 237 

4.5 

1.5.7 

5,591.763 

Total 1 

Average •! 

20,087 

(21,272) 

591 

(591) 

941.8 

2, 934. 405 

4.7 

"(9.'9) 

14.6 

17, 152. 595 

17.5 

(2, 105. 772) 

27.7 

86,306 

504.694 

(58.494) 

Subperiods  1,2, and  3: 

65, 746 

(67,657) 

[66, 302] 

632 

(632) 

[631] 

9, 085. 294 

13.8 

56, 660. 706 

53.5 

Total } 

(6,300.123) 

(9.3) 

[2, 985. 5] 

[4.5] 

1 

87. 402 

544. 598 

Averasre < 

(58. 880) 

1 

[28.4] 

Fourth  subperiod: 
No.l 

9,274 
8,740 
8,894 

535.5 
394.5 
466.9 

814. 648 
716. 943 
869. 307 

1,350.148 
1,111,443 
1,336.207 

5.8 
4.5 
5.2 

8.8 
8.2 
9.8 

14.6 

.  12.7 

15.0 

7, 923. 852 
7, 628. 557 
7,557.793 

7.0 

No.  3 

7.0 

To.  5 

7.0 

Total 

26, 908 
641 

1, 396. 9 
33.3 

2, 400. 898 
57. 164 

3,797.798 
90. 464 

5.2 

8.9 

14.1 

23, 110. 202 
550. 536 

21.0 

Average 

Entire  preservative 
period: 

92,654 

(94,565) 

[93, 210] 

635 

(635) 

[634] 

12,883.092 

13.9 

79, 770. 908 

74.5 

Total i 

(8,701.021) 

(9.2) 

[4,382.4] 

[4.7] 

i 

88.202 

546. 798 

Average < 

(58.396) 

[29. 8] 

^ 

After  period. 

No.l 1 

No.3 

5,129 
(5,767) 
6,369 
5,794 

345.3 

821. 887 

6.7 

"(9.'3) 
8.0 
9.4 

16.0 

4, 307. 113 

(536. 730) 
508. 940 
541. 883 

320.5 
295.1 

829. 440 
836.  983 

5.0 
5.1 

13.0 
14.4 

5,539.560 
4, 957. 017 

No.6 

Total 1 

Average | 

17, 292 

(17,930) 

665 

(664) 

960.9 

2, 488.  310 

5.6 

"(8.9) 

14.4 

14,803.690 

(1,587.553) 

> 

37.0 

95. 747 

569. 253 

(58. 798) 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


459 


Table  XCIV. — Suinmanj  of  solid s  halanceK  for  Serks  T— Continued. 
yi-ve  iTien.. 


Period. 

1 
3n  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 
feces. 

(2-M) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-^1) 

7 

In 

feoe.s 

and 

urine. 

(4-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
Ko.  1 

Grams. 
..       4,335.5 
f       -1,303 

•1:     (-1,884) 

f       3,624 

•1      ts  1d3^ 

Grams. 
196.1 
156.9 

Grams. 
425. 811 

Grams. 
621. 911 
528.177 

Per  ct. 
4.5 
3.6 

Per  ct. 
9.8 

"(8.'7) 

■■(9."8) 
9.6 

"(8."6J 

Per  ct. 
14.3 
12.3 

Grams. 
3, 713. 589 
3, 774. 823 

Grams. 

No.  2 

(427. 153) 

173.2 

524.843 

4.8 

14.6 

3,099.157 

Ko.  3 

(404. 504) 
513.285 

"'(364."i82) 

5,351 
3,631.5 
(4.234.5) 

215. 5 
180.3 

728.785 
505. 987 

4.0 
5.0- 

13.6 
14.0 

4, 622. 215 
3,125.513 

Ko.  6 

-{ 

91   945  n 

922.0 

2,909.703 

4.3 

"(g.'s) 

13.7 

18,335.297 

Total 

■\.   (22,948.0) 
f         .5Qn 

(2,1*4.935) 

25.6 

80.814 

509. 186 

Average 

■{ 

1. 

(588.4) 

(54.742) 

, 

Preservative  perio 

First  subporiod: 

No.  1 

No.  2 

7, 715 
7,336 
6,489 
[7,045] 
8,997 
6, 262.  5 

389.4 
326.2 

748.818 
625. 285 
576. 352 

1,138.218 
9.51. 485 
8.53. 952 

5.0 

4.4 

"[i'.s] 

4.2 
5.2 

9.7 
8.5 
8.9 

14.8 
13.0 
13.2 

6, 576. 782 
6, 384. 515 
5, 635. 048 

6.0 
6.0 

■{ 

1      6.0 
6.0 

No.  3 

[303. 6] 
378.8 
326.9 

No  5 

772.260 
580. 552 

1,151.060 
907.452 

8.6 
9.3 

12.8 
14.5 

7,845.940 
5, 355. 048 

No.  6 

f 

5.0 

Totiil 

36, 799. 5 
rs7  s.^.^  .^1 

[i,'724.'9i 

3,303.267 

5, 002. 167 

"■[4."  6] 

9.0 

13.6 

31, 797. 333 

29. 0 

f     ''     'fi94 

55.988 

84. 788 

539.212 

Average 

'] 
l 

[623] 

[28.7] 

Second  subperiod 

No.l 

No.2 

No.  3 

7,630 
6, 726 
7,292 
7,536 
(8,262) 
6,137 

357.3 
299.3 
313.6 
301.0 

706. 217 
588. 088 
636.016 

1,063.517 
887.388 
948. 616 
995. 526 

4.7 
4.4 
4.3 
4.0 

9.3 

8.7 
8.7 

"■(9.'i) 

9.3 

13.9 
13.2 
13.0 
13.2 

6, 566. 483 
6, 838. 612 
6, 343. 384 
6, 610. 474 

6.0 
6.0 
6.0 

1      6.0 

No.  5 

(755. 688) 
671.279 

No.  6 

336.8 

908.079 
4, 803. 126 

5.5 

14.8 

5, 228. 921 

6.0 

./ 

3.5,321 
CAP,  (U7^ 

1,608.0 

4.6 

"(9.'0) 

13.0 

30, 517. 874 

30.0 

Total 

(3,266.288) 

(           599 

27.3 

81  455         .     - 

517. 545 

Average... 

(54.271) 

^        ' 

Subperifxl.s  1  and 

I: 

•1 
■1 

•1 

'] 
•| 

./ 

72  120.5 

9,805.293 

13.6 

62,315.207 

69.0 

Total 

(72, 846.  5) 

[72,676.5] 

611 

[3,' 332.' 9] 

(6,559.565) 

(9.0) 

[4.6] 

83.071 

527. 929 

Average... 

(55. 122) 

■[28.0] 

Third  nultperiod: 

6, 955 

(7,5«M) 
5,  .547 
6,-500 

(7,076) 
6,632 
5.874 

346.0 

1,016.352 

"sis.or.i' 

877. K16 

5.0 

'Kb' 

4.6 

■■(9."6) 
9.7 

■■(9.'6) 
11.2 
9.8 

14.6 

5,938.648 

}      6.0 

No.  1 

(727.465) 
537.361 

No.  2 

277.7 
296.1 

14.7 
13.5 

4,731.939 
6, 622. 181 

6.0 
1      6.0 

No.  3 

(637.770) 
740. 537 
575. 92(i 

No.5 

No.  fi 

299.7 
314.8 

l,frI0.237 
890, 726 

4.5 
.5.4 

15.7 
15.2 

5,591.763 
4,983.274 

6.5 
0.0 

Total 

!    31,50H 

1,534.3 

(3,'2i9.'659) 

4,640.192 

4.9 

"(9.'8) 

14.7 

26,867.808 

29. 5 

1    V-.;— ' 

26.5 

MO  (Ml» 

462,997 

.\  verage  . . . 

•1 

13 

1 

(545) 

(58.6fti)| 

fiiibi»eriodKl,2,anf 

103,628.5 
(105,  .539. 5) 
riiu  itii  w 

'[i.'HCT.'ij 

(9'778.'fli4) 

14.445.485 

■■(9.'3) 

18.9 

89,183.015 

88.5 

■ 

[4.7] 

82.077 

600.923 

AveraKe... 

(54.029) 

[27.5] 

1 ■■■■■ 

1 

"  ■  ■       1             1                     1 

460  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 

Table  XCIV. — Summary  of  solids  balances  for  Series  T"— Continued. 


Six  ixien. 


Period. 

1 
In  food. 

2 

In  feces. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 
urine. 

(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 
(2-1) 

6 

In 
urine. 

(3-4-1) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(4^1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1-4) 

9 

Pre- 
serva- 
tive 
ad- 
minis- 
tered. 

Fore  period. 
No.l 

Grams. 

4,335.5 

4,303 
(4, 884) 

3,624 
a  1431 

Grams. 
196.1 
1.56. 9 

Grams. 
425. 811 

Grams. 
621. 911 
528. 177 

Per  ct. 
4.5 
3.6 

Per  ct. 
9.8 

■"(8.' 7) 

"(9.' 8) 
10.4 

Per  ct. 
14.3 
12.3 

Grams. 
3,713.589 
3,774.823 

Graiiif. 

No.  2 • 

(427. 153) 

1 

173.2 

524. 843 

4.8 

14.5 

3, 099. 157 

No.  3 

(404. 504) 
373. 266 

^-     >                             ll      'S.'^9S' 

527. 866 

■■■[4."4i 
4.0 
5.0 

14.7 

3, 070. 134 

^("■■^ {       r4  1031 

[180. 4] 
215;  5 
180.3 

No.5 

5, 351 
3, 631. 5 

(4.234.5) 

513. 285 

728. 785 
505. 987 

9.6 

■■(8."6) 

13.6 
14.0 

4, 622. 215 
3,12.5.513 

No.  6 ■ 

(364. 182) 

( 

24, 843. 0 

(26, 546. 0) 

[25, 348. 0] 

.578 

(577) 

[576] 

3,437.569 

13.8 

21,405.431 

Total  .             \ 

.  l'-.^50S.2m  1 

(9.4) 

[1,102.4] 

[4.3] 

1 

79. 906 

; 

498. 094 

Average I 

(54.526) 

[2.5.1] 



Preservative  jjeriiid . 

First  subperiod: 

No.l 

No.  2 

7,715 
7,336 

389.4 
326.2 

748. 818 
625. 285 
576. 352 

1,138.218 
951. 485 
853.  952 

5.0 

4.4 

■■■[4.' 3] 
4.8 
4.2 
5.2 

9.7 

8.5 
8.9 

14.8 
13.0 
13.2 

6, 576. 782 
6,384.515 
6,635.048 

6 
6 

6489 

}     « 

6 
6 
5 

^'0-3 {      f7:oi^l 

[303. 6] 
278.1 
378.8 
326.9 

No.  4 

No.5 

No.6 

5,  797 
8,997 
6,262.5 

645.  925 
772. 260 
580. 552 

924. 025 

1,1.51.060 

907. 452 

11.1 

8.6 
9.3 

15.9 
12.8 
14.5 

4, 872.  975 
7,845.940 
5, 355. 048 

Total 1 

42,  .596.  5 

[43, 152. 5] 

600 

"'[2,' 663.' 6] 

3, 919. 192 

5, 926. 192 

"""[4."  6] 

9.3 

13.9 

36, 670. 308 

35 

55.  622 

83. 422 

516.  578 

-^^erage |        ^-^^^^ 

[27.8] 

*-             -* 



Second  subperiod; 
No.  1 

7,630 
6,726 

357.  3 

706. 217 
588. 088 
635.  016 
720. 683 

1,063.517 

887. 388 

948. 616 

1,024.483 

995. 526 

"908."  679' 

4.7 
4.4 
4.3 
4.6 
4.0 

5.5 

9.3 

8.7 
8.7 
10.8 

"(9.i) 

9  .'i 

18.9 
13.2 
13.0 
15.4 
13.2 

6,566.483 
5,838.612 
6,  343. 384 
5,  630. 517 
6, 540. 474 

6 

No.  2 

6 

No.  3 

7,292               313.fi 

6 

No. 4 

6, 655 
7,536 
(8,262) 
6,137 

303.8 
301.0 

No.5 1 

No.fi 

}     " 

6 

(755.688) 
571. 279 

336.  8 

14.8 

5, 228. 921 

1 

41 .  976 

1,911.8 

5, 827.  609 

4.6 

""(9.'3J 

13.9 

36, 148. 391 

36 

Total 1  (4.7702) 

(3,976.971) 

^^'erage {j        ^Ig, 

26.9 

82.  052 

508.  948 

(.55.236) 

Subperiods  1  and  2: 

84.  572.  5 

11,7.53.801 

13.9 

72,818.699  j          71 

Total \\  (85/298.5) 

(7,926.163) 

"■■[4."  6] 

(9.3) 

[85,128.5] 

[3, 914. 8] 

t 

596 

82. 787 

513  2i3 

Average V'        (.596) 

(.55. 428) 

r5951 

[27.4] 

1 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


461 


Tablk  XCV. — (ieneral  summary  of  Kolids  balances. 


Period  and  series. 

I 

In  food. 

In  feees. 

3 

In  urine. 

4 

In  feces 
and 

urine. 
(2+3) 

5 

In 

feces. 

(24  1) 

6 

In 

urine. 

(3-M) 

7 

In 

feces 

and 

urine. 

(44-1) 

8 

Balance. 

(1^-4) 

Fore  period: 

f 

/ 

-{ 

Grams. 

20, 603. 9 

(21,246.0) 

9, 418. 0 

(12,074.0) 

22  794.-5 

Grams. 
865.5 

Grams. 

Grams. 
2,872.468 

Perct. 
4.2 

Perct. 
■■(9.' 7) 

■(io-'o) 

Pel-  ct. 
13.9 

Grams. 
17, 731. 432 

(2,067.500) 

44-5.8 

1,391.341 

4.7 

14.8 

8,026.659 

(1,203.243) 

3,051.700 

13.4 

19  74''  800 

III       

(23,392.5) 
[23,438.-5] 

14,634.0 
(1-5,272.0) 

13, 310. 5 
(l:i,829..5) 



(2,667.200) 

(11.4) 

[890.  0] 
580.8 

4.0 

1,997.830 

"(9-'6) 
"(9-'7) 

13.6 

12, 636. 670 

(1,466.270) 

584.8 

1,87-5.-539 

4.4 

14.1 

11  434  961 

V 

(1,343.600) 

71,:542.9 

(73,740.0) 

[71,986.9] 

631.4 

(630. 3) 

[631.-5] 

9,797.037 

13.7 

61  545  863 

Total 

(7,544.570) 

(10.2) 

[2, 921. 1] 

[4.1] 

86. 699 

-544  701 

(64. 484 > 

[2.5.6] 



Presenative  i>triod: 
Serie.s  I 

45,789.4 
(47,043.9) 
14, 703. 0 
(16,182.0^ 
30, 075. 5 
ai,  90.5.0 
92,6-54.0 
(94,-56-5.0) 
[93,210.0] 

2, 101. 8 

'(4,'.59i.'976) 

'(i,'62i.'332') 
3,023.600 
3,217.282 

'(8,'76i.'62i) 

6,-57-5.180 

4.6 

"(9.'8) 

"(io.'o) 

10.1 
9.2 

14.4 

39, 214. 220 

11" 

764. 2 

2,2,50.567 

5.2 

15. 3 

12,452.433 

Ill 

1,188.9 
1,632.1 

4,212.500 
4, 849.  .382 
12,883.092 

4.0 

4.7 

14.0 
13.9 
13.9 

25, 863. 000 

IV       --- 

30, 0-55. 618 

■1 

79, 770. 908 

V            

(9.2) 

[4,382.4] 

[4.7] 

203, 423. 9 

(206,  .589. 4) 

[203, 979. 9] 

627.  9 

(627.9) 

[627.6] 

1 

28,-520.154 

14.0 

174,903.746 

Total 

(19,-533.879) 

(9.5) 

[9, 305. 2] 

[4.6] 

88.025 

539. 875 

(-59.373) 

[28.6] 

After  period: 
Series  I 

36, 328. 5 
(.36,9-56.5) 

1,672.4 

'(3,' 374.' 269) 

4,983.999 

4.6 

"(9.'i) 

13.7 

31,344.-501 

II « 

18,018.6 
(19,222.6) 
[18,-538.6] 
12,-591.0 
17,292.0 
(17,930.0) 

2,303.800 

12.8 

15, 714. 800 

Ill 

(1,702.-500) 

(8.9) 

[714.0] 
.564.5 
960.9 

4.5 
5.6 

IV 

1,260.107 
'(!,' -587.' -5-53) 

1,824.607 
2, 488. 310 

10.0 

"(8.'9) 

14.5 
14.4 

10, 766. 393 

V 

14,803.690 

84,2:}0.1 

(Wi,  700.1) 

[84,7-50.1] 

614. 8 

(614.9) 

[614.1] 

11,600.716 

13.8 

72  629.384 

Total 

(7,924.429) 

(9-1) 

[3,911.8] 

[4.6] 

84.677 



■530.  i23 

(56.202) 

[28.3] 

1 

aXbu  tieriet)  nut  included  in  total;  all  members  ill  in  after  period. 


462 


INFLUENCE    OF   FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON   HEALTH. 


SAMPLES  OF  RECORD  AND  CAIiCTJIiATION  FORMS. 

Daily  Chart. 

[To  be  filled  out  by  each  member  of  the  Hygienic  Table.] 

Name  and  number:  F.  C.  W.,  No.  2. 
Date:  April  25,  1903. 


Temper- 
ature 
(sublin- 
gua).  F.° 

Hour. 

Pulse 
(beats  per 
minute). 

Hour. 

Weight 
stripped 
(kilos). 

Hour. 

98.4 
98.4 

B.20 
6 

92 

87 

5.20 
6 

72.67 

5  p.  m. 

Stools. 

Hour. 

Urine. 

Weight  (grams). 

Consistence. ot 

Volume 
(cc). 

Hour. 

139.0 

Firm,  light. 

H  a.  m. 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
300 

11  a.  m. 
2  p.  m. 

SjTnptoms  (normal,  pains,  colds,  feverish,  etc.): 

5  p.  m. 
8  p.  m. 
11  p.  m. 
7.30  a.  m. 

a  Firm,  soft,  very  soft,  semiliquid. 


66 


Meal  Report,  Hygienic  Table. 

dinner  menu. 

Sunday,  April  ^6, 
Name  and  number  of  member,  F.  C.  W. ,  No.  2. 
Roast  chickenl 

Roast  turkey  / 

Creamed  potatoes 100 

Fresh  peas 75 

Cranberries 

Fresh  strawberries 100 

Bread 75 

Butter 13.5 

Sugar.. 30 

Coffee 

Cocoa 

Tea 

Milk"! !!"!!]!!!!!!"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!]!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!  400 

Water 

K.  B. — Each  space  must  be  filled  out  either  with  a  figure  or  a  dash. 


WOS. 


grams. 

grams. 

grams. 

grama. 

grams. 

grams. 

grams. 

grams. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 

cc. 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX.  463 

^Iexus  for  the  Hygienic  Table. 
srxDAY. 

BreaJcfast. — Apple?,  oranges,  bananas,  or  grapefruit,  oatmeal,  eggs,  potatoes,  (^ra- 
ham  gems,  bread,  butter,  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  tea,  milk,  water. 

Lunch. — Ox-tail  soup,  pears,  l)read,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner. — Eoast  chicken  or  turkey,  creamed  potatoes,  peas,  cranberries,  ice  cream, 
bread,  butter,  etc. 

MONDAY. 

Breakfast. — Fruit,  shredded  wheat  biscuit,  beefsteak  or  eggs,  potatoes,  breads 
butter,  etc. 

Lunch. — Chicken  gumbo  soup,  cherries,  bread,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner. — Leg  of  lamb  or  roast  beef,  potatoes,  peas  or  tomatoes;  currant  jelly,  rice 
pudding,  bread,  butter,  etc. 

TIESDAY. 

Breakfast. — Fruit,  cream  of  wheat,  eggs  or  pork  chops,  potatoes,  muffins,  bread,, 
butter,  etc. 

Lunch. — Vegetable  soup,  ])eaches,  bread,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner.^^lutton  or  veal  cutlets,  peas,  potatoes,  grape  jelly,  pears,  cheese,  bread, 
Ijutter,  etc. 

WEDNESDAY. 

Breakfa-^t. — Fruit,  grapenuts,  pork  or  beefsteak,  potatoes,  bread,  butter,  etc. 
Lunch. — Mock  turtle  soup,  pears,  bread,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner. — Boast  beef,  peas,  potatoes,  currant  jelly,  corn  starch  pudding,  bread, 
butter,  etc. 

THCKSDAY. 

Breakfast. — Fruit,  knrn  krisp,  beefsteak  or  pork  chops,  potatoes,  Graham  gems, 
T)read,  butter,  etc. 

Lunch. — Ox-tail  souji,  peaches,  bread,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner. — Roast  chicken  or  turkey,  potatoes,  peas,  (Tanberries,  ice  cream,  bread, 
butter,  etc. 

FRIDAY. 

Breakfast. — Fruit,  oat  meal,  oysters  or  eggs,  potatoes,  l)aked  beans,  bread,  but- 
ter, etc. 

Lunch. — Pea  soup,  pears,  bread,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner. — Pork,  j)otatoes,  Lima  beans,  tapioca,  currant  jelly,  l)rea(l,  butter,  etc. 

SATIRDAY. 

Breakfast. — Fruit,  malta  vita,  ))eefsteak  or  veal  cutlets,  j  otatoes,  bread,  Initter,  etc. 
Lunch. — Consomme,  peaches,  l)read,  butter,  etc. 

Dinner. — Leg  of  lamb  or  roa«t  p<jrk,  potatoes,  peas,  apple  sauce,  bananas  orap])les, 
cheese,  bread,  butter,  etc. 


464 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESEEVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Serial 
num- 
ber 
(air- 
dry). 

X 

o- 

2 

CO 

3 

o 
o 

a 
1 

0 

V 

Fh 

"3 
o 
PI 
.2 

■| 
ft 

i 

®       4 
^       Si 

i 

0,0 

o 

s 

S 

1.690 

.509 

7.490 

.251 

o 

OS 

s 

lO 

OOi 

s 

lO  t^ 

T-HOO 

H 

P^ 

H 

1^ 

»0             CD 

Per  ct. 
0.264 
1.  526 

.512 

CM 

CM  00  '^         ^ 

ut 

^ 

jO 

CO 

iC  1-H 

.264 

1.644 

.612 

.835 

14 

Nitro- 
gen. 

Per  ct. 
1.820 
7.510 
1. 550 

O 
CM 

o 

00 

1.550 

.593 

1.600 

1.820 

o 

■iC 

I—* 

o 

00 

00 

OCO 
iC  UC 

1.820 
6.840 
1.650 
2.600 

13 

Water. 

Per  ct. 
4.15 
3.60 

5.71 

5.71 

86.65 

3.28 

4.15 

id 

lO 

lO 

r-co 

4.15 
3.18 
5.71 
6. 68 

13 

Com- 
bus- 
tion. 

o 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

3.860 

.633 

4.370 

4.070 

o 

CO 

o 
o 

o 
o 

li 

CO 

1 

1^" 

toE 

00 1-1 

co-|5 

11 

Solids 
(100 
per 

cent — 
13). 

Per  ct. 
95.85 
96.40 
94.29 

00 

id 

94.29 
13. 35 
96.72 

95.86 

3: 

lO 
00 

s 

g 

cnio 

C-l  CO 

-t^'co 

95.86 
96.82 
94.29 
93. 32 

10 

Factor 

(1  + 
11). 

I>  COOl 

o 

o 

.  2150 
.  9050 
.4100 

.7089 

o 
a; 

CM 

s 

o 

it 

iCO 

coco 
c-i  as 

.7306 
.3050 
.2111 
.2860 

6 

o 

a 

d 

1 
3 

X! 

ID 

=+-( 
O 

S 
1 

a 

o 
u 

9 

Ash 

(10  by 

19). 

I 

8 

Fat 

(10  by 

18). 

Per  ct. 
0.185 
13. 210 
.340 
1.070 

.189 

1.220 

.000 

.180 

27. 540 

.342 

.461 

3.070 

.178 

9.980 

.348 

.776 

.177 
.210 
.000 

.186 
9.900 
.356 
.465 
.000 

.183 

13.330 

.335 

2.500 

7 

(10  by 
17.) 

1 

6 

(10  by 
16.) 

Per  ct. 

PhiH'-i 

Per  ct. 

0.194 
.475 
.110 

.452 

.199 
.070 
.038 

.189 
.412 
.110 
.116 
.248 

.187 
.580 
.112 
.  756 

.186 
.081 
.017 

.198 
.492 
.115 
.117 
.038 

.193 
.501 
.108 
.238 

4 

Nitro- 
gen 

(10  by 
14). 

Per  ct. 
1.340 
2.340 
.332 
1.420 

1.370 
.660 
.045 

1.300 

3.700 

.333 

.537 

.656 

1.290 

5.050 

.339 

1.910 

1.280 
.280 
.033 

1.350 

4. 690 

.347 

.541 

.045 

1.330 

2.090 

.327 

.716 

3 

Water 
(10  by 
13). 

Per  ct. 
29.48 
70.00 
79.80 
7.57 

27.  79 
88.03 
68.33 

31.28 
47.93 
79.73 
87.92 
60.37 

32. 05 

57. 48 

79.  35 

5.19 

32. 32 

83.97 
76.84 

28.92 
60.69 
78.93 
87.81 
68.33 

29.98 
70.52 
79. 16 
73.29 

Com- 
bus- 
tion 

(10  bv 
12). 

Cal- 
ories. 
3.000 
2. 150 

.826 
3.940 

3.060 

.619 

2. 830 

2.920 

3.960 

.830 

.573 

1.790 

2.890 

2. 570 

.845 

4.040 

2.870 
6.850 
2.070 

3.020 

2.490 

.865 

.578 

2.830 

2.980 

2.110 

.814 

1.190 

1 

Solids 
(100 
per 

cent  — 
3). 

Per  ct. 
70. 52 
30.00 
20.20 
92.43 

72.21 
11.97 
31.67 

68.72 
52.07 
20.27 
12. 08 
39.63 

67.95 
42. 52 
20.  65 
94.81 

67.68 
16.03 
23.16 

71.08 
39.31 
21.07 
12.19 
31.67 

70.02 
29. 48 
20.85 
26. 71 

M 

C-I 

ft 
< 

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^^ 

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id 

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ft 

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a 

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c 

c 

D. 

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id 

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S 

c 

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BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


465 


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5 

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-04- 


:}0 


466 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Serial 
num- 
ber 
(air- 
dry). 

5- 

CO 

6 

a 
C 

g 

'S 

_o 

o 
c 

a 

o 

©       4 

1 

lO 

2.330 

..509 

7.680 

.251 

CO 

IN 

lO 

<^. 

OOi 
CO  o 
COiO 

c-i 

.251 

40. 690 

2. 330 

8.  750 

.251 

17 

H 

1 

»o         O 

li 

CO  00  CO        -t> 

53§    § 

CO 

E5 

i 

s 

COOO 

.264 

1.760 

.576 

.835 

.264 

14 

Nitro- 
gen. 

y  o 

3 

00 

1.390 

.593 

1.630 

1.820 

o 

CO 

00 

o 

X 

oco 

0105 
COiO 

1. 8-20 
6.570 
1.390 
2.500 

1.820 

13 

Water. 

4.80 

86.65 

3.41 

4.15 

Tji 

•a 

OiC 
OOCO 

^CD 

4.16 
2.65 
4.80 
6.08 

4.15 

13 

Com- 
bus- 
tion. 

1    cc'O 

o 

s 

3.  950 

.633 

4. 520 

4.070 

i 

CO 

o 

o 
o 

oco 

OicD 
CO 

o 
o 
-*- 

3.  9.50 
4.1.51 

4.070 

11 

Solids 
(100 
per 

cent- 
13). 

^00 

in 
oo 

95.20 
13.35 
96.59 

95.85 

8 

00 

.6 

00 

ifi  CO 
CS  I-H 

95.85 
97.35 
95.20 
93.32 

95.86 

10 

Factor 

(1- 
11). 

o 

^ 
^ 

.2056 
.9360 
.3188 

.7224 

o 

00 

1 

.  0839 
.  2951 
.  2100 
.2320 

<  .  7363 

0) 

o 

s 

.Q 
m 

1 

O 

c 
o 

o 
p. 

a 

o 

9 

Ash 
(10  by 
19). 

"c!^ 
^ 

8 

Fat 

(10  by 
18). 

Per  ct. 

0.176 
.210 
.000 

.182 

•23.  700 

.480 

.476 

2.  4.50 

.181 
4.  650 

.489 
1.070 

.180 

1.  2^20 

.000 

.190 

11.570 

.496 

.496 

.000 

.172 

13. 550 

.489 

2.030 

.185 
.000 
.210 

7 

(10  by 

17). 

(5^ 

6 

(10  by 
16). 

u:*^ 

.«     o-^-^ 

w     p,.^^ 

Per  ft. 

0. 186 
.081 
.017 

.191 
.376 
.119 
.120 
.219 

.191 
.5^20 
.f21 
.452 

.190 
.070 
.038 

.199 
.388 
.123 
.1'24 

.044 

.181 
.519 
.121 
.194 

.194 
.017 
.081 

4 

Nitro- 
gen 

(10  by 
14). 

Per  ct. 

1.280 
.280 
.033 

1.320 

3.890 

.286 

.  555 

.520 

1.310 

3.950 

.291 

1.420 

1.310 
.660 
.045 

1.370 

4.990 

.296 

.576 

.125 

1.240 

1.940 

.292 

.580 

1.-340 
.033 
.280 

3 

Water 

(10  by 

13). 

Per  ct. 
32.62 

83.97 
76.84 

30.57 
52. 67 
^0.43 
87.51 
69.21 

30.76 

70.08 

80.00 

7.67 

31. 16 
88.03 
68.33 

27.61 
55. 74 
79.70 
87.02 

91.95 

34.45 
71.27 
80.01 
78.38 

29.42 
76.84 
83.97 

Com- 
bus- 
tion 

(10  by 
12). 

'  Cal- 
ories. 
2.860 
6. 850 
2.070 

2.950 

3.350 

.815 

.592 

1.440 

2.940 

1.870 

.830 

3.940 

2.920 

.619 

2.830 

3.070 

2.760 

.841 

.615 

.343 

2.780 

2.080 

.830 

.963 

3.000 
2.070 

.685 

1 

Solids 
(100 
per 

cent— 
3). 

Per  ct. 
67.38 
16.03 
23. 16 

69.43 
47.33 
19.57 
12.49 
30.79 

69.  -24 
29.  92 
20. 00 
92.43 

68.84 
11.97 
31.67 

72.39 
44.26 
20.30 
12.98 

8.05 

65. 55 
28. 73 
19.99 
21.  62 

70.  .58 
23.16 
16.03 

Meal,   date    (1903), 

and  description 

of  food. 

Lunch,  Apr.  29: 

Bread 

Tomato  soup 

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IS 

30 

Is 

3          C- 

I  s 

IS 

s 

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s 

1 

=  1 

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c 

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s 

1 

1 

s 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BoKAX. 


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468 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    O^    HEALTH. 


Amount  and  composition  of  food  consumed  daily  by  F.  C.  W.,  No.  ;?,  in  the  fore  period  of 

Series  V. 

APRIL  24,  1903. 


Meal  iinrt  kind  of  food. 

Weight. 

Combustion. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Phosphoric 
acid. 

Fat. 

Breakfast: 

Cereal,  korn  krisp 

Grams. 

40 

83 
100 

60 
413 

19 
40 

75 
413 
150 

11.6 
40 

66 

100 
50 
75 

413 

600 

70 

19 
20 

Calories 

per  gni. 

3.940 

2.150 

.826 

3.000 

.778 

8.040 
4.000 

3.060 

.778 

2. 830 

8.040 
4.000 

3.960 

.830 

.573 

2.920 

.778 

Total 
cals. 
158 
178 
83 
180 
321 

153 
160 

230 
321 
424 

92 
160 

261 

83 

29 

219 

321 

Per 
cent. 
7.57 
70.00 
79.80 
29.48 
86.69 

12.67 

Gm,s. 

3 

58 

80 

18 

358 

2 

Per  I 

cent.   Gms. 
1.420  0.57 
2.340   1.94 

.332     .33 
1. 340;     .  80 

.572   2.36 

. 070     .  01 

1 

Per 
cent. 
0.452 
.475 
.110 
.194 
.225 

.000 

Gms. 
0.18 
.39 
.11 
.12 
.93 

Per 

cent. 

4.070 

13.210 

.340 

.185 

3. 950 

86. 490 

Gms. 
0.43 
10.96 

Vegetables,  potatoes. . 
Bread 

.34 

.11 

16.  31 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter     

16.43 

Sugar 

Lunch: 

Bread 

Drink,  milk 

Dessert,  peaches 

Miscellaneous- 
Butter 

27.79 
86.69 
68.33 

12.67 

20 
358 
102 

1 

1.370 
..572 

.045 

.070 

1.03 

2.36 
.07 

.01 

.199 

.225 
.038 

.000 

.15 
.93 
.06 

.189 

3. 950 

.000 

86.490 

.14 

16.31 

.00 

9.95 

Dinner: 

Meat,  pork 

Vegetables- 

47.93 

79.73 
87.92 
31.28 

86.69 

32 

80 
44 
23 

358 
600 
42 

2 

3.700 

.333 

.537 

1.300 

.672 

2.44 

.33 
.27 
.98 

2.36 

.412 

.110 
.116 
.189 

.225 

.27 

.11 
.06 
.14 

.93 

27. 640 

.342 

.461 
.180 

3.950 

18.18 
.34 

Peas 

.23 

.14 

Drink- 
Milk 

16.31 

Water 

Dessert,  tapioca ., 

Miscellaneous- 
Butter 

Sugar 

1.790 

8.040 
4.000 

125 

153 
80 

60.37 
12.67 

.656 
.070 

.46 
.01 

.248 
.000 

.i7 

3.070 
86.490 

2. 15 
16.43 

Total              

2, 857. 5 

3, 731 

2,181 

16.33 

4.55 

124.  76 



APRIL  25,  1903. 


Breakfast: 

Cereal,  grapenuts 

Meat,  beef 

Vegetables,  potatoes. . 

40 
80 

100 
50 

413 

-  17 
20 

75 
413 
150 

14 

30 

66 

100 
50 
75 
413 
100 

19 

20 

4.040 
2.570 

.845 
2.890 

.778 

8. 040 
4.000 

2.  870 

.803 

2.  070 

8.040 
4.000 

2.490 

.866 
.578 

3.020 
.803 

2.830 

8.040 
4.000 

162 
206 
84 
144 
321 

137 
80 

215 
332 
310 

113 
120 

164 

86 
29 
226 
332 
283 

153 
80 

.5.19 
57.48 
79.35 
32.05 
86. 69 

12.67 

2 

46 

79 

16 

358 

2 

1.910 
5.050 

.339 
1.290 

.572 

.070 

0.  76 

4.04 

.34 

.64 

2.36 

.01 

0.756 
.580 
.112 
.187 
.225 

.000 

0.30 
.46 
.11 
.09 
.93 

0.776 

9.980 

.348 

.178 

3.950 

86.490 

0.31 

7.98 

.35 

.09 

16.31 

Miscellaneous^ 

Butter 

14.70 

Lunch: 

Bread    

32. 32 
86.66 
76.84 

12. 67 

24 
358 
115 

2 

1.280 
.  552 
.033 

.070 

.96 

2.28 

.05 

.01 

.186 
.225 
.017 

.000 

.14 
.93 
.03 

.177 

4.300 

.000 

86.490 

.13 

Drink,  milk 

17.76 

Miscellaneous- 
Butter 

12.11 

Dinner: 

Meat,  mutton 

60.69 

78.93 
87.81 
28.92 
86. 66 
68.33 

12.67 

40 

79 
44 
22 
358 
68 

2 

4.590 

.347 
.541 
1. 350 
.652 
.045 

.070 

3.03 

.35 

.27 

1.01 

2.28 

.04 

.01 

.492 

.115 
.117 
.196 
.226 
.038 

.000 

.22 

.12 
.06 
.15 
.93 
.04 

9.900 

.356 
.467 
.186 
4.300 
.000 

86. 490 

6.  .53 

Vegetables- 

.23 

Bread 

.14 
17.76 

Dessert,  peaches 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

16.43 

Total 

2, 245 

3,577 

1,615 

18.44 

4.51 

111.19 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


469 


Amount  and  composition  of  food  consumed  daily  Inj  F.  ('.  TI'.,  Xo.  ,^,  In  the  fori'  jieriod  of 

Series  I  — Continued. 

APRIL  JC.  1903. 


Meal  and  kind  of  food. 


Breakfast: 

Cereal,  oatmeal 

Meat,  eggs 

Vegetables,  potatoes. . 

Bread 

Drink,  milk 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

Sugar 

Lunch: 

Bread 

Drink,  milk 

Dessert,  pears 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

Sugar 

Dinner: 

Meat,  chicken 

Vegetables — 

Potatoes 

Peas,  fresh 

Bread 

Drink- 
Milk 

Water 

Dessert,  strawberries . 

Miscellaneous- 
Butter 

.Sugar 


Grams. 
1.50 

80 
100 

50 
413 

19 
40 


413 
1.50 


66 


413 

SOO 
100 

17. 
30 


Total 3,220.5. 


Combustion. 


Calories- 

pergm. 

1.190 

2. 110 

.814 

2. 890' 

.803 

7. 720' 
4.000; 

2.890 

.803' 

2.070 

7.720 
4.000 


.774 

.795 

2.870 


Total 
cat». 
178 
169' 
81 
144 
332 

147 
160 

217 
332 
310 

108 
160 

183 

77 
60 
215 


332 

"32 


7. 720| 
4.000; 


13.5 
120 


Per 

rent. 

73.29 

70. 52 

79.15 

:il.93 

86.66 

15.70 


31.93 
86.66 
76.84 


Gms 
110 
.56 

79| 

10 

358 


Nitrogen.    Phospl'""''  Fat 


acid. 


24 
358 
115 


56.19 

81.85 
82. 72 
32.38 

86.66 

'gi'so 

15. 70 


81 
62 
24 

358 

800 

92 


Per 

rent 
0. 715 
2.090 

.  327 
1.290 

.552 

.113 


1.290 
.  5.52 
.033 

.113 


.272 

.626 

1.280 


.  105 
.113 


2,.568| 16.47 


Gtns. 

1.07 

1.67 

.33 

.64 

2.28 

.02 


.9' 

2.28 

.05 


Per  \ 
rent. 
0.238 
..501 
.108 
.187 
.  2251 

.000 


.187 
.  2-.'5 
.017 


Per 

Gni.t.  cent. 

0. 36  2. 500 

.40  13.330 

.11  .:«5 

.09'  l.m)\ 

.9i.  4.300 

.1  83.000 


Gms. 

3.75 

10. 66 

.34 

.09 

17.76 

15.77 


1.  780  .  13 

4. 300  17. 76 

.000  .00 

83.000  11.62 


3.04     .376,       .2.5'  12.  .520       8.26 


.113  .11 
.204  .15 
.  186,      .  14 


.  4.57  .  46 
.  461  .  36 
.177         .13 


.225       .93     4.3W)     17.76 


. 056       .06       . OCO  

.000, 83.000!     14.52 


4.63! 119.36 


APRIL  27,  1903. 


Breakfast: 

Cereal,        shredded 

40    1 

72 
lOO 

.50 
413 

11.5 
60 

75 
413 
50 

45 
66 
100 
75 

413 

2.50      . 
KH) 

19 
40 

3.910 
3.000 

.8th5 
3.090 

.803 

7. 720 
4.000 

3.100 

.707 

4.000 

...584 

3.:<70 

.8:^7 

2.990 

.707 

1.56 
216 
86 
1.54 
332 

89 
240 

2:^2 
292 
200 

26 
222 

84 
224 

292 

8.16 
.54.36 
78.  8H 
27. 13 
81).  66 

15. 70 

3 
39 
79 
14 
3.58 

2 

l.tUiO 

4.340 

.■i4~ 

.  5.52 

.113 

0.66 

3.12 

.:» 

.69 

2.28 

.01 

0.780 

..588 
.115 
.201 
.225 

.000 

0.31!    0.941 
.42'  15.800 
.  12       .  35(! 
.10       .191 
.  93     4.  :?o 

83.000 

0  3S 

Meat,  beef 

Vegetables,  potatoes. . 

Bread 

Drink,  milk 

Miscellaneoas— 

Butter 

11.38 
.36 
.10 

17.76 

9.54 

.Sugar 

Lunch: 

Bread 

Drink,  milk 

.Miscellaneoas,  sugar . 
Dinner: 

Soup,  gravy 

Meat,  beef 

27.02 
88.17 

20 
364 

1.390 
.530 

1.04 
2.19 

.201 
.225 

.15 
.93 

.191 
3.3.50 

.14 
13.84 

89. 43 
-ra.  46 
79.79 
29.  tW 

88.17 

40 

3.5 
80 
22 

36.1 

250 

69 

2 

.  242 
3. 920 

.11 

■>.  .59 

.088 

.  :i52 

.  122 
.194 

.226 

.01 
.23 

2. 420 
22. 090 

1.09 
14.58 

Vegetables,  jjotatoes.. 
Bread  

.  295      .  30 
1.340    1.00 

.fiao   2.19 

.  12       .  494 
.15:       .184 

.49 
.14 

Drink— 

.Milk 

.93 

3.350 

13.84 

Water 

Det»ert,  rice 

Miwelluneouj*— 

Kutter 

1 .  610 

7.  720 
4.  000 

161 
147 

68.59 
16.70 

.590      .59 
.1131     .02 

.196 
.000 

.20 

:::::: 

6.000 
83.000 

5.00 
15.77 

160 

1 1 

Total 

2,:i92.5.. 

1 

3,313' 

1,717 

17.14 

4.03 

l&l.  11 

_ 

470 


INFLUEISrCE    OF    FOOD    PEESEKVATIVES    OlST    HEALTH. 


Amount  and  comjyosition  of  food  consumed  daily  by  F.  C.  W. 

Series  V- — Continued. 


yo.  2,  hi  the  fore  period  of 


APRIL  28,  1903. 


Meal  and  kind  oi  food. 

Weight. 

Combustion. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Phosphoric 
acid. 

Fat. 

Breakfast: 

Cereal ,  cream  of  wheat 

Grams. 
1.50 

85 
100 

50 
309 

19 
30 

70 

413 

50 

45 
66 

100 
50 
75 

413 
500 
100 
19 

Calories 

jxr  (jm. 

0.976 

2.430 

.822 

2.  780 

.707 

7.720 
4.000 

2.940 

.832 

4.000 

2.490 
2.910 

.857 

.  593 

2.960 

.832 

Total 
cals. 
146 
207 
82 
139 
218 

147 
120 

206 
344 
200 

112 
192 

86 

30 

222 

344 

Per 
cent. 
77.70 
65. 95 
79.95 
34.62 
88.17 

15.70 

Gms. 

117 
56 
80 
17 

272 

3 

Per 
cent. 
0.559 
2.260 

.330 
L240 

.530 

.113 

Gms. 
0.84 
1  92 

Per 
cent. 
0.069 

Gms. 
0.10 
.44 
.11 
.09 
.70 

Per 

cent. 

0.147 

17. 730 

.339 

.171 

3.350 

83. 000 

Grns. 
0.22 
15  07 

Vegetables,  potatoes. . 
Bread 

.33'     .109 

.  62     .  180 

1. 64     -  "Jffi 

.34 
09 

10  35 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

.02 

.000 

15  77 

Lunch: 

Bread 

30.75 
86.11 

22 
356 

1.310 
.579 

.92 
2.39 

.191 
.225 

,      .13 
.93 

.181 
4.500 

.13 

Drink,  milk 

18.58 

Miscellaneous,  sugar. . 
Dinner: 

Soup,  gravy 

69.14 
55. 62 

79.07 
87.49 
30.20 

■ 
86.11 

31 
37 

79 
44 
23 

356 

.421 
4.640 

.344 

.556 

1.320 

.579 

.19 
3.06 

.34 
.28 
.99 

2.39 

.192 
.504 

.114 
.120 
.192 

.225 

.09 
.33 

.11 
.06 
.14 

.93 

22. 770 
14. 040 

.353 
.477 
.183 

4.500 

10.25 

Meat,  mutton 

9  27 

Vegetables — 

Potatoes 

.35 

Peas 

24 

Bread 

.14 

Drink- 
Milk 

18.58 

Water 

Dessert,  pears 

Miscellaneous,  butter. 

2.070 
7.720 

207 
147 

76.84 
1.5. 70 

77 
3 

.033 
.113 

.03 
.03 

.017 
.000 

.02 

.000 
83.000 

"is."  77 

Total 

'  2, 654 

3,149 

2, 073 

15.99 

4.18 

115. 15 

APRIL  29,  1903. 


Breakfast: 

Cereal,  grapenuts  ... 

Meat,  pork 

Vegetables,  potatoes- 
Bread  

Drink,  milk 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

Sugar 

Lunch: 

Bread 

Drink,  milk 

Miscellaneous,  sugar 
Dinner: 

Meat,  beef 

Vegetables- 
Potatoes  

Peas 

Bread 

Drink — 

Milk 

Water 

Dessert,  cornstarch  . . 

Miscellaneous,  butter 

Total 


40 
66 

100 
50 

413 

]9 
20 

66 

413 

40 


100 
50 
40 

413 
800 
100 
19 


2,829 


4.040 
4.030 

.872 

2.860 

.832 

7.720 
4.000 

2. 860 

.730 

4.000 


.815 

.592 

2. 9.50 

.730 


L440 

7.720 


162 
266 
87 
143 
344 


5.19 
44.22 

78.65 
32. 75 
86.11 


189  32.62 
301  87.47 
160 


82  80.43 

.so!  87.  .51 

118;  30.57 


144!  69.21 
147j  15.70 


2 

29 

■79 

16 

356 


1.910 
4. 360 

.350 
1.280 

.579 

.113 


22   1.280 
361     . 554 


2,969, I  2,279 


3.890 

.286 

.555 

L320 


.520 
.113 


0.76 

2. 
.35 
.64 

2.39 

.02 


.84 
2.29 


3.11 

.29 
.28 
.53 


.52 
.02 


17.21 


0.756 
.536 
.116 
.185 

.  .225 

.000 


0.30 
.35 
.12 
.09 
.93 


.186 
.225 


.119 
.120 
.191 


0.776 

27. 800 

.359 

.176 

4.500 

83. 000 


.176 
3.500 


.480 
.476 

.182 


.93     3.500 


.219        .22,     2.450 
.000 83. 000 


4.55 


0.31 

18.35 

.36 

.09 

18.58 

15.77 


.12 

14.46 


.48 
.24 
.07 

14.46 


2.45 

15.77 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


471 


[mount  ami  composition  of  food  consumed  daih/  fnj  F.  C.   U'.,  Xo.  2,  in  the  fore  period  of 

Series  F— Continued. 


APRIL  30,  1903. 


Meal  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight. 

Combustion. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Phosphoric 
acid. 

Fat. 

Calories 

Total 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Per 

Breakfast: 

Grams. 

per  qm. 

cats. 

cent. 

Gms. 

cent.   Gm.t. 

cent. 

Gms. 

cent. 

Gms. 

Cereal,  kom  krisji 

40 

3.940 

158 

7.57 

3 

1.420   0..57 

0. 452 

0.18 

1.070 

0. 43 

Meat,  beef 

72 
100 

1.870 
.830 

135 

83 

70.08 
80.00 

50 
80 

3.950  2.84 
.2911     .29 

.520 
.121 

.37 
.12 

4. 650 
.489 

3  35 

Vegetables,  potatoes  . 

.49 

Bread 

33 

2  940 

97 

30  76 

10 

1  310       43 

191 

06 

181 

06 

Drink,  milk 

413 

.730 

301 

87.47 

361 

.554   '> '>^ 

225 

93 

3  500 

14  46 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

19 

7. 720 

1471  15.70 

3 

.113 

.02 

.000 

83.000 

15.77 

Sugar 

40 

4.000 

160 

Lunch: 

} 

Bread  

40 

2.920 

1171  31.16 

12 

1.310 

.52 

.190 

.08 

.180 

.07 

Drink,  milk 

413 

.710 

293'  87.71 

362 

..512 

2.11 

.225 

.93 

3.450 

14.25 

Dessert,  peaches 

1.50 

2.830 

424   68.33 

102 

.045 

.07 

.038 

.06 

.000 

Miscellaneous,  sugar . 

30 

4.000 

120 

Dinner: 

Meat,  chicken 

66 

2.760 

182  55.74 

37 

4.990 

3.29 

.388 

.26 

11.570 

7.64 

Vegetable.*— 

Potatoes 

100 

.841 

84   79. 7C 

80 

.296 

.3(1 

.123 

.12 

.4% 

.50 

Peas 

50 

.615 

31   87.02 

44 

.576 

.29 

.124 

.06 

.495 

.25 

Bread  

45 

3.070 

138  27.61 

12 

1.370 

.62 

.199 

.K 

.1^ 

.09 

Drink- 

1 

Milk 

413 

.710 

293   87.71 

362 

.512 

2.11 

.225 

.93 

3.450 

14.25 

Water 

1,050 
100 

1,0.50 
92 

Dessert,  strawberries . 

.  343 

34   91.95 

.125 

.12 

.044 

.04 

.000 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

19 

7.720 

147    1.5.  7C 

3 

.113 

.02 

.OOC 

83.  OOC 

15.77 

Sugar 

30 

4.0UU 

120 

! 

Total 

3,223 

3, 064 

2,663 



15.89 

1 

4.23 



87.38 

MAY  1,  1903. 


Breakfast: 

Cereal,  oatmeal 

1.50 
80 

100 
25 

413 

19 
30 

43 
413 
1.50 

40 

45 
66 
100 
75 

413 

1,100 

70 

19 
20 

0.963 
2.080 

.830 
2.780 

.710 

7.720 
4.000 

3.000 

.741 

2.070 

4.000 

1..370 

3.770 

.980 

2.860 

.741 

144 

166 

83 

70 

293 

147 
120 

129 
300 
310 

im 

62 
249 

98 
214 

30(i 

78.38 
71.27 
80.01 
34.45 

87.71 

15.70 

118 
57 
80 
9 

362 

3 

0.,580 
1.940 

.292 
1.240 

.512 

.113 

0.87 

1..55 

.29 

.31 

2.11 

.02 

0.194 
..519 
.121 
.181 
.225 

.000 

0.29 
.42 
.12 
.05 
.93 

2.030 

13.550 

.489 

.172 

3.450 

83.000 

3.04 
10.84 

Vegetables,  potatoes.. 

.49 
.04 

Drink,  milk 

14.25 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

15.77 

Lunch: 

Bread 

29.42 
87. 2(; 

76.84 

13 
360 
115 

1.340 
.534 
.  033 

.58 

2.21 

.05 

.194 
.225 
.017 

.08 
.93 
.03 

.185 
3.700 

.08 

Drink,  milk 

16.28 

Dessert,  pears 

Miscellaneoas,  sugar  . 
Dinner: 

80.61 
44.62 
76.40 
32. 71 

87. 26 

36 
29 
76 
25 

360 

1,100 

41 

8 

.  360 
4. 440 

.345 
1.280 

.534 

1.62 

2. 93 

.34 

.96 

2,21 

.112 

.448 
.143 
.185 

.225 

.05 
..30 
.14 
.14 

.93 

10.490 

26. 890 

.578 

.176 

3.700 

4.72 

17.75 

Vegetables,  potatoes. . 
Bread 

.58 
.13 

Drink- 
Milk 

15.28 

Water 

Dessert,  tapioca 

Mi.'icellaneous — 

Butter 

2. 200 

7.720 
4.0U0 

i.ii 

147 
80 

.58.  20 
1.5.70 

.507 
.113 

.35 
.02 

.221 
.000 

.15 

8.400 

83.000 


5.88 
15.77 

.'^iigar 

Total 

2,271 

3.238 

2,787 

16.42 

4.56 



119.90 

472  INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    OJST    HEALTH. 


'£     .5P 


Serial 
num- 
ber 
(air- 
dry). 

5549 
5560 
5551 
5562 
565S 
5554 

5.655 
6556 
5557 
5568 
5659 
5560 

6661 
5562 
5563 
5564 
5605 
5666 

5567 
5568 
6569 
6570 
5671 
6572 

5573 
.5574 
.6575 
5676 
6577 
5578 

§ 

(3 

s 

T. 

"o 
a 

O 

c 

1 

c 
Q 

►^ 

■CO 

■  o 

■O  00 
.  C^  T-H 

■  00  00 

22.  02 
20. 32 
15.06 

'is.'is' 

12.80 

22.02 
20.32 
16. 05 
IS.  20 
IS.  ]8 
12.  80 

22.  02 

15.  05 
18.20 
IS.  18 
12.  80 

22.02 
18.20 

00       -tj 

jod 

■  iK^d 

12.77 
8.65 
13.67 

'io.'gs' 

12.10 

12.77 
S.  55 
13.67 
1.5. 16 
10.98 
12.10 

12.77 

13.67 
15.16 
10.98 
12. 10 

12.77 

"i3."67' 
15.16 

•  0 

H 

S 

IS      6' 

oc  -.o 

iC  -SI 

7.48 
6.74 
4.30 

'.5.'44' 
3.80 

7.60 
6  50 
4.44 
5.10 
5.60 
4.60 

7.72 

5.10 
5.00 
5.36 
3.66 

8.28 

'5.' 64' 
5.00 

1^ 

14 

Nitro- 
gen. 

P.  ct. 

CO 

00 

OCOO 

4.68 
4.88 
5.45 

"5.' 22' 
5.17 

4.32 
3.82 

5.81 
5.78 
4.77 
4.77 

4.44 

5.39 
5.78 
4.60 
5.39 

4.13 

"'6.' ,53' 
5.98 

IT 

13 

Water. 

CO 

CO 

t-oo 

co'co 

4.92 
6.43 
5.86 

"6"72' 
6.13 

4.99 
5.73 
6.18 
5.68 
.5.40 
6.15 

5.  75 

7.26 
6.72 
9.87 
6.88 

6.38 

",5.'i4' 
5.62 

i 

11 

Solids 

(100  per 

cent  — 

13). 

f^ 

en 

CO-J5 

en  02 

96. 08 
94.57 
94.14 

"  '93."  2S" 
93. 87 

95.  01 
94.27 
93.82 
94.  32 
94.60 
93.85 

94. 25 

92.  74 
93. 28 
90.13 
93.12 

94.62 

'  '94.' 86' 
94. 38 

cr 

CT 

0- 

o 

^^ 

coii::c-i     .oor^      Tjico^f^iooooi      00 
oc^o    .r-.!-^      0.— <oo3t^as      CO 

CqMrN      .COr-l         01C-lCN<NC<lr-l         (M 

.302 
.306 
.370 
.241 

.222 

'".'247' 
.252 

o 

a 

1 

•2 

1 

o 
S 

o 
p. 
S 

o 
u 

0 

Ash  (10 
by  19). 

c; 

*,J^ 

CO  lO 

4.47 

4.  57 
3.04 

5.7s 
2.27 

4.49 
4.39 
3.07 
5.37 
5.05 
2.55 

5.24 

4.55 
6.55 
6.73 
3.09 

4.89 

""3.' 72" 
4.  .59 

8 

Fat  (10 
by  18). 

a; 

CO 

00 

i:N  !M* 

2.59 
1.92 
2.76 

""3."  49" 

2.14 

2.61 
1.85 
2.79 
4.47 
3.05 
2.41 

3.04 

4.13 
4.62 
4.06 
2.92 

2.83 

"'3.' 38" 
3.82 

t^ 

7 

(10  by 
17.) 

c; 

®       oi" 

c^ 

«  gle 

" 

(i; 

S3 

COO 

1>-  l-l 

1.  .52 
1.29 
.869 

"i.'73" 
.673 

1.55 
1.40 

.906 
1..50 
1.56 

.896 

1.84 

1..54 
1.53 
1.98 
.882 

1.84 
1.26 

^ 

4 

Nitro- 
gen (10 
by  14). 

P.ct. 

r-5 

-§■0 

.930 
1.10 
1.10 

"i.'ee" 

.915 

.881 

.825 

1.19 

1.71 

1.33 

.949 

1.06 

1.63 
1.76 
1.70 
1.30 

.917 

"i.'s?" 

1.51 

03 

OS- 

3 

Water 

(10  by 

13). 

P.  ct. 

it 

80.71 
78.77 
81.00 

'"76.' 32" 
83. 41 

80.64 
79.66 
.SO.  82 
72.17 
73.70 
81.31 

77.  .58 

71.97 
71.. 59 
66.61 
77.55 

78.97 

""76."  56' 
76.  22 

CO 

2 

(10  by 
12). 

.2  ; 

5  ; 

1 

Solids 

(100  per 

cent  — 

3). 

P.  ct. 

X     ' 

wo      • 
lC  CO      ■ 

19.29 
21.23 
19.00 

""29."  68' 
16.  ,59 

19.36 
20.34 
19.18 
27. 83 
26.  30 
18.  69 

22.  42 

28.03 
28.  41 
33. 39 
22. 45 

21. 03 

"23."  44' 
23.78 

0 

a 

c-i  CO 

-r  li-;.  0 

t-  t-  t- 

a;  0  0 

T-i  CI  CO  -f  lO  0      i-(iM  CO  -p  ur:  -J      r-io\ 

Qjl^OOO-JO          ^    Z>    Z^    Z^    Z^    Z>          OJOj 

CO -T  iC  0        T-H  C^  CO -1^  lO  0 

oj  ^  zj  zj       •oi'oijajai 

and 

serial 
num- 
ber 
{moist). 

cc 

DO 

lO 

CODC  cc 

1^  lO  iC 

!N05 
.  CC 

0 

CNCO 

0205 

ES 

.  en 

tH   — 

,0  i^ 

■JO 

cn 

5 

lb 

?3J 

.0 

lC 

b 
lb 

i 

1C--0 

0  0  r-. 

lOiC  i^ 

lO 

in 

BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


473 


iillii 

u-  u-;  .-  ts  .-■:  ic 

M  M  .-  O  X  O 

or:  =  c^  —  X 

M  T'l  ir:  0  X  0 

C  «  0  M  rt  X 

M  M  ^  0  X      • 

0  CO  0  CI  .->     • 

ji  p ..-:  X  X  ri 

g)  p  iC  X  X  M 

ri  0  ■.■;  X  X    • 

I-.5  1;  —  X  = 

ri  x'  « ..-;■  c;  ri 

ri  x'  r:  u-'  0"  ri 

t^  ^  l~-  -.c  X     ' 

1^  1-  -.i  — .  n    • 

ri  X  M  .r;  d    • 

I    \    '.',',    ', 

x5?s?;?? 

325H5S 

g=§5S  : 

X  -^  ..-  -  u-  - 

X  i^  -r  -.ri-';  cc 

X t^i/:  "^  >«    • 

■x£2!=S=^ 

0  £.  r-.  0  ^  ■N 
TT  M  U-;  ut'  r:  -T 

-:-  ^TX  (px    ■ 

—  O  O  t~  C--  --      uc  t^  -r  S-. : 


X  X  -.=  C--  o 


M  r-i « i~  -.c  X      X  X  X  '.t  c-i  X      X  S-.  -i  m  :s 


■  -■  — ■  r; -r  •?;  M      ir;  ic -r  i- 'J:  3;      3  ST  i  3  ^ 


xx-rx*i^     ^'^T^'^^^rr     iiS^C"^* 
?i  —  Ti  CI  ?^  ^      ?i  CI  r.^  7-1  f^  .5      ^  5i  CI  cj  50 


O.— CI  — C5i!;        dCII^CICI^        CCt^  — CCf^ 

X  CI  X  "-c  -r  ut      C".  o  t-  CI  o  o      ci  •»•  ci  —  -x 
-?•  w  cc  ■^  o  ♦-^      li;  ut'  ci  iC  w'  ci      -^  ic  cc  •?•  10 


.>■-  -5  >= :-  y  ^     2:  • 


■.t  o  —  —  CO 


i~  rf  -n~  K  -T      -r  —  ih  03  5c  : 

ci  --  «  «  c^'  — '      K  ci  ci  -r  cc  r-i      ci  ci  ci  «  M 


K  — 1-*.  xci      «■- c;i-x«5;      «  — ;i    • 

fc  o  cc  5i 'fi  ic      cixi-cu-io      -c  o  —  —  =    • 

—  —  —    '1-*    *      CI  —    '  —  *-i    *      — '  ci  --'  ^  ci    ■ 


5  ill— '-CI  5      ■.<;  X --->■  — -S      i~  — scio 


■z.  >r-6 -d '^ -i,      — ■-ccicix-T      — -raixd    ! 
p.-/iX|,i-a;      i-i-xi~-i«      xi~i-i-i-    • 


'■':;';     ;:::;:     ::;:;* 

Ji'iX'T.'^ir.'O     —  CI « -r ic  <a     —  ci «t >« « 

bbbbbb    bt.bL.bb    bbbbbb 

iVVVVV  '£'*'£.'s£'i.    jLS.££.i.i 
y.y.y.'?.y.y.    yy.y.y.y.y,    y.y.y.y.-?.y. 

^:T,T.TjT,T,Tj  bS^*N*Jfltl  >-0t)<Jyy3 


474 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Amount  and  comx>osition  of  feces  for  the  fore  period  of  Series  Y,  for  F.  C.  W.,  Ko.  2. 


Serial 
Date.       num- 
ber. 

Weight. 

Total 

calo-          Watfer. 

ries. 

Nitrogen. 

Phosphoric 
acid. 

Fat. 

Ash. 

Apr.   24 
25 
26 
27 

5184 

5190 

5196 

5202a 

6208b 

5214 

5220 

5226 

G-ms. 
143.4 
139.0 
165.7 

123.37 
122. 18 
136. 31 

P.ct. 
79. 22 

78.77 
79.66 

Gms. 
313.6 
109.5 
132.0 

P.ct. 
1.05 
1.10 
.825 

Gms. 
1.510 
1.580 
1.370 

P.ct. 
1.22 
1.29 
1.40 

Gms. 
1.75 
1.79 
2.32 

P.ct. 
1.86 
1.92 
1.85 

Gms. 
2.67 
2.67 
3.07 

P.ct. 
4.41 
4.57 
4.39 

Gms. 
6.32 
6.35 

7.27 

28 

29 

30 

Mav     1 

111.7 

92.0 

101.1 

68. 35 
87.64 
104. 47 

85.05 
76.52 
74.68 

95.0 
70.4 

75.5 

.692 

.986 

1.14 

.773 

.907 

1.150 

1.01 
1.83 
2.01 

1.13 
1.68 
2.03 

1.35 
2.11 
2.30 

1.51 
1.94 
2.33 

3.21 
5.02 
5.47 

3.59 

4.62 
5.  .53 

a  No  movement.  b  Lost. 

Amount  and  composition  of  urine  for  the  fore  period  of  Series  V,  for  F.  C.  W.,  No.  2. 


Serial 
num- 
ber. 

Date. 

Spe- 
Vol-        cific 
ume.      grav- 

ity.a 

Solids 
per 
liter. 

Total 
solids. 

Nitro- 
gen 
per 

liter. 

Total 
nitro- 
gen. 

P.,05  per 

liter. 

Total 
P2O5. 

Sodium 
chlorid 
per  liter. 

Total 
sodium 
chlo- 
rid. 

4835... 

1903. 

Apr.  24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 

Mav     1 

Liters. 
0.840 
.880 
.890 
.780 
.800 
.680 
.605 
.745 

1. 0280 
1. 0244 
1. 0234 
1. 0276 
1. 0285 
1. 0327 
1. 0329 
1.0296 

Grams. 
68. 600 
59. 784 
57.  325 
67. 616 
69.845 
80. 119 
80.  611 
72. 522 

Grams. 
57.  624 
52.610 
51. 022 
52. 741 
55. 876 
54.  481 
08.  770 
54. 029 

Grams. 
16.8 
17.7 
15.8 
19.4 
18.8 
22.1 
23.8 
19.3 

Grams. 
14.11 
15.58 
14.06 
15.13 
15.04 
15.03 
14.40 
14.38 

Grams. 

Not  run. 
3.308 
3.252 
3.870 
3.800 
4.208 
4.286 
3.672 

Grams. 

'"2."9i" 
2.89 
3.02 
3.04 
2.86 
2.59 
2.74 

Grams. 
Not  run. 

Grams. 

4841 

....do... 

4847.. 

....do... 

4a53... 

....do... 

4859... 
4865... 
4871... 
4877... 

8.650 
9.707 
6.521 
4.681 

6. 920 
6.601 
3. 945 
3.  487 

a  Urine  at  25°  C.  compared  with  water  at  26°  C. 

ESTIMATE  OF  WORK  INVOLVED. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  volume  of  work  involved  in  this  investigation  the  following 
approximate  estimate  is  given  of  the  number  of  samples  analyzed  and  the  number 
of  record  and  calculation  forms  used,  though  this  but  inadequatel}'  represents  the 
detail  of  the  work  in  all  its  phases,  when  it  is  remembered  that  upon  each  sample 
determinations  were  made  for  water,  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and  calories. 

Number  of  samjiles  analyzed,  etc. 

[Number  of  days  of  observation,  196.  ] 

Food  samples 2,  550 

Urine  samijles 1,1 75 

Feces  samples 1, 175 

Microscopical  examinations: 

Urine 125 

Blood 60 

Total 5,085 

Number  of  record  sheets,  balances,  etc. 

Menu  sheets 3,  618 

Daily  charts  ( pulse,  temperature,  etc. ) 1 ,  206 

Food  sheets: 

Amount  and  composition 1,  206 

Calculation  to  fresh  substance .     75 

Feces  sheets: 

Amount  and  composition 35 

Calculation  to  fresh  substance 65 

Urine  sheets 20 

Balance  tables 200 

Total 6,  425 


BORIC    ACID    AXD    BOKAX. 
REFERENCES  TO  HEADINGS,  BY  SERIES. 


475 


Headings. 


Series 
I. 


Scries 
II. 


Series 
III. 


Series 
IV. 


Series 
V. 


Body  weights 

Cilleries^: 

Balance 

Percentage  eliminated 

Fat: 

Balance 

Percentage  el  imiuated 

Feces,  compiisitioii  of 

>[edical  notes,  daily 

Nitrogen: 

Balance 

Percentage  eliminated 

Phosphoric  acid: 

Balance 

Percentage  eliminated 

Solids  balance 

Urine: 

Microscopical  examinations 

Nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  eliminated 

Reaction 

Volume,  specific  gravity,  and  total  solids. 


Popes. 

S7-.S9 


128-1:^2 
52-57 

212-2l:i 
216-217 

22(V221 
225-226 
2c!'--2:59 


154-155 
"167-169' 


Paget!. 
89-91 

2;«-234 
236 

229 

231 

132-135 

57-62 

213 
217 

221-222 

226 

239-240 

199-201 
156-157 
1.59-160 
169-171 


Pages. 
91 

234 
236 

229-230 

232 

135-140 

62-69 

214 
217-218 

222 
226-227 
240-241 

201-203 

157 

160-161 

171-174 


Pages. 
91-92 

234-235 
236-237 

230 

232 

141-146 

69-74 

214-215 
218 

222-224 

227 

241-242 

203-204 

158 

161-162 

174-177 


92-93 

235 
237 

230-231 

232 

146-151 

74-81 

215 
218-219 

224-225 
'227-228 
242-243 

204-207 
1.58 
102 

177-178 


LIST  OF  TABIiES. 


T.MU.E    1. 


II. 
III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 


IX, 
X. 


XI. 

\II. 


XIII. 
XI  v. 

XV. 

XVI. 
XVII. 


DIVISIONS  <tv   iHK  si:i;ii:s. 

Page. 

Divisions  of  the  series,  showing  tlates  of  i)eriods  and  gubperiods  ...         15 

HOKIC    ACID    DKTKKMIXATIONS. 

Boric  acid  and  borax,  sche(hik-  of  a(hiiinistration  of 'So-'.i7 

Boric  acid  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Heries  I 41 

Boric  acid  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series  II -11 

Boric  acid  ingested  and  rec<nered  in  urine  during  Series  III 42 

Borax  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series  IV 42 

Boric  acid  and  borax  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  duringSeries  V .  4:] 
Boric  acid  and  borax  ingested  and  recovered  in  urine  during  Series 

I-V,  inclusive "*■* 

I'MYSKAI,    i;\  A  Ml. NATION. 

Preliminary  physical  examination  of  twelve  men,  each  designated 

by  numy)er  and  initials 44-4() 

Urinalysis  for  six  men,  made  by  Dr.  Andrew  Stewart  Decendi.r  14, 

my} - '^~ 

HODV    WKKillTS. 

Weights  of  subjects  for  Series  I,  111,  uimI  V  (average) •••'> 

Weights  of  subjects  for  Series  II  aixl  IV  (average) ■>^ 

FOOD    WKUiHT    AND    lioDV     WKKillT. 

Hatioof  food  weight  tolxxly  weight  in  the  lore  period  of  Series  I .  lO.VIOO 
latio  of  food  weight  to  body  weight  in  the  first  preHervative  sub- 

perio.1  <.f  SerieH  I ;   1(H»-112 

Jlatio  of  food  weight  t*>  bo<ly  weiglit   in   the  sec.nd   pre.«<rvalive 

.-ubirtTio.1  of  Series  I 1 1 2- 1  b> 

katir»  of   food   weight  to   body   weight    in    the    third    preservative  ^ 

Hubperiod  of  Series  1 ' '''""" 

liatiooffocMl  weight  to  b.«ly  weight  in  the  after  period  of  Series  I .    I1H-I21 


476 


INFLUENCE    OF    FOOD    PRESERVATIVES    ON    HEALTH. 


Page. 
Table  XVIII.     Average  daily  ratio  of  weio;ht  of  food  to  weight  of  body  in 

Series  I,  by  periods 122 

XIX.     Comparison  of  average  daily  ratios  of  food  weight  (moist  and 

dry)  to  body  weight  for  Series  I 124 

EXAMINATIONS    OF    BLOOD. 

XX.     Averages  of    corpuscle   and   hemoglobin   determinations   for 

Series  V,  considering  only  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5 1 27 

XXI.     Corpuscles  and  hemoglobin  in  the  blood  of  subjects  Nos.  1-6, 

as  determined  at  various  dates 128 


FECES. 

XXII.  Summary  of  weight  and  water  content  of  feces,  by  series 151 

TRINE. 

XXIII.  Urine  in  Series  II,  reaction  of 163 

XXIV.  Urine  in  Series  III,  reaction  of 164 

XXV.  Urine  in  Series  IV,  reaction  of 165 

XXVI.  Urine  in  Series  V,  reaction  of 165 

XXVII.  Urine  in  Series  II,  III,  IV,  and  V,  general  summary  of  reac- 
tion of 166 

XXVIII.  Urine,  effect  of  temperature  upon  volume  of 1 79 

XXIX.  Urine  secreted,  influence  of  preservative  on  volume  of 179 

XXX.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  1 180 

XXXI.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  I  for  six  men,  summary  of..       181 

XXXII.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  II 182-183 

XXXIII.  Urine   determinations   for    the    suj^plementary   preservative 

period  of  Series  II 184 

XXXIV.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  II,  Nos.  7  and  10,  summary  of.       184 
XXXV.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  III 185-1 87 

XXXVI.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  III  for  Nos.  1,  3,  4,  and  5, 

summary  of 188 

XXXVII.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  IV 188-190 

XXXVIII.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  IV,  summary  of 191 

XXXIX.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  V 192-196 

XL.  Urine  determinations  for  Series  V,  Nos.  1,  3,  and  5,  summary 

of 197 

XLI.  Urine  for  Series  II,  microscopical  examinations  of 207 

XLII.  Urine  for  Series  III,  microscopical  examinations  of 208 

XLIII.  Urine  for  Series  IV,  microscopical  examinations  of 209 

XLI  V.  Urine  for  Series  V,  microscopical  examinations  of 230-212 

i  NITROGEN. 

XLV.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  I 260-265 

XLVI.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  I,  summary  of 266-267 

XLVII.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  II -  268-273 

XLVIII.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  II,  summary  of 274-275 

XLIX.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  III 276-281 

L.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  III,  sumi:iary  of 282-283 

LI.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  IV 284-289 

LII.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  IV,  summary  of 290-291 

LIII.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  V 292-302 

LIV.  Nitrogen  balances  for  Series  \',  summary  of 303-305 

LV.  Nitrogen  balances,  general  summary  of 306 


BORIC    ACID    AND    BORAX. 


477 


I'HOSPIKIKR-    Afll). 

Page. 

T.\BLE  LVI.     Phospliorio-aciil  balances?  for  Series  I :>07-312 

LVII.     riiosphorie-aeiil  lialanees  for  Series  I,  suiiuiiary  of 318 

J.VIII.     Phosplioric-aiid  balaiu-ess  for  Series  II ol4-3]9 

LIX.     Phosphorie-aeid  l»alances  for  Series  II.  suiiiiiiary  oi 320-321 

LX.     Pliosphoric-aeid  balances  for  Series  III 322-327 

LXI.     Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  III,  suniiuarv  of 328-329 

LXII.     Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  IV 330-335 

LXIII.     Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  IV,  suiiiinarv  of 336-337 

LXI  V.     Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  V 338-348 

LXV.     Phosphoric-acid  balances  for  Series  V,  suniinary  of 349-352 

LXVI.     Phosphoric-acid  balances,  general  snniiuary  of 353 

K.vr. 

LXVIl.     Fat  balances  for  Series  II 354-357 

LX  VIII.     Fat  l)alances  for  Series  II,  sunuiiary  of 357-358 

LXIX.     Fat  balances  for  Series  III 359-364 

LXX.     Fat  balances  f<tr  Series  III,  suniniary  of 365-366 

LXXI.     Fat  Ijalances  for  Series  IV 367-372 

LXXII.     Fat  balances  for  Series  IV,  suniniary  of 373-374 

LXXIII.     Fat  l)alances  for  Series  V 375-383 

LXXI V.     Fat  balances  for  Series  V,  summary  of 384-386 

LX  X  V.     Fat  balances,  general  summary  of 386 

CAl.OKIICS. 

LXX VI.     Calories  balances  for  Scries  II 387-389 

LXXVI  I.     Calories  balances  for  Series  II,  summary  of 390-391 

LXX  VI 1 1.     Calories  balances  for  Series  III 392-397 

LXXIX.     Calories  balances  for  Series  III,  summary  of 398-399 

LXXX.     Calories  balances  for  Series  IV 400-405 

LXXXI.     Calories  balances  for  Series  IV,  summary  of 406-407 

LXXXII.     Calorics  balances  for  Series  V -. 408-418 

L.VXXIII.     Calorics  balances  for  Series  V,  summary  of 418-421 

L.\XXI  V.     Calories  balances,  geiu'ral  summary  of 422 

SOI.IDS. 

LX  X  X  V.     SoIi<ls  balances  ff)r  Series  1 423-428 

LX.X.V VI.     Solids  balances  for  Series  I,  smumary  of 429 

LX  X  X  VII.     Solids  balances  f(.r  Series  II  430-432 

LXX.X VIII.     Solids  Imlances  for  Series  II,  !-ummary  of 433-434 

I>XXXIX.     Solids  balances  for  Series  III 435-440 

XC.     Solids  balances  for  Series  HI,  smmuary  of 441-442 

XCI.     Solids  balances  for  Series  I  \' 442-447 

XCII      Solids  l)alances  for  Series  1  \',  summary  of 448 

XCI  1 1.     Solids  balances  for  Series  V 449-457 

XCI\'.     Solids  balances  for  Series  V,  siumuary  of 457-J60 

XCV.     Solids  balances,  general  summary  of 461 

o 


tT-^ 

DATE  DUE 

1 

^  onni     \ 

f\Mn  7?Q( 

1 

Of'-^ 

r- 

DEMCO  38-296 

SOUTH  PROPERTY 

QP981  *  ^64 


Wiley 

Influenof?  of  food  preservati^ 
Ai  b  1  2  1952 


